Editing Cape Colony

{{Short description|British colony from 1806 to 1910}}
{{about|the British colony|the original Dutch colony|Dutch Cape Colony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{native name|nl|Kaapkolonie}}
| conventional_long_name = Cape Colony
| common_name            = Cape Colony
| era                    = Imperialism
| status                 = [[Crown colony]] of the [[British Empire]]
| empire                 = [[United Kingdom]]
| government_type        = [[Self-governing colony]] under [[Constitutional monarchy]]|
| event_start            = [[Battle of Blaauwberg|Occupied]]
| year_start             = 1806
| date_start             = 8 January
| event_end              = [[South Africa Act 1909|Merged]] into [[Union of South Africa]]
| year_end               = 1910
| date_end               = 31 May
| event_pre              = [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] [[Dutch Cape Colony|colony]]
| date_pre               = 1803–1806
| event2                 = [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Anglo-Dutch treaty]]
| date_event2            = 1814
| event3                 = [[Colony of Natal|Administration of Natal]]
| date_event3            = 1844
| event4                 = [[Basutoland]] incorporated into the Cape Colony
| date_event4            = 3 November 1871
| event5                 = [[Basutoland]] separated to form its own [[colony]]
| date_event5            = 2 February 1884

<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->| p1                     = Dutch Cape Colony
| flag_p1                = Flag of the Netherlands.svg
| p2                     = British Bechuanaland
| flag_p3                = Mixed flag of Republic of Swellendam.png
| p3                     = Republic of Swellendam
| flag_p4                = Mixed flag of Republic of Graaff-Reinet.png
| p4                     = Republic of Graaff-Reinet
| flag_p5                = Flag of the Islands of Refreshment.svg
| p5                     = Islands of Refreshment
| flag_p2                = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
| s1                     = Union of South Africa
| flag_s1                = South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svg
| s2                     = Basutoland
| flag_s2                = Unofficial Basutoland Ensign.svg
| s3                     = Tristan da Cunha
| flag_s3                = Flag of Saint Helena (1874–1985).svg
| image_flag             = Flag of the Cape Colony 1876-1910.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of the Cape Colony 1876-1994.svg
| flag_type              = Flag<br />(1876–1910)
| flag                   = Flag of the Cape Colony
| image_map              = Cape Colony 1885.png
| image_map_caption      = The Cape Colony in 1885 shown in red.
| capital                = [[Cape Town]]
| national_anthem        = [[God Save the Queen|God Save the King]] (1795–1837; 1901–1910) <br /> [[God Save the Queen]] (1837–1901)<br />[[File:Rufst du, mein Vaterland (1938).oga|center]]
| common_languages       = [[Afrikaans]], [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] also spoken
| official_languages     = [[English language|English]]<br> [[Dutch language|Dutch]]{{efn|name=FN1}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{ublist
  | 59.12% [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]]
  | 24.05% [[White South Africans|White]]
  | 16.39% [[Coloureds|Coloured]]
  | 0.42% [[Asian (South Africa)|Asian]] 
  }}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 1904
| religion               = [[Dutch Reformed Church]], [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], [[San religion]]
| currency               = Pound sterling|
| leader1                = [[George III]]
| year_leader1           = 1795–1820
| leader2                = [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]]
| year_leader2           = 1820–1830
| leader3                = [[William IV]]
| year_leader3           = 1830–1837
| leader4                = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| year_leader4           = 1837–1901
| leader5                = [[Edward VII]]
| year_leader5           = 1901–1910
| title_leader           = [[List of British monarchs|King/Queen]]
| representative1        = [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]]
| year_representative1   = 1797–1798
| representative2        = [[Walter Hely-Hutchinson]]
| year_representative2   = 1901–1910
| title_representative   = [[List of governors of British South African colonies#Cape Colony|Governor]]
| deputy1                = [[John Charles Molteno]]
| year_deputy1           = 1872–1878
| deputy2                = [[John X. Merriman]]
| year_deputy2           = 1908–1910
| title_deputy           = [[List of governors of British South African colonies#Cape Colony|Prime Minister]]
| stat_year1             = 1822
| stat_area1             = {{convert|128150|mi2|km2|0|disp=number}}
| ref_area1              = {{sfn|Wilmot|Chase|1869|p=268}}
| stat_pop1              = 110,380
| ref_pop1               = {{sfn|Wilmot|Chase|1869|p=268}}
| stat_year2             = 1865 census
| stat_pop2              = 496,381
| ref_pop2               = {{sfn|Cape of Good Hope|1866|p=11}}{{sfn|Malherbe|1939|p=1038}}
| stat_year3             = 1875 census
| stat_pop3              = 720,984
| ref_pop3               = {{sfn|Malherbe|1939|p=1038}}
| stat_year4             = 1891 census
| stat_pop4              = 1,527,224
| ref_pop4               = {{sfn|Malherbe|1939|p=1038}}
| stat_year5             = 1904 census
| stat_pop5              = 2,409,804
| ref_pop5               = {{sfn|Malherbe|1939|p=1038}}
| today                  = [[Namibia]]{{efn|name=FN2}}<br />[[South Africa]]<br />[[Lesotho]]{{efn|name=FN3}}
| footnotes              = 
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
}}
{{SouthAfrica state}}
[[File:SouthAfrica1885.svg|thumb|Map of the Cape of Good Hope in 1885 (blue). The areas of Griqualand West and Griqualand East were annexed to the Cape Colony around 1880.|alt=|left]]

The '''Cape Colony''' ({{langx|nl|Kaapkolonie}}), also known as the '''Cape of Good Hope''', was a [[British Empire|British]] [[colony]] in present-day [[South Africa]] named after the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. It existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with three other colonies to form the [[Union of South Africa]], then became the [[Cape Province]], which existed even after 1961, when South Africa had become a republic, albeit, temporarily outside the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] (1961–94).

The British colony was preceded by an earlier corporate colony that became an [[Dutch Cape Colony|original Dutch colony of the same name]], which was established in 1652 by the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch East India Company (VOC)]]. The Cape was under VOC rule from 1652 to 1795 and under rule of the Napoleonic [[Batavian Republic|Batavia Republic]] from 1803 to 1806.{{sfn|Heese|1971|p=15}} The VOC lost the colony to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] following the 1795 [[Invasion of the Cape Colony|Battle of Muizenberg]], but it was ceded to the [[Batavian Republic|Batavia Republic]] following the 1802 [[Treaty of Amiens]]. It was re-occupied by the British following the [[Battle of Blaauwberg]] in 1806, and British possession affirmed with the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]]. The Cape of Good Hope then remained in the [[British Empire]], becoming [[self-governing]] in 1872.

The colony was coextensive with the later [[Cape Province]], stretching from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic coast]] inland and eastward along the southern coast, constituting about half of modern South Africa: the final eastern boundary, after several wars against the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]], stood at the [[Great Fish River|Fish River]]. In the north, the [[Orange River]], natively known as the {{lang|naq|ǂNūǃarib}} (Black River) and subsequently called the Gariep River, served as the boundary for some time, although some land between the river and the southern boundary of [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Botswana]] was later added to it. From 1878, the colony also included the enclave of [[Walvis Bay]] and the [[Penguin Islands]], both in what is now [[Namibia]].

It united with three other colonies to form the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910, and was accordingly renamed the [[Cape Province|Province of the Cape of Good Hope]].{{sfn|Keltie|Epstein|1920|p=222}} [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] became a sovereign state in 1931 by the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]]. In 1961, it became the [[South Africa|Republic of South Africa]]. Following the 1994 creation of [[Provinces of South Africa|the present-day South African provinces]], the [[Cape Province]] was partitioned into the [[Eastern Cape]], [[Northern Cape]], and [[Western Cape]], with smaller parts in [[North West (South African province)|North West]] province.

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}<!--first subsection is good, the rest of them not so much-->

===VOC settlement===
{{main|Dutch Cape Colony}}
An expedition of the VOC led by [[Jan van Riebeeck]] established a trading post and naval victualing station at the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1652.{{sfn|Hunt|2005|pp=13-15}} Van Riebeeck's objective was to secure a harbour of refuge for VOC ships during the long voyages between Europe and Asia.{{sfn|Hunt|2005|pp=13-15}} Within about three decades, the Cape had become home to a large community of {{lang|nl|vrijlieden}}, also known as {{lang|nl|vrijburgers}} ('free citizens'), former VOC employees who settled in the colonies overseas after completing their service contracts.{{sfn|Parthesius|2010|p=}} {{lang|nl|Vrijburgers}} were mostly married citizens who undertook to spend at least twenty years farming the land within the fledgling colony's borders; in exchange they received tax exempt status and were loaned [[tools]] and [[seeds]].{{Sfn|Lucas|2004|pp=29-33}} Reflecting the multi-national nature of the early trading companies, the VOC granted {{lang|nl|vrijburger}} status to Dutch, Swiss, Scandinavian and German employees, among others.{{sfn|Worden|2010|pp= 94–140}} In 1688 they also sponsored the immigration of nearly two hundred French [[Huguenots|Huguenot]] refugees who had fled to the Netherlands upon the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]].{{Sfn|Lambert|2009|pp=32-34}} This so-called "Huguenot experiment" was deemed a failure by the colonial authorities a decade later, as many of the Huguenot arrivals had little experience with agriculture and had become a net burden on the colonial government.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shell |first1=Robert C.-H. |date=8 May 2007 |title=Immigration: The Forgotten Factor in Cape Colonial Frontier Expansion, 1658 to 1817 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17533170500106201?src=recsys |journal=Safundi |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1080/17533170500106201 |s2cid=219717224 |access-date=28 February 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> There was a degree of cultural assimilation due to Dutch cultural hegemony that included the almost universal adoption of the Dutch language.{{sfn|Mbenga|Giliomee|2007|pp=59-60}}

Many of the colonists who settled directly on the frontier became increasingly independent and localised in their loyalties.{{sfn|Ward|2009|pp=322–342}} Known as ''[[Boer]]s'', they migrated beyond the Cape Colony's initial borders and had soon penetrated almost a thousand kilometres inland.{{sfn|Greaves|2013|pp=36-35}} Some Boers even adopted a nomadic lifestyle permanently and were denoted as {{lang|nl|[[trekboers]]}}.{{sfn|Stapleton|2010|pp=4-6}} The VOC colonial period had a number of bitter, genocidal conflicts between the colonists and the [[Khoekhoe|Khoe-speaking indigenes]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mohamed |date=27 September 2010 |title=A total extinction confidently hoped for: the destruction of Cape San society under Dutch colonial rule, 1700–1795 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2010.508274 |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=19–44 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2010.508274 |pmid=20941880 |s2cid=43522981 |access-date=10 April 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> followed by the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]], both of which they perceived as unwanted competitors for prime farmland.{{sfn|Stapleton|2010|pp=4-6}}

VOC traders imported thousands of [[slavery|slaves]] to the Cape of Good Hope from the [[Dutch East Indies]] and other parts of Africa.{{sfn|Worden|2010|pp= 40–43}} By the end of the eighteenth century the Cape's population swelled to about 26,000 people of European descent and 30,000 slaves.{{sfn|Lloyd|1997|pp=201-206}}{{sfn|Cana|Gibson|Hillier|1911}}

===British conquest===
{{main|Invasion of the Cape Colony (1795)}}
In 1795, [[French First Republic|France]] occupied the [[Dutch Republic|Seven Provinces]] of the [[Dutch Republic]], the mother country of the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch United East India Company]]. This prompted [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] to occupy the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] in 1795 as a way to better control the seas in order to stop any potential [[French First Republic|French]] attempt to reach [[India]]. The British sent a fleet of nine warships which anchored at [[Simon's Town]] and, following the defeat of the VOC militia at the [[Invasion of the Cape Colony|Battle of Muizenberg]], took control of the territory. The United East India Company transferred its territories and claims to the [[Batavian Republic]] (the Revolutionary period Dutch state) in 1798, and went bankrupt in 1799. Improving relations between [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] and [[First French Empire|Napoleonic France]], and its vassal state the [[Batavian Republic]], led the British to hand the Cape of Good Hope over to the Batavian Republic in 1803, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Amiens]].

{{CapeColony}}

In 1806, the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]], now nominally controlled by the [[Batavian Republic]], was occupied again by the [[British Empire|British]] after their victory in the [[Battle of Blaauwberg]]. The temporary peace between the UK and [[First French Empire|Napoleonic France]] had crumbled into open hostilities, whilst Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on the [[Batavian Republic]] (which [[Napoleon]] would subsequently abolish and directly administer later the same year). The [[British Empire|British]], who set up a colony on 8 January 1806,{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} hoped to keep [[Napoleon]] out of the Cape, and to control the Far East trade routes.

The Cape Colony at the time of [[British Empire|British]] occupation was three months' sailing distance from [[London]]. The [[White people|White]] colonial population was small, no more than 25,000 in all, scattered across a territory of 100,000 square miles. Most lived in Cape Town and the surrounding farming districts of the [[Boland, Western Cape|Boland]], an area favoured with rich soils, a [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean Climate]] and reliable rainfall. [[Cape Town]] had a population of 16,000 people.{{sfn|Meredith|2007|p=1}} 
In 1814 the Dutch government formally ceded sovereignty over the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]] to the [[British Empire|British]], under the terms of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Convention of London]].

===British colonisation===
The [[British Empire|British]] started to settle the eastern border of the Cape Colony, with the arrival in [[Port Elizabeth]] of the [[1820 Settlers]]. They also began to introduce the first rudimentary rights for the Cape's [[Bantu peoples|Black African]] population and, in 1834, [[abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolished slavery]]; however, the government proved unable to rein in settler violence against the [[San people|San]], which continued largely unabated as it had during the Dutch period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penn |first1=Nigel |date=22 May 2013 |title=The British and the 'Bushmen': the massacre of the Cape San, 1795 to 1828 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2013.793081 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=183–200 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2013.793081 |s2cid=72177008 |access-date=10 April 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The resentment that the Boers felt against this social change, as well as the imposition of [[English language]] and [[Culture of England|culture]], caused them to trek inland en masse. This was known as the [[Great Trek]], and the migrating Boers settled inland, eventually forming the [[Boer Republics]].
[[File:Lucas1861, pg061 A SKIRCMICH IN THE OPEN.jpg|thumb|left|Skirmish during the [[Xhosa Wars]]]]
British Immigration continued in the Cape, even as many of the Boers continued to trek inland, and the ending of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]'s monopoly on trade led to economic growth.

At the same time, the long series of [[Xhosa Wars]] fought between the Xhosa people in the east and the government of the Cape Colony as well as Boer settlers finally died down when the Xhosa took part in a [[Xhosa Wars#Cattle-killing movement (1856–58)|mass destruction of their own crops and cattle]], in the belief that this would cause their ancestors to wake from the dead. The resulting famine crippled Xhosa country and ushered in a long period of stability on the border.

Peace and prosperity, in addition to the [[Convict crisis]] of 1849, led to a desire for political independence. In 1853, the Cape Colony became a British Crown colony with representative government.{{sfn|Evans|1993|p=576}} In 1854, the Cape of Good Hope [[1854 Cape Colony parliamentary election|elected its first parliament]], on the basis of the multi-racial [[Cape Qualified Franchise]]. Cape residents qualified as voters based on a universal minimum level of property ownership, regardless of race.

[[File:Visite, pg164 Mossel Bay on the Indian Ocean.jpg|thumb|[[Mossel Bay]] on the Indian Ocean, 1818]]

[[File:Samuel Walters - merchantman Duke of Lancaster.jpg|thumb|Table Bay, Cape Town, circa 1832]]

Executive power remaining completely in the authority of the British governor did not relieve tensions in the colony between its [[Eastern Cape|eastern]] and [[Western Cape|western]] sections.{{sfn|Oakes|1992|p=}}

===Responsible government===
In 1872, after a long political battle, the Cape of Good Hope achieved [[responsible government]] under its first Prime Minister, [[John Charles Molteno|John Molteno]]. Henceforth, an elected Prime Minister and his cabinet had total responsibility for the affairs of the country. A period of strong economic growth and social development ensued, and the [[Eastern Cape Separatist League|eastern-western division]] was largely laid to rest. The system of multi-racial franchise also began a slow and fragile growth in political inclusiveness, and ethnic tensions subsided.{{sfn|Parsons|1993|p=}} In 1877, the state expanded by annexing [[Griqualand West]] and [[Griqualand East]]{{sfn|Dugard|2006|p=136}} – that is, the Mount Currie district ([[Kokstad, KwaZulu-Natal|Kokstad]]). The emergence of two Boer mini-republics along the Missionary Road resulted in 1885 in the Warren Expedition, sent to annex the republics of [[Stellaland]] and [[Goshen (South Africa)|Goshen]] (lands annexed to [[British Bechuanaland]]). Major-General [[Charles Warren]] annexed the land south of the Molopo River as the colony of British Bechuanaland and proclaimed a protectorate over the land lying to the North of the river. [[Vryburg, North West|Vryburg]], the capital of Stellaland, became capital of British Bechuanaland, while [[Siege of Mafeking|Mafeking]] (now [[Mahikeng]]), although situated south of the protectorate border, became the protectorate's administrative centre. The border between the protectorate and the colony ran along the Molopo and Nossob rivers. In 1895, British Bechuanaland became part of the Cape Colony.

However, the discovery of diamonds around [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] and gold in the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] led to a return to instability, particularly because they fuelled the rise to power of the ambitious imperialist [[Cecil Rhodes]]. On becoming the Cape's Prime Minister in 1890, he instigated a rapid expansion of British influence into the hinterland. In particular, he sought to engineer the conquest of the Transvaal, and although his ill-fated [[Jameson Raid]] failed and brought down his government, it led to the [[Second Boer War]] and British conquest at the turn of the century. The politics of the colony consequently came to be increasingly dominated by tensions between the British colonists and the Boers. Rhodes also brought in the first formal restrictions on the political rights of the Cape of Good Hope's black African citizens.{{sfn|Ziegler|2008|p=}}

The Cape of Good Hope remained nominally under British rule until the formation of the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910, when it became the province of the Cape of Good Hope, better known as the [[Cape Province]].

==Governors==
{{main|List of governors of British South African colonies#Cape Colony}}

==Districts==
[[File:1850 Tallis Map of the Cape Colony.png|thumb|706x706px|[[John Tallis|Tallis Map]] of the Cape Colony, 1850.]]
The districts of the colony in 1850 were:
* Clanwilliam
* The Cape
* Stellenbosch
* Zwellendam
* Tulbagh/Worcester
* Beaufort
* George
* Uitenhague
* Albany
* Victoria
* Somerset
* Graaf Reynet
* Colesberg

==Demographics==
Population figures for the 1865, 1875, 1891 and 1904 censuses.{{sfn|Malherbe|1939|p=1038}} Groups marked "nd" are Not Distinguished in the censuses for those years.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Population of the Cape Colony exclusive of military.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Robert Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifk9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA112 |title=The British Colonial Library: In 12 volumes |date=1836 |publisher=Mortimer |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref>
!Year
![[Christians|Christian]] Males*
!Christian Females*
!Free Blacks Males
!Free Blacks Females
![[Khoekhoe]] Males
!Khoekhoe Females
!Slaves Males
!Slaves Females
!Total
|-
|1807
|13,624
|11,990
|529
|605
|8,496
|8,935
|18,990
|10,313
|'''73,482'''
|-
|1817
|20,750
|18,884
|918
|958
|11,640
|11,796
|19,481
|12,565
|'''97,335'''
|-
|1823
|25,487
|23,212
|891
|1,098
|15,336
|15,213
|19,786
|13,412
|'''116,205'''
|-
|1833
|50,881
|45,210
|nd
|nd
|nd
|nd
|19,378
|14,244
|'''129,713'''
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Includes both free [[Coloureds|Coloured]] people and Whites

{| class="wikitable"
|+Settlement populations in 1833.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Robert Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifk9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA112 |title=The British Colonial Library: In 12 volumes |date=1836 |publisher=Mortimer |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref>
!District areas
!Free Males
!Free Females
!Male Slaves
!Female Slaves
!Total population
|-
|[[Cape Town]]
|6,656
|7,016
|2,864
|2,691
|'''19,227'''
|-
|Cape District
|4,193
|3,489
|2,735
|1,523
|'''11,940'''
|-
|[[Stellenbosch]]
|3,929
|3,653
|5,492
|3,063
|'''16,137'''
|-
|[[Swellendam]]
|6,125
|5,717
|1,596
|1,428
|'''14,866'''
|-
|[[George, South Africa|George]]
|2,976
|2,669
|1,130
|1,100
|'''7,875'''
|-
|[[Uitenhage]]
|4,595
|3,199
|672
|626
|'''9,092'''
|-
|[[Albany, South Africa|Albany]]
|4,850
|4,525
|75
|69
|'''9,519'''
|-
|[[Somerset West|Somerset]]
|5,340
|4,649
|76
|680
|'''10,745'''
|-
|[[Graaff-Reinet]]
|6,397
|4,613
|1,505
|944
|'''13,459'''
|-
|Total
|45,061
|39,530
|16,145
|12,124
|'''112,860'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Census data: 1865–1904
!Population group
! colspan="2" |1865 Census{{sfn|Malherbe|1939|p=1038}}
! colspan="2" |1875 Census{{sfn|Malherbe|1939|p=1038}}
! colspan="2" |1891 Census{{sfn|Malherbe|1939|p=1038}}
! colspan="2" |1904 Census{{sfn|Hancock|1962|p=219}}{{sfn|Malherbe|1939|p=1038}}
|-
!
! Number
! Per cent<br />(%)
!Number
!Per cent<br />(%)
!Number
!Per cent<br />(%)
!Number
!Per cent<br />(%)
|- style="text-align:right; background:gainsboro;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Black people#Southern Africa|Black]]
|nd
|*
|287,639
|39.89
|838,136
|54.87
|1,424,787
|59.12
|- style="text-align:right; background:white;"
| style="text-align:left; " |[[White South African|White]]
|181,592
|36.58
|236,783
|32.84
|376,987
|24.68
|579,741
|24.05
|- style="text-align:right; background:#eee;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Coloured]]
|nd
|*
|196,562
|27.26
|310,401
|20.32
|395,034
|16.39
|- style="text-align:right; background:#EEEEE0"
| style="text-align:left; " |[[Asian South African|Asian]]
|nd
|*
|nd
|*
|1,700
|0.11
|10,242
|0.42
|- style="text-align:right; "
| style="text-align:center;" |Total
|496,381
|100.00
|720,984
|100.00
|1,527,224
|100.00
|2,409,804
|100.00
|}

==See also==
* [[Cape Colonial Forces]]
* [[Cape Government Railways]]
* [[Cape Qualified Franchise]]
* [[Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope]]

==References==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=FN1|Dutch was the sole official language until 1822, when the British officially replaced Dutch with English.{{sfn|Farlam|2001|pp=87-88}} Dutch was reincluded as a second official language in 1882.}}
{{efn|name=FN2| [[Penguin Islands]] and [[Walvis Bay]]}}
{{efn|name=FN3| [[Basutoland]] was annexed to the Cape Colony in 1871, before becoming a Crown colony in 1884. See {{cite web|title=Lesotho: History.|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/lesotho/history|publisher=The Commonwealth|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101030427/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/lesotho/history|url-status=dead}} }}

}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|refs=
}}

=== General and cited references ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Cape Colony | volume= 5 |last1= Cana |first1= Frank Richardson |author1-link= |last2= Gibson |first2= Walcot |author2-link= Walcot Gibson |last3= Hillier |first3= Alfred Peter |author3-link= Alfred Peter Hillier | pages = 225&ndash;248 |short= 1}}
* {{cite book|title=Census of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope. 1865|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.l0074071051;view=1up;seq=35|publisher=Soloman|location=Cape Town|via=HathiTrust Digital Library|author=Cape of Good Hope|date=1866}}
* {{cite book|title=Official Year Book of the Union of South Africa and of Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, and Swaziland 1939|publisher=Union of South Africa|location=Pretoria|last=Malherbe |first=E.G.|date=1939|volume=20}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last= Dugard|title=International Law, A South African Perspective|location=Cape Town|date= 2006}}
* {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Charlotte |title=The Kingfisher Illustrated History of the World: 40,000 B.C. to Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oIwPwAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Kingfisher Books|isbn=978-1-85697-862-0|chapter=Italy}}
* {{cite book|last=Farlam|first=Paul|editor-last=Palmer|editor-first=Vernon|title=Mixed Jurisdictions Worldwide: The Third Legal Family|date=2001|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-78154-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WP-qOJ9bezoC&q=1822&pg=PA87}}
* {{cite book|last= Greaves|first=Adrian|title=The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War|location=Barnsley|publisher=Pen & Sword Military|date=2013|isbn=978-1629145136}}<
* {{cite book|first=J. A. |last=Heese|title= Die Herkoms van die Afrikaner 1657 - 1867|language=af|trans-title=The Origin of the Afrikaaner 1657 - 1867|publisher= A. A. Balkema|location = Cape Town|date= 1971|isbn=978-1-920429-13-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Hunt|first=John|editor-last=Campbell|editor-first=Heather-Ann|title=Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652-1708|date=2005|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1904744955}}
* {{cite book|editor1-first= John Scott |editor1-last= Keltie|editor2-first= M.|editor2-last= Epstein|title=The Statesman's Year Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1920|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112051403845&view=1up&seq=274&q1=Cape|year=1920|publisher=MacMillan|location=London|chapter=Province of the Cape of Good Hope}}
* {{cite book|last=Lambert|first=David|title=The Protestant International and the Huguenot Migration to Virginia|date=2009|publisher=Peter Land Publishing, Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-1433107597}}
* {{cite book|last=Lloyd|first=Trevor Owen|title=The British Empire, 1558-1995|date=1997|publisher=University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198731337}}
* {{cite book|last=Lucas|first=Gavin|title=An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa|date=2004|publisher=Springer, Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0306485381}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mbenga|first1=Bernard|last2=Giliomee|first2=Hermann|title=New History of South Africa|date=2007|publisher=Tafelburg, Publishers|location=Cape Town|isbn=978-0624043591}}
* {{cite book|last=Meredith|first=Martin |title=Diamonds, Gold and War: The Making of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4t6XGAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-8614-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Illustrated History of South Africa|publisher=The Reader’s Digest Association South Africa|date= 1992|isbn=0-947008-90-X|editor-first=Dougie |editor-last=Oakes}}
* {{cite book|last=Parsons|first= Neil|title=A New History of Southern Africa|edition=2nd|publisher=Macmillan|location= London |date=1993}}
* {{cite book|last=Parthesius|first=Robert|title=Dutch Ships in Tropical Waters: The Development of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Shipping Network in Asia 1595–1660|year=2010|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-9053565179}}
* {{cite book|title= Smuts: The sanguine years, 1870-1919|first= W.K. |last=Hancock|location= Cambridge |publisher=University Press|date= 1962}}
* {{cite book|last=Stapleton|first=Timothy|title=A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid|date=2010|publisher=Praeger Security International|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-0313365898}}
* {{cite book|last=Ward|first=Kerry|title=Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-88586-7}}
* {{cite book|first1=Alexander |last1=Wilmot|first2=John Centlivres|last2= Chase|title=History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope: From Its Discovery to the Year 1819|url=https://archive.org/details/historycolonyca01chasgoog/page/n277/mode/2up|year=1869|publisher=J. C. Juta}}
* {{cite book | last = Worden| first = Nigel| title = Slavery in Dutch South Africa|date= 2010 | publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0521152662}}
* {{cite book|last=Ziegler|first= Philip |date=2008|title=Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships|location=Yale|publisher= University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11835-3}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* Beck, Roger B. (2000). ''The History of South Africa''. Westport, CT: Greenwood. {{ISBN|0-313-30730-X}}
* Davenport, T. R. H., and Christopher Saunders (2000). ''South Africa: A Modern History'', 5th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN|0-312-23376-0}}.
* Elbourne, Elizabeth (2002). ''Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853''. McGill-Queen's University Press. {{ISBN|0-7735-2229-8}}
* Le Cordeur, Basil Alexander (1981). ''The War of the Axe, 1847: Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry Pottinger, and the commander of the British forces at the Cape, Sire George Berkeley, and others''. Brenthurst Press. {{ISBN|0-909079-14-5}}
* Mabin, Alan (1983). ''Recession and its aftermath: The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties''. University of the Witwatersrand, African Studies Institute.
* Ross, Robert, and David Anderson (1999). ''Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870 : A Tragedy of Manners''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-521-62122-4}}.
* Theal, George McCall (1970). ''History of the Boers in South Africa; Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain''. Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|0-8371-1661-9}}.
* Van Der Merwe, P.J., Roger B. Beck (1995). ''The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony''. [[Ohio University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8214-1090-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Worden|first1=Nigel |last2=Van Heyningen|first2=E. |last3=Bickford-Smith|first3=Vivian |title=Cape Town: The Making of a City : an Illustrated Social History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3KePwAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=David Philip|isbn=978-0-86486-435-2}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline }}

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{{Political history of South Africa}}
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