Editing Cardoon

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{redirect|Cardoni|the surname|Cardoni (surname)}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Cardoon
|image = Costa Vicentina 4.jpg
|image_caption = Plants in bloom, [[Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina Natural Park]], Portugal
|taxon = Cynara cardunculus
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms =
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Carduus cardunculus'' <small>(L.) Baill.</small>
*''Carduus cynara'' <small>E.H.L.Krause</small>
*''Carduus scolymus'' <small>Baill.</small>
*''Cnicus communis'' <small>Lam.</small>
*''Cynara communis'' <small>Lam.</small>
*''Cynara corsica'' <small>Viv.</small>
*''Cynara esculenta'' <small>Salisb.</small>
*''Cynara ferox'' <small>Ten. ex Steud.</small>
*''Cynara horrida'' <small>Aiton</small>
*''Cynara hortensis'' <small>Mill.</small>
*''Cynara spinosissima'' <small>J.Presl & C.Presl</small>
*''Cynara sylvestris'' <small>Lam.</small>
    }}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=cynara+cardunculus
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref>
}}

The '''cardoon''' ('''''Cynara cardunculus''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|ər|ə|_|k|ɑːr|ˈ|d|ʌ|n|k|j|ʊ|l|ə|s}}),<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Cynara}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/botanary/go/1155/ |title=Botanary: cardunculus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Dave's Garden |publisher= |access-date=December 19, 2022 |quote=}}</ref> also called the '''artichoke thistle''', is a [[thistle]] in the family [[Asteraceae]]. It is a naturally occurring species that also has many [[cultivar|cultivated forms]], including the [[artichoke|globe artichoke]]. It is [[native plant|native]] to the [[Mediterranean]] region,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |last2=Smith |first2=K. Annabelle |title=What the Heck Do I Do With a Cardoon? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/what-heck-do-i-do-cardoon-180950301/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> where it was domesticated in ancient times and still occurs as a wild plant.

==Description==
The wild cardoon is a stout [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] growing {{convert|0.8|to|1.5|m|in|abbr=on}} tall, with deeply lobed and heavily spined green to grey-green [[tomentose]] (hairy or downy) leaves up to {{convert|50|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, with yellow spines up to 3.5&nbsp;cm long. The flowers are violet-purple, produced in a large, [[globose]], massively spined [[head (botany)|capitulum]] up to {{convert|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name=Sonnante>{{cite journal |last1=Sonnante |first1=G. |last2=Pignone |first2=D. |last3=Hammer |first3=K. |title=The Domestication of Artichoke and Cardoon: From Roman Times to the Genomic Age |journal=Annals of Botany |date=2007 |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=1095–1100 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcm127|pmid=17611191 |pmc=2759203 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.my-malta.com//interesting/MalteseFlora02.html |title=Malta's Native Flora |access-date=2011-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512190610/http://www.my-malta.com/interesting/MalteseFlora02.html |archive-date=2009-05-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Tela>[http://www.tela-botanica.org/eflore/BDNFF/4.02/nn/20526/export/pdf Tela Botanica: ''Cynara cardunculus'' L.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329060927/http://www.tela-botanica.org/eflore/BDNFF/4.02/nn/20526/export/pdf |date=March 29, 2012 }} (in French)</ref><ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref>

It is adapted to dry climates, native across a circum-[[Mediterranea]] area from [[Morocco]] and [[Portugal]] east to [[Libya]] and [[Greece]] and north to  [[Croatia]] and Southern [[France]];<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=cynara+cardunculus Altervista Flora Italiana, Carciofo selvatico, Cardoon, ''Cynara cardunculus'' L.] includes p hotos and European distribution map</ref> it may also be native on [[Cyprus]], the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Madeira]].<ref>Euro+Med PlantBase [http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetailOccurrence.asp?NameId=134075&PTRefFk=7000000 ''Cynara cardunculus'']</ref> In [[France]], the frost-tender cardoon only occurs wild in the [[Mediterranean]] south ([[Gard]], [[Hérault]], [[Aude]], [[Pyrénées-Orientales]], [[Corsica]]).<ref name=Tela/> It has become an [[invasive species|invasive weed]] in the [[pampas]] of [[Argentina]],<ref name=rhs/> and is also considered a weed in [[Australia]] and [[California]].<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200023811 Flora of North America Cardoon, artichoke, artichoke thistle, ''Cynara scolymus'' L.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:552166|title=Cynara cardunculus : Artichoke Thistle – Atlas of Living Australia|author=Atlas of Living Australia|work=ala.org.au}}</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Cynara%20cardunculus.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref><ref>[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Cynara+cardunculus Calflora taxon report, University of California, ''Cynara cardunculus'' L., artichoke thistle, cardoon ]</ref>

The "giant thistle of the Pampas" reported by [[Charles Darwin]] has been identified as cardoon.<ref>[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=156&itemID=F1598&viewtype=side Letter 46, Darwin Online]</ref>

==Cultivation==
[[File:Cynara cardunculus - Royal Botanical Garden, Madrid.JPG|right|thumb|Cultivated cardoon foliage, Madrid Royal Botanical Garden, without leaf spines.]]
The two main [[cultivar group]]s are the cardoon (''Cynara cardunculus'' Cardoon Group, syn. ''C. cardunculus'' var. ''altilis'' DC), selected for edible leaf stems, and the [[artichoke]] (''Cynara cardunculus'' Scolymus Group, sometimes distinguished as ''Cynara scolymus'' or ''C. cardunculus'' var. ''scolymus'' (L.) Fiori), selected for larger edible flower buds. They differ from the wild plant in being larger (up to 2 m tall), much less spiny, and with thicker leaf stems and larger flowers, all characteristics selected by humans for greater crop yield and easier harvest and processing.<ref name=Sonnante/><ref name="pfaf">{{Cite web|title=Cynara cardunculus Cardoon|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynara+cardunculus|url-status=live|access-date=7 December 2021|website=PFAF Plant Database|publisher=Plants For A Future|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203005213/http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynara+cardunculus |archive-date=2012-02-03 }}</ref> Wild and cultivated cardoons and artichokes are very similar genetically, and are fully interfertile, but have only very limited ability to form [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] with other species in the genus ''Cynara''.<ref name=Sonnante/>

The earliest description of the cardoon may come from the fourth-century BC Greek writer [[Theophrastus]], under the name {{lang|grc|κάκτος}} ({{langx|la|cactus}}), although the exact identity of this plant is uncertain.<ref name=Sonnante/> The cardoon was popular in [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], [[Roman cuisine|Roman]], and [[Persian cuisine]], and remained popular in medieval and early modern Europe. It also became common in the vegetable gardens of [[colonial America]], but fell from fashion in the late 19th century and is now very uncommon.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

In Europe, cardoon is still cultivated in [[France]] ([[Provence]], [[Savoie]], [[Lyonnais]]), [[Spain]], and [[Italy]]. In the [[Geneva]] region, where [[Huguenot]] refugees introduced it about 1685, the local cultivar ''Argenté de Genève'' ("Cardy")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tb.bdn.ch/varieties/27140/view/|title=BDN: Argenté de Genève (4-009-1)|work=bdn.ch|access-date=2011-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110112126/http://tb.bdn.ch/varieties/27140/view/|archive-date=2014-11-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> is considered a culinary specialty. "Before cardoons are sent to table, the stalks or ribs are [[Blanching (horticulture)|blanched]] tying them together and wrapping them round with straw, which is also tied up with cord, and left so for about three weeks".<ref>Vilmorin-Andrieux, M. & Robinson, W. (1885/undated). ''The vegetable garden: Illustrations, descriptions, and culture of the garden vegetables of cold and temperate climates''. English Edition. Jeavons-Leler Press and Ten Speed Press. [https://archive.org/details/vegetablegardeni00vilmrich 1920 edition in Internet Archive]</ref> Cardoons also are common vegetables in northern Africa, often used in Algerian or Tunisian ''[[couscous]]''.

{{nutritional value | name=Cardoon, raw
| kJ=71
| water=94 g
| protein=0.7 g
| fat=0.1 g
| carbs=4.07 g
| fiber=1.6 g
| calcium_mg=70
| iron_mg=0.7
| magnesium_mg=42
| phosphorus_mg=23
| potassium_mg=400
| sodium_mg=170
| zinc_mg=0.17
| manganese_mg=0.256
| vitC_mg=2
| thiamin_mg=0.02
| riboflavin_mg=0.03
| niacin_mg=0.3
| pantothenic_mg=0.338
| vitB6_mg=0.116
| folate_ug=68
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169981/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

Cardoon stalks can be covered with small, nearly invisible spines that can cause substantial pain if they become lodged in the skin. Several spineless cultivars have been developed to overcome this.

Cardoon requires a long, cool growing season (about five months), and while it is not particularly frost-sensitive, in heavier freezes it may lose its leaves and resprout, or in extended hard freezes, die. It also typically requires substantial growing space per plant, so is not much grown except where it is regionally popular.

In cultivation in the [[United Kingdom]], this plant has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name=RHSPF>{{cite web|title=Cynara cardunculus AGM|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/76926/Cynara-cardunculus/Details|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web  | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 22 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 24 January 2018}}</ref>

==As food==
===Nutrition===
Raw cardoon is 94% water, 4% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein]], and has negligible [[fat]] (table). A 100 gram reference amount provides 17 [[calorie]]s and moderate amounts (10–19% of the [[Daily Value]]) of [[folate]], [[magnesium]], [[manganese]], and [[sodium]] (table).

===Culinary===
{{more references|section|date=February 2021}}
While the flower buds can be eaten much as small (and spiny) [[artichoke]]s, more often the stems are eaten after being [[braised]] in cooking liquid. Cardoon stems are part of [[Lyonnaise cuisine]] (e.g. ''gratin de cardons''). Only the innermost, white stalks are considered edible, and cardoons are therefore usually prepared for sale by protecting the leaf stalks from the sunlight for several weeks. This was traditionally done by burying the plant underground, thus, cardoon plantations in Spain are often formed by characteristic earth mounds surrounding each plant, the earth covering the stalks. In modern cultivation, the plant is usually instead wrapped in black plastic film or other opaque material.

The flower buds of wild cardoons are still widely collected and used in southern [[Italy]] and [[Sicily]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pignone |first1=Domenico |last2=Sonnante |first2=Gabriella |title=Wild artichokes of south Italy: did the story begin here? |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |date=2004 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=577–580 |doi=10.1023/B:GRES.0000024786.01004.71|s2cid=23558636 }}</ref> In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], the flower buds are also employed in [[cheesemaking]]: the [[pistils]] of the cardoon flower are used as a vegetable [[rennet]] in the making of some cheeses such as the [[Torta del Casar]] and the [[La Serena cheese|Torta de la Serena]] cheeses in Spain, or the [[Queijo de Nisa]] and [[Queijo Serra da Estrela|Serra da Estrela]] cheeses in Portugal.  Cardoons were also said to have been used by the Romani or "gypsies" and this would make sense as their encampments would often be situated near sources of water.  The vegetable was free for the picking, and could account for the widespread use of the plant.  That part is speculative.

Cardoon leaf stalks, which look like giant celery stalks, can be served steamed or braised, and have an artichoke-like flavor with a hint of bitterness. They are harvested in winter and spring, being best just before the plant flowers.<ref name=pfaf/> In the [[Abruzzo]] region of Italy, Christmas lunch is traditionally started with a soup of cardoon cooked in chicken broth with little meatballs (lamb or, more rarely, beef), sometimes with the further addition of egg (which scrambles in the hot soup – called ''stracciatella'') or fried chopped liver and heart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brodo Con I Cardi (Ricetta tipica abruzzese)|url=http://www.cucinainsimpatia.net/viewtopic.php?t=5900|website=Cucina In Simpatia|access-date=13 October 2016|language=it|trans-title=Cardoon soup (typical Abruzzese recipe)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013223012/http://www.cucinainsimpatia.net/viewtopic.php?t=5900|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The cardoon stalks are considered a delicacy in [[Spain]], particularly in the northerns regions of [[Navarre]] and [[Aragon]], where they are grown in large quantities.<ref name="turismo.navarra.es">{{cite web|url=http://www.turismo.navarra.es/esp/organice-viaje/recurso/GastronomiayVinos/3334/Cardo.htm |title=Cardo Turismo Navarra |access-date=2015-01-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215210103/http://www.turismo.navarra.es/esp/organice-viaje/recurso/GastronomiayVinos/3334/Cardo.htm |archive-date=2015-02-15 }}</ref>  In Spain, cardoons are typically cooked by first boiling the stalks to soften them, and then adding simple sauces such as [[almond]] sauce or small amounts of [[jamón]]; they are sometimes combined with [[clams]], [[artichokes]], or [[beans]] as well.

Because of their seasonality (from November to February), cardoons are a staple of the [[Christmas dinner]] in Navarre and the surrounding regions; for the same reason, cardoons are often sold as vegetable preserves, usually in water or [[brine]], so that they can be eaten all year round.<ref name="turismo.navarra.es"/> Cardoons are an ingredient in one of the national dishes of Spain, the ''[[cocido madrileño]]'', a slow-cooking, one-pot, meat and vegetable dish simmered in broth.

In [[Crete]], cardoons are eaten raw, with a drizzle of lemon juice, as a [[meze]], and are considered an excellent accompaniment for [[Tsikoudia|raki]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cretangastronomy.gr/2011/05/omes-agkinares/|title=Raw cardoons|last=Kassapaki|first=Vaggelio|date=2011-05-27|website=cretangastronomy.gr|language=el|accessdate=2024-04-22}}</ref>

In the US, it is rarely found in conventional grocery stores but is available in supermarkets that cater to largely Italian and European neighborhoods in the mid Atlantic states,
as well as some [[farmers' market]]s in the months of May, June, and July.  As suggested above, they become available in the late autumn near Thanksgiving and Christmas. The main root can also be boiled and served cold.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cardoon – General information |url=http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/mod01/01600689.html |access-date=2006-11-18 |date=August 3, 1999 |publisher=Michigan State University Extension |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207091841/http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/mod01/01600689.html |archive-date=2005-02-07 }}</ref> The stems are also traditionally served battered and fried at [[Solemnity of Saint Joseph|St. Joseph's altars]] in New Orleans. 

Cardoons can also be found in their "wild" state, on the banks of streams and rivers, and even drainage ditches on the sides of roads in rural areas.  These plants look little like the cultivated variety found in stores.  They have many thin stems with broad broad leaves at their ends.  There is a reddish color on the stems, which grow tough, hollow and inedible as they age. The wild ones are picked in the spring and early summer.  To use them, the leafy part should be removed, and the stems cleaned of "stringy" fibers.

Cardoon is one of the herbs used to flavour [[Amaro (liqueur)|Amaro]] liqueur, which may be called ''Cardamaro''.

==Other uses==
Cardoons are used as a vegetarian source of [[enzymes]] for cheese production. In [[Portugal]], traditional coagulation of the curd relies entirely on this vegetable [[rennet]]. This results in cheeses such as the [[Queijo Serra da Estrela|Serra da Estrela]] and [[Queijo de Nisa|Nisa]].

The cardoon is also grown as an [[ornamental plant]] for its imposing architectural appearance, with very bright silvery-grey foliage and large flowers in selected cultivars.<ref name=rhs/>

Cardoon has attracted recent attention as a possible source of [[biodiesel]] fuel. The oil, extracted from the seeds of the cardoon, and called [[artichoke oil]], is similar to [[safflower]] and [[sunflower oil]] in composition and use.<ref>{{cite web | title=Plant Oils Used for Bio-diesel | url=http://www.bdpedia.com/biodiesel/plant_oils/plant_oils.html | publisher=BDPedia.com, the Biodiesel WWW Encyclopedia | access-date=2006-11-18}}</ref> Cardoon is the feedstock for the first [[biorefinery]] in the world converting the installations of a [[petrochemical]] plant in [[Porto Torres]], [[Sardinia]], providing biomass and oils for the building blocks of [[bioplastics]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Cynara cardunculus MHNT.BOT.2012.10.18.jpg|''Cynara cardunculus'' - [[MHNT]]
File:Cynara cardunculus2.JPG|Young leaves of a spiny wild plant
File:Cynara cardunculus0.jpg|Inflorescence bud
File:Cynara cardunculus Prague 2011 1.jpg|Plants
File:Cardoon Bud -- Cynara cardunculus.jpg
File:Cynaracardunculus.jpg|Garden plant in bloom
File:Cardo de Ágreda.JPG|Cultivated cardoons in [[Ágreda]], Spain
File:Cardoon -- Cynara cardunculus.jpg|In bloom in a garden near Galveston
File:Cardoon-navarrese15.JPG|Cardoon prepared in the Navarrese way
File:Château d'Hutaud - Cynara cardunculus - Gaillac.jpg|Cardoon plant in early August, Botanical Garden, [[Gaillac]]
File:Cardon épineux genevois.jpg|A jar of cooked cardoon stalks.
File:Cynara cardunculus bearing white flowers.jpg|A ''Cynara cardunculus'' plant at anthesis bearing white flowers
File:Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) Zaghouan.jpg|Cardoon (''Cynara cardunculus'') Zaghouan,[[Tunisia]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7186137}}

[[Category:Biodiesel feedstock sources]]
[[Category:Cardueae]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Inflorescence vegetables]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Stem vegetables]]
[[Category:Perennial vegetables]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]