Editing Carol Browner

{{Short description|American environmentalist and lawyer (born 1955)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Carol Browner
|image        = Carol Browner official photo.jpg
|caption      = Official portrait, 2010
|office       = Director of the [[White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy|Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy]]
|president    = [[Barack Obama]]
|deputy       = [[Heather Zichal]]
|term_start   = January 22, 2009
|term_end     = March 3, 2011
|predecessor  = ''Office established''
|successor    = ''Office abolished''
|office1      = 8th [[Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency]]
|president1   = [[Bill Clinton]]
|term_start1  = January 23, 1993
|term_end1    = January 20, 2001
|predecessor1 = [[William K. Reilly]]
|successor1   = [[Christine Todd Whitman]]
|birth_name   = Carol Martha Browner
|birth_date   = {{Nowrap|{{birth date and age|1955|12|16}}}}
|birth_place  = Miami, Florida, U.S.
|death_date   =
|death_place  =
|party        = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse       = {{Ubl|{{marriage|[[Michael Podhorzer]]|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Thomas Downey]]|2007}}<ref name="marriages-3" />}}<!-- do not remove this cite, because it indicates there is a third marriage somewhere -->
|education    = [[University of Florida]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
}}

'''Carol Martha Browner''' (born December 16, 1955) is an American [[lawyer]], [[environmentalist]] and [[businesswoman]] who served as director of the [[White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy]] in the [[Obama administration]] from 2009 to 2011. Browner previously served as [[Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) during the [[Clinton administration]] from 1993 to 2001. She currently works as a Senior Counselor at [[Albright Stonebridge Group]], a global business strategy firm.

Browner grew up in [[Florida]] and graduated from the [[University of Florida]] and the [[University of Florida College of Law]].  After working for the [[Florida House of Representatives]], she was employed by [[Citizen Action]] in Washington, D.C. She became a legislative assistant for Senators [[Lawton Chiles]] and [[Al Gore]].  Browner then headed the [[Florida Department of Environmental Regulation]] from 1991 to 1993, where she turned it into one of the most active departments in the state government.

She was the longest-serving administrator in the history of the EPA, staying through both terms of the Clinton presidency.  During her tenure, she reorganized the agency's enforcement structure and oversaw two new programs designed to create flexible partnerships with industry as an alternative to traditional regulation. She started a successful program to deal with contaminated lands in urban areas. She took the lead within the administration in defending existing [[environmental law]]s and budgets and was the driving force behind a stringent tightening of [[air quality]] standards that led to a prolonged political and legal battle.

Afterward, Browner became a founding member of the [[Albright Group]] and [[Albright Capital Management]] in 2001. She also served on a number of boards of directors and committees dealing with environmental issues. Her director role in the Obama administration was sometimes informally referred to as the "[[Energy Czar]]" or "Climate Czar".  Her efforts towards getting comprehensive [[climate and energy]] legislation passed in Congress came to no avail, but she assumed a prominent role in the federal government's response to the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|BP ''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill]] during 2010.  She left her position in 2011 and the job itself was abolished shortly thereafter.  Following that she rejoined the merged Albright Stonebridge Group, continued being active in several boards of environmental organizations, joined the boards of some energy- and agriculture-related companies, and became an advocate for nuclear energy in response to the dangers of [[global warming]].

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[Miami, Florida]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Wald |first=Matthew L. |date=November 26, 2008 |title=Carol M. Browner |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/us/politics/26web-browner.html |access-date=December 14, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="ap-bio-info">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2008/12/15/washington/AP-Bio-Box-Browner.html | title=Biographical Information on Carol Browner | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=The New York Times | date=December 15, 2008 | access-date=February 15, 2017 }}{{dead link|date=March 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> on December 16, 1955,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEzWlAvDEf0C |title=Encyclopedia of the Clinton Presidency |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31294-6 |page=38 |language=en}}</ref> Browner is the daughter of Isabella Harty-Hugues and Michael Browner, both of whom were professors at [[Miami Dade Community College]], in social science and English respectively.<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/>  She has two younger sisters.<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/>  Browner grew up in [[South Miami]],<ref name="nyt-92-prof">{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0D81238F934A25751C1A964958260 | title= New Breed of Ecologist to Lead E.P.A. | author=Schenider, Keith | newspaper=The New York Times | date=December 17, 1992}}</ref> and her hikes in the nearby [[Everglades]] – only a bicycle ride away from her house<ref name="cby-76"/> – gave her a close connection to the natural world:<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/><ref name="time-profile">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1863062_1863058_1866567,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219051009/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1863062_1863058_1866567,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 19, 2008 | title=Energy Czar: Carol Browner | author=Romero, Frances | magazine=Time | access-date=December 16, 2008 | date=December 2, 2008}}</ref> "I was very shaped by growing up in that kind of environment where nature was right there."<ref>{{cite news | title=[Interview] | author=Grier, Peter | newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] | date=April 1, 1993}}</ref>

Browner received her [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree from the [[University of Florida]] in 1977, majoring in English.<ref name="time-profile"/><ref name="epa-bio"/>  She then graduated from the [[University of Florida College of Law]] with a [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] degree in 1979.<ref name="nyt112908">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E3D81431F93AA15752C1A96E9C8B63 | title=Obama's Inner Circle, Members and Maybes: Carol M. Browner | author=Wald, Matthew L. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=November 29, 2008}}</ref><ref name="apx-join"/>

== Early career ==
During 1980 and 1981, Browner worked as General Counsel for the [[Florida House of Representatives]] Committee on Government Operations.<ref name="cby-76"/>  There she helped revise Florida's Conservation and Recreational Lands Program.<ref name="appointees">{{cite press release | title=Appointments made today by President-Elect Bill Clinton | url=http://www.qrd.org/qrd/usa/federal/1992/cabinet.resumes-12.11.92 | publisher=[[Office of the President-Elect]] | date=December 10, 1992}}</ref>  In 1983, she moved to [[Washington, D.C.]] and worked as associate director for the national [[Citizen Action]] group, a grassroots lobbying organization that was active in environmental issues.<ref name="cby-76">''Current Biography Yearbook 1994'', p. 76.</ref><ref name="epa-bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/history/admin/agency/browner.htm |title=Carol M. Browner: Biography |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] Office of Media Relations |date=February 1999 |access-date=December 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216034508/http://www.epa.gov/history/admin/agency/browner.htm |archive-date=December 16, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Browner met Michael Podhorzer, a specialist in health-care issues at Citizen Action,<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/> in 1983.<ref name="usaw052193"/> They married in 1987<ref name="usaw052193">{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5lUzAAAAIBAJ&pg=4859,7509884&dq=epa+chief+carol+browner+is+absolutely&hl=en | title=EPA Chief Carol Browner is 'absolutely energetic' about saving energy – even at home | author=Iorio, Mary | agency=[[USA Weekend]] | newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal-World]] | date=May 21–23, 1993}}</ref> and lived in [[Takoma Park, Maryland]].<ref name="cby-79"/> They have a son, Zachary, born in 1987.<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/><ref name="epa-bio"/>

Between 1986 and 1988, Browner served as chief legislative assistant to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] U.S. Senator [[Lawton Chiles]] from Florida.<ref name="ap-bio-info"/>  In that role, she worked on a complex negotiation to expand Florida's [[Big Cypress National Preserve]]<ref name="cby-76"/><ref name="appointees"/> as well as on a ban on [[offshore drilling]] nearby the [[Florida Keys]].<ref name="cby-77">''Current Biography Yearbook 1994'', p. 77.</ref>  During 1989, she served as a legal counsel for the [[Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources]].<ref name="cby-77"/>  She was not averse to in-field investigation, and once dived in coastal waters to do research while pregnant.<ref name="cby-76"/>

From 1988 to 1991, Browner worked as legislative director for Senator [[Al Gore]],<ref name="ap-bio-info"/> and became known as a Gore protégé.<ref name="nyt-epa-ann"/><ref name="nyt-czar-ts">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/12/us/politics/12climate.html | title=Title, but Unclear Power, for a New Climate Czar | author=Broder, John M. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=December 11, 2008}}</ref>  She helped prepare amendments to the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]]<ref name="cby-77"/> and managed Gore's legislative staff.<ref name="appointees"/>

== Secretary of Environmental Regulation for Florida ==
As Secretary of Environmental Regulation,<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/> Browner headed the [[Florida Department of Environmental Regulation]] from 1991 to 1993,<ref name="ap-bio-info"/> while living in [[Tallahassee]].<ref name="appointees"/>  It was the nation's third-largest such state agency, with 1,500 employees and a budget of some $650 million.<ref name="nyt-epa-ann"/> There she believed that economic development and environmental protection did not have to be in conflict with each other.<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/>  She revitalized the demoralized department and turned it into one of the most active in the Florida state government.<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/>  She shortened the amount of time it took the department to review development permits for wetlands-affected areas and for manufacturing plants; in doing so, she annoyed some environmentalists who thought that the streamlined procedures diminished public review.<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/>

Browner pushed for the halting of construction of new hazardous waste plants and municipal waste incinerators, on the grounds that health and environmental consequences were insufficiently known.<ref name="nyt-epa-ann"/>  She brokered a deal with [[Walt Disney World]] that would allow it to build on wetlands it owned, in exchange for $40 million of work by Disney to restore endangered wetlands nearby.<ref name="cby-77"/>  She pleased environmentalists by persuading Chiles, who had become governor, to negotiate a settlement to a federal lawsuit regarding damage to [[Everglades National Park]] and forcing the Florida sugar industry to bear much of the $1 billion cost.<ref name="nyt-92-prof"/>  The head of Florida's largest business trade association described dealing with Browner: "She kicks the door open, throws in a hand grenade, and then walks in to shoot who's left. She really doesn't like to compromise. [But she] has done a pretty good job down here. People have more complaints with the way she does it than what she does."<ref name="wapo121292">{{cite news | title=Activist Ex-Aide to Gore Tapped to Direct EPA | author=Kenworthy, Tom | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=December 12, 1992}}</ref>

== EPA Administrator ==
=== Nomination and confirmation ===
After the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 presidential election]], Browner served as transition director for Vice President-elect Gore.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2D9103FF930A25752C1A964958260 | title=The Transition: President-Elect's Choices | newspaper=The New York Times | date=November 13, 1992}}</ref>  President-elect [[Bill Clinton]] announced her as his choice for [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] head on December 11, 1992.<ref name="nyt-epa-ann">{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4D8113FF931A25751C1A964958260 | title=Clinton Widens His Circle, Naming 4 Social Activists | author=Ifill, Gwen | newspaper=The New York Times | date=December 12, 1992 | author-link=Gwen Ifill}}</ref>  While both Clinton and Gore had criticized the [[George H. W. Bush administration]]'s commitment to environmental protection during the campaign,<ref name="mintz-132">Mintz, ''Enforcement at the EPA'', p. 132.</ref> the selection of Browner – who was described by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' as having "the mind and training of an attorney-legislator but the soul of an activist" – was seen as an indication that Gore's ardent environmentalism had won out over Clinton's more pro-business mindset.<ref name="wapo121292"/>  Clinton later wrote that he had not known her, but that Chiles had recommended her highly and Gore had requested she be named.<ref name="bill-454">Clinton, ''My Life'', p. 454.</ref>  The pick, along with several others of Gore protégés that Clinton made, helped solidify the vice president's position within the administration.<ref>Turque, ''Inventing Al Gore'', p. 267.</ref>  At her confirmation hearings before the [[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works]], Browner came across as pragmatic and allayed fears that she would be excessively influenced by or tied to Gore.<ref name="cby-78">''Current Biography Yearbook 1994'', p. 78.</ref>  She was confirmed by the unanimous consent of the [[United States Senate]] on January 21, 1993.<ref>{{cite news | author= Greenhouse, Steven. | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/22/us/settling-presidential-appointees-14-major-clinton-nominees-are-confirmed-senate.html | title=14 Major Clinton Nominees Are Confirmed by Senate | newspaper=The New York Times | date=January 23, 1993}} Thomas Search, Presidential Nominations: PN76-16-103 January 21, 1993 – Confirmed by the Senate by Unanimous Consent.</ref>

She and Podhorzer returned to [[Takoma Park, Maryland]], and he continued to work at [[Citizen Action]].<ref name="cby-79">''Current Biography Yearbook 1994'', p. 79.</ref>  Her long-term goal was "to leave the world a slightly better place", and she practiced various environmentally beneficial practices at home.<ref name="usaw052193"/>  She avoided the [[Nannygate]] <!-- linking to disambig page intentional, for now --> problems of some of Clinton's other early female nominees by having never used a nanny.<ref name="usaw052193"/>  She continued to lead an active outdoor life via bicycling, skiing, and jogging.<ref name="usaw052193"/>

=== First four years ===
[[Image:Carol Browner EPA.gif|thumb|right|upright|Carol Browner as EPA Administrator]]
At the EPA, Browner supervised some 17,000&nbsp;employees and a $7&nbsp;billion budget.<ref name="usaw052193"/>  Early in her administration, she angered some EPA employees by publicly stating that the organization lacked management accountability and discipline and was wasting taxpayer money.<ref name="cby-78"/>  Soon after taking office, Browner and her top aides, including assistant administrator for enforcement [[Steve Herman (EPA)|Steven Herman]], reorganized several awkward and inefficient agency enforcement structures into a single [[Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance]].<ref name="mintz-132"/>  The EPA's regional offices were permitted flexibility in reworking their own enforcement structures, however, which led to some bureaucratic conflicts.<ref name="mintz-133">Mintz, ''Enforcement at the EPA'', p. 133.</ref>

Browner found criticism from both sides of environmental issues<ref name="usaw052193"/> and battled many environmentalists, who objected to her support for repeal of the 1958 [[Delaney clause]] regarding permissible levels of carcinogens in foods.<ref name="cby-78"/>  Her announcement in May 1993 that the EPA would impose a moratorium on new incinerator and industrial furnace licensing drew support from environmentalists, however.<ref name="cby-78"/> A move by Clinton to elevate the EPA and Browner to Cabinet-level status failed in late 1993 to gain sufficient Congressional support.<ref name="sfss112008"/><ref>{{cite news | title=House Leaders Defer Vote On Cabinet Rank for EPA;GOP Opposition to Clinton Measure Growing | author=Lee, Gary | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=November 20, 1993}}</ref>  Many of her legislative desires had to take a back seat to the higher-priority [[1993 Clinton health care plan]].<ref name="usaw052193"/>

When the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] took control of Congress after the [[United States elections, 1994|1994 U.S. elections]], Browner took the lead for the Clinton administration in successfully fighting efforts by the Republicans, especially in the House of Representatives, to amend the [[Clean Water Act]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_28aAAAAIBAJ&pg=7060,6364374&dq=carol+browner+republicans+clean-water-act&hl=en | title=EPA notes clean water's economic value | author=Behm, Don | newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] | date=June 4, 1996 | page=4A }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/white_house/transition2008/browner_profile.html | title=Browner Named as Newly-created Climate Policy Chief | work=[[PBS NewsHour|NewsHour]] | publisher=[[PBS]] | date=December 15, 2008 | access-date=August 25, 2017 | archive-date=January 1, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101051544/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/white_house/transition2008/browner_profile.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and to roll back other environmental regulations.<ref name="turque-334">Turque, ''Inventing Al Gore'', p. 334.</ref>  She was able to work in a bipartisan manner, though, with Republicans in helping craft amendments to the [[Safe Drinking Water Act]] and passage of the [[Food Quality Protection Act]].<ref name="npr-webc"/>  During the budget-cutting negotiations surrounding the [[United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996|federal government shutdown in 1995]], Browner successfully protected the EPA's review and enforcement powers and managed to gain over $750&nbsp;million in increased spending for the agency.<ref name="nyt070597">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/05/us/on-clean-air-environmental-chief-fought-doggedly-and-won.html | title=On Clean Air, Environmental Chief Fought Doggedly, and Won | author=Cushman Jr., John H. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 5, 1997}}</ref>  Her bureaucratic effectiveness illustrated what one of her top aides characterized as her talent: "an extreme focus on a single issue where she is completely certain that she is right".<ref name="nyt070597"/>

[[Image:CarolBrownerCirca1996.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Carol Browner, c. 1996|alt=A black and white image of a pale-skinned woman in her early forties, with fairly dark hair with a swept hairdo covering part of her ears, smiling, wearing solid metal earrings and a metal chain necklace and a dark top.]]

Two initiatives begun by the Clinton administration under Browner's tenure were part of its [[National Partnership for Reinventing Government|"reinventing government" program]] and sought to realize the notion of [[environmental contract]]s as a way of expanding the EPA's flexible public-private partnerships, as an alternative to traditional regulation.<ref name="hazard-orts"/> Project XL in 1995 was designed to find common sense, cost-effective solutions to environmental issues at individual facilities,<ref name="hazard-orts">Hazard Jr., Geoffrey C. and Orts, Eric W., "Environmental Contracts in the United States", in Orts and Deketelaere (eds.), ''Environmental Contracts'', pp. 71–92.</ref> while the Common Sense Initiative in 1994 was targeted at efforts involving entire industry sectors, rather than dealing with issues on a crisis-by-crisis, pollutant-by-pollutant basis.<ref name="collin-163">Collin, ''The Environmental Protection Agency'', pp. 163–165.</ref>  Project XL had mixed results, with some success stories but an uncertain legal basis regarding enforcement and less active participation than envisioned.<ref name="hazard-orts"/>  The more ambitious Common Sense Initiative, which somewhat resembled the environmental covenants appearing in some European countries and also incorporated the viewpoints of [[environmental justice]], showed limitations in some areas but successes in the [[printing]] and [[plating|metal finishing and plating]] industries before being concluded in 1998.<ref name="hazard-orts"/><ref name="collin-163"/>

In March 1995, Browner and the EPA were charged by the [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform|House Government Reform and Oversight]] Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs with violating the federal Anti-Lobbying Act ([[Title 18 of the United States Code|18 U.S. Code]] [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1913- § 1913]) by faxing unsolicited material opposing the Republican-sponsored regulatory reform package to various corporations and public-interest groups.<ref>{{cite news | author=Price, Joyce. | url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WT&p_theme=wt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB0F139B22F1AC9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | title=EPA broke law, panel charges: Bipartisan letter cites 'prohibited grass-roots lobbying' | newspaper=[[The Washington Times]] | date= March 22, 1995 | page= A3}} Accessed September 17, 2008 [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/srd97d00 via the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library] at the [[University of California, San Francisco]].</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/04/us/epa-chief-is-accused-of-lobbying.html | title=E.P.A. Chief Is Accused Of Lobbying | author=Cushman Jr., John H. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=March 4, 1995}}</ref>  Browner denied the accusation, saying the charge was an attempt to keep her from debating a possible rollback of health and environmental protections.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/05/us/chief-of-epa-says-she-didn-t-illegally-lobby.html | title=Chief of E.P.A. Says She Didn't Illegally Lobby | author=Cushman Jr., John H. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=March 5, 1995}}</ref>

As EPA Administrator, Browner started the agency's successful Brownfields Program in 1995.<ref name="collin-114">Collin, ''The Environmental Protection Agency'', pp. 114–115.</ref> The program helped facilitate cleanups of [[brownfield land]]s and their contaminated facilities, especially in urban areas, by empowering states, communities, and assorted stakeholders in economic development.<ref name="collin-114"/>  It leveraged more than $1&nbsp;billion in public and private funds for cleanups and created thousands of new jobs, while enabling hundreds of communities to bring idle properties back into productive use.<ref name="npr-webc">{{cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/programs/npc/2000/001003.cbrowner.html | title=Carol Browner | publisher=[[NPR]] | date=October 3, 2000}}</ref>

=== Second four years ===
Perhaps Browner's biggest triumph<ref name="nyt-czar-ts"/> came in 1997, when she convinced Clinton to support a stringent tightening of the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]]'s [[National Ambient Air Quality Standards]] regarding permissible levels of the [[Tropospheric ozone|ground-level ozone]] that makes up [[smog]] and the fine airborne [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]] that makes up [[soot]].<ref name="nyt062697">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/26/us/clinton-sharply-tightens-air-pollution-regulations-despite-concern-over-costs.html | title=Clinton Sharply Tightens Air Pollution Regulations Despite Concern Over Costs | author=Cushman Jr., John H. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=June 26, 1997}}</ref><ref name="cnn110700">{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/11/07/scotus.cleanair.02/index.html |title=U.S. Supreme Court hears clean air cases regarding smog and soot standards |author=Chebium, Raju |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=November 7, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919012935/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/11/07/scotus.cleanair.02/index.html |archive-date=September 19, 2007 }}</ref>   The decision came after months of public review of the proposed new standards that became the most divisive environmental debate of the decade.<ref name="nyt062597">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/25/us/d-amato-vows-to-fight-for-epa-s-tightened-air-standards.html | title=D'Amato Vows to Fight for E.P.A.'s Tightened Air Standards | author=Cushman Jr., John H. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=June 25, 1997}}</ref>  There was a long and fierce internal discussion within the administration, with opposition from the president's economic advisers echoing strong objections from some industry groups who said the costs of the new standards would far outweigh any benefits<ref name="nyt062697"/> and that Browner had exaggerated the degree of certainty behind the EPA's scientific reviews on the matter.<ref name="nyt070597"/><ref name="time-queen"/>  Over eighty environmental and health groups, who had grown quite frustrated with the administration's preference for minimal-cost incremental actions in the area, pressured Vice President Gore to take a stand on the matter, but he remained silent.<ref name="turque-334"/>  Browner's adamant defense in favor of the new standards was conducted almost single-handedly, in private meetings, Congressional testimony, and public debate,<ref name="nyt070597"/> and had come in the face of a silence from the White House that had put at risk her standing within the administration.<ref name="nyt060197">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/us/top-epa-official-not-backing-down-on-air-standards.html | title=Top E.P.A. Official Not Backing Down On Air Standards | author=Cushman Jr., John H. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=June 1, 1997}}</ref>  Some within the administration objected to her unwillingness to modify her stance and even suggested she be fired for insubordination.<ref name="time-queen"/>  Ultimately, Gore lent behind-the-scenes support in favor of the new regulations, which was a key factor in Clinton's final decision in Browner's favor.<ref name="turque-334"/><ref name="nyt062697"/><ref name="time-queen"/><ref name="nyt060197"/>  Overall, ''[[The New York Times]]'' termed Browner's actions "a remarkable piece of bureaucratic bravura"<ref name="nyt070597"/> and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine labelled Browner the "Queen of Clean Air".<ref name="time-queen">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986665,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220132255/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986665,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 20, 2008 | title=Carol Browner: The Queen of Clean Air | author=Lemonick, Michael D. | author2=McAllister, J.F.O. | author3=Thompson, Dick | magazine=Time | date=July 7, 1997}}</ref>  As the decision was announced, one which would affect hundreds of American cities and towns,<ref name="turque-334"/> Browner said: "These new standards will provide new health protections to 125&nbsp;million Americans, including 35&nbsp;million children."<ref name="nyt062697"/>

[[Image:FEMA - 1306 - Photograph by Dave Saville taken on 09-30-1999 in North Carolina.jpg|thumb|right|FEMA head [[James Lee Witt]] and Administrator Browner worked with a [[HazMat team]] in [[Kinston, North Carolina]] during September 1999, in the wake of severe flooding from [[Hurricane Floyd]].|alt=A group of eight middle-aged people surround the open back of a pickup truck that is carrying orange traffic cones and white food containers. The scene is next to a body of water and some trees and a telephone pole, on a blue sky sunny day. Three people are most prominent. One man is dressed in blue pants, and orange T-shirt from a hazardous materials team, and a blue and orange baseball cap. Another man is pointing at an unseen object, and is wearing blue jeans and a dark blue shirt, and has an air of authority about him. A woman is standing next to that man, listening. She is wearing black pants, a white shirt, and has brown hair cut above and down behind the ear and is wearing a thin black wristwatch.]]

The change to the standards had to survive Congressional review, but the support of Republicans from the northeast, especially New York Senator [[Al D'Amato]], helped compensate for Democrats opposed to them.<ref name="nyt062597"/><ref name="time-queen"/>  The new regulations were challenged in the courts by industry groups as a violation of the [[Nondelegation principle|U.S. Constitution's nondelegation principle]] and eventually landed in the [[U.S. Supreme Court]],<ref name="cnn110700"/> whose 2001 unanimous ruling in the case now titled ''[[Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc.]]'' largely upheld Browner's and the EPA's actions.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/28/us/epa-s-right-to-set-air-rules-wins-supreme-court-backing.html | title=E.P.A.'s Right to Set Air Rules Wins Supreme Court Backing | author=Greenhouse, Linda | newspaper=The New York Times | date=February 28, 2001 | author-link=Linda Greenhouse}}</ref>  Browner and the EPA also took action against air pollution caused by motor vehicles, issuing standards in 1999 that for the first time included [[light truck]]s and [[sport utility vehicle]]s to meet the same emission standards as cars, and that would require the [[sulfur]] content of [[gasoline]] to be reduced by 90&nbsp;percent over five years.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=h74aAAAAIBAJ&pg=6756,2579941&dq=browner+epa+rules+car+pollution&hl=en | title=EPA wants light trucks to meet car emission standards | agency=[[The Washington Post]] | newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] | date=February 19, 1999 | page=3A }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Clinton, ''My Life'', p. 856.</ref>

During her tenure, Browner also began efforts to deal with [[global warming]], giving the EPA authority to regulate carbon emissions causing climate change, although the EPA under the following [[George W. Bush administration]] chose not to use that authority.<ref name="nyt-czar-ts"/>  Several other policies of hers were reversed in the Bush administration as well.<ref name="sfss112008">{{cite news | url=http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/dcblog/2008/11/will_floridas_carol_browner_re_1.html | title=Will Florida's Carol Browner return to EPA? | author=Gibson, William | newspaper=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]] | date=November 20, 2008}}</ref>

During Browner's tenure, there were many reports from African American employees of racism directed at them from a network of "good old boys" who dominated the agency's middle management.<ref name="time-epa-racism">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,100423,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010224115006/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,100423,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 24, 2001 | title=How the EPA Was Made to Clean Up Its Own Stain — Racism | author=White, Jack | magazine=Time | date=February 23, 2001}}</ref> The most known of these reports involved policy specialist [[Marsha Coleman-Adebayo]], who in 1997 filed suit against the agency; in 2000, the court found the EPA guilty of discrimination against Coleman-Adebayo, and awarded her $300,000.<ref name="time-epa-racism"/><ref name="wapo071006"/> Coleman-Adebayo said that Browner allowed the problems to persist rather than trying to clean them up.<ref name="time-epa-racism"/> In an October 2000 Congressional hearing on the matter,<ref>{{cite web|title=106th Congress (1999–2000): House Committee Meetings By Date: Intolerance at EPA |publisher=U.S. Congressional Bibliographies |date=October 4, 2000 |url=http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/congbibs/house/106hdgst2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430163849/http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/congbibs/house/106hdgst2.html |archive-date=April 30, 2009 }}</ref> Browner emphasized that minorities had tripled in number in the agency's senior rank during her time as administrator, but was unable to explain why the culprits in Coleman-Adebayo's case had not been dismissed and in some cases had been promoted.<ref name="time-epa-racism"/> Congressional dissatisfaction with the situation and the EPA's treatment of Coleman-Adebayo led to passage of the [[No-FEAR Act]] in 2002, which prohibits federal managers and supervisors from engaging in unlawful discrimination and retaliation.<ref name="wapo071006">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/09/AR2006070900741_pf.html | title=Coming Soon: A Tale of Whistle-Blowing at the EPA | author=Fears, Darryl | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=July 10, 2006}}</ref>

In the final days of the Clinton administration, [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.C. District Judge]] [[Royce C. Lamberth]] ordered the EPA to preserve under the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] all documents possibly relevant to last-minute EPA regulation issuances.<ref name="ap072503">{{cite news | url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/998899/ | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122115318/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/998899/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 22, 2013 | title=EPA held in contempt over documents | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[Deseret News]] | date=July 25, 2003}}</ref>  In 2003, Lamberth found the EPA in contempt for not having preserved Browner's files, but did not find Browner or other officials in contempt.<ref name="ap072503"/>  Browner had said that she had not been aware of the court order and that the computer material she had removed was not work-related.<ref name="ap072503"/>

During her EPA tenure, Browner became unpopular with a number of industry groups, especially utilities and heavy manufacturing, as well as with [[American conservatism|conservatives]] in Congress, who thought businesses were stifled by her policies.<ref name="nyt-czar-ts"/><ref name="sfss112008"/><ref name="nw0409prof"/>  She also battled the [[United States Treasury Department|Treasury Department]] at times, and sometimes opposed Clinton himself, who tended to give priority to economic growth over environmental considerations.<ref name="nw0409prof"/>  Nonetheless, Browner was the longest-serving administrator in the history of the agency, staying through both terms of the Clinton presidency<ref name="wapo120908"/><ref name="collin-275">Collin, ''The Environmental Protection Agency'', p. 275.</ref> – and in the type of position that often sees turnover every three or four years.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Auer | first=Matthew R. | title=Presidential Environmental Appointees in Comparative Perspective | journal=[[Public Administration Review]] | volume= 68 | issue=1 | pages=68–80 | publisher=[[American Society for Public Administration]] | date=January–February 2008 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00838.x}}</ref>  Robert W. Collin, author of a 2005 text on the agency, assessed her as "one of the ablest administrators ever to lead the EPA", and wrote that she was "completely fearless in her engagement with controversial environmental issues".<ref>Collin, ''The Environmental Protection Agency'', p. 277.</ref>  Clinton himself later stated that Browner had accumulated a long list of important achievements.<ref name="bill-454"/>

== Business career ==
After the Clinton administration, Browner became a founding member of the [[Albright Group]], a "global strategy group" headed by former [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Madeleine Albright]].<ref name="nyt-marriage"/> As a principal, Browner assisted businesses and other organizations with the challenges of operating internationally, including complying with environmental regulations and climate change.  [[Coca-Cola]] and [[Merck & Co.]] have been among the clients for such international assistance.<ref name="nyt-czar-ts"/>  She also became a founding member and principal of [[Albright Capital Management]], an investment advisory company.<ref name="ap-bio-info"/><ref name="nyt-marriage"/>  During 2002, she taught classes at the study abroad program of her alma mater, now named the [[Fredric G. Levin College of Law]].<ref name="uflaw"/>

Browner is now married to former Congressman [[Thomas Downey]].<ref name="marriages-3"/> The marriage, his second, her third,<ref name="marriages-3">That the marriage to Downey was Brower's third is given by the following two sources.  However, when she became divorced from Podhorzer, and whom the other marriage was to and when, are quite unclear. &nbsp; {{cite news | url=http://weblogs.newsday.com/news/local/longisland/politics/blog/2007/01/downey_browner_to_marry.html | title=Downey, Browner to Marry | author=J. Jioni Palmer | newspaper=[[Newsday]] | date=January 8, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219121854/http://weblogs.newsday.com/news/local/longisland/politics/blog/2007/01/downey_browner_to_marry.html | archive-date=February 19, 2007}} &nbsp;&nbsp; {{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/04/AR2007010401684_pf.html | title=Corrections | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=January 5, 2007}}</ref> took place on June 21, 2007, in [[Riverhead, New York]].<ref name="nyt-marriage">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/24/fashion/weddings/24browner.html | title=Carol Browner and Thomas Downey | newspaper=The New York Times | date=June 24, 2007}}</ref> Downey heads a lobbying firm representing clients in the energy industry.<ref name="time-profile"/>  In 2006, she and Downey collaborated on behalf of [[Dubai Ports World]], but were unable to persuade Senator [[Charles Schumer]] to their viewpoint during the [[Dubai Ports World controversy]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122903665464999775 | title=Browner's Husband Lobbied on Energy Issues | author= Haynes, Brad | author2= Farnum, T.W.  | newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=December 11, 2008}}</ref>

[[Image:CarolBrowner2007.jpeg|thumb|left|155px|Browner testifying before the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works]] in April 2007|alt=A pale-skinned woman in her early fifties is sitting behind a brown table, speaking, with a microphone and a pitcher of water. She has brown hair around the ear down to her shoulder, and is wearing a salmon-colored suit jacket with a double-strand of some kind of necklace. A balding, middle-aged man and a stack of some papers can be seen behind her.]]

Browner joined the board of the [[National Audubon Society]] in 2001 and became chair in 2003;<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://web1.audubon.org/news/pressRelease.php?id=1160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222021022/http://web1.audubon.org/news/pressRelease.php?id=1160 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 22, 2008 |title=Carol Browner An Outstanding Choice for Obama Administration |author=Flicker, John |publisher=[[National Audubon Society]] |date=December 15, 2008 }}</ref> her term expired in 2008.<ref name="AS">{{cite web | url=http://www.audubon.org/nas/board/ | title=Board of Directors | publisher=[[National Audubon Society]] | access-date= June 15, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061129215121/http://www.audubon.org/nas/board/ |archive-date = November 29, 2006}}</ref>  She also joined the board of the [[Alliance for Climate Protection]], an organization founded by Gore in 2006.<ref name="nyt-marriage"/>  In 2008, she joined the board of [https://web.archive.org/web/20100326060534/http://www.apx.com/about/history.asp APX, Inc.], which specializes in technology infrastructure for the environmental commodities markets<ref name="apx-join">{{cite press release|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_March_10/ai_n24381422 |title=Carol Browner Joins APX's Board of Directors |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=March 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107224020/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_March_10/ai_n24381422 |archive-date=January 7, 2016 }}</ref> including those for [[carbon offsets]] and the [[CDM Gold Standard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apx.com/about/history.asp |title=History of APX |publisher=Company Web site: 2008 developments |access-date=July 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326060534/http://www.apx.com/about/history.asp |archive-date=March 26, 2010 }}</ref>  She was also on the founding board of the [[Center for American Progress]]<ref name="cap-2"/> as well as the boards of the [[Alliance for Climate Protection]] and the [[League of Conservation Voters]].<ref name="apx-join"/> She left all of these boards in late 2008 when she was named to serve in the Obama administration.<ref name="wt011209"/>  Until summer 2008 she was a member of [[Socialist International]]'s [[Commission for a Sustainable World Society]],<ref name="wt011209"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=1272 | work=XXIII Congress of the Socialist International, Athens | title=Acting Now on Climate Change | publisher=[[Socialist International]] | date=July 2, 2008}}</ref><ref name="fox011509">{{cite news | url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/obama-climate-czarina-was-member-of-socialist-groups-environmental-commission | title=Obama Climate Czarina Was Member of Socialist Group's Environmental Commission | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=January 15, 2009 | access-date=September 12, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602194824/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,479935,00.html | archive-date=June 2, 2009 | url-status=live }}</ref> although the commission's web site still had her listed as a member in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://24ahead.com/commission-sustainable-world-society-members-january-5-2009 | title=Commission for a Sustainable World Society members as of January 5, 2009 | publisher=24Ahead.com | access-date=September 13, 2009}}</ref>

Her income in 2008 was between $1 million and $5 million from lobbying firm Downey McGrath Group, where her husband was a principal.<ref name="wsj040409"/> She also reported $450,000 in "member distribution" income, plus retirement and other benefits from the Albright Group.<ref name="wsj040409">{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123879462053487927 | title=Hedge Fund Paid Summers $5.2 Million in Past Year | author=  McKinnon, John D. | author2= Farnum, T.W. | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date= April 4, 2009}}</ref>

Browner retained a political voice during her business career, describing the [[George W. Bush administration]] as "the worst environmental administration ever".<ref name="nyt112908"/> She also stated that [[global warming]] is "the greatest challenge ever faced".<ref name="nyt-czar-ts"/> In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]], she was a strong supporter of [[Hillary Clinton]]'s bid for the Democratic nomination.<ref name="nyt112908"/>  After Clinton lost her bid, Browner campaigned for [[Barack Obama]] in several battleground states and in [[League of Conservation Voters]] events.<ref name="nyt112908"/>

==Director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy==
[[Image:CarolBrowner.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Browner spoke after President-elect [[Barack Obama]] announced her appointment as an advisor on December 15, 2008. Vice President-elect [[Joe Biden]] looks on.|alt=A pale-skinned man in his sixties with white hair, a pale-skinned woman in her fifties with light brown hair, and a brown-skinned man in his forties with dark hair, all stand in front of a blue drape backdrop with two American flags. Both men are wearing dark business suits with white shirts and ties, one blue, one red; the woman is wearing a light beige suit jacket. The woman is behind a brown podium with a blue and white sign saying "Office of the President Elect" and two black microphones. All three are looking serious and both of the men have their hands folded in front of them.]]
On November 5, 2008, Browner was named to the advisory board of the [[Obama-Biden Transition Project]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Sweet, Lynn |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2008/11/jarrett_podesta_rouse_to_lead.html |title=Jarrett, Podesta, Rouse to lead Obama transition; Bill Daley co-chair |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=November 5, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210145131/http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2008/11/jarrett_podesta_rouse_to_lead.html |archive-date=December 10, 2008 }}</ref>

On December 15, 2008, President-elect [[Barack Obama]] named Browner as Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Obama-Biden Transition Project]] |url=http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/the_energy_and_environment_team/ |title=The energy and environment team |author=Rochelson, Dave |date=December 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216030928/http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/the_energy_and_environment_team/ |archive-date=December 16, 2008 }}</ref>  Officially known as the Director of the [[White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy]],<ref name="uflaw">{{cite news | url=http://www.law.ufl.edu/uflaw/09spring/features/carol-browner | title=First a Gator now the leader of the president's Green Team | author=Chun, Diane | magazine=Gainesville Magazine | date=Spring 2009 | access-date=September 11, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008145638/http://www.law.ufl.edu/uflaw/09spring/features/carol-browner | archive-date=October 8, 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="lat052009">{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-may-20-na-emissions20-story.html | title=Auto emissions deal: behind the scenes | author=Tankersley, Jim | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=May 20, 2009}}</ref> she acted as a coordinator for environmental, energy, climate, transport and related matters for the federal government.<ref name="wapo120908">{{cite news | author=Camen, Al | url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/12/09/browner_to_take_white_house_en.html  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729110649/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/12/09/browner_to_take_white_house_en.html  | url-status=dead  | archive-date=July 29, 2009  | title=Browner to Take White House Energy and Environment Job | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=December 9, 2008}}</ref>  Her position was sometimes informally described as the "[[Energy Czar]]" or the "Climate Czar".<ref name="time-profile"/><ref name="nw0409prof">{{cite news | url=http://www.newsweek.com/2009/04/03/the-lioness-in-spring.html | title=The Lioness In Spring | author=Hirsh, Michael | magazine=[[Newsweek]] | date=April 4, 2009}}</ref><ref name="gw090809">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/09/08/08greenwire-embattled-van-jones-quits-but-czar-debates-rage-9373.html | title=Embattled Van Jones Quits, but 'Czar' Debates Rage On | author=Burnham, Michael | agency=[[Greenwire]] | newspaper=The New York Times | date=September 9, 2009}}</ref>  (The form "Czarina" was sometimes also used.<ref name="fox011509"/><ref name="ee-lime"/>)  It did not require Senate confirmation.<ref name="wt011209">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/12/obama-climate-czar-has-socialist-ties/ | title=Obama climate czar has socialist ties | author=Dinan, Stephen | newspaper=The Washington Times | date=January 12, 2009}}</ref> Her participation on the Commission for a Sustainable World Society drew criticism from some Republican members of Congress,<ref name="fox011509"/> but the Obama transition team said there was nothing wrong with it.<ref name="wt011209"/> In any case, her power and influence relied primarily on persuasion: "I don't have any independent policymaking authority. It's not like when I was at EPA and I could depend on regulation."<ref name="nw0409prof"/>
Browner's deputy assistant was [[Heather Zichal]],<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/tg36.htm |title=Geithner, Summers Convene Official Designees to Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry |publisher=[[U.S. Department of the Treasury]] |date=February 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904110135/http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/tg36.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2009 }}</ref> a former legislative director for Senator [[John Kerry]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12144 |title=President-Elect Obama Nominates Dr. Steven Chu as Energy Secretary |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Energy]] |date=December 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225094640/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id%3D12144 |archive-date=December 25, 2008 }}</ref>

The early months of the Obama administration found her working well with the Cabinet members.<ref name="nw0409prof"/>  She was a key negotiator between the administration and automakers in formulating the new [[United States emission standards]] in May 2009,<ref name="lat052009"/><ref name="wsj091009">{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125261851127501015 | title=Role of White House Czars Sparks Battle  | author=King Jr., Neil | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=September 11, 2009}}</ref> and also was a member of the [[Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry]] that bailed out American automakers.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/geithner-summers-convene-official-designees-presidential-task-force-auto-industry |title=Geithner, Summers Convene Official Designees to Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry |date=February 20, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216175346/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/geithner-summers-convene-official-designees-presidential-task-force-auto-industry |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=February 16, 2017 }}</ref>  She successfully urged incorporation of tens of billions of dollars for renewable energy programs into the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/energy-and-efficiency-intact-in-stimulus-bill/ | title=Energy and efficiency intact in stimulus bill | author=LaMonica, Martin | publisher=[[CNET News]] | date=February 12, 2009}}</ref><ref name="ap-leaving"/>  She was a central player in negotiation with Congress of the [[United States Carbon Cap and Trade Program]], seemingly more so than [[United States Energy Secretary|U.S. Energy Secretary]] [[Steven Chu]],<ref name="nw0409prof"/><ref name="wsj091009"/> and continued to stress its importance despite the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Obama health care plan]] being the top legislative priority overall.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2009/09/08/08climatewire-cap-and-trade-in-senate-limbo-as-obama-makes-92462.html | title=Cap and Trade in Senate Limbo as Obama Makes All-Out Push on Health Care  | author=Samuelsohn, Darren | agency=[[ClimateWire]] | newspaper=The New York Times | date=September 9, 2009}}</ref>  Environmentalists viewed her as a critical liaison to the White House.<ref name="wapo-leaving"/>  By September 2009, Republican members of Congress expressed concern that her access to the president had usurped power from other agencies.<ref name="wsj091009"/>  She also became a brief target of fervent anti-"czar" radio and television commentator [[Glenn Beck]], following the [[Van Jones]] resignation.<ref name="gw090809"/>

[[Image:Carol Browner at White House 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Browner briefed President Obama and Senior Advisor [[Valerie Jarrett]] on the [[BP oil spill]] on June 1, 2010.|alt=A pale-skinned woman in her fifties is sitting on a beige sofa in a large room with a window, a painting, and a bureau visible in the background. She has straight, tan-brown hair over her ears and down to her shoulder and is wearing a brown suit with a pale blue bracelet. She is gesturing with her hands and has a pen and a tablet of paper next to her. To one side of her is a light-brown-skinned woman in her fifties with brown hair, wearing a light-and-dark-grey suit and looking at the first woman. She is holding a pen and a writing pad is next to her as well. On the other side of the first woman is the out-of-focus image of the back of the head and shoulders and arm of a brown-skinned man with dark hair. He is looking at the first woman and holding his right hand to his temple, as if in pain or concentration.]]

In October 2009, Browner conceded that congressional passage of the cap-and-trade legislation before the end of the year was unlikely, and feared its absence would harm prospects for meaningful international agreement at the [[Copenhagen United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in December.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/oct/04/us-climate-change-bill-browner | title=US climate bill not likely this year, says Obama adviser | author=Goldenberg, Suzanne | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=October 4, 2009 | location=London}}</ref>  By the next month, she moderated her concern but expressed opposition to any congressional "slicing and dicing" that would separate energy and climate concerns.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/55073-browner-u-s-in-good-standing-heading-into-copenhagen-talks/ | title=Browner: U.S. in 'good standing' heading into Copenhagen talks | author=Geman, Ben | newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] | date=November 18, 2009}}</ref>  Attempts to pass any kind of climate legislation collapsed in July 2010 due to lack of enough votes in the Senate; Browner appeared on behalf of the administration and said, "Obviously, everyone is disappointed that we do not yet have an agreement on comprehensive legislation."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/23/us/politics/23cong.html | title=Democrats Call Off Climate Bill Effort | author=Hulse, Carl | author2=Herszenhorn, David M. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 22, 2010}}</ref>  At other times she became philosophical, later saying that she would quote the key lines from one of [[The Rolling Stones]]' [[You Can't Always Get What You Want|most well-known songs]] to Obama: "You can't always get what you want, but you get what you need."<ref name="ee-lime"/>

In 2010, Browner became a key part of the administration team handling, and one of the more visible administration figures in issuing public comments about, the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|BP ''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="wapo-leaving"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0510/37948.html | title=W.H. lacks slick spokesperson | author=Cummings, Jeanne | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=May 30, 2010}}</ref>  In late May 2010 she assessed the spill as "probably the biggest environmental disaster we have ever faced in this country" and said that the administration was "prepared for the worst".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gantdaily.com/2010/05/31/mexicans-fear-bp-oil-spill-will-spread-to-their-coast/ |title=Mexicans Fear BP Oil Spill Will Spread to Their Coast |author=Ramstack, Tom |agency=[[All Headline News]] |website=gantdaily.com |date=May 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603213648/http://gantdaily.com/2010/05/31/mexicans-fear-bp-oil-spill-will-spread-to-their-coast/ |archive-date=June 3, 2010 }}</ref>  She added that "I think what the American people need to know that it is possible we will have oil leaking from this well until August, when the relief wells will be finished."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/jan-june10/oil1_05-31.html | title=BP Readies New Strategy for Stopping Oil Leak | work=[[PBS NewsHour|NewsHour]] | publisher=[[PBS]] | date=May 31, 2010 | access-date=August 25, 2017 | archive-date=January 22, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122073737/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/jan-june10/oil1_05-31.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>  [[Michael Allen (journalist)|Mike Allen]] of ''[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]]'' later wrote, "[Browner's] calm, authoritative television presence during the BP oil disaster made her one of the few officials whose stature was enhanced in the aftermath of the Gulf catastrophe."<ref name="pol-leaving"/>

With Republicans taking over the House of Representatives following the [[United States elections, 2010|2010 midterm elections]], chances of climate and energy legislation passing that embodied Browner's and the administration's goals were essentially nil, and Obama conceded as much.<ref name="ap-leaving">{{cite news | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/carol-browner-leaving-as-obama-adviser/ | title=Carol Browner Leaving As Obama Adviser | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=January 25, 2011}}</ref><ref name="wapo-leaving"/><ref name="pol-leaving"/>  As the Obama administration neared its two-year mark and a number of personnel changes were underway, there was a possibility that Browner might be named to another position with broader responsibilities, such as [[White House Deputy Chief of Staff]].<ref name="wapo-leaving"/><ref name="nyt-leaving">{{cite news | author=Broder, John M. | date=January 24, 2011 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/us/politics/25browner.html | title=Director of Policy on Climate Will Leave, Her Goal Unmet | newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/browner-leaving-climate-change-job/ | title=Browner Leaving Climate Change Job | author=Shear, Michael D. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=January 24, 2011}}</ref>  But that did not come to pass.<ref name="nyt-leaving"/>

Instead, in late January 2011, White House officials disclosed that Browner would be leaving her position in the fairly near future.<ref name="pol-leaving">{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0111/48098.html | title=Carol Browner to leave White House | author=Allen, Mike | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=January 24, 2011 | author-link=Michael Allen (journalist)}}</ref>    Browner said of her unexpected decision, "[there's] no back story – it was just time to go" and that she felt "honored to have a second ... chance to serve".<ref name="wapo-leaving">{{cite news | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/24/AR2011012406918.html | title=Key energy aide to Obama resigning | author=Kornblut, Anne E. | author2=Mufson, Steven | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=January 24, 2011 | author-link= Anne E. Kornblut}}</ref>  [[League of Conservation Voters]] president [[Gene Karpinski]] characterized Browner as a "tenacious advocate on our issues" who would be "sorely missed", while a member of the law and energy industry lobbying firm [[Bracewell & Giuliani]] said Browner's exit was a good development and that "Her departure may be part of a legitimate effort to pay careful attention to addressing some of the real regulatory obstacles in the way of job creation in the United States."<ref name="wapo-leaving"/>  Browner left the White House in March 2011.<ref name="pol-left">{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/52406_Page2.html | title=Barack Obama's on thin green ice | author=Samuelsohn, Darren | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=April 1, 2011}}</ref>  Her general responsibilities were taken over by her second-in-command, Heather Zichal, from a position within the [[United States Domestic Policy Council|U.S. Domestic Policy Council]].<ref name="pol-left"/>

In late February 2011, while Browner was still in place, the House voted to eliminate the Director of the Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy position altogether.<ref name="fox-rid">{{cite news | url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/house-gop-moves-to-eliminate-obama-czars/ | title=House GOP Moves to Eliminate Obama 'Czars' | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=February 21, 2011}}</ref>  While the move was part of an overall effort to get rid of Obama's "czars", Browner was a particular focus of it.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0211/49781.html | title=House votes to overthrow 'czars' | author=Bravender, Robin | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=February 17, 2011}}</ref>  Representative [[Steve Scalise]], who led the effort, said of Browner, "Let her leave, and take the funding, too."<ref name="fox-rid"/>  In the  [[2011 United States federal budget|mid-April 2011 federal spending agreement]] that averted a possible government shutdown, funding for the position was indeed eliminated (as were three other "czar" roles, most of which were similarly vacant).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/blogs/weigel/archive/2011/04/12/the-budget-compromise-eliminating-four-czars-and-more.aspx | title=The Budget Compromise: Eliminating Four Czars, and More | author=Weigel, Dave | magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | date=April 12, 2011}}</ref>  Obama issued a [[signing statement]] protesting the move and saying he would not abide by it, but the point was largely moot as the positions in question, including the Browner one, had already been moved inside the Domestic Policy Council.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/53342.html | title=President Obama to ignore 'czar' ban | author=Bravender, Robin | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=April 17, 2011}}</ref>

== Return to business and advocacy ==
Browner rejoined the [[Center for American Progress]] in April 2011 as a Distinguished Senior Fellow and a member of the organization's executive committee.<ref name="cap-2">{{cite press release | url=https://www.americanprogress.org/press/release-carol-m-browner-joins-the-center-for-american-progress-as-distinguished-senior-fellow/ | title=Carol M. Browner Joins the Center for American Progress as Distinguished Senior Fellow | date=April 20, 2011 | publisher=[[Center for American Progress]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/53443.html | title=Carol Browner heads to think tank | author=Goode, Darren | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=April 19, 2011}}</ref>  She also rejoined the Albright firm, now known due to merger as the [[Albright Stonebridge Group]], as a Senior Counselor whose responsibilities included providing strategic services to clients in assorted areas of environmental impact.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.albrightstonebridge.com/team/carol-browner/ | title=Carol Browner | publisher=[[Albright Stonebridge Group]] | access-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="disapp"/>  She continued to speak publicly on environmental issues and indicated she was "disappointed" by the Obama administration's September 2011 decision to drop toughening of low-altitude ozone levels in the [[National Ambient Air Quality Standards]].<ref name="disapp">{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0911/62816.html | title=Carol Browner 'disappointed' by ozone move | author=Bravender, Robin | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=September 7, 2011}}</ref>

In July 2013, Browner was named to the board of directors of [[Bunge Limited]], a global agribusiness and food company.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/carol-m-browner-to-join-bunge-limited-board-of-directors-217741121.html | title=Carol M. Browner to Join Bunge Limited Board of Directors | publisher=[[Bunge Limited]] | date=July 31, 2013}}</ref>  In November 2013, she was named to the advisory board of [[Opower]], a software provider to the utility industry.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://opower.com/news-and-press/former-white-house-director-and-epa-administrator-carol-m-browner-joins-opower-advisory-board/ | title= Former White House Director and EPA Administrator Carol M. Browner Joins Opower Advisory Board | publisher=[[Opower]] | date=November 13, 2013}}</ref>  In January 2014, she joined the [[Global Ocean Commission]], an initiative to restore oceanic health and productivity,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.oceannews.com/news/2014/01/21/global-ocean-commission-welcomes-carol-browner-1 | title=Global Ocean Commission Welcomes Carol Browner | publisher=Ocean News & Technology | date=January 21, 2014}}</ref> which issued its final report in 2016.  In March 2014, she was elected as chair of the board of directors of the [[League of Conservation Voters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lcv.org/media/press-releases/Carol-M-Browner-Elected-Chair-of-the-Board-of-Directors-at-LCV.html |title=Carol M. Browner elected Chair of the Board of Directors at LCV |publisher=[[League of Conservation Voters]] |access-date=March 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320203217/http://www.lcv.org/media/press-releases/Carol-M-Browner-Elected-Chair-of-the-Board-of-Directors-at-LCV.html |archive-date=March 20, 2014 }}</ref>

<!-- this needs a clearer source Along with [[Madeleine Albright]], she is co-owner of the Kosovar internet provider [[IPKO]].<ref>http://www.arbk.org/ Business Number 70064420</ref> also see http://gazetajnk.com/?cid=1%2C987%2C2991 maybe -->In April 2014 she joined the Leadership Council of Nuclear Matters, an industry-backed group that advocates for nuclear power as a means to [[climate change mitigation|combat climate change]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.nuclearmatters.com/news/press-releases/carol-m-browner-longest-serving-epa-administrator-joins-nuclear-matters |title=Carol M. Browner, Longest Serving EPA Administrator, Joins Nuclear Matters |publisher=Nuclear Matters |date=April 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103152554/http://www.nuclearmatters.com/news/press-releases/carol-m-browner-longest-serving-epa-administrator-joins-nuclear-matters |archive-date=January 3, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="nyt-nm"/>  In that role, she said, "We can't take a carbon-free source of energy off the table."<ref name="nyt-nm">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/23/science/nuclear-carbon-free-but-not-free-of-unease-.html | title=Nuclear: Carbon Free, but Not Free of Unease | author=Fountain, Henry | newspaper=The New York Times | date=December 22, 2014}}</ref> She has acknowledged that looking at herself twenty years earlier, she would "probably not be pro-nuclear", but said, "I think climate change is the biggest problem the world has ever faced" and it would simply be "irresponsible" not to consider nuclear energy as part of the solution.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/221787-former-epa-chief-irresponsible-if-us-takes-nuclear-power-off-the/ | title=Former EPA leader: 'Irresponsible' for US to halt nuclear power | author=Barron-Lopez, Laura | newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] | date=October 24, 2014}}</ref>

After a different administration had been in power for a year, Browner was one of several former EPA heads who expressed alarm at the effects that new head [[Scott Pruitt]] had had upon the agency.  She said that while the George W. Bush administration had treated the EPA with a "sort of benign neglect", in contrast, "Under Pruitt, what they're doing is conscientiously tearing the place down."  She was especially concerned that reversing budget cuts would be difficult and that a successful full repeal of the second-term Obama administration's [[Clean Power Plan]] could set back an effort to resume combating human-caused global warming some "20 to 30 years".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/pruitt-one-year_us_5a610a5ce4b074ce7a06beb4 | title=Scott Pruitt's First Year Set The EPA Back Anywhere From A Few Years To 3 Decades | first=Alexander C. | last=Kaufman | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=January 20, 2018}}</ref>  She did not think that the replacing of Pruitt with [[Andrew R. Wheeler]] made anything better; overall, she said the actions of this administration were "worse than disappointing. I mean, it is stunning and very alarming."<ref name="ee-lime"/>

By 2019, Browner had joined the electric scooter company [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]] as a sustainability adviser.<ref name="ee-lime">{{cite news | url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060121215 | title=Carol Browner on 'Frozen' and quoting Mick Jagger to Obama | first= Maxine | last=Joselow | publisher=[[E&E News]] | date=February 15, 2019}}</ref>  She said of her role there, "So we are looking at, how do we make sure that a carbon reduction plan includes micro-mobility? How do we understand what it means to get people out of a car for the last couple of miles?"<ref name="ee-lime"/>  In reference to the [[Green New Deal]] proposal of early 2019, Browner said, "The science is clear: Time is not our friend here. So I have to say I'm as excited about this as I have been about anything in the environmental space in a long time."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/us/politics/green-new-deal.html | title=A New Deal at Once Possible and Problematic | first1= Lisa | last1=Friedman | first2=Trip | last2=Gabriel | newspaper=The New York Times | date=February 22, 2019 | page= A1}}</ref>

Browner joined the law firm of [[Covington & Burling]] in September 2021, in the position of Senior Of Counsel in the firm's Environmental, Social, and Governance Practice, as part of a trend of [[Environmental, social and corporate governance|ESG-related concerns]] becoming important to corporate clients.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/2021/09/20/as-esg-demand-soars-covington-hires-former-epa-boss/ | title=As ESG Demand Soars, Covington Hires Former EPA Boss | website=Law.com | publisher=American Lawyer Media | date=September 20, 2021}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
In April 1997, Browner received the Outstanding Mother of the Year Award from the National Mother's Day Committee "for her dedication to providing 'children with a safer, healthier world.'".<ref name="time-profile"/><ref>{{cite press release | url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/706b20e6f6134dcd852572a000650bfb/7946688014ed1ad28525647b006c0ad8!OpenDocument | title=NTC Administrator Browner to Receive Outstanding Mother of the Year Award | publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] | date=April 16, 1997}}</ref>  In September 1997 Browner was honored as one of the 47 Distinguished Alumnae of [[University of Florida]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.afn.org/~afn58678/alumnae.htm | title=UF Honors 47 Alumnae During Coeducation 50th Anniversary Celebration | publisher=AFN.org | date=September 15, 1997 | author-first=Edward | author-last=Hunter}}</ref> Browner also has received ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' magazine's [[Glamour (magazine)#Glamour Woman of the Year Awards|Woman of the Year Award]], the Ambulatory Pediatric Association's Advocate for Children Award, the South Florida Chapter of the Audubon Society's Guy M. Bradley Lifetime Achievement Award, and the Lifetime Environmental Achievement Award from the [[New York State Bar Association]].<ref name="epa-bio"/><ref name="npr-webc"/>  In 1998 she received Vice President Gore's [[Hammer Award]] for helping to make government cost less and work better.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/reinvent/10.htm |title=EPA Administrator Carol M. Browner receives Vice President Gore's Hammer award for the Common Sense Initiative |date=December 18, 1998 |work=EPA History |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830001955/http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/reinvent/10.htm |archive-date=August 30, 2008 }}</ref>  In 2000, she received the [[American Lung Association]]'s President's Award for leadership towards "the toughest action in a generation to safeguard public health from the threats posed by air pollution."<ref name="npr-webc"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of U.S. executive branch czars]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | last=Clinton | first=Bill | title=[[My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)|My Life]] | publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] | location=New York | year=2004 | isbn=0-375-41457-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Collin | first=Robert W. | title=The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act | publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | location=Westport, Connecticut | year=2005 | isbn=0-313-33341-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Mintz | first=Joel A. | title=Enforcement at the EPA: High Stakes and Hard Choices | publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] | location=Austin | year=1995 | isbn=0-292-75187-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/enforcementatepa0000mint }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Moritz | editor-first=Charles  | title=[[Current Biography Yearbook|Current Biography Yearbook 1994]] | publisher=[[H. W. Wilson Company]] | location=New York | year=1994 }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Orts | editor-first=Eric W. | editor2-last=Deketelaere | editor2-first=Kurt | title=Environmental Contracts: Comparative Approaches to Regulatory Innovation in the United States and Europe | edition=2nd | publisher=[[Kluwer Law International]] | location=The Hague | year= 2001 | isbn=90-411-9821-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Turque | first=Bill | title=Inventing Al Gore: A Biography | publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Co.]] | location=Boston | year=2000 | isbn=0-395-88323-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/inventingalgoreb00turq }}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218040502/http://www.epa.gov/history/administrators/browner.htm Carol M. Browner] – EPA History: EPA's Administrators
*{{C-SPAN|26671}}
*{{NYTtopic|people/b/carol_m_browner}}

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{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William K. Reilly|William Reilly]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency]]|years=1993–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Christine Todd Whitman]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Obama Executive Office|state=collapsed}}
{{EPA}}
{{Clinton cabinet}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Browner, Carol}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Administrators of the United States Environmental Protection Agency]]
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[[Category:Clinton administration commissioners]]
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Obama administration personnel]]
[[Category:People from South Miami, Florida]]
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[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet secretaries of Florida]]
[[Category:Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni]]
[[Category:American women in business]]
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[[Category:Women in Florida politics]]
[[Category:21st-century American women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
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[[Category:Women members of the Cabinet of the United States]]