Editing Carcharhiniformes

{{Short description|Order of sharks}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Ground sharks
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Bathonian|present}}
| image = Carcharhinus isodon.jpg
| image_caption = A [[finetooth shark]], ''Carcharhinus isodon''
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Carcharhiniformes
| authority = [[Leonard Compagno|Compagno]], 1977
}}
[[File:Carcharhinus acronotus nefsc.jpg|thumb|253px|Ground sharks, like this [[blacknose shark]], have a [[nictitating membrane]] which can be drawn over the eye to protect it.]]

'''Carcharhiniformes''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑr|k|@|'|r|ai|n|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}} from [[Classical Greek]] ''{{lang|grc|καρχαρός}}'' (karcharos) 'sharp/jagged' and ''{{lang|grc|ῥινός}}'' (rhinos) 'nose', plus [[Latin]] ''forme'' 'shape'), commonly known as ground sharks, are the largest order of [[shark]]s, with over 270 species. They include a number of common types, such as [[Scyliorhinidae|catshark]]s, [[swellshark]]s, and [[Requiem shark|requiem sharks]].

Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a [[nictitating membrane]] over the eye, two [[dorsal fin]]s, an [[anal fin]], and five [[gill]] slits.

The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recent [[DNA]] studies show that some of the conventional groups are not [[monophyletic]].

The oldest members of the order appeared during the Middle-Late [[Jurassic]], which have teeth and body forms that are morphologically similar to living [[Scyliorhinidae|catshark]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Stumpf |first1=Sebastian |last2=Scheer |first2=Udo |last3=Kriwet |first3=Jürgen |date=2019-03-04 |title=A new genus and species of extinct ground shark, †Diprosopovenator hilperti, gen. et sp. nov. (Carcharhiniformes, †Pseudoscyliorhinidae, fam. nov.), from the Upper Cretaceous of Germany |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=e1593185 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1593185 |bibcode=2019JVPal..39E3185S |issn=0272-4634 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155785248|url=https://uscholar.univie.ac.at/detail/o:1049553.pdf }}</ref> Carchariniformes first underwent major diversification during the [[Late Cretaceous]], initially as mostly small-sized forms, before radiating into medium and large body sizes during the [[Cenozoic]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Condamine |first1=Fabien L. |last2=Romieu |first2=Jules |last3=Guinot |first3=Guillaume |date=2019-10-08 |title=Climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=41 |pages=20584–20590 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1902693116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6789557 |pmid=31548392 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11620584C |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brée |first1=Baptiste |last2=Condamine |first2=Fabien L. |last3=Guinot |first3=Guillaume |date=2022-12-19 |title=Combining palaeontological and neontological data shows a delayed diversification burst of carcharhiniform sharks likely mediated by environmental change |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=21906 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-26010-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9763247 |pmid=36535995|bibcode=2022NatSR..1221906B }}</ref>

==Families==
[[Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes]] classifies the Carcharhiniformes into two suborders and nine families:<ref name = EcoF>{{cite web |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification/ |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification |access-date=24 October 2024 |work=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref>
*Suborder [[Scyliorhinoidei]]
**Family [[Scyliorhinidae]] <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1862</small> (catsharks)
*Suborder [[Carcharhinoidei]]
**Family [[Atelomycteridae]] <small>[[Edith Grace White|E. G. White]], 1936</small> (coloured catsharks)
**Family [[Pentanchidae]] <small>[[Hugh McCormick Smith|Smith]], 1912</small> (deepwater catsharks)
**Family [[Dichichthyidae]] <small>[[William Toby White|W. T. White]], [[Andrew L. Stewart|Stewart]], [[Helen L. O'Neill|Reuben 
O'Neill]] & [[Gavin J. P. Naylor|Naylor]], 2024</small> (bristle sharks)
**Family [[Pseudotriakidae]] <small>Gill, 1893</small> (false catsharks)
**Family [[Proscylliidae]] <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1941</small> (finback catsharks)
**Family [[Leptochariidae]] <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1851</small> (barbeled houndsharks)
**Family [[Triakidae]] <small>Gray, 1851</small> (houndsharks)
***Subfamily [[Triakinae]] <small>Gray, 1851</small> (smouth-hounds)
***Subfamily [[Galeorhininae]] <small>Gill, 1862</small> (school sharks)
**Family [[Hemigaleidae]] <small>[[Carl Hasse (anatomist)|J.C.F. Hasse]], 1878</small> (weasel sharks)
**Family [[Carcharhinidae]] <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]], 1896</small> (requiem sharks)
**Family [[Galeocerdonidae]] <small>[[Felipe Poey|Poey]], 1875</small> (tiger sharks)
**Family [[Sphyrnidae]] <small>[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1840</small> (hammerhead sharks)

=== Fossil genera ===
The following fossil genera of Carcharhiniformes are also known:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extinct - valid species {{!}} Species {{!}} Shark-References |url=https://shark-references.com/species/listValidFossil/A |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=shark-references.com}}</ref>

* Genus †''[[Altusmirus]]'' <small>Fuchs, Engelbrecht, Lukeneder & Kriwet, 2017</small>
* Genus †''[[Corysodon]]'' <small>Saint-Seine, 1949</small>
* Genus †''[[Platyrhizodon]]'' <small>Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013</small>
* Genus †''[[Vectiscyllium]]'' <small>Duffin & Batchelor, 2024</small>
* Family [[Requiem shark|Carcharhinidae]]
** Genus †''[[Abdounia]]'' <small>Cappetta, 1980</small>
** Genus †''[[Archaeogaleus]]'' <small>Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014</small>
** Genus †''[[Danogaleus]]'' <small>Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997</small>
** Genus †''[[Eogaleus]]'' <small>Cappetta, 1975</small>
** Genus †''[[Eorhincodon]]'' <small>Li, 1997</small>
** Genus †''[[Fornicatus]]'' <small>Fuchs, Engelbrecht, Lukeneder & Kriwet, 2018</small>
** Genus †''[[Kruckowlamna]]'' <small>Laurito Mora, 1999</small>
** Genus †''[[Misrichthys]]'' <small>Case & Cappetta, 1990</small>
** Genus †''[[Pseudabdounia]]'' <small>Ebersole, Cicimurri & Stringer, 2019</small>
* Family †[[Florenceodontidae]] <small>Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019</small>
** Genus †''[[Florenceodon]]'' <small>Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019</small>
* Family [[Hemigaleidae]]
** Genus †''[[Moerigaleus]]'' <small>Underwood & Ward, 2011</small>
* Family [[Galeocerdo|Galeocerdonidae]]
** Genus †''[[Physogaleus]]'' <small>Cappetta, 1980</small>
* Family †[[Pseudoscylio|Pseudoscyliorhinidae]] <small>Stumpf, Scheer & Kriwet, 2019</small>
** Genus †''[[Diprosopovenator]]'' <small>Stumpf, Scheer & Kriwet, 2019</small>
** Genus †''[[Pseudoscyliorhinus]]'' <small>Müller & Diedrich, 1991</small>
* Family [[Pentanchidae]]
** Genus †''[[Pseudoapristurus]]'' <small>Pollerspöck & Straube, 2017</small>
* Family [[Proscylliidae|Proscyllidae]]
** Genus †''[[Praeproscyllium]]'' <small>Underwood & Ward, 2004</small>
* Family [[Scyliorhinidae]]
** Genus †''[[Bavariscyllium]]'' <small>Thies, 2005</small>
** Genus †''[[Cadiera]]'' <small>Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014</small>
** Genus †''[[Casieria]]'' <small>Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997</small>
** Genus †''[[Crassescyliorhinus]]'' <small>Underwood & Ward, 2008</small>
** Genus †''[[Cretascyliorhinus]]'' <small>Underwood & Mitchell, 1999</small>
** Genus †''[[Foumtizia]]'' <small>Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997</small>
** Genus †''[[Megascyliorhinus]]'' <small>Cappetta & Ward, 1977</small>
** Genus †''[[Microscyliorhinus]]'' <small>Case, 1994</small>
** Genus †''[[Orthodon (genus)|Orthodon]]'' <small>Coquand, 1860</small>
** Genus †''[[Pachyscyllium]]'' <small>Reinecke, Moths, Grant & Breitkreuz, 2005</small>
** Genus †''[[Palaeoscyllium]]'' <small>Wagner, 1857</small>
** Genus †''[[Platyrhizoscyllium]]'' <small>Adnet, 2006</small>
** Genus †''[[Porodermoides]]'' <small>Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997</small>
** Genus †''[[Premontreia]]'' <small>Cappetta, 1992</small>
** Genus †''[[Prohaploblepharus]]'' <small>Underwood & Ward, 2008</small>
** Genus †''[[Protoscyliorhinus]]'' <small>Herman, 1977</small>
** Genus †''[[Pteroscyllium]]'' <small>Cappetta, 1980</small>
** Genus †''[[Scyliorhinotheca]]'' <small>Kiel, Peckmann & Simon, 2013</small>
** Genus †''[[Sigmoscyllium]]'' <small>Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013</small>
** Genus †''[[Stenoscyllium]]'' <small>Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997</small>
** Genus †''[[Thiesus]]'' <small>Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014</small>
** Genus †''[[Tingaleus]]'' <small>Cappetta, 1993</small>
* Family [[Houndshark|Triakidae]]
** Genus †''[[Archaeotriakis]]'' <small>Case, 1978</small>
** Genus †''[[Gomphogaleus]]'' <small>Adnet & Cappetta, 2008</small>
** Genus †''[[Kallodentis]]'' <small>Engelbrecht, Mörs, Reguero & Kriwet, 2017</small>
** Genus †''[[Khouribgaleus]]'' <small>Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997</small>
** Genus †''[[Meridiogaleus]]'' <small>Engelbrecht, Mörs, Reguero & Kriwet, 2017</small>
** Genus †''[[Pachygaleus]]'' <small>Cappetta, 1992</small>
** Genus †''[[Palaeogaleus]]'' <small>Gurr, 1962</small>
** Genus †''[[Palaeotriakis]]'' <small>Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013</small>
** Genus †''[[Rhaibodus]]'' <small>Böhm, 1926</small>
** Genus †''[[Squatigaleus]]'' <small>Cappetta, 1989</small>
** Genus †''[[Xystrogaleus]]'' <small>Adnet, 2006</small>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==Further reading==
* Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013) [http://www.fishbase.org/identification/familieslist.php?ordnum=8&areacode=&classnum=4&c_code= Fish Identification: Ground sharks] in [[FishBase]]. March 2013 version.
* {{cite journal
 |last=Sepkoski 
 |first=Jack 
 |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera 
 |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology 
 |volume=364 
 |page=560 
 |year=2002 
 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class 
 |access-date=2011-05-17 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510170834/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class 
 |archive-date=2012-05-10 
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/carcharhiniformes.htm Order Carcharhiniformes]

{{Chondrichthyes}}
{{Carcharhiniformes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q48178}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carcharhiniformes| ]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:Cartilaginous fish orders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Leonard Compagno]]
[[Category:Extant Albian first appearances]]