Editing Captive import

{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=January 2009}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
}}
{{short description|Marketing term and strategy}}

'''Captive import''' is a [[marketing]] term and a [[Strategic management|strategy]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ballance |first1=Robert H. |first2=Stewart W. |last2= Sinclair |title=Collapse and survival: industry strategies in a changing world |year=1983 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780043381083 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=344VAAAAIAAJ&dq=Captive+import&pg=PA98 |page=98 |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> for a vehicle that is foreign-built and sold under the name of an importer or by a domestic automaker through its own [[Car dealership|dealer]] distribution system.<ref>{{cite book|last=Plunkett |first=Jack W. |title=Plunkett's Automobile Industry Almanac |year=2007 |publisher=Plunkett Research |isbn=9781593924010 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FLrwSGI1XB8C&dq=Captive+import&pg=PT13 |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>

The foreign vehicle may be produced by a [[subsidiary]] of the same company, be a [[joint venture]] with another firm, or be acquired under [[license]] from a completely separate entity. The brand name used may be that of the domestic company, the foreign builder, or an unrelated marque entirely (this is one type of "[[badge engineering]]").

[[File:1989 Merkur Scorpio in black, front left.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Merkur Scorpio]] manufactured in West Germany by Ford of Europe and marketed in the United States, an example of a captive import]]

==Background==
Captive import arrangements are usually made to increase the competitiveness of the domestic brand by filling a perceived [[target market]] not currently served by its model lineup that is either not practical or not economically feasible to fill from domestic production or a mutually beneficial agreement that helps automakers without a strong distribution network or a presence in a specific country to benefit from the distribution network and stronger brand image of an established automobile manufacturer in that location. One example is the agreement between [[Chrysler]] and [[Mitsubishi Motors]], which started in 1971. Chrysler imported Mitsubishi-manufactured vehicles into the [[United States]] to fill a void in their compact lineup with cars like the [[Dodge Colt]]. Mitsubishi began selling vehicles under their name in the United States in 1982.

In countries or regions where a foreign manufacturer might have a wholly owned subsidiary that develops and manufactures vehicles or a strong manufacturing presence, a captive import can be a vehicle from the manufacturers' indigenous country or an affiliated manufacturer worldwide. [[Holden]] was the Australian subsidiary of American [[General Motors]] and was considered to be a domestic manufacturer in Australia until Australian domestic production completely ended in 2017. In the past, Holden has also imported the Mexican-built [[Holden Suburban]], a variant of the North American [[Chevrolet Suburban]], along with the [[Holden Jackaroo]] built by General Motors' Japanese affiliate [[Isuzu]] in [[Japan]]. An example of an Australian captive import is the [[Holden Barina]], which has since 1985 been the [[Suzuki Cultus]], two generations of the European [[Opel Corsa]], and is also the Korean [[Daewoo Kalos]] (marketed internationally as the [[Chevrolet Aveo]]).

For countries that do not have native manufacturers or a development/manufacturing presence, a captive import is a vehicle not manufactured by the specific company that imported the vehicle but sold under its brand. Usually, the vehicle manufacturer might be an affiliate of the importer. The [[Chevrolet Forester]] was sold in [[India]] by [[General Motors]], where its manufacturer, [[Japan]]-based [[Subaru]], does not have a sales presence, and the importation agreement started during the period when the manufacturer of [[Subaru]], [[Fuji Heavy Industries]], was affiliated with [[General Motors]].

A vehicle manufactured in a country where the manufacturers' indigenous nation has a [[free-trade agreement]] with other countries in the same region, such as the [[European Union]] for [[Europe]], [[NAFTA]] for [[North America]], or [[ASEAN]] for [[Southeast Asia]], and manufactured in a plant wholly or partially owned by that company should not be considered a captive import. 

The integration of manufacturing operations between Canada, Mexico, and the United States has been due to the hospitable trade environment created by the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (and before NAFTA, the US-Canada [[Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement|Auto Pact]]), coupled with the proximity of these nations to the U.S. Vehicles made and marketed by European automakers that were eventually acquired by the Big Three automakers, such as [[Land Rover]], [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]], and [[Saab Automobile|Saab]], are generally not considered to be captive imports.

Automobile companies have made efforts since the 1990s to streamline operations and become increasingly globalized, making it more challenging to determine the national origin of vehicles and even more complicated when considering outsourcing the worldwide sources of components and parts used to make them.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sturgeon |first1=Timothy |last2=Florida |first2=Richard |title=Globalization and jobs in the automotive industry (Final report to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. International Motor Vehicle Program, Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial Development |page=5 |url= https://ipc.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Globalization-and-Jobs-in-the-Automotive-Industry-1.pdf |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=2000 |access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Jalopnik-2012">{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Patrick |title=The Sometimes Fail-Tacular History Of Captive Import Cars In America (And Other Places) |url=https://jalopnik.com/the-sometimes-fail-tacular-history-of-captive-import-ca-5954739 |work=Jalopnik |date=27 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>

== American market ==
In the American market, captive imports "blurred national distinctions" because they were designed and built elsewhere, but have a domestic nameplate.<ref name="shifting">{{cite magazine|last=White |first=George |title=Shifting Gears |magazine=Black Enterprise |date=November 1986 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=76–88 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eKgwMtavpS4C&dq=Captive+import&pg=PA76 |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> The chief reason domestic automakers market captive imports is because "it is cheaper to import those cars than to produce them" in the United States.<ref name="shifting"/>

The [[Nash-Healey]] two-seat [[sports car]] was produced for the U.S. market between 1951 and 1954.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adler |first1= Dennis |last2=Shelby |first2=Carroll |title=50 Cars to Drive |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |year=2008 |pages=233–234 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDoYdD_evy8C&dq=America's+first+post+war+sports+car,+the+magnificent+1951+Nash-Healey&pg=PA234 |isbn=9781599212302 |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> It combined a Nash Ambassador [[Powertrain|drivetrain]] with a European chassis and body and was a product of a partnership between [[Nash-Kelvinator|Nash-Kelvinator Corporation]] and British automaker [[Donald Healey]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Nash Builds a Sports Car |magazine=Popular Mechanics |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=107–109 |date=March 1951 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tdkDAAAAMBAJ&dq=the+1951+Nash-Healey+design&pg=PA107 |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> After the first model year, the Nash-Healey was restyled and assembled by [[Battista Farina|Pinin Farina]] in [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aNwDAAAAMBAJ&dq=nash-healey+sports+car+Italy&pg=PA101 |title=Nash-Heally ads LeMans hardtop to sports line |magazine=Popular Mechanics |page=101 |date=May 1953 |volume=99 |issue=5 |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>

The [[Nash Metropolitan]], sold in the U.S. from 1954 until 1962, was a captive import for [[Nash Motors]]. It was designed by Nash, unlike most captive imports built by another company, and produced by [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] in the UK specifically for sale in the U.S. By entering into a manufacturing arrangement, Nash would avoid the expense associated with tooling, body panels, and components.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/car_info_nash_metropolitan.htm |title=Nash Metropolitan |work=Unique Cars and Parts (Australia) |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> When Nash launched this two-seater sub-compact car, it was the first time an American-designed car had been only built in Europe and never assembled in the United States. Unlike typical European cars of the era, its look was "American", and it had a design resemblance to the large or "senior" U.S.-built Nashes. It became one of the few small cars to sell well during the most bulk-obsessed period of U.S. automotive history.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://ateupwithmotor.com/model-histories/nash-metropolitan-history/ |title=From Small Things: The Nash Metropolitan and the Birth of American Motors |work=Ate Up With Motor |date=25 January 2009 |access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>

When [[Mercedes-Benz]] was seeking entry into the American market in the 1950s, the company signed a marketing agreement with [[Studebaker]]&ndash;[[Packard]] and became a captive brand in their showrooms.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://patriot.net/~jonroq/stumerc.htm |title=Studebaker helped sell '50s Mercedes |first=Ray |last=Windecker |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050204004935/http://patriot.net/~jonroq/stumerc.htm |archivedate=4 February 2005 |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] dealers sold the GM's British-built [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhalls]] from 1958 until 1962.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/1957-61-vauxhall-victor |title=1957-'61 Vauxhall Victor: Too American for Britain, and too foreign for the States |first=Jeff |last=Koch |date=23 September 2018 |work=Hemmings |access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>

[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], who had invented the modern captive-import system in 1948 with the British Anglia and Prefect, added its own European [[Ford Cortina]] to its North American dealer network until low demand led to its discontinuation in 1970 when the company introduced its domestic Pinto replacement, and its European market [[Ford Capri]] to its U.S. [[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]] line in the 1970s. Although the car had features to make it great, the marketing was flawed with a mismatch to the models traditionally sold by Lincoln-Mercury dealers.<ref name="Jalopnik-2012"/> Ford returned to importing the Mk1 Fiesta in 1978 when the company developed the North American market Escort/Lynx twins until 2013 when the "One Ford" business strategy was in operation, and the European market Mondeo and Fiesta were manufactured in both North America and Europe.

During the same period, [[Dodge]] marketed several small [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] models, mostly sold as [[Dodge Colt]]s (versions of which would later be marketed under the [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]] and [[Eagle (automobile)|Eagle]] brands). Chrysler Corporation did not develop its in-house subcompacts during the late 1960s (which GM and Ford Motor Company had done with the Vega and Pinto), where they partnered with an overseas manufacturer with Mitsubishi and Hillman.

The "Plymouth Cricket" (a rebadged [[Hillman Avenger]]) was introduced to the U.S. market in the early 1970s to counter the growing demand for small cars, but not successful.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Murilee |title=Cricket: Could It Be The Worst Car Chrysler Ever Sold? |url= https://jalopnik.com/cricket-could-it-be-the-worst-car-chrysler-ever-sold-282123 |website=Jalopnik |access-date=27 January 2024 |date=25 July 2007}}</ref>

[[General Motors]] marketed its German-built [[Opel]] models like the [[Opel Kadett|Kadett]] through [[Buick]] dealers in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stern |first1=Milton |title=Cute and tough, the Buick-Opels were often driven into the ground |url= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/buick-opels-cute-tough |work=Hemmings |date=20 July 2020 |access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref> This venture yielded ambivalent results; the Opels were generally well-regarded, and sales were decent but never substantial. In the 1970s, when Buick decided to phase out its Opels and sell small [[Isuzu]]s instead, the result was a handful of cars carrying a global brand, ''Buick Opel, by Isuzu.'' Buick was not the first to rebadge Isuzus — [[Chevrolet]] did the same with their [[Chevrolet LUV|LUV]] pickup truck in 1972.

The [[Daewoo]]-built line of [[Daewoo LeMans|LeMans]]-branded small cars were marketed by GM in several nations and through Pontiac dealers in the U.S. starting in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stopford |first1=William |title=CC & Vintage Review: Pontiac LeMans and Daewoo 1.5i/Cielo – Kadetts Reporting Rather Late For Duty |url= https://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-asian/cc-vintage-review-daewoo-1-5i-cielo-and-pontiac-lemans-kadetts-reporting-rather-late-for-duty/ |work=Curbside Classic |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>  They shared nothing with the original 1960s [[Pontiac LeMans|LeMans]] models. In the late 1980s, GM consolidated most of its various captive imports of the time under the [[Geo (automobile)|Geo]] brand, which was exclusively handled by [[Chevrolet]] dealers. The cars, built variously by [[Toyota]] (the [[Geo/Chevrolet Prizm|Prizm]]), [[Isuzu]] ([[Isuzu Gemini|Spectrum]], [[Geo Storm|Storm]]) and [[Suzuki]] ([[Suzuki Cultus|Metro]], [[Chevrolet Tracker|Tracker]]).

Examples of captive imports in the U.S. have included the [[Cadillac Catera]], a rebadged [[General Motors Omega|Opel Omega]], the [[Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]], built by [[GM Daewoo]], and the [[Chrysler Crossfire]] — an American design which mostly uses [[Mercedes-Benz]] mechanicals, but was built by [[Karmann]] in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.automobilemag.com/reviews/0304_chrysler_crossfire/ |title=Chrysler Crossfire |first=Joe |last=Lorio |date=1 April 2003 |work=Automobile Magazine |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> The [[Pontiac GTO]], which was built alongside the Australian [[Holden Monaro]], also qualifies. The [[Saturn Astra]] is another example. It is a rebadged [[Opel Astra]] that is imported from Belgium. The successor for [[Pontiac Grand Prix#Seventh Generation|Pontiac's seventh generation Grand Prix]], the [[Pontiac G8]], was a modified [[Holden VE Commodore]] imported from Australia.

In 2004, GM began marketing the [[Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]] subcompact, a rebadged [[Daewoo Kalos]] (now a rebadged [[Daewoo Kalos|Daewoo Gentra]]) assembled in South Korea. In 2008, GM started marketing the Saturn Astra, which is a rebadged [[Opel Astra]], assembled in Belgium. Before the brand's phaseout, Pontiac also returned to the captive idea by selling [[Holden]] vehicles, first the [[Holden Monaro]] as the [[Pontiac GTO]] and then the [[Holden VE Commodore]] as the [[Pontiac G8]]. Pontiac dealers also briefly received a version of the Kalos/Gentra/Aveo, which was sold in Canada as the G3 Wave and in the U.S. as the [[Pontiac G3|G3]].

In 2011, GM once again used a Holden model, the [[Holden Caprice (WM)|WM/WN Caprice]], as a captive import for its [[Chevrolet Caprice|Caprice PPV]], but designed for law enforcement agencies in the United States and Canada.

In 2013, GM used the [[Holden VF Commodore]] as the [[Holden VF Commodore|Chevrolet SS]] performance sedan for the 2014 model year.

== Other markets ==
In Europe, there have been relatively few cases of captive imports, and most have been unsuccessful. The [[Chevrolet Venture]] [[minivan]] was sold as the [[Opel]]/[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] [[General Motors Sintra|Sintra]] (SWB) and [[Chevrolet Trans Sport]] (LWB) in the late-1990s, but was not only not to European tastes, but also gained a bad reputation due to poor results in safety tests. The practice has been revived by [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] with the [[Peugeot 4007]], [[Peugeot 4008]], [[Citroën C-Crosser]], and [[Citroën C4 Aircross]], which are rebadged versions of the [[Mitsubishi Outlander]] and [[Mitsubishi ASX]], respectively. However, the introduction of the [[Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang]] to Europe in 2015 has been successful, owing to the Mustang's image and unique positioning.

In Brazil, the Australian-built [[Holden Commodore]] has been sold since 1998 as Chevrolet Omega, replacing the [[Opel Omega#Omega|locally built car]] bearing the same name. Despite being well received by the press and public, sales are much worse than its locally built counterpart, simply because of its high price. However, it is used very often as official government cars. Chevrolet also rebranded the Argentine-built [[Suzuki Escudo|Suzuki Vitara]] as the Chevrolet Tracker after Suzuki stopped selling cars in Brazil, but it never achieved the same sales figures as the original car.

In Japan, where foreign car manufacturers have traditionally struggled to compete in the local market, even rebadging of U.S. models like the [[Chevrolet Cavalier]] as a [[Toyota]] has failed to improve sales.

In Australia, GM's [[Holden]] operation sold the 1975-84 Isuzu Bellett/Gemini, itself a license-built version of the then-current Opel Kadett, as the [[Holden Gemini]]. The name was originally Holden-Isuzu Gemini, but after the first TX series, the Isuzu cobranding was dropped. Perhaps the original idea was to foster the Japanese-ness of the model at a time when customers might have seen that as a positive, the Nissan's 610 Bluebird being marketed as the [[Datsun 180B SSS|Datsun 180B]] being a big seller at the time. The Gemini was assembled in Australia at Acacia Ridge in [[Queensland]] and Holden was still the highest-selling brand. The [[Chevrolet LUV]] produced by Isuzu was also sold from 1973 for a couple of years, the only official Chevrolet branded model available in Australia at the time (and since). Ford sold the Taurus in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong in 1996, but stopped in 1999. In 1998, the [[Chevrolet Suburban]], was marketed in Australia and New Zealand as a rebadged [[Holden Suburban]] with intentions to launch the full-sized SUV in a region that was used to having small to mid-sized SUVs, and the model was discontinued in 2001.

== Reasons for failure ==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}
Captive imports often fail, and a shift in exchange rates can raise prices to uncompetitive levels.

Some models have been criticized for marginal quality, such as the spate of [[Daewoo]] models marketed under domestic General Motors marques during the 2000s, or for being a bad match for the local driving environment.

The commitment of domestic sales and service staff to an unfamiliar vehicle has been questioned, particularly if the import is seen as reducing sales of other, more profitable vehicles in the lineup.

Others fail due to no fault of their own; the [[Sunbeam Tiger]], for instance, an early 1960s example of the concept of an American [[Ford Windsor engine]] in a British ([[Sunbeam Alpine]]) body and chassis, enjoyed substantial success until Sunbeam became a captive import of [[Chrysler Corporation]] in North America. Chrysler could not be realistically expected to sell a car with a Ford engine, and Chrysler V8 engines all had the [[distributor]] positioned at the rear of the engine, unlike the front-mounted distributor of the Ford V8, making it impossible to fit the Chrysler engine into the Sunbeam engine bay without major and expensive revisions. Thus this niche of the automotive market was left to be filled with legendary success by the Ford engined [[Shelby Cobra]].

There may be a deeper, structural issue at work, however. It could simply be that a domestic buyer is unlikely to want an import, and an import buyer is unlikely to enter a domestic showroom. Also, consumers of a specific domestic brand might feel that a captive import does not have the qualities that they want and expect from vehicles of domestic vehicles manufactured by that brand. A captive thus easily falls between two stools. This is probably why the practice of using a separate brand name, such as [[Merkur]] and [[General Motors]]' short-lived [[Geo (automobile)|Geo]], has ceased — the foreignness of the car is thus discreetly made less apparent. Another factor concerns servicing where captives often do not share components with their domestic counterparts - this often leads to parts incompatibility and/or backorders.

Another view is that the practice could be seen by the public as simply dishonest, causing complete rejection. Certainly in cases when identical models are available at the same time with only the badges differentiating them such as what happened under the failed [[Button car plan]] in Australia during the 1980s.

== Exceptions ==
Not every vehicle that appears to be a captive import really is. A foreign-designed or badged vehicle assembled in the market where it is sold does not fall into this category. Such vehicles are frequently the result of [[joint venture]] or [[strategic alliance]] arrangements between automakers.

For example, the [[Renault Alliance]] was sold through [[American Motors Corporation|American Motors]] (AMC) dealers starting in the fall of 1982 until production ended on 5 June 1987 Chrysler acquired AMC. The Alliance was assembled by AMC as part of a tie-up with the French company.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stern |first1=Milton |title=The enthusiastically named Alliance really did result from an AMC-Renault collaboration |url= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/an-intriguing-alliance |work=Hemmings |date=24 August 2020 |access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An 80's special: AMC and Renault's Alliance |url= https://oldmotors.net/amc-and-renaults-alliance/ |work=Old Motors |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref> The 1985 through 1988 [[Chevrolet Nova]] and the later [[Geo/Chevrolet Prizm|Geo Prizm]] were a [[Toyota]] design and shared the Chevrolet showroom with many captives, were built in the U.S. by the GM-Toyota [[NUMMI]] joint venture. The [[Eagle Talon]] and [[Plymouth Laser]], both related to the [[Mitsubishi Eclipse]], were manufactured in the U.S. by [[Diamond-Star Motors]], a [[Chrysler]]-[[Mitsubishi Motors]] joint venture. Although Australia's [[Holden]] often shared planning and hardware with the rest of GM's global operations, which included Opel and Isuzu, it preferred assembling its versions of such vehicles locally. [[Rover (car)|Rover]] and [[Honda]] have co-produced models for the European market, as have [[Alfa Romeo]] and [[Nissan]]. None of these would be considered imports. With the complete ceasing of [[Automotive industry in Australia|automotive production in Australia]] by [[Holden]] and [[Ford Australia]] in 2016, who were both considered indigenous Australian automakers, both will be switching to a wholly imported lineup. No vehicle sold by Holden or Ford after the end of Australian production should be considered a captive import since neither maintains an Australian manufacturing presence.

== Notable captive imports ==

=== United States ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
! Model
! Year(s)
! Country of assembly
! Original model
|-
| [[Opel Cascada|Buick Cascada]] || 2016–2019|| Poland || [[Opel Cascada]]
|-
| [[Buick Encore]] || 2013–2022 || South Korea || [[Opel Mokka]]
|-
| [[Buick Encore GX]] || 2021–present || South Korea ||
|-
| [[Buick Envision]] || 2016–present || China || 
|-
| [[Isuzu Gemini|Buick Opel]] || 1976–1980 || Japan || [[Isuzu Gemini]]
|-
| [[Buick Regal]] || 2010–2011 (some, but not all 2011) || Germany || [[Opel Insignia]]
|-
| [[Cadillac Catera]] || 1997–2001 || Germany || [[Opel Omega]]
|-
| [[Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]] || 2004–2011 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Kalos]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Caprice#North America|Chevrolet Caprice]] PPV || 2011–2017 || Australia || [[Holden Caprice (WM)|Holden Caprice]]
|-
| [[Nissan NV200|Chevrolet City Express]] || 2014–2018 || Japan/Mexico || [[Nissan NV200]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet LUV]] || 1972–1982 || Japan || [[Isuzu P'up]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet SS (2013)|Chevrolet SS]] || 2014–2017 || Australia || [[Holden VF Commodore]]
|-
| [[Isuzu Gemini|Chevrolet Spectrum]] || 1985–1988 || Japan || [[Isuzu Gemini]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Sprint]] || 1985–1988 || Japan || [[Suzuki Cultus]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)]] || 2021–present || South Korea ||
|-
| [[Chrysler Conquest]] || 1987–1989 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Starion]]
|-
| [[Chrysler Crossfire]] || 2004–2008 || Germany || [[Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class (R170)|Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class]]
|-
| [[Chrysler TC by Maserati]] || 1989–1991 || Italy ||
|-
| [[Mitsubishi Galant Lambda|Dodge Challenger]] || 1978–1983 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Galant Lambda]]
|-
| [[Dodge Colt|Dodge/Plymouth Colt]] || 1971–1994 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Galant]]<br>[[Mitsubishi Mirage]]
|-
| [[Dodge Conquest]] || 1984–1986 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Starion]]
|-
| [[Dodge D-50]] || 1979–1986 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Forte]]
|-
| [[Dodge Raider]] || 1987–1989 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Pajero]]
|-
| [[Dodge Ram 50]] || 1987–1989 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Mighty Max]]
|-
| [[Dodge Stealth]] || 1991–1996 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi GTO]]
|-
| [[Eagle Medallion]] || 1988–1989 || France || [[Renault 21]]
|-
| [[Eagle Summit]] || 1989–1996 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Mirage]]<br>[[Mitsubishi Lancer]]
|-
| [[Ford Anglia]] || 1948–1967 || United Kingdom || [[Ford Anglia]]
|-
| [[Ford Aspire]] || 1994–1997 || South Korea || [[Kia Avella]]
|-
| [[Ford Cortina]] || 1962–1970 || United Kingdom || [[Lotus Cortina]]
|-
| [[Ford Courier]] || 1972–1982 || Japan || [[Mazda B-Series]]
|-
| [[Ford Fiesta]] || 1978–1980 || Germany ||
|-
| [[Ford Festiva]] || 1988–1993 || South Korea || [[Kia Pride]]
|-
| [[Ford Focus (third generation)#Focus RS|Ford Focus RS]] ||2016–2018 || Germany ||
|-
| [[Ford Transit Connect]] || 2010–2013 || Turkey ||
|-
| [[Ford Transit Connect]] || 2014–present || Spain||
|-
| [[Geo Metro]] || 1989–1994 || Japan || [[Suzuki Cultus]]
|-
| [[Geo Spectrum]] || 1989 || Japan || [[Isuzu Gemini]]
|-
| [[Geo Storm]] || 1990–1993 || Japan || [[Isuzu Piazza]]
|-
| [[Geo Tracker]] || 1989–1990 (some, but not all 1990) || Japan || [[Suzuki Escudo]]
|-
| [[Jeep Renegade]] || 2014–present || Italy ||
|-
| [[Lincoln Nautilus]] || 2024–present || China ||
|-
| [[Mercury Capri]] || 1970–1977 || Germany || [[Ford Capri]]
|-
| [[Mercury Capri]] || 1991–1994 || Australia || [[Ford Capri]]
|-
| [[Mercury Tracer]] (3-door model) || 1988–1989 || Japan || [[Mazda 323]]
|-
| [[Ford Scorpio#Merkur Scorpio|Merkur Scorpio]] || 1988–1989 || Germany || [[Ford Scorpio]]
|-
| [[Merkur XR4Ti]] || 1985–1989 || Germany || [[Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra XR4i]]
|-
| [[Plymouth Arrow]] || 1976–1980 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Celeste]]
|-
| [[Plymouth Arrow Truck]] || 1979–1982 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Forte]]
|-
| [[Plymouth Champ]] || 1979–1982 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Mirage]]
|-
| [[Plymouth Conquest]] || 1984–1986 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Starion]]
|-
| [[Hillman Avenger|Plymouth Cricket]] || 1971–1973 || United Kingdom || [[Hillman Avenger]]
|-
| [[Plymouth Sapporo]] || 1978–1983 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Galant Lambda]]
|-
| [[Pontiac G3]] || 2009 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Kalos]]
|-
| [[Pontiac G8]] || 2008–2009 || Australia || [[Holden VE Commodore|Holden Commodore]]
|-
| [[Pontiac GTO]] || 2004–2006 || Australia || [[Holden Monaro]]
|-
| [[Fiat Doblò#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] || 2015–present || Turkey || [[Fiat Doblò]]
|-
| [[Pontiac LeMans]] || 1988–1993 || South Korea || [[Daewoo LeMans]]
|-
| [[Saturn Astra]] || 2008–2009 || Belgium || [[Opel Astra]]
|-
| [[Saturn Vue]] || 2007–2009 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Winstorm]]
|-
| [[Vauxhall Victor]] (sold by Pontiac dealers) || 1957–1962 || United Kingdom || 
|}

=== Japan ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
! Model
! Year(s)
! Country of assembly
! Original model
|-
| [[Chevrolet Optra]] (sold by [[Suzuki]] dealers) || 2005–2007 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Lacetti]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] (sold by Suzuki dealers) || 2001–2009 || United States ||
|-
| [[Daihatsu Gran Max]] || 2020–present || Indonesia ||
|-
| [[Honda Accord]] (sedan) || 2020–2022,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bruce |first=Chris |date=2022-07-13 |title=Honda CR-V And Insight Get The Axe In Japan |url= https://www.motor1.com/news/598036/honda-cr-v-and-insight-discontinued-in-japan/ |work=Motor1 |access-date=2022-07-14}}</ref> 2023–present || Thailand ||
|-
| [[Honda Accord]] (coupe) || 1988–1997 || United States ||
|-
| [[Honda Accord]] (wagon) || 1991–1997<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2010-07-01|title=High Yen Drives Japanese Carmakers To Importing More. But Is It Good? |url= https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/07/high-yen-drives-japanese-carmakers-to-importing-more-but-is-it-good/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |work=The Truth About Cars}}</ref> || United States ||
|-
| [[Honda Civic]] (coupe) || 1992–2000 || United States ||
|-
| [[Honda Civic (tenth generation)|Honda Civic]] (hatchback) || 2017–2021 || United Kingdom ||
|-
| [[Honda Civic Type R]] || 2001–2005, 2009–2011, 2015–2021 || United Kingdom ||
|-
| [[Honda Crossroad]] || 1993–1998 || United Kingdom || [[Land Rover Discovery]]
|-
| [[Honda CR-V (sixth generation)|Honda CR-V e:FCEV]] || 2024–present || United States || 
|-
| [[Honda Element]] || 2002–2006 || United States ||
|-
| [[Honda Fit Aria]] || 2003–2008 || Thailand || [[Honda City]]
|-
| [[Honda Inspire]]/[[Honda Saber|Saber]] || 1998–2002 || United States || [[Acura TL]]
|-
| [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda LaGreat]] || 1999–2005 || Canada || [[Honda Odyssey (North America)]]
|-
| [[Honda MDX]] || 2003–2006 || Canada || [[Acura MDX]]
|-
| [[Honda NSX (second generation)|Honda NSX]] || 2017–2022 || United States || [[Honda NSX (second generation)|Acura NSX]]
|-
| [[Honda Odyssey (international)|Honda Odyssey]] || 2023–present || China || 
|-
| [[Honda Elevate|Honda WR-V]] || 2024–present || India || [[Honda Elevate]]
|-
| [[Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Isuzu Statesman DeVille]] || 1973–1976 || Australia || [[Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Holden Statesman HQ]]
|-
| [[Mazda Bongo]] || 2020–present || Indonesia || [[Daihatsu Gran Max]]
|-
| [[Mazda CX-3]] || 2022–present || Thailand || 
|-
| [[Mazda Roadpacer AP]] || 1975–1977 || Australia || [[Holden HJ]]/[[Holden HX|HX]]
|-
| [[Mitsubishi Diamante]] (some) || 1991–2005 || Australia || [[Mitsubishi Magna]]
|-
| [[Mitsubishi Eclipse]] || 1990–1998, 2004–2006 || United States ||
|-
| [[Mitsubishi Mirage]] || 2012–present || Thailand ||
|-
| [[Mitsubishi Triton]] || 2006–2011, 2024–present || Thailand ||
|-
| [[Mitsuoka Viewt]] || 2011–2022<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-09-22 |title=Japan's Mitsuoka to Build Handmade Cars in Thailand |url= https://subscribers.wardsintelligence.com/news-analysis/japan-s-mitsuoka-build-handmade-cars-thailand |access-date=2023-09-30 |work=Wards Intelligence}}</ref> || Thailand || [[Nissan March#K13|Nissan March]]
|-
| [[Nissan Dualis]] || 2007 || United Kingdom || [[Nissan Qashqai]]
|-
| [[Nissan Kicks]] || 2020–present || Thailand ||
|-
| [[Nissan Latio]] || 2012–2016 || Thailand || [[Nissan Almera]]
|-
| [[Nissan Micra|Nissan March]] || 2010–2022 || Thailand ||
|-
| [[Nissan Mistral]] || 1994–1999<ref name=":0" /> || Spain || [[Nissan Terrano II]]
|-
| [[Nissan Primera]] (hatchback) || 1990–2002 || United Kingdom ||
|-
| [[Nissan Pulsar|Nissan Pulsar Milano X1]] || 1984–1986 || Italy || [[Alfa Romeo Arna]]
|-
| [[Subaru Traviq]] || 2001–2004 || Thailand || [[Opel Zafira]]
|-
| [[Suzuki Baleno (WB)|Suzuki Baleno]] || 2016–2020 || India || 
|-
| [[Suzuki Vitara|Suzuki Escudo]] || 2015–2024 || Hungary || [[Suzuki Vitara]]
|-
| [[Suzuki Fronx]] || 2024–present || India || 
|-
| [[Suzuki Splash]] || 2008–2014 || Hungary ||
|-
| [[Suzuki SX4|Suzuki SX4 S-Cross]] || 2015–2020 || Hungary ||
|-
| [[Tommykaira ZZ]] || 1990-2000 || United Kingdom ||
|-
| [[Toyota Avalon]] || 1995–1999 || United States ||
|-
| [[Toyota Avensis]] || 2003–2009, 2011–2018 || United Kingdom ||
|-
| [[Chevrolet Cavalier|Toyota Cavalier]] || 1996–2000 || United States || [[Chevrolet Cavalier]]
|-
| [[Toyota Hilux]] || 2017–present || Thailand ||
|-
| [[Toyota LiteAce|Toyota LiteAce/TownAce]] || 2008–2020 (LiteAce)<br>2008–present (TownAce) || Indonesia || [[Daihatsu Gran Max]]
|-
| [[Toyota Pronard]] || 2000–2005 || United States || [[Toyota Avalon]]
|-
| [[Toyota Scepter]] (wagon/coupe) || 1992–1996 || United States || [[Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry]] (wagon/coupe)
|-
| [[Toyota GR Supra]] || 2019–present || Austria || [[BMW Z4 (G29)|BMW Z4]]
|-
| [[Toyota Voltz]] || 2002–2004 || United States || [[Pontiac Vibe]]
|}

=== Europe ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
! Model
! Year(s)
! Country of assembly
! Original model
|-
| [[Audi Q5]] || 2016–present || Mexico ||
|-
| [[BMW Z3]] || 1995–2002 || United States ||
|-
| [[BMW X5]] || 1999–present || United States ||
|-
| [[BMW Z4 (E85)|BMW Z4]] || 2002–2008 || United States ||
|-
| [[BMW X3]] || 2010–present || United States ||
|-
| [[BMW X6]] || 2007–present || United States ||
|-
| [[BMW X4]] || 2014–present || United States ||
|-
| [[BMW X7]] || 2018–present || United States ||
|-
| [[BMW 2 Series]] || 2021–present || Mexico ||
|-
| [[Pontiac Trans Sport#European market|Chevrolet Trans Sport]] || 1997–2007 || United States || [[Pontiac Trans Sport]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Alero]] || 1999–2001 || United States || [[Oldsmobile Alero]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Evanda]] || 2000–2006 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Magnus]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti / Nubira]] || 2002–2009 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Lacetti]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Kalos]] / [[Chevrolet Aveo|Aveo]] || 2002–2014 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Kalos]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Lanos]] || 2005–2009 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Lanos]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Matiz / Spark]] || 2005–2014 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Matiz]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Epica]] || 2006–2011 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Tosca]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Captiva]] || 2006–2014 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Winstorm]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Cruze]] || 2008–2014 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Lacetti Premiere]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Orlando]] || 2011–2014 || South Korea ||
|-
| [[Citroën C-Crosser]] || 2007–2012 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Outlander]]
|-
| [[Citroën C4 Aircross]] || 2012–2017|| Japan || [[Mitsubishi ASX]]
|-
| [[Citroën Ami (electric vehicle)]] || 2020–present || Morocco ||
|-
|[[Citroën C5 X]]
|2021–present
|China
|
|-
|[[Dacia Dokker]]
|2012–2021
|Morocco
|
|-
|[[Dacia Lodgy]]
|2012–2022
|Morocco
|
|-
|[[Dacia Spring]]
|2021–present
|China
|[[Renault City K-ZE]]
|-
|[[DS 9]]
|2020–present
|China
|
|-
| [[Fiat Fiorino]] || 1988–2014 || Brazil ||
|-
| [[Fiat Freemont]] || 2011–2015 || Mexico|| [[Dodge Journey]]
|-
| [[Fiat 124 Spider (2016)|Fiat 124 Spider]]|| 2016–2019 || Japan || [[Mazda MX-5]]
|-
| [[Mitsubishi Triton|Fiat Fullback]]|| 2016–2019 || Thailand || [[Mitsubishi Triton]]
|-
| [[Citroën Ami (electric vehicle)|Fiat Topolino]] || 2023–present || Morocco || [[Citroën Ami (electric vehicle)]]
|-
| [[Ford Probe]] || 1989–1997 || United States ||
|-
| [[Ford Ka]] || 2016–2020 || Brazil ||
|-
| [[Ford Explorer]] (United Kingdom) || 1997–2001 || United States ||
|-
| [[Ford Explorer]] || 2019–present || United States ||
|-
| [[Ford Cougar]] || 1998–2002 || United States || [[Mercury Cougar]]
|-
| [[Ford Maverick]] || 2001–2006 || United States || [[Ford Escape]]
|-
| [[Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger]] || 2011–present || United States ||
|-
| [[Ford EcoSport]] || 2014–2017 || India ||
|-
| [[Ford Edge]] || 2014–2021 || Canada ||
|-
| [[Ford Mustang]] || 2015–present || United States ||
|-
|[[Ford Mustang Mach-E]]
|2021–present
|United States
|
|-
| [[Lancia Thema]] || 2011–2014 || Canada || [[Chrysler 300]]
|-
| [[Lancia Voyager]] || 2011–2015 || Canada || [[Chrysler Voyager]]
|-
| [[Lancia Flavia]] || 2012–2014 || United States || [[Chrysler 200]]
|-
| [[Mercedes-Benz GLE|Mercedes-Benz M-Class / GLE]] || 2005–present || United States ||
|-
| [[Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] || 2005–2017 || United States ||
|-
| [[Mercedes-Benz GLS|Mercedes-Benz GL-Class / GLS]] || 2006–present || United States ||
|-
| [[Mercedes-Benz GLB]] || 2019–present || Mexico ||
|-
| Every [[MG Motor|MG]] model made after the [[SAIC Motor|SAIC]] acquisition || 2006-present || China ||
|-
| [[Opel Monterey|Opel / Vauxhall Monterey]] || 1992–2003 || Japan || [[Isuzu Trooper|Isuzu Bighorn]]
|-
| [[Isuzu MU|Opel Frontera]] || 1992–2004 || Japan || [[Isuzu MU|Isuzu Mysterious Utility Wizard]]
|-
| [[Opel Sintra|Opel / Vauxhall Sintra]] || 1996–1999 || United States || [[Chevrolet Venture]]
|-
| [[Opel GT]] || 2006–2009 || United States || [[Saturn Sky]]
|-
| [[Opel Antara|Opel / Vauxhall Antara]] || 2006–2015 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Winstorm]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Volt|Opel / Vauxhall Ampera]] || 2012–2016 || United States || [[Chevrolet Volt]]
|-
| [[Opel Mokka|Opel / Vauxhall Mokka]] || 2012–2020 || South Korea ||
|-
| [[Opel Karl|Opel Karl / Vauxhall Viva]] || 2015–2019 || South Korea || [[Chevrolet Spark]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Bolt|Opel Ampera-e]] || 2017–2020 || United States || [[Chevrolet Bolt]]
|-
| [[Opel Rocks-e|Opel Rocks]] || 2021–present || Morocco || [[Citroën Ami (electric vehicle)]]
|-
| [[Peugeot 4007]] || 2007–2012 || Japan || [[Mitsubishi Outlander]]
|-
| [[Peugeot 4008]] || 2012–2017|| Japan || [[Mitsubishi ASX]]
|-
|[[Peugeot iOn]]
|2011–2018
|Japan
|[[Mitsubishi i-MiEV|Mitsubishi i-MIEV]]
|-
| [[Renault Koleos]] || 2008–2021 || South Korea || [[Renault Samsung QM5|Renault Samsung QM5 / QM6]]
|-
| [[Renault Latitude]] || 2010–2015 || South Korea || [[Renault Samsung SM5]]
|-
| [[Renault Twizy]] || 2019–2023 || South Korea ||
|-
| [[Renault Clio]] || 2019- || Turkey ||
|-
| [[Renault Arkana]] || 2020–present || South Korea || [[Renault Samsung XM3]]
|-
| [[Rover CityRover]] || 2003–2005 || India || [[Tata Indica]]
|-
| [[Saab 9-7X|SAAB 9-7X]] || 2004–2008 || United States ||
|-
| [[Saab 9-4X|SAAB 9-4X]] || 2011 || Mexico || [[Cadillac SRX]]
|-
| [[Smart 1|Smart #1]] || 2022–present || China ||
|-
| [[Smart 3|Smart #3]] || 2023–present || China ||
|-
| [[Vauxhall Monaro]] || 2001–2006 || Australia || [[Holden Monaro]]
|-
|[[Vauxhall VXR8]] || 2007–2017 || Australia || [[HSV Clubsport]] / [[HSV GTS]]
|-
| [[Volkswagen Caddy]] || 1982–1992 || Bosnia and Herzegovina (Yugoslavia) ||
|-
| [[Volkswagen Caddy]] pickup || 1996–2000 || Czechia || Škoda Felicia
|-
|[[Volkswagen New Beetle]]
|1999–2019
|Mexico
|
|-
|[[Volkswagen Fox]]
|2005–2011
|Brazil
|
|-
|[[Volkswagen Jetta]]
|2005–2018
|Mexico
|
|-
| [[Volvo S60]] || 2019–present || United States ||
|}

=== Oceania ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
! Model
! Year(s)
! Country of assembly
! Original model
|-
| [[Ford Maverick]] (Australia) || 1988–1994 || Japan|| [[Nissan Patrol]]
|-
| [[Ford Courier]] || 1985–2006 || Japan/Thailand|| [[Mazda B-Series]]
|-
| [[Ford Laser]] || 1981–2003 || Japan|| [[Mazda 323]]
|-
| [[Ford Taurus Ghia]] (Australia and New Zealand) || 1996–1998 || United States || [[Ford Taurus]]
|-
| [[Ford Telstar]] || 1982–1999 || Japan|| [[Mazda Capella]]
|-
| [[Holden Barina]] || 1985–1994 || Japan|| [[Suzuki Cultus]]
|-
| [[Holden Barina]] || 1994–2005 || Spain|| [[Opel Corsa]]
|-
| [[Holden Barina]] || 2005–2011 || South Korea|| [[Daewoo Kalos]]
|-
| [[Holden Camira#JJ (New Zealand; 1984–1987)|Holden Camira JJ]] (New Zealand) || 1984–1987 || Japan || [[Isuzu Aska]]
|-
| [[Holden Commodore]] || 2017–2020 || Germany || [[Opel Insignia]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Cruze#Nameplate disambiguation|Holden Cruze]] || 2001–2008 || Japan || [[Suzuki Swift]]
|-
| [[Holden Jackaroo]] || 1981–2005 || Japan|| [[Isuzu Bighorn]]
|-
| [[Holden Suburban]] || 1998–2001 || Mexico || [[Chevrolet Suburban]]
|-
| [[Holden Vectra]] || 1995–2007|| Germany|| [[Opel Vectra]]
|-
| [[Holden Viva]] || 2005–2008 || South Korea || [[Daewoo Lacetti]]
|-
| [[Holden Volt]] || 2012–2013|| United States|| [[Chevrolet Volt]]
|-
| [[Pontiac LeMans]] (New Zealand) || 1986–1994 || South Korea || [[Daewoo LeMans]]
|-
| [[Rambler Rebel]] || 1967–1970 || United States|| [[AMC Rebel]]
|- 
| [[Rover 416i]] || 1985–1989 || Japan || [[Honda Integra#Series AV, DA1-DA3(1985–1989)|Honda Quint Integra]]
|}

=== Other markets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
! Model
! Year(s)
! Country of sale
! Country of assembly
! Imported by
! Original model
|-
| [[Chevrolet Cassia]] || 2000–2002 || Philippines || Japan || General Motors Philippines ||[[Suzuki Cultus Crescent]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Forester]] || 1997–2008 || India || Japan || [[General Motors India]] ||[[Subaru Forester]]
|-
| [[Daewoo Magnus|Chevrolet Epica]] || 2004–2006 || Canada || South Korea || [[General Motors Canada]] || [[Daewoo Magnus]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Optra]] || 2004–2008 || Canada || South Korea || [[General Motors Canada]] || [[Daewoo Lacetti]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Optra]] || 2014–present || Egypt || China || [[General Motors Egypt]] || [[Baojun 630]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Lumina]] || 1998–2013 || several countries || Australia || [[General Motors]]|| [[Holden Commodore]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Lumina]] || 2005–2006 || Philippines || China || General Motors Philippines || [[Buick Regal]]
|-
| [[Chevrolet Venture]] || 1999–2006 || Philippines || China || General Motors Philippines || [[Buick GL8]]
|-
| [[Daihatsu Sirion]] || 2007-present || Indonesia || Malaysia || [[Astra Daihatsu Motor]] || [[Perodua Myvi]]
|-
| [[Dodge Attitude]] || 2005–2014 || Mexico || South Korea || Chrysler Mexico || [[Hyundai Accent]]
|-
| Dodge Attitude || 2015–present || Mexico || Thailand || Chrysler Mexico || [[Mitsubishi Attrage]]
|-
| [[Holden Caprice (WM)|Daewoo Veritas]] || 2008–2010 || South Korea || Australia || [[GM Daewoo]] ||[[Holden Caprice (WM)]]
|-
| [[Mitsubishi Delica|Dodge 1000]] || 2007–2008 || Mexico || Taiwan || Chrysler Mexico || [[Mitsubishi Delica|CMC Delica]]
|-
| [[Mitsubishi Galant#Sixth generation .28E31.2C E32.2C E33.2C E39.29|Dodge/Eagle 2000GTX]] || 1989–1992 || Canada || Japan|| [[Chrysler Canada]] || [[Mitsubishi Galant#Sixth generation .28E31.2C E32.2C E33.2C E39.29|Mitsubishi Galant (sixth generation)]]
|-
| [[Nissan Aprio]] || 2008–2010 || Mexico || Brazil || Nissan Mexico || [[Dacia Logan]]
|-
| [[Passport (automobile dealership)|Passport Optima]] || 1988–1991 || Canada ||South Korea|| [[General Motors Canada]] || [[Daewoo LeMans]]
|-
|[[Perodua Nautica]]
|2008–2009
|Malaysia
|Japan
|[[Perodua]]
|[[Daihatsu Terios]]
|-
| [[Pontiac Firefly]] || 1989–2001 || Canada ||Japan|| [[General Motors Canada]] || [[Suzuki Cultus]]
|-
|[[Proton X70]]
|2018–2020
|Malaysia
|China
|[[PROTON Holdings|Proton]]
|[[Geely Boyue]]
|-
|[[Renault Samsung QM3]]
|2013–2019
|South Korea
|Spain
|[[Renault Samsung]]
|[[Renault Captur]]
|-
|[[Timor S515]] (some)
|1996–1998 (sales continued until 2007)
|Indonesia
|South Korea
|[[Timor Putra Nasional]]
|[[Kia Sephia]]
|-
| [[Mercedes-Benz W201|Pyeonghwa 410]] || 1994–2002 || North Korea || Germany || [[Pyeonghwa]] || [[Mercedes-Benz W201|Mercedes-Benz 190]]
|-
| [[Fiat Doblò|Pyeonghwa Ppeokkugi]] || 2002–present || North Korea || Vietnam || [[Pyeonghwa]] || [[Fiat Doblò#First generation (2000)|Fiat Doblò]]
|-
| [[Huanghai Qisheng CUV|Pyeonghwa Ppeokkugi 4WD-B]] || 2009–present || North Korea || China || [[Pyeonghwa]] || [[Huanghai Landscape F1#Pyeonghwa Ppeokkugi|Huanghai Qisheng CUV]]
|-
| [[Huanghai Landscape F1#Pyeonghwa Ppeokkugi|Pyeonghwa Ppeokkugi 4WD-C]] || 2009–present || North Korea || Vietnam || [[Pyeonghwa]] ||
|-
| [[Brilliance BS4|Pyeonghwa Hwiparam II]] || 2005–present || North Korea || China || [[Pyeonghwa]] || [[Brilliance BS4]]
|-
| [[Brilliance BS2|Pyeonghwa Hwiparam III]] || 2011–present || North Korea || China || [[Pyeonghwa]] || [[Brilliance BS2]]
|-
| [[DFSK K-Series|Pyeonghwa Paso 990]] || 2011–present || North Korea || China || [[Pyeonghwa]] || [[DFSK K-Series]]
|-
| [[Jinbei Haise|Pyeonghwa Samchunri]] || 2005–present || North Korea || China || [[Pyeonghwa]] || [[Jinbei Haise]]
|-
| [[Volkswagen Sagitar|Pyeonghwa Junma 1606]] || 2013–present || North Korea || China || [[Pyeonghwa]] || FAW-[[Volkswagen Sagitar]]
|-
| [[Volkswagen CC|Pyeonghwa Junma 2008]] || 2013–present || North Korea || China || [[Pyeonghwa]] || FAW-[[Volkswagen CC]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[Eagle (automobile)|Eagle automobile]]
*[[Geo (cars)]]
*[[Merkur]]
*[[Mercury Capri]]
*[[Badge engineering]]
*[[Third-generation Ford Taurus]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/~airboy/our_metro.html Nash Metropolitans]
*[https://www.angelfire.com/me/GETASPLATTUPYA/gemini.html Isuzu Geminis, including Buick Opel version]
*[http://consumerguide.com/used/1997-01-cadillac-catera/ Consumer Guide on Cadillac Catera]
*[http://www.chevrolet.com/aveo/ Official Chevrolet Aveo site]

[[Category:Automotive industry]]
[[Category:Import]]