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{{Short description|Village at Lake Tiberias in historical Judea}} {{about|the village|the film|Capernaum (film)}} {{redirect|Capharnaum|the band|Capharnaum (band)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox ancient site |name = Capernaum |native_name = {{Script/Hebrew|כְּפַר נַחוּם}} |alternate_name= |image = Sites of Christianity in the Galillee - Ruins of the ancient Great Synagogue at Capernaum (or Kfar Nahum) on the shore of the Lake of Galilee, Northern Israel.jpg |alt = |caption = Capernaum synagogue |map_type = Israel |map_alt= |coordinates = {{coord|32|52|52|N|35|34|30|E|display=inline,title}} |location = Israel |region = [[Sea of Galilee]] |type = Settlement |part_of= |area= |builder= |material= |built= |abandoned= |epochs= |cultures = [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean]], [[Jewish]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] |dependency_of= |occupants= |excavations= |archaeologists= |condition = Ruined |ownership= |management= |public_access= |website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> |notes = }} '''Capernaum''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|p|ɜr|n|eɪ|ə|m|,_|-|n|i|ə|m}} {{respell|kə|PUR|nay|əm|,_|-|nee|əm}};<ref name="merweb">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Capernaum|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref> {{langx|he|כְּפַר נַחוּם|Kfar Naḥum|Nahum's village}}; {{langx|ar|كَفْرْ نَاحُومْ|Kafr Nāḥūm}}) was a [[fishing village]] established during the time of the [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmoneans]], located on the northern shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]].<ref>Freedman, DN 2000, ''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'', Amsterdam University Press</ref> It had a population of about 1,500 in the 1st century AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Reed|2002}}{{page needed|date=January 2021}}</ref> Archaeological excavations have revealed two ancient [[synagogue]]s built one over the other.<ref name="IMFA1">{{cite web |title=Capernaum: City of Jesus and its Jewish Synagogue |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/capernaum-city-of-jesus-and-its-jewish-synagogue |access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> A house turned into a church by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] is held by Christian tradition to have been the home of [[Saint Peter]].<ref name="IMFA1" /> [[File:Ancient synagogue remains.JPG|thumb|Capernaum's 4th-century synagogue (detail with columns and benches)]] The village was inhabited continuously from the 2nd century BC to the 11th century AD, when it was abandoned sometime before the [[First Crusade]].<ref name=Avni>{{cite book |title= The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach |series= Oxford Studies in Byzantium |author=Gideon Avni |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=88–89; 90 for site plan of Early Muslim period village |isbn= 9780199684335 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |access-date= 15 April 2016}}</ref> This includes the re-establishment of the village northeast of the earlier location in c. 700, during the [[Historiography of early Islam|Early Islamic period]].<ref name=Avni/> ==Toponymy== ''Kfar Naḥum'', the original name of the town, means "village of comfort"{{Dubious|Disputed accuracy of "village of comfort" as the meaning of the name|date=July 2023|reason=This is unlikley to be true, see talk page section}} in Hebrew, and apparently there is no connection with the [[prophet]] named [[Nahum]]. In the writings of [[Josephus]], the name is rendered in [[Koine Greek]] as {{lang|grc|Kαφαρναούμ}} (''Kapharnaoúm'')<ref name="tz89">{{harvnb|Tzaferis|1989}}.</ref> and {{lang|grc|Κεφαρνωκόν}} (''Kepharnōkón'');<ref name="tufts"/> the New Testament uses ''Kapharnaoúm'' in some manuscripts, and {{lang|grc|Kαπερναούμ}} (''Kapernaoúm'') in others. In the [[Midrash Rabba]] (Ecclesiastes Rabba 7:47) the name appears in its Hebrew form, ''Kǝfar Naḥūm'' ({{Langx|he|כפר נחום}}). In [[Arabic]], it is called ''Talḥūm'', and it is assumed that this refers to the ruin (''[[Tell (archaeology)|tall]]'') of ''Ḥūm'' (perhaps an abbreviated form of ''Nāḥūm'').<ref name="tz89" /> The rare English word ''capharnaum'' means "a place with a disorderly accumulation of objects" and is derived from the town's name.<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|capharnaum|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref> ==New Testament== [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Healing of the Lepers at Capernaum (Guérison des lépreux à Capernaum) - James Tissot - overall.jpg|thumb|left|[[James Tissot]] – ''Healing of the Lepers at Capernaum'' (Guérison des lépreux à Capernaum) – [[Brooklyn Museum]]]] Capernaum is cited in all four [[Gospel|gospels]] ({{bibleverse|Matthew 4:13, 8:5, 11:23, 17:24|multi=yes}}, {{bibleverse|Mark 1:21, 2:1, 9:33|multi=yes}}, {{bibleverse|Luke 4:23,31, 7:1, 10:15|multi=yes}}, {{bibleverse|John 2:12, 4:46, 6:17, 24, 59|multi=yes}}) where it was reported to have been the hometown of the [[tax collector]] [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]] and located not far from [[Bethsaida]], the hometown of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] [[Saint Peter|Simon Peter]], [[Andrew the Apostle|Andrew]], [[James the Great|James]] and [[John the Apostle|John]]. [[Jesus]] spent time teaching and healing there. On a [[Biblical Sabbath|Sabbath]] day, Jesus taught in the [[synagogue]] in Capernaum and healed a man who was possessed by an [[devil|unclean spirit]] ({{bibleverse|Luke|4:31–36}} and {{bibleverse|Mark|1:21–28}}). This story is notable as the only one that is common to the gospels of [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] but not contained in the [[Gospel of Matthew]]. Afterward, Jesus [[Healing the mother of Peter's wife|healed Simon Peter's mother-in-law]] of a fever ({{bibleverse|Luke|4:38–39}}). According to {{bibleverse|Luke|7:1–10}} and {{bibleverse||Matthew|8:5|NKJV}}, this is also the place where Jesus healed the servant of a Roman [[centurion]] who had asked for his help. Capernaum is the location of the [[Healing the paralytic at Capernaum|healing of the paralytic]] lowered by friends through the roof to reach Jesus, as described in {{bibleverse|Mark|2:1–12}} and {{bibleverse|Luke|5:17–26}}. In {{bibleverse|Matthew|9:1}} the town is referred to only as "his own city", and the narrative in {{bibleverse|Matthew|9:2–7}} does not mention the paralytic being lowered through the roof. Most traditional [[Biblical commentary|biblical commentators]] (e.g. [[Johann Albrecht Bengel|Bengel]], [[Joseph Benson|Benson]] and the [[Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary]]) assume that in {{bibleverse|Matthew|9:1–7}} "his own city" means Capernaum, because of the details that are common to the three [[Synoptic Gospels]].<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/matthew/9-1.htm Biblehub.com commentaries on Matthew 9:1], accessed 27 December 2016</ref> According to the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus selected this town as the center of his public ministry in [[Galilee]] after he left the small mountainous hamlet of [[Nazareth]] ({{bibleverse|Matthew|4:12–17}}). He [[woes to the unrepentant cities|cursed Capernaum]], along with [[Bethsaida]] and [[Chorazin]], saying "you will be thrown down to [[Christian views on Hades|Hades]]!" ({{bibleverse|Matthew|11:23}}) because of their apparent lack of faith in him. ==History== {{further|Sea of Galilee Boat}} Archaeological evidence demonstrates that the town was established in the 2nd century BC during the [[Hasmonean]] period, when several fishing villages sprang up around the lake. The site had no defensive wall and extended along the northwestern shore of the lake. The cemetery zone is found {{Convert|200|m|ft|sp=us}} north of the synagogue, which places it beyond the inhabited area of the town. The historic site of Capernaum is {{Convert|2.5|km|mi|sp=us}} from [[Tabgha]],<ref name="IMFA2">{{cite web |title=Tabgha |url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2000/Pages/Tabgha.aspx |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref> an area which appears to have been used for agricultural purposes, judging by the many oil and grain mills which were discovered in the excavation. Fishing was a major source of income; the remains of an ancient harbor were found to the west of the modern one built by the [[Franciscans]]. No sources have been found for the belief that Capernaum was involved in the bloody Jewish revolts against the Romans, the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] (AD 66–73) or [[Bar Kokhba's revolt]] (132–135), although there is reason to believe that [[Josephus]], one of the Jewish generals during the earlier revolt, was taken to Capernaum (which he called {{lang|grc|Κεφαρνωκόν}}, ''Kepharnōkón''<ref name="tufts" />) after a fall from his horse in nearby Bethsaida.<ref name="tufts">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+Vit.+72&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0149 Josephus, ''Vita'' 72, original text in Greek]</ref><ref name="SacredTexts">[http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/autobiog.htm Josephus, ''Vita'', English translation]</ref> Josephus refers to Capernaum as a fertile spring (Wars – Book III, 10, 8). As early as AD 530, Capernaum was mentioned in the [[De Situ Terrae Sanctae|writings of Theodosius]] the [[archdeacon]] who said that it was situated, as one goes northward from [[Tiberias]], two miles from [[Tabgha]] (Heptapegon) and six miles short of Bethsaida along the same route.<ref>Rami Arav & Richard Freund (eds.), ''Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee'', vol. 3, Truman State University 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_KIKUyQHJNQC&pg=PR12 xii], {{ISBN|1-931112-38-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tsafrir |first=Yoram |title=The Maps Used by Theodosius: On the Pilgrim Maps of the Holy Land and Jerusalem in the Sixth Century C.E. |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=40|pages=129–145 |date=1986|jstor=1291534 |doi=10.2307/1291534}}</ref> The town was abandoned in the 11th century.<ref name="IMFA1" /> [[Monastery of the Holy Apostles]], a Greek Orthodox church and monastery, was built there in 1931. ==Archaeology== [[File:Capernaum roman olive press by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|Olive press from Roman times, different elements]] ===Discovery and excavation=== In 1838, American explorer [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] discovered ruins which he identified as those of a synagogue, but he did not relate this to ancient Capernaum.<ref>[https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/8/6/4 Strange, James F. and Shanks, Hershel. "Has the House Where Jesus Stayed in Capernaum Been Found?", ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', vol.8, no. 6, November/December 1982]</ref> In 1866, [[Charles William Wilson]] identified the location (then known as Tel Hum) as Capernaum. In 1894, Franciscan Friar Giuseppe Baldi of [[Naples]], the [[Custodian of the Holy Land]], was able to purchase a good part of the land around the ruins. Additional land on the eastern portion of the site became the property of the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem]].<ref name=Reed>{{harvnb|Reed|2002|p=142}}</ref> In 1905, Germans Heinrich Kohl and [[Carl Watzinger]] began a study of Galilean synagogues.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=27931283|title=On the Chronology of the Ancient Synagogue at Capernaum |last=Chen |first=Doron |journal=[[Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins]] |year=1986 |volume=102 |pages=134–143}}</ref> These were continued by the [[Studium Biblicum Franciscanum|Franciscan Fathers]] Vendelin von Benden (1905–1915) and Gaudenzio Orfali (1921–1926). The excavations resulted in the discovery of two public buildings, the synagogue (which was partially restored by Orfali) and an octagonal church.<ref name=Reed /> In 1968, excavation of the western portion of the site—the portion owned by the Franciscans—was resumed by [[Virgilio Canio Corbo|Virgilio Corbo]] and [[Stanislao Loffreda]]. During this phase, the major discovery was that of a 1st-century house which is believed by Christians to be the home of Saint Peter.<ref name="IMFA1" /> These excavations have been ongoing, with some publication as recently as 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Excavations at Capernaum 2003 - text |url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/arch/Capharnaum2003.html |access-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023061953/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/arch/Capharnaum2003.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The excavations revealed that the site was established at the beginning of the Hasmonean period, roughly in the 2nd century BC, and abandoned in the 11th century.<ref name="IMFA1" /> The eastern half of the site, which is owned by the Orthodox [[Monastery of the Holy Apostles]], centered on the red-domed Church of the Holy Apostles, was surveyed and partially excavated under the direction of [[Vassilios Tzaferis]]. This section has uncovered the village from the [[Timeline of the Palestine region#Byzantine|Byzantine]] and [[Timeline of the Palestine region#Early Muslim period|Early Arab]] periods. Features include a pool apparently used for the processing of fish, and a [[hoard]] of gold coins.<ref>Tzaferis, 1989.</ref> [[File:Capernaum ruins by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Roman-period town]] ===General description=== On both sides of an ample north–south main street arose small districts bordered by small cross-sectional streets and no-exit side-streets. The walls were constructed with coarse [[basalt]] blocks and reinforced with stone and mud, but the stones (except for the thresholds) were not dressed, and [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] was not used.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} The most extensive part of the typical house was the courtyard, where there was a circular furnace made of refractory earth, as well as grain mills and a set of stone stairs that led to the roof. The floors of the houses were cobbled. Around the open courtyard, modest cells were arranged which received light through a series of openings or low windows.{{sfn|Loffreda| 1984}} Given the coarse construction of the walls, there was rarely a second story to a typical home,{{sfn|Reed|2002|p=151}} and the roof would have been constructed of light wooden beams and [[thatch]] mixed with mud. This, along with the discovery of stairs to the roof, recalls the story of the Healing of the Paralytic from {{bibleverse|Mark|2:4}}: "And when they could not come nigh unto him for the press, they uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay". A study of the district located between the synagogue and the octagonal church showed that several extended families clustered together, communally using the same courtyards and doorless internal passages. The houses had no hygienic facilities or drainage;{{sfn|Reed|2002|p=153}} the rooms were narrow. Most objects found were made of clay: pots, plates, amphoras, and lamps. Fish hooks, weights for fish nets, striker pins, weaving [[bobbin]]s, and basalt [[Millstone|mills]] for milling grain and pressing olives were also found.{{sfn|Loffreda|1974}} As of the 4th century, the houses were constructed with good quality mortar and fine ceramics. This was about the time that the synagogue now visible was built.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Differences in social class were not noticeable. Buildings constructed at the founding of the town continued to be in use until the time of the town's abandonment.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} ==Synagogue== [[File:Capernaum synagogue by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Remains of the 4th-century synagogue]] According to Luke's Gospel, the Capernaum synagogue at the time of Jesus' ministry had been built or funded by a Roman centurion based there.<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|7:5|NKJV}}</ref> The ruins of a later building, among the [[oldest synagogues in the world]], were identified by Wilson. The large, ornately carved, white building stones of the synagogue stood out prominently among the smaller, plain blocks of local black basalt used for the town's other buildings, almost all residential. The synagogue was built almost entirely of white blocks of [[limestone]] brought from distant [[quarry|quarries]]. The synagogue appears to have been built around the 4th or 5th century. Beneath the foundation of this synagogue lies another foundation made of basalt, and Loffreda suggests that this is the foundation of a synagogue from the 1st century, perhaps the one [[Jesus in the synagogue of Capernaum|mentioned in the Gospels]].{{sfn|Loffreda| 1974}} Later excavation work was attempted underneath the synagogue floor, but while Loffreda claimed to have found a paved surface, others are of the opinion that this was an open, paved market area. The building consists of four parts: the praying hall, the western [[patio]], a southern [[balustrade]] and a small room at the northwest of the building. The praying hall measured {{Convert|24.4 by 18.65|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with the southern face looking toward [[Jerusalem]]. The internal walls were covered with painted plaster and fine stucco work found during the excavations. Watzinger, like Orfali, believed that there had been an upper floor reserved for women, with access by means of an external staircase located in the small room, but this opinion was not substantiated by the later excavations of the site. The ancient synagogue has two inscriptions, one in [[Greek language|Greek]] and the other in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], that commemorate the benefactors that helped in the construction of the building.<ref name="IMFA1"/> There are also carvings of five- and six-pointed stars and of palm trees. In 1926, Orfali began restoration of the synagogue. The work was interrupted by his death in a car accident in 1926 (which is commemorated by a Latin inscription carved onto one of the synagogue's columns), and was continued by Virgilio Corbo beginning in 1976.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} =="House of Peter"== [[File:Capernaum modern church interior by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Interior of the modern memorial built over the house of Saint Peter]] [[File:Capernaum original church ruins by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Walls of octagonal 5th-century church, visible through a glass floor]] Ancient Capernaum consisted of a grid of typical compounds of a type called by the Franciscan archaeologists "insula" (Latin for island) - a block of homes around a courtyard. One such compound was called by them the ''sacra insula'' or "holy insula", which was found to have a complex history. Located between the synagogue and the lake shore, it was found near the front of a labyrinth of houses from many different periods. Three principal layers have been identified: # A group of private houses built around the 1st century BC which remained in use until the early 4th century. # Renovation of one of the houses in the 4th century. # An octagonal church built over that house in the middle of the 5th century. The excavators concluded that one house in the village was venerated as the house of Peter the fisherman as early as the mid-1st century, with two churches having been constructed over it.{{sfn|Loffreda|1984}} ===1st century=== One compound, slightly larger than most, consisted of a few small rooms clustered around two open courtyards,<ref name=bhd>[https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/the-house-of-peter-the-home-of-jesus-in-capernaum/ The House of Peter: The Home of Jesus in Capernaum?", ''Bible History Daily'', Biblical Archaeological Society, April 22, 2018]</ref> one to the north and the other to the south. One large and roughly square room in particular, near the east side and joining both courtyards, had walls about {{Convert|7.5|m|ft}} long. An open space on the eastern side contained a brick oven. A threshold which allowed crossing between the two courtyards remains well preserved. Beginning in the latter half of the 1st century AD, this house displayed markedly different characteristics than the other excavated houses. The rough walls of the main room were reworked with care and plastered. Furthermore, almost no domestic ceramics are recovered, but lamps and large storage jars abound. This suggests that the house was no longer used as a residence but a communal gathering place.<ref name=bhd /> One explanation suggested for this treatment is that the room was venerated as a religious gathering place, a ''[[domus ecclesiae]]'' or house church, for the Christian community.{{sfn|Loffreda|1984}} This suggestion has been critiqued by several scholars, however. In particular, where excavators had claimed to find graffiti including the name of Peter, others have found very little legible writing.<ref>Strange and Shanks, 1982</ref> Others have questioned whether the space is actually a room; the paved floor, the large space without supports, and the presence of a cooking space have prompted some to note that these are more consistent with yet another courtyard.{{sfn|Freyne|2001}} ===4th-century transformation=== In this period, the ''sacra insula'' acquired a new appearance. First, a thick-walled, slightly trapezoidal enclosure was built surrounding the entire ''insula''; its sides were {{Convert|27–30|m|ft}} long. Made of plaster{{Clarification needed|reason=Below it seems to describe plastering the surface of stone walls, but here it implies a wall "made of plaster," implying use as a structural element, like wattle and daub. Are these referring to the same wall?|date=November 2024}}, they reached a height of {{Convert|2.3|m|ft}} on the north side. It had two doors, one in the southwest corner and the other in the northeast corner. Next, although there is evidence that the private houses of the compound/''insula'' remained in use after the transformation, the one particular room that had before been treated differently was profoundly altered and expanded. A central archway was added to support a roof,<ref name=bhd /> and the north wall was strengthened with mortar. Pavement was installed, and the walls and floor were plastered.{{sfn|Loffreda|1974}} The 4th-century structure remained standing until the middle of the 5th century, when the ''sacra insula'' was dismantled and replaced with a larger basilica.{{cn|date= March 2024}} ===Octagonal 5th-century church=== {{Unreferenced section|date=November 2024}} The 5th-century church consists of a central octagon with eight pillars, an exterior octagon with thresholds still ''in situ'', and a gallery or portico that leads both into the interior of the church as well as into a complex of associated buildings to the east, a linkage achieved via a short passageway. Later this passage was blocked, and an apse with a [[baptismal pool]] was constructed in the middle of the east wall. From this wall ascended two stairs on either side of the baptistery, and the excess water from the rite would have escaped along this path. The Byzantines, upon constructing the new church, placed the central octagon directly on top of the walls of Saint Peter's house with the aim of preserving its exact location, although none of the original house was visible any longer, as the walls had been torn down and the floor covered in mosaics. In the portico, the pattern of the mosaic is geometric, with four rows of contiguous circles and small crosses. In the zone of the external octagon, the mosaics represented plants and animals in a style similar to that found in the Basilica of the Feeding of the Five Thousand in nearby [[Tabgha]]. In the central octagon, the mosaic was composed of a strip of calcified flowers, of a field of schools of fish with small flowers, and of a great circle with a peacock in the center. The peacock is possibly alluding to Jesus' healing miracles believed to have taken place at the site.<ref>[http://dannythedigger.com/capernaum-peacock/ The Peacock in Capernaum’s Octagonal Church: A New Interpretation], accessed 4 December 2024 </ref> ===Memorial (1990)=== The "memorial" is a modern church built above the excavated remains of the ancient house and the Byzantine octagonal church, dedicated in 1990.<ref name="Rex90">{{Cite web |title= Capharnaum, the Town of Jesus: The ''insula sacra'' |website= christusrex.org |access-date= 15 April 2016 |url= http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sites/TScpinsu.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160329024032/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sites/TScpinsu.html |archive-date= 29 March 2016 |url-status= dead}}</ref> The disk-shaped structure stands on eight concrete stilts, ensuring visibility to the venerated ancient building, both directly, at ground level (which allows for a sideways view), and through a glass floor located at the centre of the stilt-raised church (which allows a direct view of the excavated remains below).{{cn|date= March 2024}} ==See also== *[[Ancient synagogues in Palestine|Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region]] *[[Ancient synagogues in Israel]] *[[Archaeology of Israel]] *[[List of oldest synagogues]] *[[New Testament places associated with Jesus]] *[[Tourism in Israel]] *[[Woes to the unrepentant cities]], pronounced by Jesus and which include Capernaum ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal|first=Sean|last=Freyne|title=A Galilean Messiah?|journal=Studia Theologica|volume=55|year=2001|issue=2|pages=198–218|doi=10.1080/003933801753330660|s2cid=170735101}} Contains an analysis of the singled-out 1st-century AD house as a courtyard rather than a room or house. * {{cite book|last=Loffreda|first=Stanislao|title=Cafarnao|volume=II. La Ceramica|location=Jerusalem|publisher=Franciscan Printing Press|year=1974}} Technical publication (in original Italian) of the western site. * {{cite book|last=Loffreda|first=Stanislao|title=Recovering Capharnaum|location=Jerusalem|publisher=Edizioni Custodia Terra Santa|year=1984|asin=B0007BOTZY}} Non-technical English summary of the excavations on the western (Franciscan) portion of the site. * [[Jerome Murphy-O'Connor]], ''Oxford Archaeological Guides: The Holy Land'' (Oxford, 1998), 217–220. {{ASIN|0192880136}} * {{cite book|last=Reed|first=Jonathan L.|title=Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Reexamination of the Evidence |location=Harrisburg|publisher=A&C Black|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC|isbn=9781563383946}} * James F. Strange and Hershel Shanks, "Has the House Where Jesus Stayed in Capernaum Been Found?," ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' 8, 6 (Nov./Dec. 1982), 26–37. Critique of the ''domus-ecclesia'' claims. * {{cite book|author-link=Vassilios Tzaferis|last=Tzaferis|first=Vassilios|title=Excavations at Capernaum, 1978–1982|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1989|isbn=0-931464-48-X}} Overview publication of the dig on the eastern portion of the site. {{refend}} ==External links== {{commons}} {{EB1911 poster|Capernaum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090519075636/http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=2584 Strong's G2584] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130320045053/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sites/TScpmain.html Capharnaum – The town of Jesus] – Franciscan Cyberspot * [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/3/Capernaum Capernaum] – information from the Israeli government * [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/capernaum.htm Capernaum] – Sacred Destinations (includes [https://web.archive.org/web/20070304080302/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/capernaum-photos/index.htm 38 photos]) * [http://www.pohick.org/sts/capernaum.html Images of Capernaum] * [https://archive.today/20121129025041/http://star-of-david.blogspot.com/search?q=Capernaum+Goldmann Article by Dr. Zeev Goldmann] * [https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/collections_featured.php?parent=6317 Photos of Capernaum] at the [[Manar al-Athar]] photo archive {{National parks of Israel}} {{New Testament places associated with Jesus}} {{Ancient synagogues}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Capernaum| ]] [[Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Israel]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Northern District (Israel)]] [[Category:Catholic pilgrimage sites]] [[Category:Fishing communities]] [[Category:Former populated places in West Asia]] [[Category:National parks of Israel]] [[Category:New Testament places]] [[Category:Protected areas of Northern District (Israel)]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Northern District (Israel)]] [[Category:Sea of Galilee]]
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