Editing Carnedd Llewelyn

{{Short description|Mountain in north-west Wales}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Carnedd Llewelyn
| photo = Carnedd Llywelyn.JPG
| photo_caption = 
| elevation_m = 1064
| elevation_ref = 
| prominence_m = 750
| prominence_ref = 
| parent_peak = [[Snowdon]]
| listing = [[Marilyn (hill)|Marilyn]], [[Hewitt (hill)|Hewitt]], [[Welsh 3000s]], [[List of Welsh principal areas by highest point|council top]], [[Nuttall (hill)|Nuttall]], [[List of Furths|Furth]]
| translation = Llywelyn's/Llewelyn's cairn
| language = [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| pronunciation = {{IPA|cy|ˈkarnɛð ɬəˈwɛlɨn|lang}}
| location = [[Gwynedd]] / [[Conwy (county borough)|Conwy]], [[Wales]]
| range = [[Snowdonia]]
| coordinates = 
| grid_ref_UK = SH683644
| topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Landranger'' 115, ''Explorer'' OL17
| easiest_route = [[Hiking|Hike]]
| other_name = Carnedd Llywelyn
}}

{{GB summits start}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name={{nowrap|[[Carnedd Dafydd]]}}
|Height={{nowrap|{{convert|1044|m|abbr=on}}}}
|Gridref=SH663630
|Status={{nowrap|[[Welsh 3000s|3]], [[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Pen yr Ole Wen]]
|Height={{convert|978|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH655619
|Status=[[Welsh 3000s|3]], [[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Foel Grach]]
|Height={{convert|976|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH688658
|Status=[[Welsh 3000s|3]], [[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Yr Elen]]
|Height={{convert|962|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH673651
|Status=[[Welsh 3000s|3]], [[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Foel-fras]]
|Height={{convert|942|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH696681
|Status=[[Welsh 3000s|3]], [[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Carnedd Gwenllian]]
|Height={{convert|926|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH687669
|Status=[[Welsh 3000s|3]], [[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Llwytmor]]
|Height={{convert|849|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH689692
|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Pen yr Helgi Du]]
|Height={{convert|833|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH698630
|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Bera Mawr]]
|Height={{convert|794|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH674682
|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Drum (Wales)|Drum]]
|Height={{convert|770|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH708695
|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=[[Drosgl]]
|Height={{convert|758|m|abbr=on}}
|Gridref=SH664679
|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)|H]], [[Nuttall (hill)|N]]}}

{{end}}

[[File:Carnedd_Llywelyn_from_above_Llanrwst.jpg|thumb|left|From above Llanrwst, snow still lingering in May]]

'''Carnedd Llewelyn''', also spelled '''Carnedd Llywelyn''', is a [[mountain]] massif in the [[Carneddau]] range in [[Snowdonia]], north-west [[Wales]]. It is the highest point of the Carneddau at {{convert|1,064|m|ft}} and the second-highest peak by [[Topographic prominence|relative height]] in Wales, [[List of mountains of the British Isles by relative height|49th in the British Isles]] and lies on the border between [[Gwynedd]] and [[Conwy]].<ref>{{cite book | title=The Hewitts and Marilyns of Wales | last=Dawson | first=Alan | url=http://bubl.ac.uk/org/tacit/tables/wales/ | isbn=0-9522680-6-X | publisher=TACit Press | location=Cambuskenneth, Stirling | year=1997 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205211419/http://bubl.ac.uk/org/tacit/tables/wales/ | archivedate=2006-12-05 }}</ref>

==Topography and ascent routes==

Carnedd Llewelyn lies in the middle of the main north-east to south-west ridge of the Carneddau, between [[Carnedd Dafydd]] to the south-west and [[Foel Grach]] to the north. A short subsidiary ridge links it to [[Yr Elen]] to the north-west. It can be climbed from Gerlan, above [[Bethesda, Wales|Bethesda]], taking the path following [[Afon Llafar]] then continuing to the summit of Yr Elen before following the short ridge to Carnedd Llewelyn. Another path starts from Helyg on the [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5]], taking the track to the reservoir then following the slopes above Craig yr Ysfa to the summit. An alternative is to reach it by following the main ridge, either from [[Pen yr Ole Wen]] or from [[Foel-fras]].

The summit is a flat, boulder-strewn plateau, similar to several of the other mountains that lie in the southern Carneddau. The cliffs below the ridges are well-known rock climbs, notably [[Ysgolion Duon]] (meaning "black ladders") and Craig yr Ysfa.  The flat plateau means that during winter and spring, significant accumulations of snow and blizzards occur on frequent occasions.  The mountain has also been noted for its long-lying snow patches in recent years, with old snow patches known to survive on its southern gullies well into July.  The highest lake in Wales, [[Llyn Llyffant]] lies to the lee of the summit of Carnedd Llywelyn.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geograph:: Llyn Ffynnon Llyffant - the highest lake... © Eric Jones cc-by-sa/2.0|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/910130|access-date=2021-07-29|website=www.geograph.org.uk|language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
''Carnedd Llywelyn'' means "Llywelyn's [[cairn]]" in [[Welsh language|Welsh]]. It is widely believed that Carnedd Llewelyn and the neighbouring Carnedd Dafydd are named after [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] and his brother [[Dafydd ap Gruffudd]], the last independent prince of Wales, respectively.<ref>{{cite book |title=Snowdonia National Park Guide |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Stationery Office|HMSO]] |year=1958 |editor=Edmund Vale}}</ref> An alternative theory is that the twin peaks are named after [[Llywelyn the Great]], an earlier prince of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]], and his son and successor, [[Dafydd ap Llywelyn]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Nuttall | first=John & Anne | title=The Mountains of England & Wales – Volume 1: Wales | edition= 2nd | year=1999 | publisher=Cicerone | location=Milnthorpe, Cumbria | isbn=1-85284-304-7}}</ref><ref name=ehr >{{cite journal |author=R. F. Walker|year=1972|title=Hubert de Burgh and Wales, 1218–1232|journal=The English Historical Review|pages=466–494|display-authors=etal}}</ref>  Other sources cite a combination of the above, i.e. Llywelyn the Great and Dafydd ap Gruffudd.<ref name=candl>{{cite book | author=Carr & Lister  | title=The Mountains of Snowdonia | publisher=Lockwood Press | location=London | year=1925}}</ref>

The spelling of the name is also controversial. ''Carnedd Llewelyn'' is the form used by the [[Ordnance Survey]], the mapping agency for [[Great Britain]], and other sources.<ref>For example, John and Anne Nuttall, ''The Hewitts and Marilyns of Wales'', cited above; or [[Irvine Butterfield]], ''The High Mountains of Britain and Ireland'' (Diadem, 1986).</ref> In Wales the spelling ''Carnedd Llywelyn'' predominates (it is used on the website of the Snowdonia [[National parks of England and Wales|National Park]] Authority, for example<ref>[http://www.eryri-npa.gov.uk/Education/snowdonia-national-park/mountains-of-snowdonia Snowdonia National Park Authority: Snowdonia's Mountains] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024042110/http://www.eryri-npa.gov.uk/Education/snowdonia-national-park/mountains-of-snowdonia |date=October 24, 2014 }}</ref>); this is also the form preferred by most Welsh writers, among others.<ref>For example, Dewi Tomos, ''Eryri'' (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2005); Colin Marsh, ''The Mountain Walker's Guide to Wales'' (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2002); or Harvey Superwalker Waterproof Map, ''Snowdonia, the Glyderau and the Carneddau'' (Harvey Maps, 2003).</ref>  Many authoritative works, from other study groups, also use the Welsh form.<ref>G.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Howe & P.&nbsp;Thomas, ''Welsh Landforms & Scenery'' (Macmillan, 1963); ''Physical Names for the Map of Britain: Discussion'' (The Geographical Journal ('''102'''), 1943); or M.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;Hill, D.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;Evans & S.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Bell, ''Long Term Effect of Excluding Sheep from Hill Pastures in North Wales'' (The Journal of Ecology ('''80'''), 1992).</ref> The Welsh personal name ''[[Llewellyn (name)|Llywelyn]]'', from which the mountain's name is derived, is always spelt thus in the [[Welsh language]], although the forms ''Llewelyn'' and ''Llewellyn'' are found in older English-language sources.

==Plane crash==
On 14 March 1950 a number of [[Royal Air Force]], [[Avro Lincoln|Avro Lincoln's]] from [[No. 230 Operational Conversion Unit RAF]] took off from [[RAF Scampton]] bound for [[RAF Hemswell]], [[England]] on a night-time cross-country exercise. In the early hours of 15 March a controller at [[RAF Barton Hall]] instructed three of the Lincolns to divert to [[RAF Valley]], [[Anglesey]], Wales due to bad weather at RAF Scampton. It was at 2:55{{nbsp}}am GMT that one of the Avro Lincoln's (RF511) had gone missing and the other two aircraft landed safely five minutes later. The wreckage of RF511 was found at 5:20 GMT on Carnedd Llewelyn and it was confirmed that all six crew had died. The subsequent Court of Inquiry determined that the likely cause of the crash was pilot error; the crew had turned onto a southeasterly course over Anglesey instead of the reciprocal out to sea. The pilot misheard the instruction to "turn 180 degrees" as "turn 80 degrees", resulting in a [[controlled flight into terrain]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peakdistrictaircrashes.co.uk/crash_sites/wales/avro-lincoln-rf511-carnedd-llewelyn/|title = 1950-03-15&#124;Lincoln B. Mk.2&#124;RF511&#124;No.230 OCU, RAF&#124;Carnedd Llewelyn, Gwynedd|date = 27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zx|first=Matt|date=2009-05-12|title=wreck site uk: lincoln RF511|url=http://wrecksiteuk.blogspot.com/2009/05/lincoln-rf511.html|access-date=2021-07-29|website=wreck site uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephen|first=Graham|date=2009-11-08|title=Cwm Llafar – Avro Lincoln, RF511, 230 Operational Conversion Unit, 15 Mar 1950 (9)|url=https://geotopoi.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/cwm-llafar-avro-lincoln-rf511-230-operational-conversion-unit-15-mar-1950-9/|access-date=2021-07-29|website=GeoTopoi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Coflein|num=417183|desc=Avro Lincoln Rf511|access-date=2021-07-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Youngs|first=Kelvin|title=Aircrew Remembered Aviation Personal Histories and Databases|url=http://aircrewremembered.com/squadron-leader-john-shore-mc-afc.html|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Aircrew Remembered site|language=en}}</ref>

The wreckage of RF511 remains on the mountain, and in 2002 a memorial plaque was placed at the crash site.

==Cultural references==
The mountain features in Welsh poetry and literature; the earliest known work is a poem by [[Rhys Goch Eryri]], ''Carnedd Llywelyn'', composed ''c.'' 1400.

The [[Aetherius Society]] considers it to be one of its 19 [[sacred mountains|holy mountains]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Holy Mountains Of The World|website=The Aetherius Society, New Zealand Branch|date=2019-05-13|url=https://www.aetherius.org.nz/about/holy-mountains/|access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Holy Mountains|website=The Aetherius Society|date=2022-06-02|url=https://www.aetherius.org/pilgrimages-to-holy-mountains/|access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aetherius Society Holy Mountains|website=Peakbagger|date=2004-11-01|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=609|access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|32em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Adams | first=Colin | title=The Mountain Walker's Guide to Wales | year=2002 | publisher=Gwasg Carreg Gwalch | isbn=0-86381-725-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Rees | first=Ioan Bowen | title=The Mountains of Wales: an anthology in verse and prose | publisher=University of Wales Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-7083-1163-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Tomos | first=Dewi | title=Eryri | year=2005 | publisher=Gwasg Carreg Gwalch | isbn=0-86381-994-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Lowe | first=W. Bezant | title= The heart of Northern Wales: Vol. II | year=1927}}
*  {{cite book | last=Roberts | first = Geraint | title= The Lakes of Eryri | year=1995 | publisher=Gwasg Carreg Gwalch | isbn=0-86381-338-0}}
* {{cite book | author=Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments Wales | title=Caernarvonshire, Volume 1: East | year=1956}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Carnedd Llywelyn}}
* Carnedd Llewelyn is at coordinates {{coord|53.160587|-3.969305|type:mountain_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
**Walking Routes, photos and GPS files for Carnedd Llewelyn [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927100850/http://www.walkeryri.org.uk/Routes/3carneddau.htm  Walk Eryri]
*[https://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2797313 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Carnedd Llewelyn]

{{Welsh3000}}

{{British hills}}

[[Category:Hewitts of Wales]]
[[Category:Marilyns of Wales]]
[[Category:Mountains and hills of Snowdonia]]
[[Category:Nuttalls]]
[[Category:Mountains and hills of Conwy County Borough]]
[[Category:Mountains and hills of Gwynedd]]
[[Category:Climbing areas of Wales]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Wales]]
[[Category:Furths]]
[[Category:Llanllechid]]
[[Category:Caerhun]]
[[Category:Capel Curig]]
[[Category:One-thousanders of Wales]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents locations in Wales]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains of the United Kingdom]]