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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Use Australian English|date=August 2016}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Red_bottle_brush.jpg |image_caption = Red bottlebrush flower |display_parents = 2 |taxon = Callistemon |authority = [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]<ref name=GRIN>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1901 |title=Genus: ''Callistemon'' R. Br. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2009-01-27 |access-date=2010-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523002639/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1901 |archive-date=2009-05-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} '''''Callistemon''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|iː|m|ən}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[shrub]]s in the family [[Myrtaceae]], first described as a genus in 1814.<ref>Brown, Robert. 1814. Voyage to Terra Australis 2(App. 3): 547</ref> The entire genus is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Australia]] but widely cultivated in many other regions and naturalised in scattered locations.<ref name=KWCSP>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=31406 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> Their status as a separate taxon is in doubt, some authorities accepting that the difference between callistemons and [[melaleuca]]s is not sufficient for them to be grouped in a separate genus. ==Description== ''Callistemon'' species have commonly been referred to as '''bottlebrushes''' because of their cylindrical, brush like [[flowers]] resembling a traditional bottle brush. They are mostly found in the more [[temperateness|temperate]] regions of Australia, especially along the east coast and typically favour moist conditions so when planted in gardens thrive on regular watering.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} However, two species are found in [[Tasmania]] and several others in the south-west of [[Western Australia]]. At least some species are [[drought]]-resistant and some are used in ornamental landscaping elsewhere in the world.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} [[Image:Bottlebrush seeds.jpg|thumb|right|Bottlebrush seed capsules]] [[Image:Bottlebrush03.jpg|''[[Callistemon citrinus]]''|thumb|right]] [[Image:Callistemon pallidus1.jpg|''[[Callistemon pallidus]]'' |thumb|right]] [[Image:Callistemon.jpg|''[[Callistemon viminalis]]''|thumb|right]] [[Image:Callistemon viminalis in an Adelaide garden.JPG|thumb|Callistemon viminalis in suburban Adelaide, South Australia.]] [[Image:C viminalis3.jpg|''Callistemon viminalis''|thumb|right]] [[File:Bottlebrush or Little John -- Dwarf Callistemon.jpg|thumb|Bottlebrush or Little John -- Dwarf Callistemon]] ==Taxonomy== The Latin name ''Callistemon'' comes from the combination of 2 [[Greek language|Greek]] words of 'callis' meaning beauty and 'stemon' meaning stamen, referring to the flowers of the plant.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Ian |title=Bottlebrush Tree Spiritual Meaning |url=https://thriveonnews.com/australias-bottle-brush-tree/ |website=Thrive On News Spiritual Magazine |access-date=25 May 2020 |language=en-AU |date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920021031/https://thriveonnews.com/australias-bottle-brush-tree/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The genus ''Callistemon'' was first formally described in 1814 by [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|Robert Brown]].<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Callistemon'' R.Br.'|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/boa/instance/apni/521774|publisher=APNI|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref><ref>Brown, Robert (1841) [[General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis]]. Appendix III (pp. 537-612) in Flinders, ''A Voyage to Terra Australis'', Volume II; London: G. and W. Nicol, 1841. Also pp. 1–89 in Bennett, John Joseph (ed.) ''The Botanical works of Robert Brown''; London: Robert Hardwick for The Ray Society, 1866. ''Callistemon'' is defined on p. 547 of Flinders [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/188245#page/575/] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107379#page/25/] and p. 19 of Bennett [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Miscellaneousbot01brow.djvu/37].</ref> In his description he noted that the genus includes “those species of ''[[Metrosideros]]'' that have inflorescence similar to that of ''Melaleuca'', and distinct elongated filaments.”<ref name="APNI" /> [[Carl Linnaeus]] had described the genus ''[[Melaleuca]]'' in 1767<ref name=APNI(2)>{{cite web|title=''Melaleuca'' R.Br.'|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/boa/instance/apni/582624|publisher=APNI|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> and in 1867, [[George Bentham]] brought all the ''Metrosideros'' species into ''Melaleuca''. Bentham described melaleucas as having stamens united in bundles opposite the (five) petals.<ref name=Bentham>{{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=George |last2=von Mueller|first2=Ferdinand |author-link2=Ferdinand von Mueller |title=Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae|date=1866|volume=3 |publisher=Lovell, Reeve and Co.|location=London|pages=123–163|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41807#page/3/mode/1up|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> In his 1864 description of ''[[Callistemon salignus]]'' in ''[[Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae]]'', [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] noted that the difference between the genera was “entirely artificial” (“omnino artificiale").<ref name=Mueller>{{cite book|last1=von Mueller|first1=Ferdinand |author-link1=Ferdinand von Mueller |title=Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae |date=1864|volume=4 |location=Melbourne|page=55|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7221#page/57/mode/1up|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> George Bentham also noted in ''[[Flora Australiensis]]'' that ''Callistemon'' “passes gradually into ''Melaleuca'', with which F. Mueller proposes to unite it.”<ref name=Bentham(2)>{{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=George |last2=von Mueller |first2=Ferdinand |author-link2=Ferdinand von Mueller |title=Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae|date=1866|volume=3 |publisher=Lovell, Reeve and Co.|location=London|page=55|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41807#page/126/mode/1up|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> In 1876, [[Henri Ernest Baillon]] proposed in ''Histoire des Plantes'' that ''Callistemon'', as well as ''[[Calothamnus]]'' and ''[[Lamarchea]]'' be merged into ''Melaleuca''.<ref name=Baillon>{{cite book|last1=Baillon|first1=Henri Ernest|title=Histoires des Plantes|date=1876|volume=6 |publisher=Libraire Hachette & Co.|location=Paris|pages=359–360|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94878#page/362/mode/1up|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> Nevertheless, most authors had preserved the distinction between the two genera ''Callistemon'' and ''Melaleuca'' until 1998. In that year, in recognition of the fact that the callistemons and melaleucas on [[New Caledonia]] were clearly related, [[Lyndley Craven]] and [[John Dawson (botanist)|J.W. Dawson]] transferred the callistemons on that island to ''Melaleuca'', even though some (e.g. ''[[Melaleuca pancheri]]'') do not have stamens fused in 5 groups.<ref name="Brophy" /> On the basis of [[DNA]] evidence,<ref name=Edwards>{{cite Q|Q42308207}}</ref> in 2006<ref name=Craven(1)>{{cite journal|last1=Craven|first1=Lyn A.|title=New combinations in ''Melaleuca'' for Australian species of ''Callistemon'' (Myrtaceae)|journal=Novon|date=2006|volume=16|issue=4|pages=468–478|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11160106#page/482/mode/1up|access-date=22 July 2015|doi=10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[468:ncimfa]2.0.co;2|s2cid=84723155 }}</ref> and 2009<ref name=Craven(2)>{{cite journal|last1=Craven|first1=Lyn A.|title=Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) from Australia|journal=Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature|date=10 December 2009|volume=19|issue=4|pages=444–453|doi=10.3417/2007137|s2cid=84165613|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40330691#page/452/mode/1up|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> Craven moved all but four callistemons to melaleuca. Those four were ''[[Callistemon forresterae]]'', ''[[Callistemon genofluvialis]]'', ''[[Callistemon kenmorrisonii]]'' and ''[[Callistemon nyallingensis]]'' which were regarded as being hybrids.<ref name=Brophy>{{cite book|last1=Brophy|first1=Joseph J.|last2=Craven|first2=Lyndley A.|last3=Doran|first3=John C.|title=Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses|date=2013|publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research|location=Canberra|isbn=9781922137517|page=18|url=http://aciar.gov.au/files/mn156-prelims_1.pdf|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528213958/http://aciar.gov.au/files/mn156-prelims_1.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new description of ''Melaleuca'' has been accepted by some herbaria but not all. For example, the Queensland Herbarium accepts ''[[Melaleuca flammea]]'' (synonym ''Callistemon acuminatus'')<ref name=Queensland>{{cite web|title=Species profile—Melaleuca flammea| date=20 October 2014 |url=https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=35653|publisher=Queensland Government|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> but the New South Wales Herbarium accepts ''Callistemon acuminatus''.<ref name=RBGS>{{cite web|last1=Spencer|first1=Roger David|last2=Lumley|first2=Peter F.|title=''Callistemon acuminatus'' Cheel|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Callistemon~acuminatus|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: Plantnet|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> In 2012, Frank Udovicic and Roger Spencer transferred the newly described species of melaleuca with separate stamens (e.g. ''[[Melaleuca megalongensis]]'' and ''[[Melaleuca wimmerensis]]'') to ''Callistemon'' (hence ''Callistemon megalongensis'' and ''Callistemon wimmerensis''). Their argument is that using the DNA evidence is premature.<ref name=Brown>{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Gillian K.|last2=Udovicic|first2=Frank|last3=Ladiges|first3=Pauline Y.|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Melaleuca, Callistemon and related genera (Myrtaceae)|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|date=2001|volume=14|issue=4|pages=565–585|doi=10.1071/SB00029}}<!--|accessdate=22 July 2015--></ref> They further argue that if all the genera ''[[Beaufortia (plant)|Beaufortia]]'', ''Callistemon'', ''[[Calothamnus]]'', ''[[Conothamnus]]'', ''[[Eremaea (plant)|Eremaea]]'', ''Melaleuca'', ''[[Phymatocarpus]]'' were combined (as Craven has suggested),<ref name=Cowley>{{cite journal|last1=Craven|first1=Lyn A.|last2=Edwards|first2=Robert D.|last3=Cowley|first3=Kirsten J.|title=New combinations and names in ''Melaleuca'' (Myrtaceae)|journal=Taxon|date=30 June 2014|volume=63|issue=3|pages=663–670|doi=10.12705/633.38|doi-access=free}}</ref> then there would be no characteristics that would define the group.<ref name="Muelleria">{{cite journal |last1=Udovicic |first1=Frank |last2=Spencer |first2=Roger D. |title=New combinations in ''Callistemon'' (Myrtaceae) |journal=Muelleria |date=2012 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=23–25 |doi=10.5962/p.292240 |s2cid=251007557 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59605029#page/25/mode/1up |access-date=29 September 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Use in horticulture== Many commercial nurseries continue to use the name ‘’Callistemon’’. These species can be propagated either by [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]] (some species more easily than others), or from the [[seeds]].<ref name=ANPSA(2)>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Bryon|title=Growing Callistemon from Seed|url=http://anpsa.org.au/APOL21/mar01-2.html|publisher=Australian Native Plants Society Australia|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> Flowering is normally in [[Spring (season)|spring]] and early [[summer]] (October–December), but conditions may cause flowering at other times of the year. The obvious parts of the [[flower]] masses are [[stamen]]s, with the [[pollen]] at the tip of the filament; the [[petal]]s are inconspicuous (see picture). Flower heads vary in colour with species; most are red, but some are yellow, green, orange, pink or white. Each flower head produces a profusion of triple-celled seed capsules around a stem (see picture) which remain on the plant with the seeds enclosed until stimulated to open when the plant dies or [[wildfire|fire]] causes the release of the seeds. A few species release the seeds annually.<ref name=Wrigley>{{cite book|last1=Wrigley|first1=John W.|last2=Fagg|first2=Murray|title=Australian native plants : a manual for their propagation, cultivation and use in landscaping|date=1983|publisher=Collins|location=Sydney|isbn=978-0002165754|pages=191–194|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=ANBG>{{cite web|last1=Harvey|first1=Rod|title=Bottlebrush - Genus Callistemon|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/callistemon/|publisher=Australian National Botanic Garden|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> Bottlebrush plants can be grown in pots.<ref name=ANPSA>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Bryon|title=Growing Callistemons in large pots|url=http://anpsa.org.au/APOL6/jun97-6.html|publisher=Australian Native Plants Society Australia|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> They have been grown in Europe since a specimen of ''[[Callistemon citrinus]]'' was introduced to [[Kew Gardens]] in London by [[Joseph Banks]] in 1789.<ref name=Curtis>{{cite book|last1=Curtis|first1=William|title=The Botanical Magazine (Volume 8)|date=1794|location=London|page=260|edition=1|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24670/24670-h/24670-h.htm#Metrosideros_Citrina_Harsh-Leavd_Metrosideros|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> ==Selected species== There are about 50 species of callistemon.<ref name="ANBG" /> They include:<ref name="APNI" /> {{div col|colwidth=35em}} *''[[Callistemon acuminatus]]'' <small>Cheel</small> – Tapering-leaved bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca flammea]]''); * ''[[Callistemon brachyandrus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – Prickly bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca brachyandra]]''); * ''[[Callistemon chisholmii]]'' <small>Cheel</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca chisholmii]]''); * ''[[Callistemon citrinus]]'' <small>(Curtis) Skeels</small> – Lemon scented bottle brush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca citrina]]''); * ''[[Callistemon coccineus]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca rugulosa]]''); * ''[[Callistemon comboynensis]]'' <small>Cheel</small> – Cliff bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca comboynensis]]''); * ''[[Callistemon flavovirens]]'' <small>(Cheel) Cheel</small> – Green bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca flavovirens]]''); * ''[[Callistemon formosus]]'' <small>S.T.Blake</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca formosa]]''); * ''[[Callistemon forresterae]]'' <small>Molyneux</small> * ''[[Callistemon genofluvialis]]'' <small>Molyneux</small> * ''[[Callistemon glaucus]]'' <small>([[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]) [[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Sweet]]</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca glauca]]''); * ''[[Callistemon hemistictus]]'' <small> ([[Stanley Thatcher Blake|S.T.Blake]] ex [[Lyndley Craven|Craven]]) Udovicic and [[Roger David Spencer|R.D.Spencer]] </small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca hemisticta]]''); * ''[[Callistemon kenmorrisonii]]'' <small>Molyneux</small> – Betka bottlebrush * ''[[Callistemon lanceolatus]]'' <small>(Sm.) Sweet</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca citrina]]''); * ''[[Callistemon lazaridis]]'' <small>(Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca lazaridis]]''); * ''[[Callistemon linearifolius]]'' <small>(Link) DC.</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca linearifolia]]''); * ''[[Callistemon linearis]]'' <small>Sweet</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca linearis]]''); * ''[[Callistemon macropunctatus]]'' <small>(Dum.Cours.) Court</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca rugulosa]]''); * ''[[Callistemon megalongensis]]'' <small>(Craven & S.M.Douglas) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca megalongensis]]''); * ''[[Callistemon montanus]]'' <small>C.T.White ex S.T.Blake</small> – Mountain bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca montana]]''); * ''[[Callistemon montis-zamiae]]'' <small>(Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca montis-zamia]]''); * ''[[Callistemon nervosus]]'' <small>[[John Lindley|Lindl.]]</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca nervosa]]''); * ''[[Callistemon nyallingensis]]'' <small>Molyneux</small> * ''[[Callistemon pachyphyllus]]'' <small>Cheel</small> – Wallum bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca pachyphylla]]''); * ''[[Callistemon pallidus]]'' <small>(Bonpl.) DC.</small> – Lemon bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca pallida]]''); * ''[[Callistemon paludosus]]'' <small> [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca paludicola]]''); * ''[[Callistemon pauciflorus]]'' <small>R.D.Spencer & Lumley</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca faucicola]]''); * ''[[Callistemon pearsonii]]'' <small>R.D.Spencer & Lumley</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca pearsonii]]''); * ''[[Callistemon phoeniceus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – Lesser bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca phoenicea]]''); * ''[[Callistemon phratra]]'' <small> ([[Lydnley Craven|Craven]]) Udovicic & [[Roger David Spencer|R.D.Spencer]]</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca phratra]]''); * ''[[Callistemon pinifolius]]'' <small>(Wendl.) Sweet</small> – Pine-leaved bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca linearis]]''); * ''[[Callistemon pityoides]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small> – Alpine bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca pityoides]]''); * ''[[Callistemon polandii]]'' <small>F.M.Bailey</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca polandii]]''); * ''[[Callistemon pungens]]'' <small>Lumley & R.D.Spencer</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca williamsii]]''); * ''[[Callistemon pyramidalis]]'' <small>(Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca pyramidalis]]''); * ''[[Callistemon quercinus]]'' <small>(Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca quercina]]''); * ''[[Callistemon recurvus]]'' <small>R.D.Spencer & Lumley</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca recurva]]''); * ''[[Callistemon rigidus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> – Stiff bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca linearis]]''); * ''[[Callistemon rugulosus]]'' <small>(Schltdl. ex Link) DC.</small> – Scarlet bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca rugulosa]]''); * ''[[Callistemon sabrina]]'' <small>(Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca sabrina]]''); * ''[[Callistemon salignus]]'' <small>(Sm.) Sweet</small> – Willow bottlebrush, white bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca salicina]]''); * ''[[Callistemon serpentinus]]'' <small>(Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca serpentina]]''); * ''[[Callistemon shiressii]]'' <small>Blakely</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca shiressii]]''); * ''[[Callistemon sieberi]]'' <small>DC.</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca paludicola]]''); * ''[[Callistemon speciosus]]'' <small>(Sims) Sweet</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca glauca]]''); * ''[[Callistemon subulatus]]'' <small>Cheel</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca subulata]]''); * ''[[Callistemon teretifolius]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small> – Needle bottlebrush, Flinders Ranges bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca orophila]]''); * ''[[Callistemon viminalis]]'' <small>(Sol. ex Gaertn.) G.Don</small> – Weeping bottlebrush (also known as ''[[Melaleuca viminalis]]''); * ''[[Callistemon viridiflorus]]'' <small>(Sims) Sweet</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca virens]]''); * ''[[Callistemon wimmerensis]]'' <small>Marriott & G.W.Carr</small> (also known as ''[[Melaleuca wimmerensis]]'') {{div col end}} == Gallery == <gallery widths="190px" heights="180px" > File:Callistemon -- Dwarf Bottlebrush or Little John.jpg|''Callistemon'' "Little John" or dwarf bottlebrush - a [[List of Callistemon cultivars|''Callistemon'' cultivar]] File:Bottlebrush (Callistemon) bud.jpg | Foreground: Bottlebrush buds. Background: Partial blooming bottlebrush flower. File:Blooming_bottlebrush_(Callistemon)_found_in_Kelantan,_Malaysia.JPG | Blooming bottlebrush found in Kelantan, Malaysia. File:Bottlebrush (Callistemon).jpg | Bottlebrush flower partial blooming found in Kelantan, Malaysia. File:Red bottlebrush tree in Florida crop.jpg|Tree in bloom in [[Florida]]. File:Goupillon epicier.jpg|Illustration showing bottle brushes, the eponym of the plant File:Callistemon Bottlebrush.jpg|Callistemon Bottlebrush </gallery> ==See also== *[[List of Callistemon cultivars]] ==References== {{Reflist|refs= }} ==External links== * {{Wikispecies-inline|Callistemon|''Callistemon''}} * {{Commons-inline|2=''Callistemon''}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/19991011222340/http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/callistn.html#intro The Callistemon Page] *[http://www.anbg.gov.au/callistemon/ Australian National Botanic Gardens: ''Callistemon'' (Bottlebrushes)] {{Taxonbar|from=Q496460}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Callistemon| ]] [[Category:Myrtaceae genera]] [[Category:Endemic flora of Australia]] [[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]]
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