Editing Carpathian Mountains

{{Short description|Mountain range in Central and Eastern Europe}}
{{Distinguish|Karpathos|Montes Carpatus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Carpathians
| native_name = {{plainlist|
* {{native_name|cs|Karpaty}}
* {{native_name|de|Karpaten}}
* {{native_name|hu|Kárpátok}}
* {{native_name|pl|Karpaty}}
* {{native_name|ro|Carpați}}
* {{native_name|sr|{{lang|sr-Cyrl|Карпати}} / {{lang|sr-Latn|Karpati}}}}
* {{native_name|sk|Karpaty}}
* {{native_name|uk|Карпати, {{Transliteration|uk|Karpaty}}}}
* {{native_name|rue|Карпаты, {{Transliteration|rue|Karpaty}}}}}}
| photo = Morskie Oko in 2020.jpg
| photo_size = 325px
| photo_caption = [[Tatra Mountains]] – [[Morskie Oko]], [[Mięguszowiecki Summits|Mengusovské štíty]], [[Cubryna]], [[Mnich (mountain)|Mnich]]
| country = {{hlist|[[Czech Republic]]|[[Poland]]|[[Hungary]]|[[Austria]]|[[Slovakia]]|[[Ukraine]]|[[Romania]]|[[Serbia]]}}
| borders_on = [[Alps]]
| geology = 
| orogeny = [[Alpine orogeny]]
| area_km2 = 190000
| length_km = 1500
| length_orientation = 
| width_km = 500
| width_orientation = 
| highest = [[Gerlachovský štít]]
| elevation_m = 2655
| coordinates = 
| range_coordinates = {{Coord|47|N|25.5|E|region:PL_type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_image = Mapcarpat.png
| map_caption = The different sections of the Carpathians with the borders of constituent countries in black, and the rivers in blue
}}
[[File:Castris rubris tabula peutingeriana1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The Eastern Carpathians as 'Alpes [[Bastarnae|Bastarnice]]' on ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]'']]

The '''Carpathian Mountains''' or '''Carpathians''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑr|ˈ|p|eɪ|θ|i|ən|z}}) are a range of mountains forming an arc across [[Central Europe]] and [[Southeast Europe]]. Roughly {{convert|1500|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the [[Ural Mountains|Urals]] at {{convert|2500|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the [[Scandinavian Mountains]] at {{convert|1700|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The highest peaks in the Carpathians are in the [[Tatra Mountains]], exceeding {{convert|2600|m|ft|abbr=on}}, closely followed by those in the [[Southern Carpathians]] in Romania, exceeding {{convert|2550|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

The range stretches from the [[Western Carpathians]] in [[Austria]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Poland]], clockwise through the [[Eastern Carpathians]] in [[Ukraine]] and [[Romania]], to the [[Southern Carpathians]] in Romania and Serbia.<ref name="carpathians.pl">[http://www.carpathians.pl/carpathians01.html About the Carpathians – Carpathian Heritage Society<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406010559/http://www.carpathians.pl/carpathians01.html |date=6 April 2010 }}</ref><ref name="visiteurope.com">[http://www.visiteurope.com/en/region/carpathians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012132014/http://www.visiteurope.com/en/region/carpathians|date=12 October 2017}} "The Carpathians" European Travel Commission, in The Official Travel Portal of Europe, Retrieved 15 November 2016</ref><ref name="carpathianconvention.org">[http://www.carpathianconvention.org/tl_files/carpathiancon/Downloads/03%20Meetings%20and%20Events/Working%20Groups/Spatial%20Planning/200805_Strategic%20Workshop%20on%20Spatial%20Planning/15BS.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119055104/http://www.carpathianconvention.org/tl_files/carpathiancon/Downloads/03%20Meetings%20and%20Events/Working%20Groups/Spatial%20Planning/200805_Strategic%20Workshop%20on%20Spatial%20Planning/15BS.pdf|date=19 November 2016}} The Carpathian Project: Carpathian Mountains in Serbia, Institute for Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade (2008), Retrieved: 15 November 2016</ref><ref name="books.google.rs">{{cite book |author=Paun Es Durlić |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HYogayZpdUC&q=homolje+carpathian+serbia&pg=PA7 |title=Sacred Language of the Vlach Bread |publisher=Balkankult |year=2011 |isbn=978-86-84159-29-0 |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195146/https://books.google.rs/books?id=6HYogayZpdUC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=homolje+carpathian+serbia&source=bl&hl=en#v=onepage&q=homolje%20carpathian%20serbia&f=false |archive-date=29 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The term [[Outer Carpathians]] is frequently used to describe the northern rim of the Western and Eastern Carpathians.

The Carpathians provide habitat for the largest European populations of [[Eurasian brown bear|brown bear]]s, [[Eurasian wolf|wolves]], [[chamois]], and [[Carpathian lynx|lynx]]es, with the highest concentration in Romania,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa+Baer.JPG|title=Braunbären (Ursus arctos) in Europa|author=Peter Christoph Sürth|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080815194643/http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa%20Baer.JPG|archive-date=15 August 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=10 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa+Wolf.JPG|title=Wolf (Canis lupus) in Europa|author=Peter Christoph Sürth|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080815194650/http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa%20Wolf.JPG|archive-date=15 August 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=10 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa+Luchs.JPG|title=Eurasischer Luchs (Lynx lynx) in Europa|author=Peter Christoph Sürth|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080815194634/http%3A//www.human%2Dwildlife.info/images/Europa%2520Luchs.JPG|archive-date=15 August 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=10 March 2011}}</ref> as well as over one-third of all European plant species.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Carpathian_montane_conifer_forests|title=Carpathian montane conifer forests – Encyclopedia of Earth|website=www.eoearth.org|format=[[MediaWiki]]|access-date=4 August 2010}}<!-- Bot generated title --></ref> The mountains and their [[foothills]] also have many [[Hot spring|thermal]] and [[mineral water]]s, with Romania having one-third of the European total.<ref>[http://www.capital.ro/detalii-articole/stiri/bucuresti-statiune-balneara-o-gluma-buna-115796.html București, stațiune balneară – o glumă bună?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025304/http://www.capital.ro/detalii-articole/stiri/bucuresti-statiune-balneara-o-gluma-buna-115796.html|date=14 March 2012}} in Capital, 19 January 2009. Retrieved: 26 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/reportajul-saptamanii-ruinele-de-la-baile-herculane-si-borsec-nu-mai-au-nimic-de-oferit-6092451 Ruinele de la Baile Herculane si Borsec nu mai au nimic de oferit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713173831/http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/reportajul-saptamanii-ruinele-de-la-baile-herculane-si-borsec-nu-mai-au-nimic-de-oferit-6092451 |date=13 July 2019 }} in Ziarul Financiar, 5 May 2010. Retrieved: 26 April 2011</ref>

Romania is likewise home to the second-largest area of [[Old-growth forest|virgin forests]] in Europe after Russia, totaling 250,000 hectares (65%), most of them in the Carpathians,<ref>[http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/salvati-padurile-virgine-594667.html Salvați pădurile virgine!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027163558/http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/salvati-padurile-virgine-594667.html |date=27 October 2011 }} in Jurnalul Național, 26 October 2011. Retrieved: 31 October 2011</ref> with the [[Southern Carpathians]] constituting Europe's largest unfragmented forest area.<ref>[http://www.globalissues.org/news/2011/05/30/9865 Europe: New Move to Protect Virgin Forests] in Global Issues, 30 May 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</ref> Rates of forest loss due to clearcutting, and deforestation due to illegal logging in the Carpathians are high.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/31/romania-breaks-up-alleged-25m-illegal-logging-ring|title=Romania breaks up alleged €25m illegal logging ring|last=Neslen|first=Arthur|date=31 May 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 July 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Name==

{{Further| Carpi (people)#Name etymology}}
In modern times, the range is called {{lang|cs|Karpaty}} in [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]] and {{lang|uk|Карпати}} {{IPA|uk|kɐrˈpatɪ||LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Tohaomg-Карпати.wav}} in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], {{lang|sh|Карпати}} / {{lang|sh|Karpati}} in [[Serbo-Croatian]], {{lang|ro|Carpați}} {{IPA|ro|karˈpatsʲ||Ro-Carpați.ogg}} in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], {{lang|rue|Карпаты}} in [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], {{lang|de|Karpaten}} {{IPA|de|kaʁˈpaːtn̩||De-Karpaten.ogg}} in [[German language|German]] and {{lang|hu|Kárpátok}} {{IPA|hu|ˈkaːrpaːtok|}} in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]].{{sfn|Moldovanu|2010|p=18}}{{sfn|Blazovich|1994|p=332}} Although the toponym was recorded by [[Ptolemy]] in the second century AD,{{Sfn|Buza|2011|p=24}} the modern form of the name is a [[neologism]] in most languages.{{sfn|Moldovanu|2010|p=18}}

===Historical names===

In late [[Roman Empire|Roman]] documents, the Eastern Carpathian Mountains were referred to as ''Montes Sarmatici'' (meaning [[Sarmatian]] Mountains).<ref>E.g. in work ''Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis, Asiana et Europiana, et de contentis in eis'' by [[Maciej Miechowita|Mathias de Miechow]], first edition from 1517. [https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost16/Miechow/mie_tr21.html Second book, chapter 1].</ref> The Western Carpathians were called ''Carpates'', a name that is first recorded in [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geographia]]'' (second century AD).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=William |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=carpates-mons-geo |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography |year=1854 |location=London |publisher=Walton and Maberly |oclc=1060852129 |language=en}}</ref>

In the Scandinavian ''[[Hervarar saga]]'', which relates ancient Germanic legends about [[Hlöðskviða|battles]] between [[Goths]] and [[Huns]], the name ''Karpates'' appears in the predictable Germanic form as ''Harvaða fjöllum'' (see [[Grimm's law]]). "''Inter Alpes Huniae et Oceanum est Polonia''" ("Between the Hunic Alps and the ocean lies Poland") by [[Gervase of Tilbury]], was described in his ''Otia Imperialia'' ("Recreation for an Emperor") in 1211.<ref name=DNB/> Thirteenth- to fifteenth-century Hungarian documents named the mountains ''Thorchal'', ''Tarczal'', or less frequently ''Montes Nivium'' ("Snowy Mountains").<ref name=DNB>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Gervase of Tilbury}}</ref>

''Havasok'' ("Snowy Mountains") was its medieval [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] name. Russian chronicles referred to it as "Hungarian Mountains".{{sfn|Blazovich|1994|p=332}}{{sfn|Moldovanu|2010|p=18}} Later sources, such as [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] and the Italian chronicler Giovanandrea Gromo, referred to the range as "Transylvania's Mountains", while the 17th-century historian [[Constantin Cantacuzino (stolnic)|Constantin Cantacuzino]] translated the name of the mountains in an Italian-Romanian glossary to "Rumanian Mountains".{{sfn|Moldovanu|2010|p=18}}

===Etymology===

The etymology of the Carpathians is not clearly established, but the name "Carpates" is highly associated with the old [[Dacians|Dacian]] tribes called "[[Carpes]]" or "[[Carpi (people)|Carpi]]" who lived in an area to the east of the Carpathians, from the east, northeast of the Black Sea to the [[Transylvanian Plain]] in the present day Romania and Moldova.

====Potential root words====
[[File:2 Східні гуцули.jpg|thumb|[[Hutsuls|Hutsul]] people, living in the Carpathian mountains, {{circa|1872}}]]

''Karpates'' is considered a [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkan]] name, with evidence provided by the [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ''kárpë / kárpa'', pl. ''kárpa / kárpat'' ('rock, stiff'), and the [[Messapic language|Messapic]] ''karpa'' '[[tuff]] (rock), [[limestone]]' (preserved as ''càrpë'' 'tuff' in [[Bitonto]] dialect and ''càrparu'' 'limestone' in [[Salentino dialect|Salentino]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|title=Skokove 'ilirske' etimologije|pages=89–101|journal=Folia onomastica Croatica|year=1995|issue=4|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/158643|language=Croatian}} p. 96</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Demiraj|first=Bardhyl|title=Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz|series=Leiden Studies in Indo-European|volume=7|year=1997|language=de|place=Amsterdam, Atlanta|publisher=Rodopi|page=213}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cortelazzo|first1=Manlio|last2=Marcato|first2=Carla|title=I dialetti italiani: dizionario etimologico, Volume 1|editor=Manlio Cortelazzo|chapter=càrpë|publisher=UTET|year=1998|isbn=978-88-02-05211-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obQKAQAAMAAJ|page=120}}</ref><ref name=Çabej1972/><ref name=Çabej1985/>{{sfn|Buza|2011|p=24}} This connection is further supported by the fact that also the oronym ''[[Beskids|Beskydy]]'', a series of mountain ranges in the Carpathians, has a meaning in Albanian: ''bjeshkë / bjeshkët'' 'high mountains, mountain pastures' (cf. also the Albanian oronym ''Bjeshkët e Namuna'', the [[Accursed Mountains|Accursed Mountains / Albanian Alps]]).<ref name=Çabej1972>Çabej, Eqrem. (1972). Studime Filologjike. universiteti shtetëror i Tiranës.</ref><ref name=Çabej1985>{{cite book|last=Çabej|first=Eqrem|chapter=The Problem of the Place of Formation of the Albanian Language|title=The Albanians and their Territories|series=Academy of Sciences of Albania|year=1985|location=Tiranë|publisher=8 Nëntori|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtFBAAAAYAAJ|pages=63–99}} p. 67.</ref>

The name ''Carpates'' may ultimately be from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto Indo-European]] root ''*sker-''/''*ker-'', which meant mountain, rock, or rugged (cf. Albanian ''kárpë'', Germanic root ''*skerp-'', Old Norse {{lang|non|harfr}} "harrow", Gothic ''skarpo'', Middle Low German ''scharf'' "potsherd", and Modern High German ''Scherbe'' "shard", Lithuanian ''kar~pas'' "cut, hack, notch", Latvian ''cìrpt'' "to shear, clip").<ref name="Room, Adrian 1997">{{cite book |first=Adrian |last=Room |title=Placenames of the World |publisher=MacFarland and Co |location= |date=1997 |isbn=0-7864-0172-9 |oclc=36045929}}</ref>  The archaic Polish word ''karpa'' meant 'rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots, or trunks'. The more common word ''skarpa'' means a sharp cliff or other vertical terrain, cf. Old English {{lang|ang|scearp}} and English ''sharp''. The name may instead come from Indo-European *{{Transliteration|ine|kwerp}} 'to turn', akin to Old English {{lang|ang|hweorfan}} 'to turn, change' (English ''warp'') and Greek {{lang|grc|καρπός}} {{Transliteration|grc|karpós}} 'wrist', perhaps referring to the way the mountain range bends or veers in an L-shape.<ref name="Room, Adrian 1997"/>

== Geography ==

[[File:Geographic map of Carpathian mountains.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Topographic map of the Carpathian Mountains, showing their distribution from the far eastern [[Czech Republic]]&nbsp;(3%) and [[Austria]]&nbsp;(1%) through [[Slovakia]]&nbsp;(21%), [[Poland]]&nbsp;(10%), [[Ukraine]]&nbsp;(10%), [[Romania]]&nbsp;(50%) to [[Serbia]]&nbsp;(5%).<ref name="visiteurope.com" /><ref name="carpathianconvention.org" /><ref name="nhmbeo.rs">[http://www.nhmbeo.rs/upload/documents/casopisi/Glasnik/Vol03/Maran%20(2010).pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124415/http://www.nhmbeo.rs/upload/documents/casopisi/Glasnik/Vol03/Maran%20(2010).pdf|date=1 August 2019}} Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, pg. 54, Valuing the geological heritage of Serbia (UDC: 502.171:55(497.11), Aleksandra Maran (2010), Retrieved 15 November 2016</ref><ref name="books.google.rs" />]]

Although commonly referred to as a mountain chain, the Carpathians do not form an uninterrupted chain of mountains, but consist of several [[orography|orographically]] and geologically distinctive groups. The northwestern Carpathians begin in Slovakia and southern Poland. They surround [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]] and [[Transylvania]] in a large semicircle, sweeping towards the southeast, and end on the [[Danube]] near [[Orșova]] in Romania. The total length of the Carpathians is over {{convert|1500|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

[[File:Tatry widok z Tarasowek.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|View of [[Tatra Mountains|Tatry]] from [[Bukowina Tatrzańska]], [[Poland]]]]
The mountain chain's width varies between {{convert|12|and|500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. The highest altitudes of the Carpathians occur where they are widest, in the Transylvanian plateau and in the southern [[Tatra Mountains]] group. The highest range, in which [[Gerlachovský štít]] in Slovakia is the highest peak, is {{convert|2655|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.

The Carpathians cover an area of {{convert|190000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. After the [[Alps]], they form the next-most extensive mountain system in Europe. Percentage of the range by country is: [[Czech Republic]]&nbsp;(3%) and [[Austria]]&nbsp;(1%) in the northwest through [[Slovakia]]&nbsp;(21%), [[Poland]]&nbsp;(10%), [[Ukraine]]&nbsp;(10%), [[Romania]]&nbsp;(50%) to [[Serbia]]&nbsp;(5%) in the south.

It was believed that no area of the Carpathian range was covered in snow all year round and there were no glaciers, but recent research by Polish scientists discovered one [[permafrost]] and glacial area in the Tatra Mountains.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gądek |first1=Bogdan |last2=Gradiecz |first2=Mariusz |title=Glacial Ice and Permafrost Distribution in the Medena Kotlina (Slovak Tatras): Mapped with Application of GPR and GST Measurements|url=http://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiHGiW/sgcb/sgcb_42/sgcb_42_01.pdf|work=Landform Evolution in Mountain Areas|publisher=Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>

===Comparison with the Alps===
[[File:Lacul Bucura, Lacul Ana a Lacul Bucurelu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Bucura Lake|Lake Bucura]], Southern Carpathians, [[Romania]]]]
The Carpathians, which attain an altitude over {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in only a few places, lack the bold peaks, extensive snowfields, large [[glacier]]s, high waterfalls, and numerous large lakes that are common in the Alps. The Carpathians at their highest altitude are only as high as the middle region of the Alps, with which they share a common appearance, climate, and [[flora (plants)|flora]].

The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the [[Danube]], only meeting at the [[Leitha Mountains]] at Bratislava. The river also separates the Carpathians from the [[Balkan Mountains]] at Orșova in Romania. The valley of the [[Morava (river)|March]] and [[Oder]] separates the Carpathians from the [[Silesia]]n and [[Moravia]]n chains, which belong to the middle wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe.

[[File:Branyiszkó 0205 B.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|View of [[Spiš Castle]] in Slovakia, from the [[Branisko Tunnel|Branisko Pass]]]]
Unlike the other wings of the system, the Carpathians, which form the watershed between the northern seas and the [[Black Sea]], are surrounded on all sides by plains. The [[Pannonian plain]] is to the southwest, the Lower [[Danube|Danubian]] Plain to the south, with the [[Danubian Plain (Bulgaria)|southern part]] being in [[Bulgaria]], and the [[Wallachian Plain|northern]] – in (Romania), and the [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galician]] plain to the northeast.

===Mountain passes===
In the Romanian part of the main chain of the Carpathians, [[mountain pass]]es include [[Prislop Pass]], [[Tihuța Pass]], [[Bicaz Canyon]], [[Ghimeș Pass]], [[Buzău Pass]], [[Predeal Pass]] (crossed by the railway from Brașov to [[Bucharest]]), [[Turnu Roșu Pass]] (1,115&nbsp;ft., running through the narrow gorge of the [[Olt River]] and crossed by the railway from Sibiu to Bucharest), [[Vulcan Pass]], and the [[Iron Gate (Danube)|Iron Gate]] (both crossed by the railway from [[Timișoara]] to [[Craiova]]).

== Geology ==
[[File:Békás-szoros.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Bicaz Canyon]]
The area now occupied by the Carpathians was once occupied by smaller ocean basins. The Carpathian mountains were formed during the [[Alpine orogeny]] in the [[Mesozoic]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. |last=Plašienka |title=Origin and growth of the Western Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic |journal=Geologica Carpathica |volume=53 |date=2002 |url=https://geologicacarpathica.com/data/files/files/special%20issue/P/Plasienka.pdf}}</ref> and [[Cenozoic]] by moving the [[ALCAPA (tectonic plate)|ALCAPA]] (Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian), [[Tisza Plate|Tisza]] and [[Dacia Plate|Dacia]] plates over [[subduction|subducting]] [[oceanic crust]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mantovani |first=E. |last2=Viti |first2=M. |last3=Babbucci |first3=D. |last4=Tamburelli |first4=C. |last5=Albarello |first5=D. |chapter=Geodynamic connection between the indentation of Arabia and the Neogene tectonics of the central–eastern Mediterranean region |chapter-url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/books/edited-volume/583/chapter-abstract/3803612/Geodynamic-connection-between-the-indentation-of |doi=10.1130/2006.2409(02) |editor-first=Y. |editor-last=Dilek |editor2-first=S. |editor2-last=Pavlides |title=Postcollisional Tectonics and Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region and Asia |publisher=Geological Society of America |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-8137-2409-6 |oclc=65425994 |series=Special Papers |volume=409}}</ref>

The mountains take the form of a [[fold and thrust belt]] with generally north [[Vergence (geology)|vergence]] in the western segment, northeast to east vergence in the eastern portion and southeast vergence in the southern portion. Currently, the area is the most seismically active in Central Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Braclawska |first1=Agnieszka |last2=Idziak |first2=Adam Filip |title=Unification of data from various seismic catalogues to study seismic activity in the Carpathians Mountain arc |journal=Open Geosciences |date=1 January 2019 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=837–842 |doi=10.1515/geo-2019-0065 |bibcode=2019OGeo...11...65B |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0065 |language=en |issn=2391-5447|hdl=20.500.12128/11936 |s2cid=208868314 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The external, generally northern, portion of the orogenic belt is a Tertiary [[accretionary wedge]] of a so-called [[Flysch|Flysch belt]] (the [[Carpathian Flysch Belt]]) created by rocks scraped off the sea bottom and thrust over the North-European plate. The Carpathian accretionary wedge is made of several thin skinned [[nappe]]s composed of Cretaceous to Paleogene [[turbidite]]s. Thrusting of the Flysch nappes over the Carpathian foreland caused the formation of the [[Carpathian foreland basin]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nehyba |first1=S. |last2=Šikula |first2=J. |title=Depositional architecture, sequence stratigraphy and geodynamic development of the Carpathian Foredeep (Czech Republic) |journal=Geologica Carpathica |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=53–69 |date=2007 |url=https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/05231049GeolCarp_Vol58_No1_53_69.pdf}}</ref> The boundary between the Flysch belt and internal zones of the orogenic belt in the western segment of the mountain range is marked by the [[Pieniny Klippen Belt]], a narrow complicated zone of polyphase compressional deformation, later involved in a supposed [[strike-slip]] zone.<ref>{{cite journal |first=M. |last=Mišík |title=The Slovak Part of the Pieniny Klippen Belt After the Pioneering Works of D. Andrusov |journal=Geologica Carpathica |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=209–220 |date=1997 |doi= |url=https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/04290929GeolCarp_Vol48_No4_209_220.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Bucegi jepiimici.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Bucegi Mountains]] in [[Romania]]]]
Internal zones in western and eastern segments contain older [[Variscan]] igneous massifs reworked in Mesozoic [[Thick-skinned deformation|thick]] and thin-skinned nappes. During the Middle [[Miocene]] this zone was affected by intensive [[calc-alkaline]]<ref name="Pácskay, Z. 2006, pp. 511 - 530">{{cite journal |last1=Pácskay |first1=Z. |last2=Lexa |first2=J. |last3=Szákacs |first3=A. |title=Geochronology of Neogene magmatism in the Carpathian arc and intra-Carpathian area |journal=Geologica Carpathica |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=511–530 |date=2006 |doi= |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/76427110/pdf5973.pdf}}</ref> [[arc volcanism]] that developed over the subduction zone of the flysch basins. At the same time, the internal zones of the orogenic belt were affected by large extensional structure<ref>{{cite web |first=G.L. |last=Dolton |title=Pannonian Basin Province, Central Europe (Province 4808)—Petroleum geology, total petroleum systems, and petroleum resource assessment |date=2006 |id=2204–B |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/b2204B}}</ref> of the [[back-arc basin|back-arc]] [[Pannonian Basin]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-link1=Leigh Royden |last1=Royden |first1=L.H. |last2=Horváth |first2=F. |last3=Rumpler |first3=J. |title=Evolution of the Pannonian basin system. 1. Tectonics |journal=Tectonics |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=61–90 |date=1983 |doi=10.1029/TC002i001p00063 |bibcode=1983Tecto...2...63R }}</ref> The last volcanic activity occurred at [[Ciomadul]] about 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Pácskay, Z. 2006, pp. 511 - 530"/>

The mountains started to gain their current shape from the latest [[Miocene]] onward.<ref name=Starkel1969>{{Cite journal|title=L'évolution des versants des Carpates à flysch au quaternaire|journal=[[Biuletyn Peryglacjalny]]|last=Starkel|first=Leszek|volume=18|pages=349–379|year=1969|language=French}}</ref> The slopes of the Carphartian contain at some locations [[solifluction]] deposits.<ref name=Starkel1969/> Iron, gold and silver were found in great quantities{{vague|date=September 2022}} in the [[Western Carpathians]]. After the Roman emperor [[Trajan]]'s conquest of Dacia, he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire |publisher=United Nations of Roma Victor |url=http://www.unrv.com/province/dacia.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713142104/https://www.unrv.com/province/dacia.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=14 November 2010 }}</ref>

==Ecology==
{{main|Carpathian montane conifer forests}}
[[File:Polonina Krasna, kůň.jpg|thumb|A horse atop the Krasna mountain range in Ukraine's [[Zakarpattia Oblast]]]]

The ecology of the Carpathians varies with altitude, ranging from lowland forests to alpine meadows. Foothill forests are primarily of broadleaf deciduous trees, including oak, hornbeam, and linden. [[Fagus sylvatica|European beech]] is characteristic of the montane forest zone. Higher-elevation subalpine forests are characterized by [[Picea abies|Norway spruce]] (''Picea abies''). [[Krummholz]] and alpine meadows occur above the treeline.<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Carpathian montane conifer forests|id=pa0504}}</ref>

Wildlife in the Carpathians includes [[brown bear]] (''Ursus arctos''), [[wolf]] (''Canis lupus''), [[Eurasian lynx]] (''Lynx lynx''), [[European wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris''), [[Tatra chamois]] (''Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica''), [[European bison]] (''Bison bonasus''), and [[golden eagle]] (''Aquila chrysaetos'').<ref name = wwf/>

==Divisions of the Carpathians==
{{main|Divisions of the Carpathians}}
[[File:mapcarpat2.png|right|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of the main divisions of the Carpathians. {{olist
    |[[Outer Western Carpathians]]
    |[[Inner Western Carpathians]]
    |[[Outer Eastern Carpathians]]
    |[[Inner Eastern Carpathians]]
    |[[Southern Carpathians]]
    |[[Apuseni Mountains|Western Romanian Carpathians]]
    |[[Transylvanian Plateau]]
    |[[Serbian Carpathians]]
}}]]
In [[geopolitical]] terms, Carpathian Mountains are often grouped and labeled according to national or regional borders, but such division has turned out to be relative, since it was, and still is dependent on frequent historical, political and administrative changes of national or regional borders. According to modern geopolitical division, Carpathians can be grouped as: Serbian, Romanian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovakian, Czech and Austrian. Within each nation, specific classifications of the Carpathians have been developing, often reflecting local traditions, and thus creating terminological diversity, that produces various challenges in the fields of comparative classification and international systematization.
[[File:Koniaków miyszani owiec (redyk wiosenny) 06.jpg|thumb|Shepherds in [[Beskids]]]]
A major part of the western and northeastern [[Outer Eastern Carpathians]] in Poland, Ukraine, and Slovakia is traditionally called the [[Eastern Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Eastern Beskids]].The border between the eastern and southern Carpathians is formed by the [[Predeal]] Pass, south of Brașov and the [[Prahova Valley]].

The geological border between the Western and Eastern Carpathians runs approximately along the line (south to north) between the towns of [[Michalovce]], [[Bardejov]], [[Nowy Sącz]] and [[Tarnów]]. In older systems the border runs more in the east, along the line (north to south) along the rivers [[San River|San]] and [[Osława]] (Poland), the town of [[Snina]] (Slovakia) and river Tur'ia (Ukraine). Biologists shift the border even further to the east.

[[File:Rzekabiałka.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Tatra Mountains|Tatra]] Mountains in southern [[Poland]]]]
The section of the Carpathians within the borders of [[Romania]] is commonly known as the [[Romanian Carpathians]]. In local use, Romanians sometimes denote as "Eastern Carpathians" only the Romanian part of the Eastern Carpathians, which lies on their territory (i.e., from the Ukrainian border or from the Prislop Pass to the south), which they subdivide into three simplified geographical groups (northern, central, southern), instead of Outer and Inner Eastern Carpathians. These groups are:

* Maramureș-Bukovinian Carpathians (Romanian: ''Carpații Maramureșului și ai Bucovinei'')
* Moldavian-Transylvanian Carpathians (Romanian: ''Carpații Moldo-Transilvani'')
* [[Curvature Carpathians]] (Romanian: ''Carpații Curburii, Carpații de Curbură'')

The section of the Carpathians within the borders of [[Ukraine]] is commonly known as the [[Ukrainian Carpathians]]. Classification of eastern sections of the Carpathians is particularly complex, since it was influenced by several overlapping traditions. Terms like
[[Wooded Carpathians]], [[Polonynian Beskids|Poloniny Mountains]] or [[Eastern Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Eastern Beskids]] are often used in varying scopes by authors belonging to different traditions.

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:Veliki buk02.JPG|[[Beljanica]] region waterfall
File:Slovakia Vratna 11.jpg|Vrátna dolina, [[Slovakia]]
File:Marmarosch.jpg|[[Maramureș]]. Mountains in the north of [[Romania]] and the west of [[Ukraine]]
File:«Ловачка». Погляд із мукачівського замку P1380061.jpg|[[Mukachevo]], Western [[Ukraine]]
File:0.2014 Sanok, von Kościuszkistrasse aus gesehen.JPG|View from [[Sanok]] in [[Poland]]
File:Kežmarok z Kamennej bane.jpg|[[Kežmarok]] in Slovakia
File:Aleksander Kotsis Pogrzeb górala 1860.jpg|[[Gorals]] in the Polish Carpathians
File:Szczawnica in Poland 1939.jpg|Szczawnica in Poland, [[Pieniny]], 1939
File:"Grojcowianie" folklore group in Żywiec Beskids clothing.jpg|The Feast of the [[Assumption of Mary]] in the Polish Carpathians
</gallery>

===Highest peaks===
This is an (incomplete) list of the peaks of the Carpathians having summits over {{Convert|2500|m|ft}}, with their heights, geologic divisions, and locations.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Peak
! Geologic divisions
! Nation (Nations)
! County (Counties)
! Height (m)
! Height (ft)
|-
| [[Gerlachovský štít]]
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2655|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Gerlachovská veža]]
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2642|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Lomnický štít]]
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2633|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Ľadový štít]]
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2627|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Pyšný štít
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2623|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Zadný Gerlach
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2616|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Lavínový štít
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2606|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Malý Ľadový štít
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2602|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Kotlový štít
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2601|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Lavínová veža
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2600|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Malý Pyšný štít
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2591|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Veľká Litvorová veža
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2581|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Strapatá veža
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2565|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Kežmarský štít
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2556|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Vysoká (Tatra mountain)|Vysoká]]
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2547|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Moldoveanu]]
| [[Făgăraș Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Argeș County|Argeș]]
| {{convert|2544|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Negoiu]]
| [[Făgăraș Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]]
| {{convert|2535|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Viștea Mare]]
| [[Făgăraș Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Brașov County|Brașov]]
| {{convert|2527|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Parângu Mare]]
| [[Parâng Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Alba County|Alba]], [[Gorj County|Gorj]], [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]]
| {{convert|2519|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Lespezi (mountain)|Lespezi]]
| [[Făgăraș Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]]
| {{convert|2517|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Peleaga]]
| [[Retezat Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]]
| {{convert|2509|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Păpușa]]
| [[Retezat Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]]
| {{convert|2508|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Vânătoarea lui Buteanu]]
| [[Făgăraș Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Argeș County|Argeș]]
| {{convert|2507|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Omu (mountain)
| [[Bucegi Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Prahova County|Prahova]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]], [[Dâmbovița County|Dâmbovița]]
| {{convert|2514|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Cornul Călțunului
| [[Făgăraș Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]]
| {{convert|2505|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Ocolit (Bucura)
| [[Bucegi Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Prahova County|Prahova]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]], [[Dâmbovița County|Dâmbovița]]
| {{convert|2503|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Rysy]]
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Poland]], [[Slovakia]]
| [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]], [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2503|m|disp=table}}
|-
| Dara
| [[Făgăraș Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]]
| {{convert|2500|m|disp=table}}
|}

===Highest peaks by country===
This is a list of the highest national peaks of the Carpathians, their heights, geologic divisions, and locations.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Peak
! Geologic divisions
! Nation (Nations)
! County (Counties)
! Height (m)
! Height (ft)
|-
| [[Gerlachovský štít]]
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Prešov Region]]
| {{convert|2655|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Moldoveanu]]
| [[Făgăraș Mountains]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Argeș County|Argeș]]
| {{convert|2544|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Rysy]]
| [[High Tatras]]
| [[Poland]]
| [[Tatra County]]
| {{convert|2499|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Hoverla]]
| [[Eastern Beskids]] ([[Chornohora]])
| [[Ukraine]]
| [[Nadvirna Raion]], [[Rakhiv Raion]]
| {{convert|2061|m|disp=table}}
|-
|[[Rtanj]]
|[[Serbian Carpathians]]
|[[Serbia]]
|[[Zaječar District]]
|{{convert|1565|m|disp=table}}
|-
|[[Lysá hora]]
|[[Moravian-Silesian Beskids]]
|[[Czech Republic]]
|[[Moravian-Silesian Region]]
|{{convert|1323|m|disp=table}}
|-
|[[Kékes]]
|[[Mátra-Slanec Area]] ([[Mátra]])
|[[Hungary]]
|[[Heves County]]
|{{convert|1014|m|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Hundsheimer Berg]]
| [[Hundsheimer Berge]] 
|[[Austria]] 
|[[Niederösterreich]]
|{{convert|481|m|disp=table}}
|}

===Cities and towns===
Important cities and towns in or near the Carpathians are, in approximate descending order of population:

{{Div col|colwidth=17em}}
* [[Kraków]] (Poland)
* [[Banská Bystrica]] (Slovakia)
* [[Bratislava]] (Slovakia)
* [[Cluj-Napoca]] (Romania)
* [[Chernivtsi]] (Ukraine)
* [[Brașov]] (Romania)
* [[Košice]] (Slovakia)
* [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] (Ukraine)
* [[Oradea]] (Romania)
* [[Bielsko-Biała]] (Poland)
* [[Miskolc]] (Hungary)
* [[Sibiu]] (Romania)
* [[Târgu Mureș]] (Romania)
* [[Baia Mare]] (Romania)
* [[Uzhhorod]] (Ukraine)
* [[Tarnów]] (Poland)
* [[Râmnicu Vâlcea]] (Romania)
* [[Prešov]] (Slovakia)
* [[Mukachevo]] (Ukraine)
* [[Drohobych]] (Ukraine)
* [[Piatra Neamț]] (Romania)
* [[Nowy Sącz]] (Poland)
* [[Suceava]] (Romania)
* [[Vršac]] (Serbia)
* [[Târgu Jiu]] (Romania)
* [[Drobeta-Turnu Severin]] (Romania)
* [[Reșița]] (Romania)
* [[Žilina]] (Slovakia)
* [[Bistrița]] (Romania)
* [[Banská Bystrica]] (Slovakia)
* [[Zvolen]] (Slovakia)
* [[Deva, Romania|Deva]] (Romania)
* [[Zlín]] (Czech Republic)
* [[Hunedoara]] (Romania)
* [[Martin, Slovakia|Martin]] (Slovakia)
* [[Zalău]] (Romania)
* [[Przemyśl]] (Poland)
* [[Krosno]] (Poland)
* [[Sanok]] (Poland)
* [[Alba Iulia]] (Romania)
* [[Sfântu Gheorghe]] (Romania)
* [[Turda]] (Romania)
* [[Mediaș]] (Romania)
* [[Poprad]] (Slovakia)
* [[Spišská Nová Ves]] (Slovakia)
* [[Petroșani]] (Romania)
* [[Miercurea Ciuc]] (Romania)
* [[Făgăraș]] (Romania)
* [[Odorheiu Secuiesc]] (Romania)
* [[Boryslav]] (Ukraine)
* [[Jasło]] (Poland)
* [[Cieszyn]] (Poland)
* [[Nowy Targ]] (Poland)
* [[Żywiec]] (Poland)
* [[Zakopane]] (Poland)
* [[Petrila]] (Romania)
* [[Cugir]] (Romania)
* [[Târgu Neamț]] (Romania)
* [[Câmpulung Moldovenesc]] (Romania)
* [[Gheorgheni]] (Romania)
* [[Rakhiv]] (Ukraine)
* [[Vatra Dornei]] (Romania)
* [[Rabka-Zdrój]] (Poland)
* [[Bor, Serbia|Bor]] (Serbia)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=26em}}
* [[Karpatka]]—A Polish dessert named after the Carpathians
* [[The Living Fire (film)|''The Living Fire'']]—A Ukrainian documentary film about the life of Carpathian shepherds
* [[Sudetes]]—A neighbouring mountain system whose uplift is related to that of the Carpathians
* [[Tourism in Poland]]
* [[Tourism in Romania]]
* [[Tourism in Serbia]]
* [[Tourism in Slovakia]]
* [[Tourism in Ukraine]]
{{Colend|colwidth=26em}}

==References==
{{reflist|26em}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|26em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Blazovich |first=László |editor1-last=Kristó |editor1-first=Gyula |editor2-last=Engel |editor2-first=Pál |editor3-last=Makk |editor3-first=Ferenc | title=Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) ''[Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |page=332 |chapter=Kárpátok [Carpathians] |isbn=963-05-6722-9|language=hu}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Buza |first=Mircea |title=On the origins and historical evolution of toponymy on the territory of Romania |journal=Revue Roumaine de Géographie / Romanian Journal of Geography |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=23–36 |publisher=Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy |year=2011 |url=http://www.rjgeo.ro/atasuri/revue%20roumaine_55_1/M.%20Buza.pdf |access-date=27 June 2015 |issn=1220-5311 |archive-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410004328/http://www.rjgeo.ro/atasuri/revue%20roumaine_55_1/M.%20Buza.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Moldovanu |first=Dragoș |title=Toponimie de origine Romană în Transilvania și în sud-vestul Moldovei |journal=Anuar de Lingvistică și Istorie Literară |volume=XLIX-L |pages=17–95 |publisher=Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy |year=2010 |url=http://www.alil.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Toponime-de-origine-roman%C4%83-%C3%AEn-Transilvania-%C5%9Fi-%C3%AEn-sud-vestul-Moldovei.pdf |access-date=27 June 2015 |language=ro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184711/http://www.alil.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Toponime-de-origine-roman%C4%83-%C3%AEn-Transilvania-%C5%9Fi-%C3%AEn-sud-vestul-Moldovei.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carpathian Mountains|auto=1}}
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CA%5CCarpathianMountains.htm ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'', vol. 1 "Carpathian Mountains"], by [[Volodymyr Kubiyovych|Volodymyr Kubijovyč]] (1984).
* [http://www.carpathianconvention.org Carpathianconvention.org: The Framework Convention for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians]
* [http://www.euratlas.com/Atlasphys/Carpates.htm Orographic map highlighting Carpathian mountains]
* [http://www.alpinet.org/ Alpinet.org: Romanian mountain guide]
* [http://www.carpati.org/ Carpati.org: Romanian mountain guide]
* [http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/przeglad/pg_2007_12_01_04.pdf Pgi.gov.pl: Oil and Gas Fields in the Carpathians]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eapD27jmgio Video: Beautiful mountains Carpathians, Ukraine]
* [https://fzs.org/carpathian-mountains Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains: Protecting some of Europe's last intact forests – Frankfurt Zoological Society]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xdie0iojRrI&list=PLklmscToR0CIGHq1JFQtgNJrJFekqa9Xs&index=11 Video: Zacharovanyi Krai National Park | Ukrainian Carpathians – Frankfurt Zoological Society]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elilC4c-onw&list=PLklmscToR0CIGHq1JFQtgNJrJFekqa9Xs&index=13 Video: Looking for Lynx | Ukrainian Carpathians]

{{Carpathian Mountains}}
{{Portal bar|Mountains|Geography|Europe|Austria|Czech Republic|Hungary|Poland|Romania|Serbia|Slovakia|Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carpathians| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Europe]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Europe]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Poland]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Romania]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Physiographic provinces]]
[[Category:Saga locations]]