Editing Canarium

{{Short description|Genus of trees}}
{{for|the [[snail]] genus|Canarium (gastropod)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Canarium harveyi, leaves, fruits.jpg
| image_caption = Fruiting branch of ''[[Canarium harveyi]]''
| taxon = Canarium
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1754)<ref name=IPNI/>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = About 120, see text
| synonyms = 
*''Canariellum'' {{small|Engl. (1896)}}
*''Canariopsis'' {{small|Miq. (1859)}}
*''Colophonia'' {{small|Comm. ex Kunth (1824)}}
*''Lipara'' {{small|Lour. ex Gomes Mach. (1868)}}
*''Mehenbethene'' {{small|Besler ex Gaertn. (1790)}}
*''Nanari'' {{small|Adans. (1763)}}
*''Pimela'' {{small|Lour. (1790)}}
*''Rumphia'' {{small|L. (1753)}}
*''Sonzaya'' {{small|Marchand (1867)}}
*''Strania'' {{small|Noronha (1790), nom. nud.}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:5127-1 ''Canarium'' L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</ref>
}}

'''''Canarium''''' is a [[genus]] of about 120 [[species]] of [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] [[tree]]s, in the family [[Burseraceae]].  They grow naturally across tropical [[Africa]], south and southeast [[Asia]], [[Indochina]], [[Malesia]], [[Australia]] and western [[Pacific Islands]]; including from southern [[Nigeria]] east to [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]]; from [[Burma]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]] through the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Vietnam]] to south [[China]], [[Taiwan]] and the [[Philippines]]; through [[Borneo]], [[Indonesia]], [[Timor]] and [[New Guinea]], through to the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Fiji]], [[Samoa]], [[Tonga]] and [[Palau]].<ref name=Fl.Malesiana-1956/>

''Canarium'' species grow up to large [[evergreen]] trees of {{Convert|40|–|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, and have alternately arranged, [[pinnate]] leaves.<ref name=Fl.Malesiana-1956/> They are [[dioecious]], with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0198882|title=Reconciling species diversity in a tropical plant clade (''Canarium'', Burseraceae)|year=2018|last1=Federman|first1=Sarah|last2=Donoghue|first2=Michael J.|last3=Daly|first3=Douglas C.|last4=Eaton|first4=Deren A. R.|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=6|pages=e0198882|pmid=29906281|pmc=6003679|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1398882F|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Species==
As of January 2024, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts 121 species.<ref name = powo/> The brief species distribution information was sourced from ''[[Flora Malesiana]]'',<ref name=Fl.Malesiana-1956/> the [[Flora of China (series)|''Flora of China'' (series)]], the [[Bernard Hyland#Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants information system|''Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants'' information system]], and Plants of the World Online.
[[File:Canarium resinieferum.JPG|thumb|185px|''[[Canarium resiniferum]]'' seeds dispersed by hornbills in [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]]]]
{{Div col|colwidth=32em}}
* ''[[Canarium acutifolium]]'' {{Au|(DC.) Merr.}} – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld Australia
* ''[[Canarium album]]'' {{Au|(Lour.) DC.}} Chinese white olive (橄欖) – Taiwan, S China, Vietnam
* ''[[Canarium ampasindavae]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium apertum]]'' {{Au|H.J.Lam}} – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
* ''[[Canarium arcuatum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium asperum]]'' {{Au|Benth.}} – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is., 
* ''[[Canarium australasicum]]'' {{Au|(F.M.Bailey) Leenh.}} – Qld, NSW, Australia endemic
* ''[[Canarium australianum]]'' {{Au|F.Muell.}} – New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, Australia
* ''[[Canarium balansae]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – New Caledonia endemic
* ''[[Canarium balsamiferum]]'' {{Au|Willd.}} – Maluku, Sulawesi
* ''[[Canarium batjanense]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – Maluku
* ''[[Canarium bengalense]]'' {{Au|Roxb.}} – India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S China
* ''[[Canarium betamponae]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium boivinii]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – northeastern Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium bullatum]]'' {{Au|(Leenh.) Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – northern and northeastern Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium caudatum]]'' {{Au|King}} – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
* ''[[Canarium cestracion]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – E New Guinea
* ''[[Canarium chinare]]'' {{Au|Grutt. & H.J.Lam}} – Solomon Is., Admiralty Is.
* ''[[Canarium cinereum]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}} – Vietnam
* ''[[Canarium compressum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium copaliferum]]'' {{Au|A.Chev.}} – Vietnam
* ''[[Canarium decumanum]]'' {{Au|Gaertn.}} – E Borneo, Maluku, New Guinea, Sulawesi
* ''[[Canarium denticulatum]]'' {{Au|Blume}} – Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, Philippines
* ''[[Canarium dichotomum]]'' {{Au|(Blume) Miq.}} – Sumatra, Borneo
* ''[[Canarium divergens]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – Borneo
* ''[[Canarium egregium]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium elegans]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} — Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium engleri]]'' {{Au|H.J.Lam}} – Vietnam
* ''[[Canarium euphyllum]]'' {{Au|Kurz}} – Andaman Is.
* ''[[Canarium euryphyllum]]'' {{Au|G.Perkins}} – Philippines
* ''[[Canarium ferrugineum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium findens]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium fugax]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium fuscocalycinum]]'' {{Au|Stapf ex Ridl.}} – Borneo
* ''[[Canarium galokense]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium globosum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium gracile]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – Philippines
* ''[[Canarium grandifolium]]'' {{Au|(Ridl.) H.J.Lam}} – Malay Peninsula
* ''[[Canarium harveyi]]'' {{Au|Seem.}} – Fiji, Niue, Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna
* ''[[Canarium hirsutum]]'' {{Au|Willd.}} – New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., Palau
* ''[[Canarium indicum]]'' {{Au|L.}} – New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Maluku, Sulawesi
* ''[[Canarium indistinctum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium intermedium]]'' {{Au|H.J.Lam}} – S Sumatra
* ''[[Canarium kaniense]]'' {{Au|Lauterb.}} – New Guinea
* ''[[Canarium karoense]]'' {{Au|H.J.Lam}} – N Sumatra
* ''[[Canarium kerrii]]'' {{Au|Craib}} – Thailand
* ''[[Canarium kinabaluense]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – N Borneo
* ''[[Canarium kipella]]'' {{Au|(Blume) Miq.}} – W Java
* ''[[Canarium kostermansii]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – Borneo
* ''[[Canarium lamianum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium lamii]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – New Guinea
* ''[[Canarium latistipulatum]]'' {{Au|Ridl.}} – Borneo
* ''[[Canarium liguliferum]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – Solomon Islands (Rob Roy Island)
* ''[[Canarium littorale]]'' {{Au|Blume}} – Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo
* ''[[Canarium lobocarpum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium longistipulatum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium luzonicum]]'' {{Au|(Blume) A.Gray}} – Philippines
* ''[[Canarium lyi]]'' {{Au|C.D.Dai & Yakovlev}} – Vietnam
* ''[[Canarium macadamii]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – New Guinea
* ''[[Canarium madagascariense]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – Madagascar (Nosy Bé)
* ''[[Canarium maluense]]'' {{Au|Lauterb.}} – Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, Borneo
* ''[[Canarium manii]]'' {{Au|King}} – Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Myanmar
* ''[[Canarium manongarivum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium megacarpum]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – New Guinea
* ''[[Canarium megalanthum]]'' {{Au|Merr.}} – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
* ''[[Canarium merrillii]]'' {{Au|H.J.Lam}} – Borneo
* ''[[Canarium muelleri]]'' {{Au|F.M.Bailey}} – Queensland endemic, Australia
* ''[[Canarium multiflorum]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium multinerve]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium nitidifolium]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium obovatum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium obtusifolium]]'' {{Au|Scott Elliot}} – eastern Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium odontophyllum]]'' {{Au|Miq.}} – Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan)
* ''[[Canarium oleiferum]]'' {{Au|Baill.}} – New Caledonia endemic
* ''[[Canarium oleosum]]'' {{Au|(Lam.) Engl.}} – New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Maluku, Sulawesi
* ''[[Canarium ovatum]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – Philippines, cultivated Asia–Pacific
* ''[[Canarium pallidum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium paniculatum]]'' {{Au|(Lam.) Benth. ex Engl.}} – Mauritius
* ''[[Canarium parvum]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – S China, Vietnam
* ''[[Canarium patentinervium]]'' {{Au|Miq.}} – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, Borneo
* ''[[Canarium perlisanum]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – Malay Peninsula (Perlis)
* ''[[Canarium pilicarpum]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – northern and east-northeastern Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium pilososylvestre]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – W New Guinea
* ''[[Canarium pilosum]]'' {{Au|A.W.Benn.}} – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
** [[Canarium pilosum subsp. borneensis|subsp. ''borneensis'']] {{Au|Leenh.}} – Borneo
* ''[[Canarium pimela]]'' {{Au|K.D.Koenig}} Chinese black olive (乌榄) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
* ''[[Canarium planifolium]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium polyphyllum]]'' {{Au|K.Schum.}} – New Guinea
* ''[[Canarium pseudodecumanum]]'' {{Au|Hochr.}} – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
* ''[[Canarium pseudopatentinervium]]'' {{Au|H.J.Lam}} – S Sumatra, Banka, Borneo
* ''[[Canarium pseudopimela]]'' {{Au|Kochummen}} – Borneo (Sarawak)
* ''[[Canarium pseudosumatranum]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – Malay Peninsula
* ''[[Canarium pulchrebracteatum]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}} – eastern Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium reniforme]]'' {{Au|Kochummen & Whitmore}} – Peninsular Malaysia
* ''[[Canarium resiniferum]]'' {{Au|Bruce ex King}} – Assam and Bangladesh
* ''[[Canarium rigidum]]'' {{Au|(Blume) Zipp. ex Miq.}} – New Guinea
* ''[[Canarium rotundifolium]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}} – Cambodia and Vietnam
* ''[[Canarium salomonense]]'' {{Au|B.L.Burtt}} – New Guinea and Solomon Islands
* ''[[Canarium sarawakanum]]'' {{Au|Kochummen}} – Borneo (Sarawak)
* ''[[Canarium schweinfurthii]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to Uganda
* ''[[Canarium sikkimense]]'' {{Au|King}} – Sikkim
* ''[[Canarium strictum]]'' {{Au|Roxb.}} – India, Burma, S China
* ''[[Canarium subsidarium]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium subtile]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium subulatum]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}} – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
* ''[[Canarium sumatranum]]'' {{Au|Boerl. & Koord.}} – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula
* ''[[Canarium sylvestre]]'' {{Au|Gaertn.}} – New Guinea, Maluku
* ''[[Canarium thorelianum]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}} – Cambodia and Vietnam
* ''[[Canarium trifoliolatum]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – New Caledonia endemic
* ''[[Canarium trigonum]]'' {{Au|H.J.Lam}} – Sulawesi
* ''[[Canarium vanikoroense]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – Fiji, Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna
* ''[[Canarium velutinifolium]]'' {{Au|Daly, Raharim. & Federman}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Canarium venosum]]'' {{Au|Craib}} – Thailand
* ''[[Canarium vitiense]]'' {{Au|A.Gray}} – Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld Australia
* ''[[Canarium vittatistipulatum]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}} – Vietnam
* ''[[Canarium vrieseanum]]'' {{Au|Engl.}} – Philippines, Sulawesi
* ''[[Canarium vulgare]]'' {{Au|Leenh.}} – Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, Maluku
* ''[[Canarium whitei]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}} – New Caledonia endemic
* ''[[Canarium zeylanicum]]'' {{Au|(Retz.) Blume}} – Sri Lanka
{{Div col end}}

== Ecology ==
[[Superb fruit-dove]]s (''Ptilinopus superbus'') are known to be fond of the fruit of [[Canarium australianum|scrub turpentine]] (''C. australianum''), which they swallow whole.<ref name="Crome-1975-Qld" /><ref name="Frith-Crome-Wolfe-1976-New-Guinea" />

Many animals feed on the fruit of ''[[Canarium odontophyllum|C. odontophyllum]]'' in the wild, such as the [[red-bellied lemur]] (''Eulemur rubriventer'') and the [[ruffed lemur]]s (''Varecia'') of [[Madagascar]]'s eastern [[tropical forest]]s. ''Canarium'' fruit is also an important part of the diet of the [[aye-aye]] (''Daubentonia madagascarensis'').<ref name="Sefczek">{{cite journal |author1=Timothy M. Sefczek |author2=Zach J. Farris |author3=Patricia C. Wright |year=2012 |title=Aye-Aye (''Daubentonia madagascariensis'') Feeding Strategies at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar: An Indirect Sampling Method |journal=Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |volume=- 83 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1159/000338103 |pmid=22627178 |s2cid=207622496}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Several species have edible [[nut (fruit)|nuts]], known as galip nut or ''nangae'' (''[[Canarium indicum|C. indicum]]''), pili nut (''[[Canarium ovatum|C. ovatum]]''), or simply canarium nut (''[[Canarium harveyi|C. harveyi]]'' and ''C. indicum''). ''C. indicum'' are among the most important nut-bearing trees in eastern [[Indonesia]] and the Southwest Pacific. ''C. ovatum'' is cultivated as a food crop only in the [[Philippines]].<ref>[https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/PiliNut.html Pili Nut, ''Canarium ovatum'', New Crop Fact Sheet.] Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products.</ref>

[[File:Dammar.jpg|thumb|[[dammar gum|Dammar]] resin]]

''C. odontophyllum'', known commonly as dabai or kembayau, is a species with a nutritious fruit with a creamy taste. It is hard when raw and may be pickled or softened with hot water when prepared.

''[[Canarium album]]'' produces a fruit consumed in Vietnam, Thailand (where it is known as ''nam liap'' ({{langx|th|หนำเลี้ยบ}}), ''samo chin'' ({{langx|th|สมอจีน}}) or ''kana'' ({{langx|th|กาน้า}})) and in China ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: '''橄欖''') with an appearance of a big olive.

''[[Canarium luzonicum]]'', commonly known as ''elemi'', is a tree native to the Philippines. An [[oleoresin]], which contains [[Elemicin]], is harvested from it.

''[[Canarium strictum]]'' produces a resin called black [[dammar gum|dammar]].

==References==
{{Reflist | 27em | refs=

<ref name=IPNI>
{{IPNI
 | id= 5127-1
 | accessdate= 13 Nov 2013
 | title= International Plant Names Index
 | url= https://ipni.org/n/5127-1
 
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Fl.Malesiana-1956>
{{Cite book
  | last1= Leenhouts | first1= P. W.
  | last2= Kalkman | first2= C.
  | last3= Lam | first3= H. J.
  | date=March 1956
  | contribution= ''Canarium'' (Burseraceae)
  | contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40228532
  | access-date= 13 Nov 2013
  | title= Flora Malesiana
  | series= Series I, Spermatophyta : Flowering Plants 
  | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 249–296
  | location= Leiden, The Netherlands
  | publisher= Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University
  | chapter-format= Digitised, online
  | isbn=
<!--
  | work-editors= test C. Kalkman et al.
  | others= general editor: Steenis, Cornelis G. G. J. van
  | volume_pages= 1–407
  | series_editor1-last= Steenis |series_editor1-first= Cornelius G. G. J. van
  | series_others= Rijksherbarium (Netherlands), Lembaga Biologi Nasional (Indonesia), Keban Raya Indonesia, Lembaga Pusat Penjelidikan Alam (Indonesia)
  | series_year=1948
  | series_publisher=Noordhoff-Kolff N.V
 -->
| title-link= Flora Malesiana
 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Crome-1975-Qld>
{{Cite journal | last1= Crome | first1= F. H. J. | year= 1975 | title= The ecology of fruit pigeons in tropical northern Queensland | journal= Wildlife Research | volume= 2 | issue= 2 | pages= 155–185 | doi=10.1071/wr9750155| bibcode= 1975WildR...2..155C }}
</ref>

<ref name=Frith-Crome-Wolfe-1976-New-Guinea>
{{Cite journal | last1= Frith | first1= H. J. | last2= Crome | first2= F. H. J. | last3= Wolfe | first3= T. O. | year= 1976 | title= Food of fruit-pigeons in New Guinea | journal= Emu | volume= 76 | issue= 2 | pages= 49–58 | url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MU9760049 | access-date = 16 Nov 2013 | doi=10.1071/mu9760049| bibcode= 1976EmuAO..76...49F | url-access= subscription }}
</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=''Canarium'' L. |work=Atlas of Living Australia |url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2918714}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2367663}}

[[Category:Canarium| ]]
[[Category:Burseraceae genera]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]