Editing Carantanians

{{Short description|Slavic people of the Early Middle Ages}}
{{No footnotes|date=April 2009}}
[[File:Knežji Kamen.jpg|thumb|Carantanian Prince sitting on the Prince's Stone]]
'''Carantanians''' ({{langx|la|Quarantani}}, {{langx|sl|Karantanci}}) were a [[Slavs|Slavic]] people of the [[Early Middle Ages]] (Latin: {{lang|la|Sclavi qui dicuntur Quarantani}}, or "Slavs called Carantanians"), living in the principality of [[Carantania]], later known as [[Carinthia]], which covered present-day southern [[Austria]] and parts of [[Slovenia]]. They are considered ancestors of modern [[Slovenes]], particularly [[Carinthian Slovenes]].

In the [[High Middle Ages]], the term Carantanians and Carinthians were used interchangeably and denoted both the inhabitants of the bilingual Slavic-German [[Duchy of Carinthia]], as well as [[South Slavs]] living within the borders of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (that is, the ancestors of present-day Slovenes and [[Istria]]n [[Croats]]).<ref>[[Milko Kos]], Zgodovina Slovencev, Vol I (Ljubljana, 1933): 171-72.</ref>

== Historical background ==
{{see also|Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps}}
[[File:Steink02hq.jpg|thumb|Location of the Prince's Stone near Karnburg]]
After the disintegration of [[Samo]]'s realm, Alpine Slavs established the Principality of [[Carantania]] in the [[Eastern Alps]], which was independent from around 660 to around 745, when it fell under the Bavarian zone of influence and was later incorporated in the [[Frankish Empire]]. The formation of the principality and a period of peace made possible the emergence in the 8th century of so-called Carantanian culture.{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=386–388}} Until around 820, it was ruled as a semi-independent tribal polity. After the anti-Frankish rebellion of [[Ljudevit Posavski]], which was partially supported by Carantanians, the Carantanian principality was transformed into a Frankish [[March (territory)|march]], and later emerged as the feudal [[Duchy of Carinthia]]. In the 10th century the Carantanians were significantly influenced by the [[Bijelo Brdo culture]] of the [[Pannonian Slavs]].{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=389}}

Carantanians were the first [[Slavs|Slavic]] people to accept [[Christianity]] from the West. They were mostly Christianized by [[Irish people|Irish]] missionaries sent by the [[Archdiocese of Salzburg]], among them [[Modestus (Apostle of Carantania)|Modestus]], known as the "Apostle of Carantanians". This process was later described in the memorandum known as the ''[[Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum]]'',{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=390}} which is thought to have over-emphasized the role of the Church of Salzburg in the Christianization process over similar efforts of the [[Patriarchate of Aquileia (Episcopal)|Patriarchate of Aquileia]]. Several rebellions of the Carantanians against the Christianisations occurred in the late 8th century, which later served as the source of inspiration of the Slovenian Romantic poet [[France Prešeren]] in his [[epic poetry|epic]]-[[lyric poetry|lyric]] poem ''[[The Baptism on the Savica]]''. They were also mentioned in ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' from the 12th century, which alongside other historical sources and archaeological culture, indicates there were perceived as a well-formed Slavic ethnic group.{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=390}} However, with the loss of their independence, their name by the end of the 9th century lost ethnic meaning in favor of the territorial community.{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=391}} Part of them became [[Germanisation|Germanized]] and [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanized]], while the remaining descendants who preserved their Slavic identity and language are known today as [[Slovenes]].{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=391}}

== Language ==
[[File:Freising manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|225px|The [[Freising Manuscripts]], dated from the 11th century, were most probably written in Carinthia and compiled in the local Alpine Slavic dialect.]]

Little is known of the language of the Carantanians, but it can be supposed that it was still very close to [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]]. Slovenian linguists have sometimes provisionally called it "Alpine Slavic" (''alpska slovanščina''). The Pre-Slavic [[toponym]]s, adopted and [[Slavicisation|Slavicized]] by the Carantanians, as well as Bavarian records of Alpine Slavic names both help to shed light on the characteristics of the Alpine Slavic language. They were more connected to the [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] tribes than the [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] tribes according to their preserved characteristics from Proto-Slavic.<ref name="Šavli1985">{{cite book|author=Jožef Šavli|title=Veneti, naši davni predniki?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHYYAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Ivan Tomažić|page=125}}</ref>

From the 8th century onwards the Alpine Slavic language underwent a series of gradual changes and innovations characteristic of [[South Slavic languages]]. By roughly the 13th century, [[Slovene language|Slovene]] emerged from these innovations.<ref>[[Tine Logar]], "Pregled zgodovine slovenskega jezika" (An Outline of the History of Slovene). In: ''Slovenski jezik, literatura in kultura''. Ed.: Matjaž Kmecl et al. Ljubljana: Seminar slovenskega jezika, literature in kulture pri Oddelku za slovanske jezike in književnosti Filozofske fakultete Univerze, 1974, p. [103]-113.</ref>

The [[Freising Manuscripts]], dating from the 10th century, which most surely originate from the region inhabited by the Carantanians, are considered to be the oldest documents in any [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]] written in [[Latin alphabet]]. While still retaining many Proto-Slavic features, the language of the Freising manuscripts already exhibits certain developments characteristic of early Slovene. These texts are considered to be written in a transitional language between Alpine Slavic and modern Slovene.

== Traditions and social organization ==
{{See also|Prince's Stone}}

Not much is known about the social and political organization of the Carantanians. Most probably, they were organized in communal entities known as ''župas''. A distinct social stratus known as ''kosezes'' (''Kasazes'' in Latin, in German ''Edlinger'', noble people), which were present also in other parts of the [[Slovene Lands]] until the [[High Middle Ages]], is thought of having derived from the private army of the Carantanian prince. Medieval documents mention that the people freely elected their leader, but it remains unclear what social category the Medieval Latin name ''populus'' exactly referred to.

A plaque in [[Cleveland]] recognizes that this ritual may have influenced the [[American Revolution]]. [[Thomas Jefferson]] had initialed a page in his copy of [[Jean Bodin]]’s “Republic” describing the unique process of Carantanian commoners having the power of choosing their leader, resembling modern democratic values.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slovenians, Thomas Jefferson, and the Declaration of Independence |url=https://readtheplaque.com/plaque/slovenians-thomas-jefferson-and-the-declaration-of-independence |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Read the Plaque}}</ref>

Several traditions, typical of the Carantanians, survived until the end of the Middle Ages, most notably the [[Carantania#The Ducal Inauguration|installation of the dukes of Carinthia]], which was carried out until 1414.

==Rulers==
{{refimprove section|date=May 2015}}
*[[Valuk (duke)|Valuk]] ({{circa}} 630)
*[[Boruth]] ({{circa}} 740–750){{sfn|Curta|1997|p=160}}
*Cacatius/Gorazd ({{circa}} 750–752){{sfn|Curta|1997|p=160}}
*Cheitmar/Hotimir ({{floruit}} 752–769){{sfn|Curta|1997|p=160}}
*Waltunc/Waltunk ({{floruit}} 772–788){{sfn|Curta|1997|p=160}}
*Priwizlauga/Pribislav ({{floruit}} 788–799){{sfn|Curta|1997|p=160}}
*Semik (early 9th century)
*Stojmir (early 9th century)
*Etgar (early 9th century–{{circa}} 820s)

Others;
*[[Domitian of Carantania]] (uncertain; d. 802)

== See also ==
*[[Duke's Chair]]
*[[Black panther (symbol)]]
*[[Zollfeld]]
*[[Maria Saal]]
*[[List of medieval Slavic tribes]]

==References==
<references /><!--added under references heading by script-assisted edit-->
* [[Bogo Grafenauer]], ''Ustoličevanje koroških vojvod in država karantanskih Slovencev'' / ''Die Kärntner Herzogseinsetzung und der Staat der Karantanerslawen'', Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti (Academia scientiarum et artium Slovenica, Classis I: Historia et sociologia), Ljubljana 1952
* Bogo Grafenauer, ''Zgodovina slovenskega naroda. Zv. 1'', Od naselitve do uveljavljenja frankovskega reda (z uvodnim pregledom zgodovine slovenskega ozemlja do naselitve alpskih Slovanov), Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana 1978
* Bogo Grafenauer (ed. Peter Štih), ''Karantanija: izbrane razprave in članki'', Slovenska matica, Ljubljana 2000
* {{Cite journal |last=Curta |first=Florin |date=1997 |title=Slavs in Fredegar and Paul the Deacon: medieval gens or 'scourge of God'? |url=https://arheo.ffzg.unizg.hr/ska/tekstovi/fredegar_paul.pdf |journal=Early Medieval Europe |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=141–167 |doi=10.1111/1468-0254.00009 |s2cid=162269231}}
* [[Hans-Dietrich Kahl]], ''Der Staat der Karantanen - Fakten, Thesen und Fragen zu einer frühen slawischen Machtbildung im Ostalpenraum (7.-9. Jh.)'' / ''Država Karantancev - dejstva, teze in vprašanja o zgodnji slovanski državni tvorbi v vzhodnoalpskem prostoru (7.-9. stol.)'', Narodni muzej Slovenije (Situla: Dissertationes Musei nationalis Sloveniae) and Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Ljubljana 2002
* Paola Korošec, ''Alpski Slovani / Die Alpenslawen'', Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete, Ljubljana 1990
* {{Cite book |first=Valentin Vasilyevich |last=Sedov |year=2013 |orig-year=1995 |title=Славяне в раннем Средневековье |trans-title=Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages) |chapter=Alpski Slaveni |trans-chapter=Alpine Slavs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HD4oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Akademska knjiga |location=Novi Sad |isbn=978-86-6263-026-1 |pages=382–393}}
* Katja Škrubej, ''"Ritus gentis" Slovanov v vzhodnih Alpah'', ZRC 2002 (with English Summary)
* [[Peter Štih]], [[Vasko Simoniti]], ''Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva'', Mohorjeva družba v Celovcu, Ljubljana 1995
{{Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)}}

[[Category:Carantanians| ]]
[[Category:Carantania| ]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Austria]]
[[Category:South Slavic tribes]]
[[Category:West Slavic tribes]]