Editing Carduus

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Carduus crispus - Keila.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Carduus crispus]]''
|display_parents = 3
|taxon = Carduus
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = 90+, see text
|synonyms =
*''Clavena'' <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] (1838)</small>
*''Clomium'' <small>[[Michel Adanson|Adans.]] (1763)</small>
*''Onopyxus'' {{small|Bubani (1899), nom. superfl.}}
*''Orthocentron'' {{small|Cass. (1825)}}
*''Polycantha'' {{small|Hill (1762)}}
*''Pternix'' {{small|Hill (1762)}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330047-2 ''Carduus'' L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</ref>
}}

'''''Carduus''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Asteraceae]], and the tribe [[Cardueae]], one of two genera considered to be true thistles, the other being ''[[Cirsium]]''.<ref>Jordon-Thaden, I. E. and S. M. Louda. (2003). [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=bioscifacpub Chemistry of ''Cirsium'' and ''Carduus'': a role in ecological risk assessment for biological control of weeds?] ''Biochemical Systematics and Ecology'' 31(12), 1353-96.</ref> Plants of the genus are known commonly as '''plumeless thistles'''.<ref name=itis>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=35783 ''Carduus''.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).</ref><ref name=fna>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105640 ''Carduus''.] Flora of North America.</ref> They are native to temperate Eurasia and North Africa,<ref name = powo/> and several are known elsewhere as [[introduced species]].<ref name=fna/> This genus is noted for its disproportionately high number of [[noxious weed]]s compared to other flowering plant genera.<ref>Schmidt, J. P. and J. M. Drake. (2011). [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018654 Why are some plant genera more invasive than others?] ''PLOS One'' 6(4), e18654.</ref>

==Etymology==
The genus name ''Carduus'' is from the [[Latin]] for "a kind of thistle"<ref name=jeps>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=360 ''Carduus''.] The Jepson eFlora 2013.</ref> or "thistlelike plant".<ref name=fna/> It is related to the word ''Cardonnacum'' ("a place of chardons or thistles"), which is the origin of [[Chardonnay]], the name of the [[List of grape varieties|grape variety]].<ref>[http://iv.ucdavis.edu/Viticultural_Information/?uid=10&ds=351 Chardonnay.] Viticultural Information. UC Integrated Viticulture, University of California.</ref> It is also related to the word ''card'', which as a noun means a device (often a stiff-bristled brush) for aligning and cleaning fibers, and as a verb means the action of processing fibers in that way.

==Description==
These are usually annual or biennial herbs, sometimes perennial. Species often grow 2 meters in height but are known to reach 4 meters. The erect stems are winged and spiny, and usually have woolly hairs. The leaf blades are hairy to hairless and entire or divided into lobes, and they have spine-toothed edges. The [[pseudanthium|flower heads]] are solitary or borne in [[inflorescence]]s of up to 20. The head is spherical to cylindrical and covered in several layers of spreading or curving spine-tipped [[bract|phyllaries]]. It contains long, tubular disc florets in shades of white, pink, or purple. The fruit is a [[Glossary of botanical terms#cypsela|cypsela]] tipped with a [[pappus (flower structure)|pappus]] of barbed bristles or scales.<ref name=fna/>

==Ecology==
Several ''Carduus'' are notorious [[invasive species|invasive plants]] outside their native range, for example, in [[Australia]]<ref>[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Carduus ''Carduus''.] PlantNET. National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.</ref> and the [[United States]].<ref name=cdfa>[https://archive.today/20131101030959/http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/ipc/weedinfo/carduus.htm Genus ''Carduus''.] Encycloweedia. California Department of Food and Agriculture.</ref> Species such as ''C. acanthoides'', ''C. nutans'', ''C. pycnocephalus'', and ''C. tenuiflorus'' easily become weedy in disturbed habitat, such as [[overgrazing|overgrazed]] pasture. ''C. nutans'' is [[allelopathy|allelopathic]], producing compounds that inhibit the growth and development of other plants.<ref name=cdfa/>

Agents of [[biological pest control]] that have been used against weedy ''Carduus'' thistles include the [[Rhinocyllus conicus|thistle head weevil]] (''Rhinocyllus conicus''), [[Trichosirocalus horridus|thistle crown weevil]] (''Trichosirocalus horridus''), and [[Cheilosia corydon|thistle crown fly]] (''Cheilosia corydon''). The [[Puccinia carduorum|musk thistle rust]] (''Puccinia carduorum''), a [[fungus]], may also be used against ''C. nutans''.<ref name=cdfa/>

==Species==
<gallery align=left mode=packed>
File:20130413Carduus acanthoides1.jpg|''[[Carduus acanthoides]]''
File:Partially opened flower bud of Carduus nutans.jpg|''[[Carduus nutans]]''
File:1398 - Nationalpark Hohe Tauern - Flowers.JPG|''[[Carduus personata]]''
</gallery>

The genus includes 82 accepted species, and several natural hybrids.<ref name = powo/>
{{div col}}
*''[[Carduus acanthocephalus]]'' {{small|C.A.Mey.}}
*''[[Carduus acanthoides]]'' {{small|L.}} &ndash; spiny plumeless thistle
*''[[Carduus acicularis]]'' {{small|Bertol.}}
*''[[Carduus adpressus]]'' {{small|C.A.Mey.}}
*''[[Carduus affinis]]'' {{small|Guss.}}
*''[[Carduus amanus]]'' {{small|Rech.f.}}
*''[[Carduus angusticeps]]'' {{small|H.Lindb.}}
*''[[Carduus × aragonensis]]'' {{small|Devesa & Talavera}}
*''[[Carduus argentatus]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Carduus argyroa]]'' {{small|Biv.}}
*''[[Carduus × arvaticus]]'' {{small|Font Quer & Rothm.}}
*''[[Carduus asturicus]]'' {{small|Franco}}
*''[[Carduus × atacinus]]'' {{small|(Arènes) B.Bock}}
*''[[Carduus aurosicus]]'' {{small|Vill.}}
*''[[Carduus axillaris]]'' {{small|Gaudin}}
*''[[Carduus baeocephalus]]'' {{small|Webb}}
*''[[Carduus ballii]]'' {{small|Hook.f.}}
*''[[Carduus × bergadensis]]'' {{small|Sennen}}
*''[[Carduus bourgaei]]'' {{small|Kazmi}}
*''[[Carduus bourgeanus]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Reut.}}
*''[[Carduus broteroi]]'' {{small|Welw. ex Cout.}}
*''[[Carduus × brunneri]]'' {{small|Döll}}
*''[[Carduus budaianus]]'' {{small|Jáv.}}
*''[[Carduus × camplonensis]]'' {{small|Devesa & Talavera}}
*''[[Carduus candicans]]'' {{small|Waldst. & Kit.}}
*''[[Carduus × cantabricus]]'' {{small|Devesa & Talavera}}
*''[[Carduus carduelis]]'' {{small|(L.) Gren.}}
*''[[Carduus carlinoides]]'' {{small|Gouan}}
*''[[Carduus carpetanus]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Reut.}}
*''[[Carduus cephalanthus]]'' {{small|Viv.}}
*''[[Carduus chevallieri]]'' {{small|Baratte ex Chevall.}}
*''[[Carduus chrysacanthus]]'' {{small|Ten.}}
*''[[Carduus clavulatus]]'' {{small|Link}}
*''[[Carduus collinus]]'' {{small|Waldst. & Kit.}}
*''[[Carduus corymbosus]]'' {{small|Ten.}}
*''[[Carduus crispus]]'' {{small|L.}} &ndash; curly plumeless thistle, curled thistle, welted thistle
*''[[Carduus dahuricus]]'' {{small|(Arènes) Kazmi}}
*''[[Carduus defloratus]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Carduus edelbergii]]'' {{small|Rech.f.}}
*''[[Carduus × estivali]]'' {{small|Arènes}}
*''[[Carduus × fallax]]'' {{small|Borbás}}
*''[[Carduus fasciculiflorus]]'' {{small|Viv.}}
*''[[Carduus fissurae]]'' {{small|Nyár.}}
*''[[Carduus getulus]]'' {{small|Pomel}}
*''[[Carduus × gillotii]]'' {{small|Rouy}}
*''[[Carduus × grassensis]]'' {{small|Briq. & Cavill.}}
*''[[Carduus × grenieri]]'' {{small|Sch.Bip. ex Nyman}}
*''[[Carduus hamulosus]]'' {{small|Ehrh.}}
*''[[Carduus hazslinszkyanus]]'' {{small|Budai}}
*''[[Carduus hohenackeri]]'' {{small|Kazmi}}
*''[[Carduus ibicensis]]'' {{small|(Devesa & Talavera) Rosselló & N.Torres}}
*''[[Carduus × intercedens]]'' {{small|Hausskn.}}
*''[[Carduus × ipe]]'' {{small|Boros}}
*''[[Carduus × jordanii]]'' {{small|Arènes}}
*''[[Carduus kerneri]]'' {{small|Simonk.}}
*''[[Carduus kirghisicus]]'' {{small|Sultanova}}
*''[[Carduus kumaunensis]]'' {{small|(Arènes) Kazmi}}
*''[[Carduus lanuginosus]]'' {{small|Willd.}}
*''[[Carduus × leptocephalus]]'' {{small|Peterm.}}
*''[[Carduus leptocladus]]'' {{small|Durieu}}
*''[[Carduus litigiosus]]'' {{small|Nocca & Balb.}}
*''[[Carduus lobulatus]]'' {{small|Borbás}}
*''[[Carduus lusitanicus]]'' {{small|Rouy}}
*''[[Carduus macrocephalus]]'' {{small|Desf.}}
*''[[Carduus malyi]]'' {{small|Greuter}}
*''[[Carduus maroccanus]]'' {{small|(Arènes) Kazmi}}
*''[[Carduus martinezii]]'' {{small|Pau}}
*''[[Carduus membranaceus]]'' {{small|Lojac.}}
*''[[Carduus meonanthus]]'' {{small|Hoffmanns. & Link}}
*''[[Carduus × meratii]]'' {{small|Arènes}}
*''[[Carduus × mixtus]]'' {{small|Corb.}}
*''[[Carduus modestii]]'' {{small|Tamamsch.}}
*''[[Carduus × montis-majoris]]'' {{small|Teyber}}
*''[[Carduus × moritzii]]'' {{small|Brügger}}
*''[[Carduus myriacanthus]]'' {{small|Salzm. ex DC.}}
*''[[Carduus nawaschini]]'' {{small|Bordz.}}
*''[[Carduus nervosus]]'' {{small|K.Koch}}
*''[[Carduus nigrescens]]'' {{small|Vill.}}
*''[[Carduus numidicus]]'' {{small|Coss. & Durieu}}
*''[[Carduus nutans]]'' {{small|L.}} &ndash; musk thistle, nodding thistle
*''[[Carduus olympicus]]'' {{small|Boiss.}}
*''[[Carduus onopordioides]]'' {{small|Fisch. ex M.Bieb.}}
*''[[Carduus × orthocephalus]]'' {{small|Wallr.}}
*''[[Carduus peisonis]]'' {{small|Teyber}}
*''[[Carduus personata]]'' {{small|(L.) Jacq.}}
*''[[Carduus poliochrus]]'' {{small|Trautv.}}
*''[[Carduus × puechii]]'' {{small|H.J.Coste}}
*''[[Carduus pumilus]]'' {{small|D.Don}}
*''[[Carduus × pycnocephaloformis]]'' {{small|Arènes}}
*''[[Carduus pycnocephalus]]'' &ndash; Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, compact-headed thistle
** ''Carduus pycnocephalus'' subsp. ''albidus'' {{small|(M.Bieb.) Kazmi}}
** [[Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. arabicus|''Carduus pycnocephalus'' subsp. ''arabicus'']] {{small|(Jacq. ex Murray) Nyman}} (synonym ''[[Carduus arabicus]]'' {{small|Jacq. ex Murray}}) – Arabian thistle
** ''Carduus pycnocephalus'' subsp. ''breviphyllarius'' {{small|P.H.Davis}}
** ''Carduus pycnocephalus'' subsp. ''cinereus'' {{small|(M.Bieb.) P.H.Davis}}
** ''Carduus pycnocephalus'' subsp. ''intermedius'' {{small|(Lojac.) Giardina & Raimondo}}
** ''Carduus pycnocephalus'' subsp. ''pycnocephalus''
*''[[Carduus quercifolius]]'' {{small|F.K.Mey.}}
*''[[Carduus ramosissimus]]'' {{small|Pančić}}
*''[[Carduus rechingerianus]]'' {{small|Kazmi}}
*''[[Carduus rivasgodayanus]]'' {{small|Devesa & Talavera}}
*''[[Carduus santacreui]]'' {{small|(Devesa & Talavera) Devesa}}
*''[[Carduus × schulzeanus]]'' {{small|Ruhmer}}
*''[[Carduus seminudus]]'' {{small|M.Bieb.}}
*''[[Carduus × sepincola]]'' {{small|Hausskn.}}
*''[[Carduus × septentrionalis]]'' {{small|Devesa & Talavera}}
*''[[Carduus solteszii]]'' {{small|Budai}}
*''[[Carduus spachianus]]'' {{small|Durieu}}
*''[[Carduus squarrosus]]'' {{small|DC. ex Lowe}}
*''[[Carduus × stangii]]'' {{small|H.Buek}}
*''[[Carduus tenuiflorus]]'' {{small|Curtis}} &ndash; sheep thistle, shore thistle, slender thistle
*''[[Carduus × theriotii]]'' {{small|Rouy}}
*''[[Carduus thracicus]]'' {{small|(Velen.) Hayek}}
*''[[Carduus tmoleus]]'' {{small|Boiss.}}
*''[[Carduus transcaspicus]]'' {{small|Gand.}}
*''[[Carduus × turocensis]]'' {{small|Margittai}}
*''[[Carduus uncinatus]]'' {{small|M.Bieb.}}
*''[[Carduus × veronensis]]'' {{small|Arènes}}
*''[[Carduus × vigoi]]'' {{small|Mateo}}
*''[[Carduus volutarioides]]'' {{small|Reyes-Bet.}}
*''[[Carduus × weizensis]]'' {{small|Hayek}}
{{div col end}}

===Formerly placed here===
[[File:Carduus Keniensis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Afrocarduus keniensis]]'']]
*''[[Afrocarduus afromontanus]]'' {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus afromontanus'' {{small|R.E.Fr.}})
*''[[Afrocarduus keniensis]]'' {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus keniensis'' {{small|R.E.Fr.}})
*''Carduus keniensis'' × ''C. platyphyllus''<ref>Young, T. P. and M. M. Peacock. (1985). [https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_101558_vegetativekeytothealpinevascul1985/185_1985_Young#page/n0/mode/2up Vegetative key to the alpine vascular plants of Mount Kenya.] ''Journal of the East African Natural History Society'' 185, 1–9.</ref>
*''[[Afrocarduus kikuyorum]]'' {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus kikuyorum'' {{small|R.E.Fr.}})
*''[[Afrocarduus leptacanthus]]'' {{small|(Fresen.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus leptacanthus'' {{small|Fresen.}}) 
*''[[Afrocarduus macracanthus]]'' {{small|(Kazmi) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus macracanthus'' {{small|Kazmi}})
*''[[Afrocarduus millefolius]]'' {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus millefolius'' {{small|R.E.Fr.}})
*''[[Afrocarduus nyassanus]]'' {{small|(S.Moore) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus nyassanus'' {{small|(S.Moore) R.E.Fr.}})
*''[[Afrocarduus ruwenzoriensis]]'' {{small|(S.Moore) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus ruwenzoriensis'' {{small|S.Moore}})
*''[[Afrocarduus schimperi]]'' {{small|(Sch.Bip.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus schimperi'' {{small|Sch.Bip.}})
*''[[Afrocarduus silvarum]]'' {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as ''Carduus silvarum'' {{small|R.E.Fr.}})

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://ww2.bgbm.org/euroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=133413&PTRefFk=7000000 ''Carduus''.]  In: Greuter, W. & E. von Raab-Straube. (Eds.) Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase. 2006.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131102181059/http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Carduus.htm ''Carduus'' (a genus of thistles).] BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK). Accessed 2013-02-17.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q254502}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carduus| ]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Butterfly food plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Flora of the Palearctic realm]]