Editing Calormen

{{Short description|Fictional country in The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis}}
{{Infobox fictional location
| name         = Calormen
| alt_name     = Calormene Empire
| image        = 
| caption      = 
| image2       = 
| caption2     = 
| source       = [[The Chronicles of Narnia]]
| creator      = [[C. S. Lewis]]
| genre        = [[Children's fantasy]]
| type         = Empire
| located_in   = [[Narnia (world)]]
| ruler        = Tisroc
| locations    = [[Tashbaan]] (capital)
| ethnic_group = Calormenes
| races        =
| characters   = [[Rabadash]], [[Aravis]], [[Emeth]]
| population   = 
| blank_label  = Motto
| blank_data   = 
| blank_label1 = Anthem
| blank_data1  = 
| blank_label2 = Language(s)
| blank_data2  = 
| blank_label3 = Currency
| blank_data3  = Crescent
}}
In [[C. S. Lewis]]'s ''[[Chronicles of Narnia]]'' series of novels, '''Calormen''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|l|ɔr|m|ə|n}}) is a large country to the southeast of [[Narnia (world)|Narnia]]. Lewis probably derived its name from the Latin ''calor'', meaning "heat".<ref>{{cite book|last=Ford|title=Companion to Narnia|page=127}}</ref> When using the name as an [[adjective]] or an [[ethnonym]], Lewis spelled the name with an 'e' at the end: a Calormene ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|l|ɔr|m|ə|n}}) soldier; "The Calormenes have dark faces and long beards."

Narnia and Calormen are separated by the country of [[Narnia_(world)#Archenland|Archenland]] and a large [[desert]]. In ''[[The Horse and His Boy]]'', Calormen is described as being many times the size of its northern neighbours, and it is implied that its army is always either conquering more land or keeping down rebellions, in wars with which neither Narnia nor Archenland are involved. The border of the Calormene Empire extends from the Western Mountains to the Great Eastern Ocean. The Calormene capital is Tashbaan, a large walled city located on an island hill at the mouth of a river and close to the northern desert.

==History==
The country of Calormen was first mentioned by Lewis in a passing reference in chapter 2 of ''[[Prince Caspian]]'', though in the first edition it was spelt ''Kalormen''.  He first wrote about Calormene characters in the subsequent ''[[Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'', though neither of these is their first chronological appearance in the series. They are presented with the following words: "The Calormenes have dark faces and long beards. They wear flowing robes and orange-coloured turbans, and they are a wise, wealthy, courteous, cruel and ancient people". As narrated in that book, after the Telmarine kings cut Narnia off from the sea, the [[Lone Islands]]—though in theory remaining a Narnian possession—fell into the Calormene sphere of influence, becoming a major source of slaves for Calormen and adopting the Calormene Crescent as the islands' currency. After [[Prince Caspian (character)|Caspian the Seafarer]] restored Narnian rule and abolished slavery in the islands, there was some apprehension of Calormen resorting to war to regain its influence there. The book's plot then moves away and it remains unknown whether such a war took place. However, Lewis later placed Calormen at the focus of ''[[The Horse and His Boy]]''—set a thousand years earlier, at the time of High King [[Peter Pevensie|Peter]].

The origins of Calormen and the Calormenes are not made clear during the ''Chronicles''. According to the [[Narnia_(world)#Fictional_timeline|Narnian timeline]] published by [[Walter Hooper]], Calormen was founded by Archen outlaws, who traveled over the Great Desert to the south some 24 years after Archenland's founding. In an alternative theory, Calormen was founded by people accidentally crossing into Calormen from our world through a Middle Eastern portal (similar to the English wardrobe in The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe), which was subsequently lost or destroyed, preventing their return. The Calormenes speak a flowery version of the [[English language|standard English]] favoured by both human and animal Narnians, which might support this argument; however, [[White Witch|Jadis]] also speaks English. The reason for the ancient Arabian, [[Persian people|Persian]], [[Moors|Moorish]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkish]] aspects of Calormene culture, or the origin of their religion, was not satisfactorily explained, but stand in strong counterpoint to the largely [[Europe]]an, [[Anglo]] and [[Greco-Roman]] (and Christian) aspects of Narnia and Archenland.

Throughout the times covered by the ''Chronicles of Narnia'', Calormen and Narnia maintain an uneasy, albeit generally peaceable, coexistence. ''[[The Horse and His Boy]]'' and ''[[The Last Battle]]'' contain plot lines that focus on Calormen, while some of the other books have peripheral references. In ''The Horse and His Boy'' the main characters (one a young member of the Calormene nobility) escape from Calormen to Archenland and Narnia whilst the Calormene [[cavalry]] under [[Prince Rabadash]] attempts to invade [[Narnia (country)|Narnia]] and capture the Narnian [[Susan Pevensie|Queen Susan]] for his bride. The rather small (200 horse) Calormene invasion force is rebuffed at the gates of the Kingdom of Archenland. In ''The Last Battle'', there is a reference to King [[List of characters in The Chronicles of Narnia|Erlian]] having fought a war with the Calormenes. King [[Tirian]] is—until the events narrated in the book—at peace with them, and some level of trade and travel exist between [[Narnia (country)|Narnia]] and Calormen. The Narnian King maintains a supply of Calormene armour and weapons for the purpose of conducting undercover operations in their country—suggesting a kind of [[Cold War|cold war]].

Calormenes are described as dark-skinned, with the men mostly bearded. Flowing robes, [[turban]]s and [[wooden shoe]]s with an upturned point at the toe are common items of clothing, and the preferred weapon is the [[scimitar]]. Lavish palaces are present in the Calormene capital [[Tashbaan]]. The overall leitmotif of Calormene culture is portrayed as ornate to the point of ostentation. The people of Calormen are concerned with maintaining honour and precedent, often speaking in maxims and quoting their ancient poets. Veneration of elders and absolute deference to power are marks of Calormene society. Power and wealth determine class and social standing, and slavery is commonplace. The unit of currency is the [[Crescent]]. Narnians hold Calormenes in disdain for their treatment of animals and slaves. Conversely, Calormenes refer to the human inhabitants of Narnia as "barbarians". All of this appears quite consistent with the [[Osmanli]] [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[Ottoman Empire]] (1299-1923), its known and purported splendor, rigid class structure, and the always-volatile relationship with many of its European neighbors.

The ruler of Calormen is called the Tisroc and is believed by the Calormene people to have descended in a direct line from the god [[Tash (Narnia)|Tash]], whom the people worship in addition to other gods and goddesses. The illustrations of Tash, a [[vulture]] headed god, by [[Pauline Baynes]] appear to be inspired by [[Hindu]] as opposed to Islamic imagery, with multiple arms and a distinct resemblance to the ancient Indian deity [[Garuda]]. Calormenes always follow a mention of the Tisroc with the phrase "may he live forever". Ranking below the Tisroc are his sons (princes), a Grand Vizier, and the noble classes, who are addressed as Tarkaan (male) and Tarkheena (female). The nobility have a band of [[gold]] on their arm and their marriages are usually arranged at a young age. Beneath them are soldiers of the empire's vast army, merchants, and the peasantry, with slaves being the lowest rung on the social ladder. The Calormene leaders are portrayed as quite war-like, and the Tisrocs generally seem to have a wish to conquer the "barbarian" lands to their north - to some degree deterred, however, by the magical reputation of the countries, their various rulers and their being known to be under the protection of [[Aslan]]. Significantly, the final, successful invasion of Narnia by the Calormene military, which precipitates the end of the Narnian universe, was conducted in close cooperation with the appearance of the false Aslan and the proclamation that Aslan and Tash are one and the same.

Calormene social and political institutions are depicted as essentially unchanged between the time of ''The Horse and His Boy'' and ''The Last Battle''—more than a thousand years, in which Narnia has profoundly changed several times. This is clearly an artifact of the order in which [[C. S. Lewis]] wrote and published the stories, with the two stories above and [[The Magician's Nephew]] which also references ancient Mesopotamian civilisation in its depiction of Queen Jadis and [[Charn]], appearing last three of the seven.

When at the end of ''The Last Battle'' the characters cross into the Real Narnia and find there the counterparts of all the places they had known in the destroyed Narnia, there is a reference to a counterpart of Calormen being also there to its south, complete with the capital Tashbaan—presumably without the nastier aspects of Calormene culture, but this is not discussed in detail.

==Tashbaan==
The capital of Calormen is the walled city of Tashbaan, situated on a river mouth located on the southern verge of the great desert dividing the empire from the northern states of Narnia and Archenland.

Tashbaan is described as one of the wonders of the world.<ref>''A Horse and his Boy'', Chapter 4</ref>
The city is a hot and crowded place, though with fine streets, magnificent palaces, and gardens. It is built on a natural slope, rising to the palace of the [[Tisroc]] and the great Temple of [[Tash (Narnia)|Tash]] at the pinnacle of the hill. The palace of the Tisroc is referred to as being magnificent beyond description and opens onto gardens that run right down to the river wall. Tashbaan is surrounded by a strong wall that rises out of the water and is reached by long bridges from both banks, providing the only place where crossing the great river of Calormen is possible for many miles. The banks of the river are lined with gardens and country houses. The Tombs of the Ancient Kings, believed by the Carlomenes to be haunted, lie directly across the river from Tashbaan, on the edge of the desert.<ref>''A Horse and his Boy'', Chapter 3</ref>

==Calormene Poetry==
The poetry of Calormen is prolix, sententious, and moralizing.<ref name="Lewis">{{cite book |last=Lewis |title=The Horse and His Boy |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0590405993 |url-access=registration |chapter=ch.VIII: In the House of the Tisroc|date=1988 |isbn=978-0-590-40599-7 }}</ref> Quotations from Calormen poets are often quoted as [[proverb]]s. These include such  as the following:<ref>Unseth, Peter. 2011. A culture “full of choice apophthegms and useful maxims”: invented proverbs in C.S. Lewis’ ''The Horse and His Boy''. ''Proverbium'' 28: 323-338.</ref>
{{blockquote|Application to business<br>is the root of prosperity<br>but those who ask questions<br>that do not concern them<br>are steering the ship of folly<br>towards the rock of indigence.<br><br>Natural affection is stronger than soup<br>and offspring more precious than carbuncles.<br><br>He who attempts to deceive the judicious<br>is already baring his back for the scourge.<br><br>Swords can be kept off with shields<br>but the Eye of Wisdom pierces through every defence.<br><br>Deep draughts from the fountain of reason are desirable<br>in order to extinguish the fire of youthful love.}}

Calormenes disparage Narnian poetry, contending that it is all about things like love and war and not about useful maxims, but when the Calormen-raised [[Cor (Narnia)|Cor]] and [[Aravis]] first hear [[Narnia (country)|Narnian]] (or Cor's native [[Archenland]]ish) poetry they find it much more exciting. Calormen also prizes the art of story-telling, which, according to Lewis, forms part of the education of the nobility. The talking horse [[Bree (Narnia)|Bree]], though not fond of most things Calormene, thoroughly enjoys a story told in Calormene style by Aravis. He also has the habit of rolling like inarticulate Calormene horses.

== Concepts of freedom and slavery ==
In ''The Horse and His Boy'', Lewis uses the cultural settings of Narnia, Archenland, and Calormen to develop a theme of freedom in contrast to slavery.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rogers |title=The World According to Narnia |pages=114–116}}</ref> Lewis depicts the Calormene culture as one in which a primary guiding principle is that the weak must make way for the strong:
{{blockquote|For in Tashbaan there is only one traffic regulation, which is that everyone who is less important has to get out of the way for everyone who is more important; unless you want a cut from a whip or a punch from the butt end of a spear.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |title=The Horse and His Boy |url=https://archive.org/details/horsehisboylewi00lewi |url-access=registration |chapter=Chapter 4: Shasta Falls in with the Narnians|date=1994 }}</ref>}}
He also reveals the motivation for Calormene attempts to invade Archenland and, ultimately, Narnia, as a refusal to abide the thought of free countries so close to the border of the Calormene empire, as illustrated by this speech given by the Tisroc:
{{blockquote|"These little barbarian countries that call themselves ''free'' (which is as much to say, idle, disordered, and unprofitable) are hateful to the gods and to all persons of discernment."<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |title=The Horse and His Boy |url=https://archive.org/details/horsehisboylewi00lewi |url-access=registration |chapter=Chapter 8: In the House of the Tisroc|date=1994 }}</ref>}}
In contrast, the kings and queens of Narnia and Archenland, as rulers of free people, hold themselves responsible for the well-being of their subjects. As King Lune tells Shasta/Cor:
{{blockquote|"For this is what it means to be a king: to be first in every desperate attack and last in every desperate retreat, and when there's hunger in the land (as must be now and then in bad years) to wear finer clothes and laugh louder over a scantier meal than any man in your land."<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |title=The Horse and His Boy |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0590405993 |url-access=registration |chapter=Chapter 15: Rabadash the Ridiculous|date=1988 |isbn=978-0-590-40599-7 }}</ref>}}

== Accusations of racism ==
C. S. Lewis has been accused of racism, particularly in his depiction of the Calormenes. In the ''Companion to Narnia'', the Catholic theologian Paul F. Ford wrote "C. S. Lewis was a man of his time and socioeconomic class. Like many English men of this era, Lewis was unconsciously but regrettably unsympathetic to things and people Middle Eastern. Thus he sometimes engages in exaggerated stereotyping in contrasting things Narnian and things Calormene. He intends this in a broadly comic way, almost vaudevillian. But in our post-September 11, 2001, world, he would, I am sure, want to reconsider this insensitivity."<ref>Keynote Address at The 12th Annual Conference of The C. S. Lewis and Inklings Society Calvin College, 28 March 2009 [http://www.narniaweb.com/resources-links/are-the-chronicles-of-narnia-sexist-and-racist/ Are The Chronicles of Narnia Sexist and Racist? | NarniaWeb]</ref> Outspoken atheist critic and novelist [[Philip Pullman]]<ref name=atheist01>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/26/051226fa_fact|title='Far From Narnia'|accessdate=31 October 2007|author=Miller, Laura|format=Life and Letters article|magazine=The New Yorker|quote=he is one of England’s most outspoken atheists.}}</ref> has called the ''Chronicles of Narnia'' "blatantly racist"<ref>{{cite news|last=Ezard |title=Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist}}</ref> and in an interview with ''[[The Observer]]'', criticised [[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|the film adaptation]] of ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' by saying the books contained "a peevish blend of [[racist]], [[misogynistic]], and [[reactionary]] [[prejudice]]".<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Pullman attacks Narnia film plans}}</ref>

Calormenes live south of a desert, wear turbans and pointed shoes, their noblemen are called Tarkaans (similar to the medieval [[Central Asia]]n title [[tarkhan]]), they are armed with scimitars, and their money is called "crescents".

Of Lewis, [[Kyrie O'Connor]] writes: "''In his time, people thought it was amusing to make fun of other cultures. We don't. Read the stories, ask questions, and remember that the person who wrote this story was altogether too human.''"<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Connor |title=Lewis' prejudices tarnish fifth 'Narnia' book}}</ref> Claims of racism can be seen as countered by Lewis's positive portrayal of two Calormenes and the lack of racism shown to them by Narnian nobility.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Michael |date=December 2, 2005|title=For the Love of Narnia |journal=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |location=Washington, D.C. |volume=52 |issue=15 |pages=B14 |url=http://chronicle.com/weekly/v52/i15/15b01401.htm |format=Archive, subscription access only}}</ref>  Lewis writes in ''The Last Battle'' that those who worship Tash and who are virtuous are in fact worshipping Aslan, and those who are immoral and who worship Aslan are in fact worshipping Tash:
{{blockquote|I and [Tash] are of such different kinds that no service which is vile can be done to me, and none which is not vile can be done to him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|title=The Last Battle|url=https://archive.org/details/lastbattle00lewi|url-access=registration|chapter=Chapter XV: Further Up and Further In|date=1956 |publisher=New York, Macmillan }}</ref>}}

== In foreign languages ==
In the [[Russian language|Russian]] translation of the Narnia books, Calormen is known as "Tarkhistan" (Тархистан), as a reference to the Tarkaan nobles and its Turkish and Persian cultural influences.

== See also==
{{Portal|Speculative fiction}}
* [[Narnia (world)]]
* [[Haradrim]] - A similar Persian-influenced civilisation that appears in the books of fellow [[Inklings|Inkling]] [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].
* [[Saracens]]

==References==

=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Pullman attacks Narnia film plans |date=16 October 2005 |publisher=BBC |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4347226.stm |accessdate=2008-05-04 }}
* {{cite news|last=Ezard|first=John|date=June 3, 2002|title=Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|location=Manchester|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,726739,00.html|accessdate=2008-05-04}}
* {{cite book |last=Ford |first=Paul F. |title=Companion to Narnia: A Complete Guide to the Enchanting World of C.S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia |orig-year=1980 |edition=5th |year=2005 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=San Francisco|isbn=0-06-079127-6}}
* {{cite news |last=Hensher |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Hensher |title=Don't let your children go to Narnia: C.S. Lewis's books are racist and misogynist |work=[[The Independent]] |date=December 4, 1998 |publisher=Independent News & Media |location=London |format=Reprinted at ''The Discovery Institute'' |url=http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=907 |accessdate=2008-05-04 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=C. S. |author-link=C. S. Lewis |title=The Horse and His Boy |year=1954}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=C. S. |title=The Last Battle |url=https://archive.org/details/lastbattle00lewi |url-access=registration |year=1956 |publisher=New York, Macmillan }}
* {{cite news |last=O'Connor |first=Kyrie |author-link=Kyrie O'Connor |title=Lewis' prejudices tarnish fifth 'Narnia' book |work=[[Seattle Post Intelligencer]] |date=December 3, 2005 |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/books/250631_narniaracism03.html |accessdate=2008-05-04 |publisher=Hearst Newspapers }}
* {{cite news |last=Pullman |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Pullman |title=The Darkside of Narnia |url=http://www.crlamppost.org/darkside.htm |format=Reprinted at ''The Cumberland River Lamp Post'' |accessdate=2008-05-04 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 1, 1998 |location=Manchester |archive-date=2010-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116162137/http://www.crlamppost.org/darkside.htm |url-status=usurped }}
* {{cite book |last=Rogers |first=Jonathon |title=The World According to Narnia: Christian Meaning in C. S. Lewis's Beloved Chronicles |year=2005 |publisher=Time Warner |location=New York |chapter=Up from Slavery: The Horse and His Boy |isbn=0-446-69649-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldaccordingto00roge_0 }}
{{refend}}

{{Narnia}}

[[Category:Fictional elements introduced in 1951]]
[[Category:The Chronicles of Narnia locations]]
[[Category:Fictional empires]]
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