Editing Calonectris

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = CorysShearwaterBottom.jpg
| name = ''Calonectris''
| taxon = Calonectris
| authority = [[Gregory Macalister Mathews|Mathews]] & [[Thomas Iredale|Iredale]], 1915
| type_species = ''Puffinus leucomelas'' ([[streaked shearwater]])
| type_species_authority = [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1835
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = 
''[[Streaked shearwater|Calonectris leucomelas]]''<br/>
''[[Scopoli's shearwater|Calonectris diomedea]]''<br/>
''[[Cory's shearwater|Calonectris borealis]]''<br/>
''[[Cape Verde shearwater|Calonectris edwardsii]]''
}}

'''''Calonectris''''' is a genus of [[seabird]]s. The [[genus]] name comes from [[Ancient Greek]] ''kalos'', "good" and ''nectris'', "swimmer".

The genus comprises four large [[shearwater]]s. There are two other shearwater genera, ''[[Puffinus]]'', which comprises 21 small to medium-sized shearwaters, and ''[[Ardenna]]'' with 7 larger species.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Petrels, albatrosses | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=2 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name=Penhallurick>{{cite journal | last1=Penhallurick | first1=John | last2=Wink | first2=Michael | year=2004 | title=Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene | journal=Emu |volume= 104 | issue=2 | pages= 125–147 | doi=10.1071/MU01060| bibcode=2004EmuAO.104..125P | s2cid=83202756 }}</ref><ref name="Estandia et al. 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Estandia |first1=A |last2=Chesser |first2=RT |last3=James |first3=HF |last4=Levy |first4=MA |last5=Ferrer Obiol |first5=J |last6=Bretagnolle |first6=V |last7=Gonzales-Solis |first7=J |last8=Welch |first8=AJ |title=Substitution rate variation in a robust procellariiform seabird phylogeny is not solely explained by body mass, flight efficiency, population size or life history traits |journal=bioRxiv |date=July 2021 |doi=10.1101/2021.07.27.453752|s2cid=236502443 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/07/27/2021.07.27.453752.full.pdf }}</ref>

The [[species]] in this group are long-winged birds, dark brown or grey-brown above, and mainly white below. They are pelagic outside the breeding season. They are most common in temperate and cold waters. Like most other [[Procellariiformes|tubenose]] birds, they use a shearing flight technique to move across wave fronts with the minimum of active flight, but fly with a more relaxed, fluid, flexible wing action than the other shearwaters in ''Puffinus'' and ''Ardenna''.<ref name=Collins>[[Lars Svensson (ornithologist)|Svensson, L.]], [[Killian Mullarney|Mullarney, K.]], & [[Dan Zetterström|Zetterström, D.]] (2022) ''[[Collins Bird Guide]]'', ed. 3. {{ISBN|978-0-00-854746-2}}, pages 68-69</ref>

''Calonectris'' shearwaters are long-distance [[bird migration|migrants]]. The streaked shearwater disperses from its east [[Asia]]n breeding islands throughout the western [[Pacific]] and into the eastern [[Indian Ocean]]. They come to islands and coastal cliffs only to breed. They are nocturnal at the colonial breeding sites, preferring moonless nights to minimise predation. They nest in [[Burrow nest|burrows]] and often give eerie contact [[bird vocalization|calls]] on their night time visits. They lay a single white [[bird egg|egg]]. They feed on fish, squid and similar oceanic food. They will follow fishing boats to take scraps.

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Calonectris'' was introduced in 1915 by the ornithologists [[Gregory Mathews]] and [[Tom Iredale]] with the [[streaked shearwater]] as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Mathews | first1=Gregory M. | author1-link=Gregory Mathews | last2=Iredale | first2=Tom | author2-link=Tom Iredale | year=1915 | title=On some petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean  | journal=Ibis | volume=57 | issue=3 | pages=572–609 [590, 592] | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1915.tb08206.x | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8750380 }}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ''kalos'' meaning "good" or "noble" with the genus name ''Nectris'' that was used for shearwaters by the German naturalist [[Heinrich Kuhl]] in 1820. The name ''Nectris'' comes from the Ancient Greek ''nēktris'' meaning "swimmer".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n86/mode/1up 86], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n267/mode/1up 267] }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Kuhl | first=Heinrich | author-link=Heinrich Kuhl | date=1820 | title=Beiträge zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie  | language=German, Latin | location=Frankfurt am Main | publisher=Verlag der Hermannschen Buchhandlung | page=148 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28230944 }}</ref>

Scopoli's shearwater and Cory's shearwater were previously considered as conspecific and formed the Cory's shearwater complex (''Calonectris diomedea''). Based on the lack of hybridization and differences in mitochondrial DNA, morphology and vocalisation, the complex was split into two separate species. The English name "Cory's shearwater" was transferred to ''Calonectris borealis'' while what was previously the [[nominate subspecies]] became Scopoli's shearwater (''Calonectris diomedea'').<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Collinson | first2=J.M. | last3=Crochet | first3=P.-A. | last4=Knox | first4=A.G. | last5=Parkin | first5=D.T. | last6=Votier | first6=S.C. | author1-link=George Sangster | year=2012 | title=Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: eighth report | journal=Ibis | volume=154 | issue=4 | pages=874–883 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.2012.01273.x | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=ioc/>

===Species===
The genus contains four species.<ref name=ioc/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common Name !! Distribution<ref name=Hoyo>{{cite book |last1=del Hoyo|first1=Josep |title=All the birds of the world |date=2020 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-84-16728-37-4 |page=201}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Streaked shearwater sitting.jpg|120px]] ||''Calonectris leucomelas''|| [[Streaked shearwater]] || Pacific Ocean, nesting in Japan and the Korean Peninsula. Forages in the western Pacific between 45°N and 35°S.
|-
|[[File:Cory's Shearwater from the Crossley ID Guide Britain and Ireland crop.jpg|120px]]  ||''Calonectris borealis''|| [[Cory's shearwater]]|| Breeds on [[Madeira]], the [[Azores]], the [[Canary Islands]] and the [[Berlengas]] islands off the Portuguese coast. Forages in the Atlantic between 60°N and 36°S; also marginally into the western Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean off South Africa.
|-
|[[File:Scopoli's Shearwater.jpg|120px]]  ||''Calonectris diomedea''|| [[Scopoli's shearwater]] || Breeds on Mediterranean islands. Forages in the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic between 50°N and 36°S; also marginally into the Indian Ocean off South Africa.
|-
| ||''Calonectris edwardsii'' || [[Cape Verde shearwater]] || Breeds on the [[Cape Verde Islands]]. Forages in the Atlantic between 18°N and 40°S.
|-
|}

Extinct species, ''[[Calonectris krantzi]]'' from the [[Early Pliocene]] and ''[[Calonectris wingatei]]'' from the [[Middle Pleistocene]], have also been described from [[fossil]]s. ''Calonectris kurodai'', another fossil from the Middle Miocene Calvert Formation of Chesapeake Bay is named after the Japanese ornithologist [[Nagahisa Kuroda]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2988/09-19.1 |title=A new diminutive species of shearwater of the genus Calonectris (Aves: Procellariidae) from the Middle Miocene Calvert Formation of Chesapeake Bay |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=466–470 |year=2009 |last1=Olson |first1=Storrs L. |s2cid=86663993 }}</ref>

===Phylogeny===
Phylogeny based on a study by Joan Ferrer Obiol and collaborators published in 2022.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Ferrer Obiol | first1=J. | last2=James | first2=H.F. | last3=Chesser | first3=R.T. | last4=Bretagnolle | first4=V. | last5=González-Solís | first5=J. | last6=Rozas | first6=J. | last7=Welch | first7=A.J. | last8=Riutort | first8=M. | date=2022 | title=Palaeoceanographic changes in the late Pliocene promoted rapid diversification in pelagic seabirds | journal=Journal of Biogeography | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=171–188 | doi=10.1111/jbi.14291 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2022JBiog..49..171F | hdl=2445/193747 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>
{{Clade
|label1=''Calonectris''
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Streaked shearwater]], ''Calonectris leucomela''
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Cape Verde shearwater]], ''Calonectris edwardsii''
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Cory's shearwater]], ''Calonectris borealis''
         |2=[[Scopoli's shearwater]], ''Calonectris diomedea''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Harrison, Peter (1987): ''Seabirds of the World: A Photographic Guide''. Princeton University Press, Princeton. <small>{{ISBN|0-691-01551-1}}</small><!-- 1996 is reprint or 2nd edition -->
*Heidrich, Petra; Amengual, José F. & Wink, Michael (1998): Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. ''Biochemical Systematics and Ecology'' '''26'''(2): 145–170. <small>{{doi|10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00085-9}}</small> [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1998/8.%201998.pdf PDF fulltext]

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1049267}}
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[[Category:Calonectris| ]]
[[Category:Shearwaters|*]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Gregory Mathews]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Tom Iredale]]