Editing Car chase

{{Short description|Chase between two automobiles, often involving law enforcement}}
{{for|the Snow Patrol song|Chasing Cars}}
{{see also|Resisting arrest}}
{{Globalize|1=article|2=United States|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Police chase sweden malmo 2020.png|thumb|[[Swedish Police Authority]] vehicles pursuing a suspect fleeing in a vehicle in 2020|300x300px]]A '''car chase''' or '''vehicle pursuit''' is the vehicular overland chase of one party by another, involving at least one [[Car|automobile]] or other wheeled [[motor vehicle]], commonly [[hot pursuit]] of [[suspect]]s by [[law enforcement]]. The rise of the [[automotive industry]] in the 20th century increased [[car ownership]], leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in [[Crime scene getaway#Vehicle|their own vehicle]] or a [[Motor vehicle theft|stolen car]]. Car chases may also involve other parties in pursuit of a criminal suspect or intended victim, or simply in an attempt to make contact with a moving person for non-conflict reasons.

Car chases are often captured on news broadcast due to the video footage recorded by [[police car]]s, [[Police aviation|police aircraft]], and [[News media|news aircraft]] participating in the chase. Car chases are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their intensity, drama and the innate danger of high-speed driving, and thus are common content in fiction, particularly [[action film]]s and [[video game]]s.

== Police involvement ==
[[File:California Highway Patrol ending pursuit with PIT on I-80.jpg|thumb|[[California Highway Patrol]] cruisers ending a pursuit using a [[PIT maneuver]]]]
Car chases occur when a suspect attempts to use a [[vehicle]] to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest them. The assumed [[offence (law)|offence]] committed may range from [[misdemeanour|misdemeanor]]s such as [[Moving violation|traffic infraction]]s to felonies as serious as [[murder]]. When suspects realize they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuer by driving away, usually at high speed. Generally, suspects who police spot committing crimes for which long prison terms are likely upon conviction are much more likely to start car chases.

Police use a number of techniques to end chases, such as ordering the driver to pull over, waiting for the driver's vehicle to crash, overheat, or run out of fuel. More forceful methods include boxing in the vehicle with cruisers, ramming the vehicle, conducting a [[PIT maneuver]], or using [[spike strip]]s. All efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, [[police aircraft]] may be deployed, which may follow the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved.

=== History ===
The use of automobiles to evade law enforcement has existed for about as long as the automobile itself; newspaper reports of police chases involving automobiles and motorcycles date back to the 1900s and 1910s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-08 |title=L.A. has been enthralled by car chases for about as long as we've had cars on roads |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-08/l-a-has-been-enthralled-by-car-chases-for-about-as-long-as-weve-had-cars-on-roads |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archives |first=the Post-Dispatch |date=2022-08-18 |title=1906: Skidoodling along during the first high-speed police chase in Forest Park |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/1906-skidoodling-along-during-the-first-high-speed-police-chase-in-forest-park/article_22d07e2e-e0fc-11ea-b13d-ff337a1531d2.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref> During [[Prohibition in the United States]], bootleggers and [[moonshine]] runners often engaged in high-speed chases with police. This led to rise of car modifications intended to outrun the law and auto-racing exhibitions between runners which helped form the sport of [[stock car racing]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iowa's Prohibition Years, 1920-1933 {{!}} Iowa PBS |url=http://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/2586/iowas-prohibition-years-1920-1933 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.iowapbs.org |language=en}}</ref>

As police forces became more accustomed to chases, they began to adopt police protocol, techniques, and technologies intended to help pursuits more quickly and safely, such as the PIT maneuver in the 1980s and spike strips in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McMahon |first=Gregory R. |date=September 1, 2012 |title=Bulletin Alert Deployment of Spike Strips |url=https://leb.fbi.gov/bulletin-highlights/additional-highlights/bulletin-alert-deployment-of-spike-strips |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=leb.fbi.gov |publisher=FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN}}</ref>

Since the 2010s, as the dangers of car chases become apparent, police have tested various alternative methods of tracking fleeing suspects without continuing to pursue them such as [[StarChase]]'s [[GPS]] [[Tracking system|trackers]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=A dart-like device may help Minnesota police prevent dangerous car chases |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minnesota-police-starchase-dart-device-car-chases/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> or the Grappler [[bullbar]] with a tire-catching net.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=Grappler: What you need to know about a technology being used to end police pursuits |url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/grappler-what-you-need-to-know-about-a-technology-that-is-being-used-to-stop-police-pursuits |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=FOX 10 Phoenix |language=en-US}}</ref> Alternatively, some strategies have centered around simply not pursuing suspect vehicles and instead relying on using [[vehicle registration]] to identify the suspect and apprehend them later, though this is ineffective with stolen vehicles.

=== Media coverage ===
The earliest police chase known to be recorded on video in its entirety occurred in May 1988 in [[Berea, Ohio]], when a police officer with a [[video camera]] mounted in his cruiser recorded the pursuit of a fleeing suspect vehicle, from the initial attempts to stop the suspect's car to their eventual arrest.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.military.com/video/law-enforcement/police/first-ever-recorded-police-chase/1918271434001| title=First Ever Recorded Police Chase| date=22 October 2012}}</ref>

On January 3, 1992, a lengthy pursuit in [[Southern California]], involving a [[Volkswagen Cabriolet]] stolen by a suspected murderer, Darren Michael Stroh,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malnic |first=Eric |last2=Dizon |first2=Lily |date=1992-01-04 |title=Murder Suspect Slain After 300-Mile Pursuit |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-04-mn-1258-story.html |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> who was eventually killed by California Highway Patrol officers in a [[shootout]], became the first police chase to be broadcast live on television, airing on three channels and preempting daytime programs on the station.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Malnic |first1=Eric |last2=Lait |first2=Matt |date=1992-01-04 |title=Gunman Is Shot, Killed After Chase : Crime: The murder suspect driving a stolen car leads police on a 300-mile pursuit that ends in Westminster. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-04-mn-1295-story.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The chase was reportedly so popular that, when one station switched to a [[rerun]] of [[Matlock (1986 TV series)|''Matlock'']], several viewers called in to complain and request they continue airing the chase. This convinced stations to show further live coverage of police pursuits.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Needham |first1=John |last2=Dubin |first2=Zan |date=1992-01-04 |title=Real-Life Drama Preempts Afternoon TV Shows : Media: Viewers are riveted as L.A. stations bump soap operas and reruns to broadcast the pursuit live. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-04-mn-1296-story.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinstein |first=Steve |date=1992-03-10 |title=TV Car Chases--Pursuing News or Higher Ratings? : Television: Live coverage of pursuits is the latest trend in local news, but some critics say the coverage is not always newsworthy. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-10-ca-3524-story.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2002, 700 pursuits were reported in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2003-02-28 |title=Los Angeles urges media to curb coverage of police chases |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/27/1046064169270.html?oneclick=true |work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> In 2003, Los Angeles television station [[KCAL-TV|KCAL]] reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired.<ref>{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Kine |first=Starlee |url=http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/248/transcript |section=If It Drives, Go Live |type=Transcript |title=Like It or Not |publisher=This American Life |date=24 October 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508125649/http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/248/transcript |archive-date=2012-05-08}}</ref> That same year, the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] asked news media to reduce coverage of chases, claiming that coverage encourages suspects to flee and may potentially endanger viewers who attempt to view the chase in person.<ref>{{cite news|title=Top Cops Pan TV Car Chase Coverage|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-feb-27-me-pursuit27-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 27, 2003|first1=Jill|last1=Leovy|first2=Greg|last2=Braxton}}</ref>

[[Reality television]] has combined with the car chase genre in a number of television shows and specials such as ''[[World's Wildest Police Videos]]'', ''[[Most Shocking]]'', and ''[[Real TV]]'' which often feature real footage of car chases involving suspects fleeing police.<ref name="LA" /> In addition, videos and livestreams of car chases are popular content on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-25 |title=Column: What I learned from watching a 24-hour police pursuit channel |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-11-25/car-chase-channel-pluto-tv |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

On June 17, 1994, former [[NFL]] running back [[O. J. Simpson]] gained notoriety following national coverage of a low speed chase in his white 1993 [[Ford Bronco]] after the murder of his ex-wife [[Nicole Brown Simpson]] and [[Ron Goldman]] in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-06-17/28-years-later-the-o-j-simpson-police-chase#:~:text=On%20June%2017%2C%201994%2C%20two,at%2011%20a.m.%20that%20day | title=28 years ago today: The O.J. Simpson police chase that captivated L.A. And the nation | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=17 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/whatever-happened-to-the-infamous-1993-oj-simpson-ford-bronco-145986.html | title=Whatever Happened to the Infamous 1993 O.J. Simpson Ford Bronco? | date=13 July 2020 }}</ref>

One notable recorded police chase occurred when an [[M60 tank|M60 Patton]] [[tank]] was stolen by [[Shawn Nelson (criminal)|Shawn Nelson]] from an [[Army National Guard]] [[Arsenal|armory]], on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through [[San Diego]], [[California]], with the massive tank crushing multiple civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to mount the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not surrender.

On June 4, 2004, [[welder]] [[Marvin Heemeyer]] went on a rampage in a heavily modified [[bulldozer]] in [[Granby, Colorado]], wrecking 13 buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house owned by the town's former mayor, resulting in over $7&nbsp;million in damage. The police were initially powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect's vehicle. However, the bulldozer's engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.

On July 27, 2007 in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], [[2007 Phoenix news helicopter collision|two helicopters collided in mid air]] while filming a police pursuit. Both were [[Eurocopter AS350|AS-350 AStar]] news helicopters from the [[KNXV-TV]] and [[KTVK]] news stations.<ref>{{cite news|title=4 Dead As 2 Helicopters Tracking Police Pursuit Collide |date=2007-07-27 |url=http://www.kpho.com/news/13770683/detail.html |work=KPHO-TV |access-date=2007-07-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927030213/http://www.kpho.com/news/13770683/detail.html |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref><ref name="ntsb">[https://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2009/AAR0902.pdf Accident Report 0902] Midair Collision of Electronic News Gathering Helicopters KTVK-TV, Eurocopter AS350B2, N613TV, and U.S. Helicopters, Inc., Eurocopter AS350B2, N215TV Aircraft [[National Transportation Safety Board]]. Accessed 2009-03-09.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20090515021637/http://ntsb.gov/Publictn/2009/AAR0902.pdf Archived] 2009-05-18.</ref> All four occupants of both aircraft were killed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two helicopters crash while covering chase |date=2007-07-27 |url=http://www.azfamily.com/news/local/stories/KTVKLNews20070727_helicopter-crash.b85476c7.html |work=AZFamily.com |access-date=2007-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002344/http://www.azfamily.com/news/local/stories/KTVKLNews20070727_helicopter-crash.b85476c7.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> No one on the ground was injured.<ref name="Billeaud">{{cite web|last=Billeaud|first=Jacques|title=2 news helicopters collide, crash in Phoenix park; 4 die|url=http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/193821|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225944/http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/193821|archive-date=September 26, 2007|access-date=2007-07-28|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[Arizona Daily Star]]}}</ref>

On September 28, 2012, [[Fox News]] aired a live police chase in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a short foot chase. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the ''[[Fox Report]]''.<ref name="BBCnews">{{cite web |last1=Morgan |first1=James |title=Why America loves a police car chase |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31387485 |website=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214152036/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31387485 |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |date=February 14, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fox [[news presenter|anchorman]] [[Shepard Smith]] soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again.<ref>
{{cite news 
| url = https://www.foxnews.com/us/carjacker-kills-himself-after-high-speed-chase-in-arizona
| access-date = 2012-10-03 
| date = September 28, 2012
|title=Foxnews.com Article: Carjacker kills himself after highspeed chase in Arizona
| publisher = [[Fox News Channel]] 
 }}
</ref>

Live news coverage of police chases is widely associated with the United States and with the city of Los Angeles in particular, which is often described by journalists as "the car chase capital of the world."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2017-11-28 |title=The High-Speed Car Chases of Los Angeles |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-high-speed-car-chases-of-los-angeles |access-date=2024-02-11 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-14 |title=Why America loves a police car chase |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31387485 |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-15 |title=In a city of freeways and showbiz, live-broadcast cop chases are 'great spectacle' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/in-a-city-of-freeways-and-showbiz-live-broadcast-cop-chases-are-great-spectacle/2021/12/14/44b38882-5a0a-11ec-9a18-a506cf3aa31d_story.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McPhate |first=Mike |date=2017-04-13 |title=California Today: The Allure of the Los Angeles Car Chase |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/us/california-today-the-allure-of-the-los-angeles-car-chase.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-20 |title=Anatomy of an L.A. Police Pursuit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-09-20/anatomy-of-an-l-a-police-pursuit |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Risks and legal considerations===
[[File:36th & Aldrich Fatal Car Crash, North Minneapolis.jpg|thumb|The aftermath of a fatal collision between a suspect and another vehicle following a pursuit in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]] in 2019]]
High-speed car chases are recognized as a [[road safety]] problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit, [[pedestrian]]s or [[street furniture]] may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often violate a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that 40 people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/pr180907_rti.htm |title=IPCC publishes major study on police road traffic incidents |website=Independent Police Complaints Commission |date=18 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124022341/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/pr180907_rti.htm |archive-date=2009-01-24 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> In the United States, chase-related deaths range between 300 and 400 people per year.<ref name="npr">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/07/23/425598535/even-if-a-car-chase-will-help-police-nab-a-suspect-some-don-t |title=In Hot Pursuit Of Public Safety, Police Consider Fewer Car Chases|author=Bridgit Bowden |date=July 23, 2015 |work=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR |type=Transcript}}</ref>

The February [[2005 Macquarie Fields riots]] occurred in [[Sydney, Australia]] after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police chase in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies.

In 2007, the [[United States Supreme Court]] held in ''[[Scott v. Harris]]'' (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer's attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car chase that threatens the lives of innocent bystanders does not violate the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]], even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."

In most [[common law]] jurisdictions, the [[fireman's rule]] prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is [[California Civil Code]] Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.

Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky chases to violent felonies.<ref name="npr" /> Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such chases. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging devices like StarChase, allowing police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.

A 2023 [[United States Department of Justice]] report recommends that police should only initiate a chase only if a violent crime has been committed and the suspect poses an imminent threat to commit another violent crime due to the dangers posed by high speed pursuits. The report also recommends policies that discourage or prohibit pursuits if the suspect is riding a motorcycle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=New federal report urges police to limit unnecessary pursuits |url=https://www.wcnc.com/article/news/local/federal-report-urges-police-limit-car-chase-pursuit-seeking-solutions/275-7e9a07d6-8fc3-43f4-9784-f0466d16b72d |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=wcnc.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues===
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of multiple law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car chase that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.

The city of [[Dallas, Texas]] was the first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car chases that involved more than one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department's Planning and Research Division, under the command of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car chases crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the United States.<ref>"Dallas-area police departments establish policy on pursuits", Dallas Morning News, September 8, 1985.</ref>

In Europe, as many national borders [[Schengen Area|no longer have border stations]] within the [[Schengen Area]], car chases may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can continue the chase across the national boundary.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}

== Non-police car chases ==

Some car chases may occur between vehicles that are not involved in law enforcement. These may be conducted by rival criminals, criminals attempting to catch intended victims, [[Vigilantism|vigilantes]], or as part of [[road rage]]. They may also occur for non-criminal reasons, such as the pursuing vehicle simply attempting to catch up to another vehicle. These car chases are rare and are almost always considered illegal due to the dangers of civilian vehicles, lacking any sort of warning device or authorization, pursuing each other at high speeds.

In 2021, actor [[Terrence J]] was pursued and shot at by a vehicle in an attempted robbery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keenan |title=Terrence J Victim Of Attempted Robbery Involving Car Chase & Shots Fired |url=https://g93wmpz.com/2021/11/10/terrence-j-victim-of-attempted-robbery-involving-car-chase-shots-fired/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=G93 - WMPZ FM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Preezy |date=2021-11-11 |title=Terrence J Shot At During Attempted Robbery |url=https://www.vibe.com/news/national/terrence-j-shot-at-attempted-robbery-1234636599/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=VIBE.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2021, a carjacking victim in [[Chicago]] pursued a car thief, resulting in an eight-vehicle collision in which the stolen vehicle was destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carjacking victim chases suspects, causing fiery 8-vehicle wreck on Northwest Side, cops say |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-carjacking-fiery-crash-west-side-20211023-5bmfguks3zfyrdso5uy7ekqjke-story.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Chicago Tribune|date=23 October 2021 }}</ref>

== In other countries ==

=== Australia ===
{{Main article|Skye's Law}}
In Australia, Skye's Law is the name of a 2010 law in [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crimes Act 1900 No 40 |url=http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/inforcepdf/1900-40.pdf?id=e0d77639-842e-6bf4-cfe7-c6647ceeeee9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506101148/http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/inforcepdf/1900-40.pdf?id=e0d77639-842e-6bf4-cfe7-c6647ceeeee9 |archive-date=May 6, 2012 |website=Legislation.nsw.gov.au}}</ref> It is named after a 19-month-old girl, Skye Sassine, who was killed on 31 December 2009 when her family's car was struck by a suspected armed robber who was trying to elude police.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-15 |title=Officer 'thought he was on a race track', but not to blame for toddler Skye's death |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-15/skyes-law-inquest-police-not-to-blame-for-collision/6472490 |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> The driver was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to at least 14 years in prison.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-25 |title=Driver jailed over toddler's 'senseless' death |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-25/driver-jailed-over-toddler27s-27senseless27-death/4033462 |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> 

=== Germany ===
In Germany, police will chase suspects unless, for example, the fugitive is passing through a densely populated city center. To reduce the risk to uninvolved road users, the chase may be stopped then and the police will attempt to identify and apprehend the perpetrator via other means.

Regulations for dealing with pursuits may be standardized state by state, but in principle, proportionality and the prevention of danger to life and limb take precedence over the interest of repression of crime. German police do not record the number of chases in any official police statistics, so there is little publicly known data on actual chases. However, in 2022 alone, there were 1,164 registered chases in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=Fast 1.200 Verfolgungsjagden der NRW-Polizei im vergangenen Jahr |trans-title=Almost 1,200 chases by the NRW police last year |url=https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/landespolitik/verfolgungsjagden-nrw-polizei-100.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www1.wdr.de |language=de}}</ref> there were 167 recorded in [[Hamburg]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Verfolgungsjaden in Hamburg |trans-title=Police Pursuits in Hamburg |url=https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/dokument/73675/verfolgungsjagden_in_hamburg.pdf |access-date=March 24, 2025 |website=Bürgerschaft der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg}}</ref> Chases are frequently reported in the media.

=== United Kingdom ===
In the UK, an estimated 40 people per year die in road traffic incidents involving police, most of them following a chase.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2007 |title=IPCC publishes major study on police road traffic incidents |url=http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/pr180907_rti.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124022341/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/pr180907_rti.htm |archive-date=January 24, 2009 |website=Independent Police Complaints Commission}}</ref>

== In film and television ==
In [[film]] and [[television]], the term "car chase" refers to a chase scene involving two or more automobiles pursuing one another, which may or may not involve a police car. Feature-length films have been built entirely around car chases, often featuring high-powered [[supercar|exotic vehicles]].<ref name=LA /> They are depicted as fast moving scenes with action involving the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage.<ref name=LA />

[[Staging (theatre, film, television)|Staging]] car chase sequences often requires numerous takes and destruction of several vehicles (whether intentional or mishap). Therefore, it is common to use older vehicles that are 1–2 generations behind the current models on the market, since these can be second-hand acquisitions at low cost due to [[depreciation]]. Often for rare models such as the [[Nissan Skyline GT-R#Fifth generation (1999–2002)|Nissan Skyline GT-R (R34)]] in ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious (2009)]]'', the more common [[Nissan Skyline#Tenth generation (R34; 1998)|Nissan Skyline 25GT's (R34)]] were acquired and modified to look like the GT-R (R34), while in another case a dune buggy was fitted with a  GT-R (R34) shell.<ref>https://www.topspeed.com/the-story-behind-paul-walkers-r34-nissan-skyline-gt-r/</ref><ref>https://www.hotcars.com/paul-walker-nissan-r34-skyline-gt-r-fast-and-furious/</ref>

There are some exceptions wherein a high-profile vehicle is used, such as the ''[[James Bond]]'' and [[Transporter (franchise)|''Transporter'']] franchises, usually because the vehicles used are "star cars" (i.e. used by the film's protagonists and featured prominently).<ref>{{cite web |author=Audi of America |date=14 November 2012 |title=Though Bond Still Drives an Aston, 'SkyFall' Includes Audi Cameos |url=http://fourtitude.com/news/Audi_News_1/though-bond-still-drives-an-aston-skyfall-includes-audi-a5/ |website=Fourtitude |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194739/http://fourtitude.com/news/Audi_News_1/though-bond-still-drives-an-aston-skyfall-includes-audi-a5/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vehicle manufacturers may also pay for [[product placement]] in a film production, such as serving as technical advisors and/or donating the vehicles to be used in filming.

=== History ===
Although car chases on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself — one of the earliest examples being ''[[Runaway Match]]'' directed by [[Alf Collins]] in 1903<ref>{{IMDb name|id=nm0172118|name=Alf Collins}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boingboing.net/2018/01/11/watch-the-first-car-chase-scen.html|title=Watch the first car chase scene in a movie|author=David Pescovitz|date=2018-01-11|publisher=Boing Boing}}</ref> — the consensus among historians and film critics is that the first modern car chase movie was 1968's ''[[Bullitt]]''.<ref>John Alfred Heitmann, ''The Automobile And American Life'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2009), 182–183.</ref><ref>Jesse Crosse, ''The Greatest Movie Car Chases of All Time'' (St. Paul: MBI Publishing, 2006), 16.</ref><ref>[[Todd Gitlin]], ''Media Unlimited: How The Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives'' (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002), 90.</ref><ref>William Krause, ''Hollywood TV and Movie Cars'' (St. Paul: MBI Publishing, 2001), 39.</ref> The 10-minute-long chase scene in ''Bullitt'' was far longer and far faster than what had gone before, and placed cameras to give perspectives from inside the cars. Previously, car chase scenes were often staged using the [[Rear projection|rear projection effect]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTbkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|title=B Is for Bad Cinema: Aesthetics, Politics, and Cultural Value|editor1-first=Claire|editor1-last=Perkins|editor2-first=Constantine|editor2-last=Verevis|year=2014|publisher=SUNY Press|page=69|isbn=9781438449975}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTJnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|title=Hollywood in San Francisco: Location Shooting and the Aesthetics of Urban Decline|author=Joshua Gleich|year=2018|publisher=University of Texas Press|page=84|isbn=9781477317556}}</ref>

===Computer-generated imagery===
The use of [[computer-generated imagery]] for car chases has become popular since the 2000s and, although costly, eliminates any danger to the actors and removes the necessity of damaging or destroying functional vehicles, particularly those that are rare, expensive, valuable, or not allowed to be damaged in production (such as if the car is product placement).

However, some critics claim that CGI eliminates the [[Realism (arts)|realism]] of chase scenes or, when done poorly or too obviously, can be visually jarring and [[uncanny]]. Such criticism has affected recent Hollywood productions; ''[[Driven (2001 film)|Driven]]'', for example, was panned for its heavy use of CGI in chase scenes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Driven (2001) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1107198-driven/ |access-date=17 February 2016 |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=27 April 2001 |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}</ref> As such, some films like ''[[Ronin (film)|Ronin]]'', ''[[The Bourne Supremacy (film)|The Bourne Supremacy]]'', ''[[The Kingdom (2007 film)|The Kingdom]]'', ''[[The Dark Knight]]'', and ''[[Need For Speed (film)|Need For Speed]]'', used live-action chases with minimal use of CGI, if at all. ''[[Furious 7]]'' used CGI for "only 10%" of its action sequences, mostly to erase production artifacts such as wires or add backgrounds, as stunt coordinator Spiro Razatos wanted to rely more on real stunts rather than CGI because he wanted the whole sequence to "feel real" and fulfill audience's expectations so only 10 percent of the action sequences in the film were computer-generated, and even then, much of the CGI was employed simply to erase the wires and other contraptions that were used to film real cars and drivers or to add a background.<ref name="BI">{{cite web |last=Guerrasio |first=Jason |date=April 3, 2015 |title=How 'Furious 7' dropped real cars from planes in its most ridiculous stunt yet |url=http://www.businessinsider.in/How-Furious-7-dropped-real-cars-from-planes-in-its-most-ridiculous-stunt-yet/articleshow/46790017.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403163933/http://www.businessinsider.in/How-Furious-7-dropped-real-cars-from-planes-in-its-most-ridiculous-stunt-yet/articleshow/46790017.cms |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2015 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref name="OCR">{{cite news |last=Carpenter |first=Susan |title=Reel deal steel |newspaper=[[Orange County Register]] |url=http://m.ocregister.com/articles/car-656462-cars-furious.html |access-date=April 10, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

=== Notable examples ===
* The ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' franchise of films and television series features numerous car chases between various parties, including but not limited to police and criminal organizations.
* ''[[Gone in 60 Seconds (1974 film)|Gone in 60 Seconds]]'' (1974) features a 40-minute car chase scene with multiple crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne jump over crashed cars that block a road.
* Films such as [[The Blues Brothers (film)|''The Blues Brothers'']], ''[[The Keystone Cops]]'', [[W. C. Fields]]'s comedies, ''[[The Three Stooges]]'', ''[[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]'', ''[[The Shaggy Dog (1959 film)|The Shaggy Dog]]'', ''[[The Gumball Rally]]'', ''[[No Deposit, No Return]]'', ''[[Freaky Friday (1976 film)|Freaky Friday]]'', ''[[The Gnome Mobile]]'', ''[[The Million Dollar Duck]]'', ''[[What's Up, Doc? (1972 film)|What's Up, Doc?]]'', and ''[[Short Time]]'' feature car chases that are used for comedic purposes.
* ''[[To Live and Die in L.A. (film)|To Live and Die in L.A.]]'' and ''[[Ronin (film)|Ronin]]''<ref name="LA" /> include scenes of cars going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested [[freeway]] [[traffic]].
* ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' depicts a car chase with characters moving from one vehicle to another and fighting atop moving vehicles.
* A number of television series have been built around the popularity of car chases, such as ''[[CHiPs]]'', ''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]'', ''[[Knight Rider (1982 TV series)|Knight Rider]]'', ''[[Airwolf]]'', and ''[[Chase (2010 TV series)|Chase]]''. Some [[reality television]] series, especially those following law enforcement, have also depicted car chases over the course of following police activities, such as ''[[Cops (TV program)|Cops]]'', ''[[World's Wildest Police Videos]]'', and ''[[Live PD]]''.

== In video games ==
Many [[video game]]s, often within the [[open world]] and [[Racing video game|racing]] genres, tend to contain, if not focus on, car chases of some sort, usually involving police. Many of these chases are often heavily stylized, with police often ramming or even shooting suspect vehicles, or deploying dedicated "pursuit units" in [[performance car]]s.

=== Notable examples ===
*Early examples included [[Bally Midway]]'s ''[[Spy Hunter]]'' (1983), featuring a [[James Bond]]-style weaponized vehicle;<ref>{{cite magazine|title =Revival of the Fittest |date =April 1998 |url =https://archive.org/details/edgeuk057/page/n63/mode/2up |magazine =[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |publisher =[[Future Publishing]]|issue = 57|page =73|issn=1350-1593}}</ref> and [[Atari Games]]' ''[[APB (1987 video game)|APB]]'' (1987), where the player controlled a police car.
*''[[Chase H.Q.]]'' (1988) and its sequels have the player assume the role of a police officer who must stop fleeing criminals in high-speed pursuits.<ref>{{cite magazine|title =Arcade Action |date =November 1988 |url =https://archive.org/details/cvg-magazine-085/page/n139/mode/2up |magazine =[[Computer and Video Games|Computer + Video Games]] |publisher =[[EMAP]]|issue =85 |page =140|issn=0261-3697}}</ref>
*The ''[[Need for Speed]]'' series is notable for its depiction of police pursuits, usually involving high-performance cars driven by both criminals and police.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Dre |title='Hot Pursuit Remastered' Goes Back to the Purest Essence of Need for Speed |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/need-for-speed-hot-pursuit-remastered-review/ |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |publisher=[[Vice Media]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113034403/https://www.vice.com/en/article/akdg9b/need-for-speed-hot-pursuit-remastered-review |archive-date=November 13, 2020 |date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LA>{{cite magazine|title =If It Speeds, It Leads |date =February 2003 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yV0EAAAAMBAJ&q=need+for+speed+car+chase&pg=PA51 |magazine =[[Los Angeles (magazine)|Los Angeles]] |publisher =Hour Media Group |last =Melton |first =Mary|pages =50–53, 152–153|issn=1522-9149}}</ref>
*The ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' series is especially famous for its depiction of car chases in both missions and its open world, with reckless pursuits by both criminals and police being possible in every game in the series.<ref name=LA /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bland |first1=Archie |title=The power of Grand Theft Auto - the greatest gaming franchise ever |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/gaming/power-grand-theft-auto-greatest-gaming-franchise-ever-8810320.html |website=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Ltd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326193955/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/gaming/power-grand-theft-auto-greatest-gaming-franchise-ever-8810320.html |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |date=September 16, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stuart |first1=Keith |title=Five reasons why Grand Theft Auto V has sold 45m copies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/04/five-reasons-why-grand-theft-auto-v-has-sold-45m-copies |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418231835/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/04/five-reasons-why-grand-theft-auto-v-has-sold-45m-copies |archive-date=April 18, 2015 |date=February 4, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[L.A. Noire]]'' (2011) features police pursuits in several of its cases and missions, though unlike ''Grand Theft Auto'', the player takes the role of the police.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yin-Poole |first1=Wesley |title=L.A. Forensic: Brendan McNamara on L.A. Noire |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-11-15-l-a-forensic-brendan-mcnamara-on-l-a-noire-interview |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118004047/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-11-15-l-a-forensic-brendan-mcnamara-on-l-a-noire-interview |archive-date=November 18, 2011 |date=November 15, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Laughlin |first1=Andrew |title=Hands On: 'L.A. Noire' |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/videogames/previews/a312543/hands-on-la-noire/ |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=[[Hearst Magazines UK]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326194642/https://www.digitalspy.com/videogames/previews/a312543/hands-on-la-noire/ |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |date=April 4, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Commandeering]]
*[[Traffic stop]]
*[[Carjacking]]
*[[Motor vehicle theft]]
*[[Street racing]]
*[[Road rage]]
*[[Skye's Law]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111231094753/http://www.pursuitsafety.org/mediakit/statistics.html Statistics and Facts]
* [http://www.policeone.com/chiefs-sheriffs/articles/1800003-Analysis-of-the-IACP-report-Police-Pursuits-in-an-Age-of-Innovation-and-Reform/ IACP Police Chase report]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Car Chase}}
[[Category:Chase films| ]]
[[Category:Film and video terminology]]
[[Category:Traffic law]]
[[Category:Crimes]]
[[Category:Hazardous motor vehicle activities|Chase]]