Editing Carib language

{{Short description|Endangered South American Indigenous language}}
{{About|the language of South America|the language of the Caribs in the Caribbean|Kalinago language{{!}}Island Carib language}}

{{Infobox language
| name             = Carib
| nativename       = {{lang|car|Karìna auran}}<br/>Venezuela: {{lang|car-VE|Kariˊña auran}}<br/>French Guiana: {{lang|car-GF|Kaliʼna aulan}}<br/>Suriname: {{lang|car-SR|Kariʼnja auran}}<br/>Guyana: {{lang|car-GY|Kalina aulan}}<br/>Brazil: {{lang|car-BR|Kariʼna auran}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|[kaɽiʔnia auɽaŋ]}}
| states           = [[Brazil]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Trinidad]]
| coordinates      = {{Coord|5|42|32.499|N|54|0|55.313|W}}
| ethnicity        = [[Kalina people|Kaliʼna]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|8,558|2}}
| date             = 2001–2012
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = cariban
| fam1             = [[Cariban languages|Cariban]]
| fam2             = Guianan Carib
| dia1             = Tyrewuju (Suriname)
| dia2             = Aretyry (Suriname)
| script           = [[Latin script]]
| iso2             = car
| iso3             = car
| glotto           = gali1262
| glottorefname    = Galibi Carib
| map              = Image:Kalina.png
| mapcaption       = Ethnic Kaliʼna populations
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Kari’ña is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
| altname          = Kari'nja, Galibi
}}

'''Carib''' or '''Kariʼnja''' is a [[Cariban languages|Cariban language]] spoken by the [[Kalina people]] (Caribs) of South America. It is spoken by around 7,400 mostly in [[Brazil]], [[The Guianas]], and [[Venezuela]]. The language is currently classified as highly endangered,<ref name=":0" /> as it is only spoken by elders.<ref>{{Citation |last=Crevels |first=Mily |title=Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking |date=2012-01-13 |work=The Indigenous Languages of South America |pages=167–234 |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Lyle |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110258035.167/html |access-date=2025-03-14 |publisher=DE GRUYTER |doi=10.1515/9783110258035.167 |isbn=978-3-11-025513-3 |editor2-last=Grondona |editor2-first=Verónica|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Names==
The language is known by several names to both its speakers and outsiders. Traditionally it has been known as "Carib" or "Carib proper" in English, after its speakers, called the "Caribs" in English. It is known ''Caribe'' in Spanish, ''Galina'' in French, and ''Karaïeb'' in Dutch. However, the speakers call themselves ''Kalina'' or ''Karìna'' (variously spelled), and call their language ''Karìna auran'' {{ipa|[kaɽiɁnʲauɽaŋ]}}.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last= Courtz |first= Henk |date= 2008 |title=A Carib Grammar and Dictionary |url= https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/12578/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher= Magoria Books |page= 1|isbn= 978-0978170769 |access-date= May 22, 2014}}</ref> Other variants include ''Kaliʼna'', ''Kariʼnja, Cariña'', ''Kariña'', ''Kalihna'', ''Kalinya''; other native names include ''Maraworno'' and ''Marworno''.

== Classification ==
Kariʼnja is classified as a [[Cariban languages|Cariban language]], in the Guianan Carib branch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2114|title=Did you know Kariʼnja is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages|access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
{{Infobox language
| name             = Pidgin Carib
| altname          = {{lang|mis|Lengua generale}}
| pronunciation    = 
| region           = [[Oyapock]]
| ref              = 
| era              = 17th – early 20th centuries
| speakers         = none
| familycolor      = pidgin
| family           = Carib-based [[pidgin]]
| iso3             = none
| glotto2          = pidg1256
| glottorefname2   = Pidgin Carib
}}

Due to contact with Kariʼnja invaders, some languages have Kariʼnja words incorporated into them, despite being [[Arawakan languages]] linguistically.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4452/1/05gildeaetal.pdf |title=Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas |last=Gildea |first=Spike |date=2010 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |editor-last=Berez |editor-first=Andrea L. |location=Honolulu |pages=91–123 |chapter=The Story of *ô in the Cariban Family |editor-last2=Mulder |editor-first2=Jean |editor-last3=Rosenblum |editor-first3=Daisy}}</ref>
A Carib-based ''lengua generale'' was once used in the old missions of the [[Oyapock]] and surrounding regions, apparently surviving at least along the [[Uaçá River|Uaçá]] tributary into the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Die Palikur-Indianer und ihre Nachbarn |last=Nimuendajú |first=Curt |publisher=Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag |year=1926 |location=Göteborg |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Animuendaju-1926-palikur/nimuendaju_1926_palikur.pdf}}</ref>

In Suriname, there is a village called [[Konomerume]] which is located near the Wajambo River. With about 349 people living there, a majority identify as ethnically Kariʼnja and as for who knows the language, the adults are reported to at least have a decent knowledge of it. Those above the age of 65 use the language as a primary language among the members of the community. Speakers between the ages of 45 and 65 tend to use the language only when speaking with older residents or elder members of their family, while for the most part using the official languages: [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Sranan Tongo]]. Younger adults between the ages of 20 and 40 for the most part understand the language but do not speak it, and children learn bits about Kariʼnja in school.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamada |first=Racquel-María |date=2014 |title=Training in the Community-Collaborative Context: A Case Study |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/24611/1/yamada.pdf |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |volume=8 |pages=326–344}}</ref>

==Dialects==
Carib dialects (with number of speakers indicated in parentheses):<ref name=":2" />
*Venezuelan Carib (1000)
*Guyanese Carib (2000)
*Western Surinamese Carib (500)
*Eastern Surinamese and French Guianese Carib (3000)
**Suriname has two dialects of Kariʼnja: ''Aretyry'' which is spoken in the west and central parts of the country, and ''Tyrewuju'' which is what the majority of Kariʼnja speakers in Suriname use.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3WjBQAAQBAJ |title=In and Out of Suriname: Language, Mobility and Identity |last1=Carlin |first1=Eithne B. |last2=Léglise |first2=Isabelle |last3=Migge |first3=Bettina |last4=Tjon Sie Fat |first4=Paul B. |date=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004280120 |language=en}}</ref>

==Phonology==
In the Kariʼnja language, there are four syllable patterns: V, CV, VC, CVC; C standing for consonants while V means a vowel. Regarding phonemes, consonants are divided into two groups: obstruents (voiceless stops—p, t, k) and resonants (voiced stops—b, d, g, s).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/85/19/13/85191306364792724967627267385868167068/11889.pdf |title=Languages of the Guianas |date=1972 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma |editor-last=Grimes |editor-first=Joseph E.}}</ref>

Kariʼnja has a typical 6 vowel system after *ô merged with *o, being ''a e i o u ï.'' Compared to past Kariʼnja, the modern day Kariʼnja has replaced the ''e'' in many words to ''o''.<ref name=":1" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA link|ʔ}} ~ {{IPA link|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Tap/Flap]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
Allophones for /r w t/ include sounds as [ɽ β,v tʃ]. /s/ before /i/ may be pronounced as [ʃ]. /n/ before a consonant may be pronounced as [ŋ] and also [ɲ] elsewhere. Another sound, ranging [h~x], often occurs before a voiced or voiceless consonant, and succeeding a vowel, it can also be an allophone of /ʔ/.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

== Alphabet ==
The Carib alphabet consists of 15 letters:

[[a]], [[e]], [[i]], [[j]], [[k]], [[`]], [[m]], [[n]], [[o]], [[p]], [[r]], [[s]], [[t]], [[u]], [[w]], [[y]].<ref name=":2" />

== Grammar ==
There are 17 particles within Kariʼnja which include the ''ky-'' prefix and the ''-ng'' suffix.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamada |first=Racquel-María |date=2011 |title=A New Approach to ky- and -ng in Kariʼnja: Evidentiality or Something Else? |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=59–89 |doi=10.1086/657328|s2cid=147144967 }}</ref>
{{stub section|date=September 2019}}

== Vocabulary ==
All four dialects of Kariʼnja have loan words from the primary language of the area (Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana). For example, the Kariʼnja spoken in Suriname borrows words from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Sranan Tongo|Sranantongo]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Examples ===
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Modern Kariʼnja
|-
|''two''
|[oko]
|-
|''stone''
|[topu]
|-
|''flea''
|[siko]
|-
|''mountain''
|[wipi]
|-
|''axe''
|[wïwï]
|-
|''person''
|[itoto]
|-
|''one that has been dug''
|[Ø-atoka-apo]
|-
|''one that has burnt''
|[i-tjoroty-ypo]
|-
|''peccary/javelina''
|[pakira]
|}

Some of the words show instances in which the ''e'' has been replaced with ''o'' in present-day Kariʼnja.<ref name=":1" /> The two statements beneath the singular words show examples of two suffixes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://voice-systems-workshop.wdfiles.com/local--files/start/Voice%20Systems%20in%20Diachrony-abstracts-29-06-2014.pdf|title=Patient Nominalization > Passive in Panare and Ye'kwana (Cariban)|website=voice-systems-workshop.wdfiles.com|access-date=2016-05-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{incubator|car}}
*[http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/38 Ka'lina (Carib) Vocabulary List] (from the World Loanword Database)
*[https://suriname-languages.sil.org/Carib/English/CaribEngDictIndex.html Surinamese Carib - English Online Dictionary]
*[https://archive.mpi.nl/tla/islandora/search/hoff?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5B0%5D=cmd.Language%3A%22Carib%2C%5C%20Karinya%22 Audio resources from the MPI-PL archive for linguistic resources, which origin from data collected by dr. Berend Hoff in the period 1955-1965]
* [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-kalina/en/car/ How to count in Kali’na]
* A video of someone speaking Kariʼnja is also available [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2114/samples/4441 here].
* [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2114 Endangered Languages Kariʼnja profile]
* [http://pages.uoregon.edu/spike/Site/Publications_files/Gildea%20in%20press%20ms%20(nzn%20to%20main%20clause).pdf Kariʼnja main clauses vs nominalized phrases]
* [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4486 Formal Teaching of Kariʼnja]
* [http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/85/19/13/85191306364792724967627267385868167068/11889.pdf Carib Phonology]
* {{JSTOR|1264257}} The Carib Language
* ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0261 Kariʼnja Dictionary and Video Documentation]
* [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/174 De'kwana] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]])
* [https://japiim.linguasyanomami.com/ Portal Japiim] (online dictionary)

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[[Category:Articles in class projects/Rutgers]]
[[Category:Cariban languages|+]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Northeast]]
[[Category:Languages of French Guiana]]
[[Category:Languages of Guyana]]
[[Category:Languages of Suriname]]
[[Category:Languages of Venezuela]]
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[[Category:Kalina]]