Editing Carpet

{{short description|Textile floor covering}}
{{redirect|Rug}}{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Ardabil Carpet.jpg|thumb|One of the [[Ardabil Carpet]]s]]
[[File:Wollteppich 1.jpg|thumb|A small rug]]

A '''carpet''' is a [[textile]] [[floor covering]] typically consisting of an upper layer of [[Pile (textile)|pile]] attached to a backing. The pile was traditionally made from [[wool]], but since the 20th century [[synthetic fiber|synthetic fibre]]s such as [[polypropylene]], [[nylon]], and [[polyester]] have often been used, as these fibres are less expensive than wool. The pile usually consists of twisted [[Tufting|tufts]] that are typically heat-treated to maintain their structure. The term ''carpet'' is often used in a similar context to the term '''rug''', but rugs are mostly considered to be smaller than a room and not attached to the floor.<ref name=":3">{{Wiktionary|carpet#Usage_notes}}</ref>

[[File:Turkish wool carpet.jpg|thumb|alt=Turkish wool carpet by oldypak lp photo|Woolen [[Turkish carpet]]]]
Carpets are used for a variety of purposes. These include insulating a person's feet from a cold tile or concrete floor, making a room more comfortable as a place to sit on the floor (e.g., when playing with children or as a [[prayer rug]]), reducing sound from walking (particularly in [[apartment buildings]]), and adding decoration or colour to a room. Carpets can be made in any colour by using differently dyed fibres. Carpets can have many different types of patterns and motifs used to decorate the surface. Today, a huge range of carpets and rugs are available at many price and quality levels, ranging from inexpensive, synthetic carpets that are [[mass production|mass-produced]] in [[factory|factories]] and used in commercial buildings to costly hand-knotted wool rugs that are used in private residences.

Carpets can be produced by [[weaving]], made using needle [[felt]]s, knotted by hand (in [[oriental rug]]s), made with their pile injected into a backing material (called tufting), flat [[Woven fabric|woven]], made by hooking wool or cotton through the meshes of a sturdy fabric, or [[embroidery|embroidered]]. Carpet is commonly made in widths of {{convert|12|or|15|ft|m}} in the [[United States]] and {{convert|4|or|5|m|abbr=on}} in [[Europe]]. Since the 19th and 20th century, where necessary for wall-to-wall carpet, different widths of carpet can be seamed together with a seaming iron and seam tape (formerly it was [[sewing|sewn]] together) and fixed to a floor over a cushioned [[underlay]] (pad) using nails, [[tack strip]]s (known in the UK as gripper rods), adhesives, or occasionally decorative metal [[stair rod]]s. Wall-to-wall carpet is distinguished from rugs or [[mat]]s, which are loose-laid floor coverings, as wall-to-wall carpet is fixed to the floor and covers a much larger area.

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== Etymology and usage ==
[[File:A carpet seller in Jaipur.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A carpet seller in [[Jaipur]], India]]
The term ''[[wikt:carpet|carpet]]'' comes from [[Latin]] ''carpita'' and [[Old French]] ''carpite''.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Carpet|volume=5|page=392|first=Alan Summerly|last=Cole}}</ref> One derivation of the term states that the [[French language|French]] term came from the [[Old Italian]] ''carpita'', from the [[verb]] ''carpire'' meaning 'to pluck'.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Definition of carpet |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/carpet |access-date=4 October 2013 |website=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company |via=Thefreedictionary.com}}</ref> The ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' states that the term ''carpet'' was first used in English in the late 13th century, with the meaning 'coarse cloth', and by the mid-14th century, "tablecloth, [or] bedspread".<ref name="etymonline1">{{cite web |title=Carpet |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/carpet |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=Etymonline.com}}</ref> The word comes from Old French ''carpite'' 'heavy decorated cloth, carpet', from [[Medieval Latin]] or Old Italian ''carpita'' 'thick woolen cloth', which may derive from Latin ''carpere'' 'to card, pluck'.<ref name="etymonline1" /> The Latin word "carpet" was introduced in the 13th century by the Florentines from the [[Middle Armenian]] word կարպետ (carpet). The meaning of the term ''carpet'' shifted in the 15th century to refer to floor coverings.<ref name="etymonline1" />

The terms ''carpet'' and ''rug'' are often used interchangeably. A carpet is sometimes defined as stretching from wall to wall.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Carpets, Drinking Water, Laser Eye Surgery, Acoustic Guitars |series=How It's Made |series-link=How It's Made |network=[[Science Channel]] |date=26 October 2002 |season=2 |number=7}}</ref> Another definition treats rugs as of lower quality or of smaller size, with carpets quite often having finished ends. A third common definition is that a carpet is permanently fixed in place while a rug is simply laid out on the floor. Historically, the term ''carpet'' was also applied to table and wall coverings, as carpets were not commonly used on the floor in European interiors until the 15th century.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

The term ''rug'' was first used in [[English language|English]] in the 1550s, with the meaning 'coarse fabric'. The term is of Scandinavian origin, comparable to Norwegian ''rugga'' 'coarse coverlet', from [[Old Norse]] ''rogg'' 'shaggy tuft', from Proto-Germanic ''*rawwa-''.<ref name="etymonline2">{{cite web |title=Rug |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/rug |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=Etymonline.com}}</ref> The meaning of ''rug'' "evolved to 'coverlet, wrap' (1590s), then 'mat for the floor' (1808)".<ref name="etymonline2" />

== Types ==
[[File:Moden carpet illustrating camel caravan on Silk Road. Kashgar.jpg|thumb|left|Modern carpet illustrating a camel caravan on the [[Silk Road]]]]

=== Woven ===
A woven carpet is produced on a [[loom]] quite similar to [[woven fabric]]. The pile can be [[plush]] or [[Berber carpet|Berber]]. Plush carpet is a cut [[Pile (textile)|pile]] and Berber carpet is a loop pile. There are new styles of carpet combining the two styles called cut and loop carpeting. Normally many coloured yarns are used and this process is capable of producing intricate patterns from predetermined designs (although some limitations apply to certain weaving methods with regard to accuracy of pattern within the carpet). These carpets are usually the most expensive due to the relatively slow speed of the manufacturing process. Countries such as Turkey, Iran, India, and Pakistan as well as the Middle East in general are well known for their woven carpets.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Illustrated Rug |url=https://www.nejad.com/consumer/illustrated_rug_1.htm |website=Nejad |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Middle East Rugs and History |url=https://nazmiyalantiquerugs.com/blog/middle-east-rugs/ |website=Nazmiyal Collection |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Searching for Oriental carpets along the Silk Routes of Iran |url=https://ramdasiyer.travellerspoint.com/73/ |website=Ramdas Iyer's- Travels around the Globe |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Needle felt ===
[[File:Toranj - special circular design of Iranian carpets.JPG|thumbnail|A [[Persian carpet#Field design, medallions and borders|''toranj'' medallion]], a common design in [[Persian carpets]]]]
[[Felt|Needle felt]] carpets are more technologically advanced. These carpets are produced by intermingling and felting individual [[synthetic fiber|synthetic fibre]]s using barbed and forked needles forming an extremely durable carpet. These carpets are normally found in commercial settings where there is frequent traffic, such as hotels and restaurants.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Knotted ===
{{Main|Knotted-pile carpet}}
[[File:Carpet in Preparation on a Carpet Loom.jpg|thumb|A traditional rug being woven on a carpet [[loom]]]]
On a knotted pile carpet (formally, a "supplementary weft cut-loop pile" carpet), the structural [[weft]] threads alternate with a supplementary weft that rises at right angles to the surface of the weave. This supplementary weft is attached to the [[Warp (weaving)|warp]] by one of three knot types (see below), such as [[shag carpet]] which was popular in the 1970s, to form the pile or [[nap (textile)|nap]] of the carpet. Knotting by hand is most prevalent in [[oriental rug]]s and carpets. Kashmir carpets are also hand-knotted. Pile carpets, like flat carpets, can be woven on a loom. Both vertical and horizontal looms have been used in the production of European and oriental carpets. The warp threads are set up on the frame of the loom before weaving begins. A number of weavers may work together on the same carpet. A row of knots is completed and cut. The knots are secured with (usually one to four) rows of weft. The warp in woven carpet is usually cotton and the weft is jute.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

There are several styles of knotting, but the two main types of knot are the '''symmetrical''' (also called Turkish or [[Ghiordes knot|Ghiordes]]) and '''asymmetrical''' (also called Persian or [[Senna knot|Senna]]). Contemporary centres of knotted carpet production are: [[Lahore]] and [[Peshawar]] ([[Pakistan]]), [[Kashmir]] ([[India]]), [[Mirzapur]] and [[Bhadohi]] ([[India]]),<ref name="to">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105034702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-09/varanasi/28226568_1_bhadohi-mirzapur-bhadohi-carpet-carpet-manufacturers-association|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Famed Bhadohi carpet gets GI tag |date=9 September 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Tabriz]] ([[Iran]]), [[Afghanistan]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Turkey]], [[Northern Africa]], [[Nepal]], [[Spain]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Tibetan rugs|Tibet]]. The importance of carpets in the culture of Turkmenistan is such that [[Flag of Turkmenistan|the national flag]] features a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs). Kashmir and bhadohi is known for hand knotted carpets of silk or wool.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Tufted ===
[[File:Swatches of carpet 1.jpg|thumb|[[Textile sample|Swatches]] of [[Tufting|tufted]] carpet]]
[[File:OurikaValleyCarpets.jpg|thumb|Drying carpets in a village workshop at the [[Ourika Valley]], Morocco]]
These are carpets that have their pile injected with the help of [[tufting]] gun into a backing material, which is itself then bonded to a secondary backing made of a woven [[hessian (cloth)|hessian]] weave or a man made alternative to provide stability. The pile is often sheared in order to achieve different textures. This is the most common method of manufacturing of domestic carpets for floor covering purposes in the world.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Others ===
A '''flatweave''' carpet is created by interlocking warp (vertical) and weft (horizontal) threads. Types of oriental flat woven carpet include [[kilim]], [[soumak]], [[plain weave]], and [[tapestry weave]]. Types of European flat woven carpets include Venetian, Dutch, [[damask carpet|damask]], list, [[haircloth]], and ingrain (aka double cloth, two-ply, triple cloth, or three-ply).{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

A '''hooked rug''' is a simple type of rug handmade by pulling strips of cloth such as wool or cotton through the meshes of a sturdy fabric such as burlap. This type of rug is now generally made as a [[handicraft]]. The process of creating a hooked rug is called [[rug hooking]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Science Of Color Enhances Carpet Style |url=http://www.carpet-rug.org/Carpet-for-Business/Specifying-the-Right-Carpet/Dyeing-and-Color-Selection.aspx |website=carpet-rug.org|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019002910/http://www.carpet-rug.org/Carpet-for-Business/Specifying-the-Right-Carpet/Dyeing-and-Color-Selection.aspx|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Unlike woven carpets, '''[[embroidery]] carpets''' are not formed on a loom. Their pattern is established by the application of [[stitch (textile arts)|stitches]] to a [[cloth]] (often [[linen]]) base. The tent stitch and the cross stitch are two of the most common. Embroidered carpets were traditionally made by royal and aristocratic women in the home, but there has been some commercial manufacture since steel needles were introduced (earlier needles were made of bone) and linen weaving improved in the 16th century. [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], is known to have been an avid embroiderer. 16th century designs usually involve scrolling vines and regional flowers (for example, the [[Bradford carpet]]). They often incorporate animal heraldry and the [[coat of arms]] of the maker. Production continued through the 19th century. [[Victorian era|Victorian]] embroidered carpet compositions include highly illusionistic, 3-dimensional flowers. Patterns for tiled carpets made of a number of squares, called [[Berlin wool work]], were introduced in [[Germany]] in 1804, and became extremely popular in England in the 1830s. Embroidered carpets can also include other features such as a pattern of shapes, or they can even tell a story.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Fibres and yarns ==
[[File:Stamp of Moldova 138.jpg|thumb|A [[Moldova]]n [[Postage stamp|stamp]] featuring a carpet]]
Carpet can be formulated from many single or blended [[nature|natural]] and [[synthetic fibre]]s. Fibres are chosen for durability, appearance, ease of manufacture, and cost. In terms of scale of production, the dominant yarn constructions are [[polyamide]]s (nylons) and [[polypropylene]] with an estimated 90% of the commercial market.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |last1=Heisterberg-Moutsis |first1=Gudrun |last2=Heinz |first2=Rainer |last3=Wolf |first3=Thomas F. |last4=Harper |first4=Dominic J. |last5=James |first5=David |last6=Mazzur |first6=Richard P. |last7=Kettler |first7=Volker |last8=Soiné |first8=Hansgert |title=Floor Coverings |publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |location=Weinheim, Germany |date=15 September 2001 |isbn=3-527-30673-0 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a11_263}}</ref>

=== Nylon ===
Since the 20th century, [[nylon]] is one of the most common materials for the construction of carpets. Both [[nylon 6]] and [[nylon 6-6]] are used. Nylon can be dyed topically or dyed in a molten state (solution dying). Nylon can be printed easily and has excellent wear characteristics. Due to nylon's excellent wear-resistance, it is widely used in industrial and commercial carpeting. In carpets, nylon tends to stain easily due to the presence of dye sites. These dye sites need to be filled in order to give nylon carpet any type of stain resistance. As nylon is petroleum-based it varies in price with the price of oil.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Polypropylene ===
[[Polypropylene]], a [[polyolefin]] stiffer than the cheaper [[polyethylene]], is used to produce carpet yarns because it is still less expensive than the other materials used for carpets. It is difficult to dye and does not wear as well as wool or nylon. Polypropylene, sometimes referred to simply as "olefin", is commonly used to construct berber carpets. Large looped olefin berber carpets are usually only suited for light domestic use and tend to mat down quickly. Berber carpets with smaller loops tend to be more resilient and retain their new appearance longer than large looped berber styles. Commercial grade level-loop carpets have very small loops, and commercial grade cut-pile styles can be well constructed. When made with polypropylene, commercial grade styles wear very well, making them very suitable for areas with heavy foot traffic such as offices. Polypropylene carpets are known to have good stain resistance, but not against oil-based agents. If a stain does set, it can be difficult to clean. Commercial grade carpets can be glued directly to the floor or installed over a 1/4" thick, 8-pound density padding. Outdoor grass carpets are usually made from polypropylene.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Wool and wool-blends ===
[[File:2012-10-02 Wurstteppich huchwasistdenndas anagoria.jpg|thumb|A wool carpet]]
[[Wool]] has excellent durability, can be dyed easily and is fairly abundant. When blended with synthetic fibres such as nylon the durability of wool is increased. Blended wool yarns are extensively used in production of modern carpet, with the most common blend being 80% wool to 20% synthetic fibre, giving rise to the term "80/20". Wool is relatively expensive and consequently, it only comprises a small portion of the market.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Polyester ===
The [[polyester]] known as "PET" ([[polyethylene terephthalate]]) is used in carpet manufacturing in both spun and filament constructions. After the price of raw materials for many types of carpet rose in the early 2000s, polyester became more competitive. Polyester has good physical properties and is inherently stain-resistant because it is hydrophobic, however oil-based stains can pose a problem for this type of material and it can be prone to soiling. Similar to nylon, colour can be added after production or it can be infused in a molten state (solution dyeing). Polyester has the disadvantage that it tends to crush or mat down easily. It is typically used in mid- to low-priced carpeting.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Another polyester, "PTT" ([[Polytrimethylene terephthalate]]), also called Sorona or 3GT (Dupont) or Corterra (Shell), is a variant of PET. Lurgi Zimmer PTT was first patented in 1941, but it was not produced until the 1990s, when Shell Chemicals developed the low-cost method of producing high-quality 1,3 propanediol (PDO), the starting raw material for PTT Corterra Polymers. DuPont subsequently commercialized a [[biological process]] for making [[1,3-propanediol]] from [[corn syrup]], imparting significant [[Renewable resource|renewable]] content on the corresponding Sorona polyester carpet fibres.<ref name=Sengupta>{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Debolina |last2=Pike |first2=Ralph W. |title=Chemicals from Biomass: Ingegrating Bioprocess into Chemical Production |date=5 July 2012 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-7814-9 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9N_xWEGI9wC&q=1%2C3-propanediol+production+tennessee&pg=PA95|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> These carpet fibres have resiliency comparable to nylon.<ref name=Chuah>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Chuah |first1=Hoe H. |title=Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology |date=22 October 2001 |doi=10.1002/0471440264.pst292 |isbn=978-0-471-44026-0}}</ref>

=== Acrylic ===
[[Acrylic fiber|Acrylic]] is a synthetic material first created by the Dupont Corporation in 1941 but has gone through various changes since it was first introduced. In the past, acrylic carpet used to fuzz or "pill" easily. This happened when the fibres degraded over time and short strands broke away with contact or friction. Over the years, new types of acrylics have been developed to alleviate some of these problems, although the issues have not been completely removed. Acrylic is fairly difficult to dye but is colourfast, washable, and has the feel and appearance of wool, making it a good rug fabric.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== History ==
[[File:Pazyryk carpet.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Pazyryk burials#Pazyryk rug|Pazyryk]] Carpet, the oldest surviving carpet in the world ([[Armenia]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ulrich Schurmann |title=The Pazyryk Its Use and Origin |date=1982 |page=43 |url=https://archive.org/details/ThePazyrykItsUseAndOrigin |quote=From all the evidence available I am convinced that the Pazyryk rug was a funeral accessory and most likely a masterpiece of Armenian workmanship}}</ref> or [[Iran|Persia]], 5th century BC)]]

[[File:The Czartoryski Carpet.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Czartoryski]] carpet with coat of arms of the Polish Myszkowski family,<ref name=polish /> made with a [[cotton]] warp, a [[silk]] weft and pile, and metal wrapped thread (Iran, 17th century)]]

The knotted pile carpet probably originated in the [[Caspian Sea]] area (Northern Iran) <ref>E.J.W. Barber, ''Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean'', 1992, {{ISBN|0-691-00224-X}}, p. 171.</ref> or the [[Armenian Highland]].<ref name=" Volkmar Gantzhorn 1998">Volkmar Gantzhorn, "Oriental Carpets", 1998. {{ISBN|3-8228-0545-9}}.</ref> Although there is evidence of goats and sheep being sheared for wool and hair which was spun and woven as far back at the 7th millennium, the earliest surviving pile carpet is the "Pazyryk carpet", which dates from the 5th-4th century BC. It was excavated by [[Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko]] in 1949 from a [[Pazyryk burials|Pazyryk burial]] mound in the [[Altai Mountains]] in [[Siberia]]. This richly coloured carpet is {{convert|200 x 183|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} and framed by a border of griffins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7d.html |title=The State Hermitage Museum: Collection Highlights |publisher=Hermitagemuseum.org |access-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005151326/http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7d.html |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

Although claimed by many cultures, this square tufted carpet, almost perfectly intact, is considered by many experts to be of Caucasian, specifically Armenian, origin. The rug is woven using the Armenian double knot, and the red filaments' colour was made from [[Armenian cochineal]].<ref name=vk2>Ashkhunj Poghosyan, [[:File:Ashkhunj Poghosyan, On origin of Pazyryk rug, Yerevan, 2013(2).pdf|On origin of Pazyryk rug, Yerevan, 2013]] (PDF) pp. 1–21 {{in lang|hy}}, pp. 22–37 {{in lang|en}}.</ref><ref>USSR conference to exchange experiences leading restorers and researchers. The study, preservation and restoration of ethnographic objects. Theses of reports, Riga, 16–21 November 1987. pp. 17–18 {{in lang|ru}}<br />Л.С. Гавриленко, Р.Б. Румянцева, Д.Н. Глебовская, Применение тонкослойной хромотографии и электронной спектроскопии для анализа красителей древних тканей. Исследование, консервация и реставрация этнографических предметов. Тезисы докладов, СССР, Рига, 1987, стр. 17–18.<blockquote>В ковре нити темно-синего и голубого цвета окрашены индиго по карминоносным червецам, нити красного цвета – аналогичными червецами типа [[Armenian cochineal|араратской кошенили]].</blockquote></ref> The eminent authority of ancient carpets, Ulrich Schurmann, says of it, "From all the evidence available I am convinced that the Pazyryk rug was a funeral accessory and most likely a masterpiece of Armenian workmanship".<ref name="Ulrich Schurmann">{{Cite web |url=https://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Paz/paz1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011602/https://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Paz/paz1.htm|url-status=dead |title=Ulrich Schurmann, The Pazyryk. Its Use and Origin, Munich, 1982, p.46|archive-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> Gantzhorn concurs with this thesis. At the ruins of [[Persepolis]] in [[Iran]] where various nations are depicted as bearing tribute, the horse design from the Pazyryk carpet is the same as the relief depicting part of the Armenian delegation.<ref name=" Volkmar Gantzhorn 1998" /> The historian [[Herodotus]] writing in the 5th century BC also informs us that the inhabitants of the Caucasus wove beautiful rugs with brilliant colours which would never fade.<ref>The Nine Books of the Histories of Herodotus. Thomas Gaisford, Peter Laurent, London, 1846, CLIO I, p. 99.</ref>

=== Afghanistan ===
{{Main|Afghan rug}}
There has recently been a surge in demand for Afghan carpets, although many Afghan carpet manufacturers market their products under the name of a different country.<ref name="pajhwok">{{cite web |url=http://www.afghanembassyjp.com/en/news/?an=1377 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521214525/http://www.afghanembassyjp.com/en/news/?an=1377 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 May 2012 |title=Afghan rugs sell like hot cakes |publisher=Afghanembassyjp.com |date=2 February 2008 |access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref> The carpets are made in Afghanistan, as well as by [[Afghan refugees]] who reside in Pakistan and Iran. Famous Afghan rugs include the ''[[Shindand, Herat|Shindand]]'' or ''[[Adraskan]]'' (named after local Afghan villages), woven in the [[Herat Province|Herat]] area in western Afghanistan.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Afghan carpets are commonly known as Afghan rugs. Afghan carpets are a unique and widely recognised handmade material design that originates from Afghanistan. They often exhibit intricate detailing, mainly using traditional tribal designs originating from the [[Turkmens]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Baloch peoples|Balochs]], and [[Uzbeks]]. The handmade rugs come in many patterns and colours, yet the traditional and most common example of Afghan carpet is the octagon-shaped elephant-foot (Bukhara). The rugs with this print are most commonly red in colour. Many dyes, such as [[vegetable dye]]s, are used to impart rich colour.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Armenia ===
{{Main|Armenian carpet}}

Various rug fragments have been excavated in Armenia dating back to the 7th century BC or earlier. The oldest single surviving knotted carpet in existence is the Pazyryk carpet, excavated from a frozen tomb in Siberia, dated from the 5th to the 3rd century BC, now in the [[Hermitage Museum]] in St. Petersburg. This square tufted carpet, almost perfectly intact, is considered by many experts to be of Caucasian, specifically Armenian, origin. The eminent authority of ancient carpets, Ulrich Schurmann, says of it, "From all the evidence available I am convinced that the Pazyryk rug was a funeral accessory and most likely a masterpiece of Armenian workmanship".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator:%22Ulrich+Schurmann%22 |title=Internet Archive Search: creator:"Ulrich Schurmann" |website=archive.org}}</ref> Gantzhorn concurs with this thesis. At the ruins of [[Persepolis]] in Iran where various nations are depicted as bearing tribute, the horse design from the Pazyryk carpet is the same as the relief depicting part of the Armenian delegation.
[[Armenian carpet]]s were renowned by foreigners who travelled to [[Artsakh (historical province)|Artsakh]]; the Arab geographer and historian [[Al-Masudi]] noted that, among other works of art, he had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ulubabyan |first=Bagrat A| author-link =Bagrat Ulubabyan |title=Խաչենի իշխանությունը, X-XVI դարերում (The Principality of Khachen, From the 10th to 16th Centuries) |publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences |location=Yerevan, Armenian SSR |year=1975 |page=267 |language=hy}}</ref>

Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making."<ref name="Hakobyan. p. 84">Hakobyan. ''Medieval Art of Artsakh'', p. 84.</ref> Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in colour and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as ''artsvagorgs'' (eagle-carpets), ''vishapagorgs'' (dragon-carpets) and ''otsagorgs'' (serpent-carpets).<ref name="Hakobyan. p. 84" /> The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to the [[illuminated manuscripts]] produced in Artsakh.<ref name="Hakobyan. p. 84" />

The art of carpet weaving was in addition intimately connected to the making of curtains as evidenced in a passage by [[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]], a 13th-century Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praised Arzu-Khatun, the wife of regional prince Vakhtang Khachenatsi, and her daughters for their expertise and skill in weaving.<ref>{{in lang|hy}} [[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]]. ''Պատմություն Հայոց '' (''History of Armenia''). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]], 1961, p. 216, as cited in Hakobyan. ''Medieval Art of Artsakh'', p. 84, note 18.</ref>

According to ancient perceptions, the carpet is the universe where, according to mythological conceptions, there is
# The sacred center
# The cosmic space
# The zone demarcating and protecting the universe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ավանեսյան |first1=Լիլիա |title=Հայկական գորգերի զարդաձևերի ծագումնաբանությունն ու իմաստաբանությունը |date=2020 |publisher=Հայաստանի պատմության թանգարան |location=Երևան |isbn=978-9939-9227-3-7}}</ref>

=== Azerbaijan ===
{{Main|Azerbaijani rug}}

The Gultapin excavations discovered several carpet weaving tools which date back to the 4th-3rd millennium BC. According to Iranica Online, "The main weaving zone was in the eastern TransCaucasus south of the mountains that bisect the region diagonally, the area now comprised in the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]]; it is the homeland of a Turkic population known today as Azeri. Other ethnic groups also practiced weaving, some of them in other parts of the Caucasus, but they were of lesser importance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |title=Welcome to Encyclopedia Iranica |first=Encyclopedia Iranica |last=Foundation |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> Azerbaijan was one of the most important centers of carpet weaving; as a result, several different schools have evolved. While traditionally schools are divided into four main branches, each region has its own version of the carpets. The schools are divided into four main branches: Kuba-Shirvan, Ganja-Kazakh carpet-weaving school, [[Baku]] carpet school, and [[Karabakh]] school of carpet weaving.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://unesco.preslib.az/en/page/HnJIbef9wa |title=Traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan |website=unesco.preslib.az|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref> Carpet weaving is a family tradition in [[Azerbaijan]] that is transferred verbally and with practice, and is associated with the daily life and customs of its people. A variety of carpet and rug types are made in Azerbaijan such as silk, wool, gold and silver threads, pile and pileless carpets, as well as [[kilim]], sumakh, zili, verni, mafrashi and khurjun. In 2010, the traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving was added to the [[Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] of [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists |title=UNESCO – Traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto" />

=== Balochi ===
{{Main|Balochi rug}}
[[File:Baluch mid 19th C..jpeg|thumb|upright|alt=Balochi Rug|Balochi Rug]]
Balochi Rugs are a group of carpets that are woven by the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribes.<ref name="Baluchi rug">{{Cite web |title=Baluchi rug |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Baluchi-rug |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> The size of Baloch rugs are eight feet in length, which made them lighter and easier to transport.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Balochi |url=https://celcar.indiana.edu/apps/pamphlets/balochi.pdf |website=[[Indiana University Bloomington]] |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Their material typically include of [[wool]] or a mixture of wool and [[goat]] hair, newer carpets have a warp made of cotton and sturdy wool pile rugs.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== China ===
{{See also|Oriental rug}}
As opposed to most antique rug manufacturing practices, early Chinese carpets were woven almost exclusively for internal consumption.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray L. |date=2003 |title=Carpets of the Ming Dynasty? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757577 |journal=East and West |volume=53 |issue=1/4 |pages=179–208 |jstor=29757577 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> China has a long history of exporting traditional goods; however, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that the Chinese began to export their rugs. Once in contact with western influences, there was a large change in production: Chinese manufacturers began to produce [[art deco]] rugs with [[commerce|commercial]] look and price point. The centuries-old Chinese textile industry is rich in history. While most antique carpets are classified according to a specific region or manufactory, scholars attribute the age of any specific Chinese rug to the ruling emperor of the time. The earliest surviving examples of the craft were produced during the time of [[Chen Shubao]], the last emperor of the [[Chen dynasty]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== India ===
Carpet weaving may have been introduced into the area as far back as the 11th century with the coming of the first Muslim conquerors, the [[Ghaznavids]] and the [[Ghurids]], from the West. It can with more certainty be traced to the beginning of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the early 16th century, when the last successor of [[Timur]], [[Babur]], extended his rule from [[Kabul]] to India to found the [[Mughal Empire]]. Under the patronage of the Mughals, Indian crafters adopted Persian techniques and designs. Carpets woven in the [[Punjab]] made use of motifs and decorative styles found in Mughal architecture.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

[[Akbar]], a Muhal emperor, is credited with introducing the art of carpet weaving to India during his reign. The Mughal emperors patronized Persian carpets for their royal courts and palaces. During this period, he brought Persian crafters from their homeland and established them in India. Initially, these [[Mughal carpets]] showed the classic Persian style of fine knotting, then gradually the style blended with Indian art. Thus the carpets produced became typical of Indian origin and the industry began to diversify and spread all over the subcontinent. During the Mughal period, carpets made on the Indian subcontinent became so famous that demand for them spread abroad. These carpets had distinctive designs and boasted a high density of knots. Carpets made for the Mughal emperors, including [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]], were of the finest quality. Under Shah Jahan's reign, Mughal carpet weaving took on a new aesthetic and entered its classical phase.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Indian carpets are well known for their designs with attention to detail and presentation of realistic attributes. The carpet industry in India flourished more in its northern part, with major centres found in [[Kashmir]], [[Jaipur]], [[Agra]] and [[Bhadohi]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Indian carpets are known for their high density of knotting. Hand-knotted carpets are a speciality and widely in demand in the West. The carpet industry in India has been successful in establishing social business models that help underprivileged sections of the society. Notable examples of [[social entrepreneurship]] ventures are [[Jaipur rugs]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chillibreeze.com/articles_various/Jaipur-rugs-1101.asp |title=A Case of Social Entrepreneurship |publisher=Chillibreeze.com |access-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215919/http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/Jaipur-rugs-1101.asp |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> and the [[Fabindia]] retail chain.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-05-06/news/27717265_1_handloom-weavers-shareholders-fabric-suppliers | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606144929/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-05-06/news/27717265_1_handloom-weavers-shareholders-fabric-suppliers | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 June 2012 |title=Handloom weavers shareholders fabric suppliers |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 May 2008}}</ref>

Another category of Indian rugs which, though quite popular in most western countries, have not received much press, is hand-woven rugs of Khairabad (Citapore rugs). {{citation needed|date=April 2012}} [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]], a small town in the Citapore (now spelled as "[[Sitapur]]") district of India had been ruled by Raja [[Mehmoodabad]]. Khairabad (Mehmoodabad Estate) was part of [[Oudh]] province which had been ruled by [[shi'i]] Muslims having Persian linkages. Citapore rugs made in Khairabad and neighbouring areas are hand-woven and distinct from tufted and knotted rugs. Flat weave is the basic weaving technique of Citapore rugs and generally cotton is the main weaving material here but [[jute]], [[rayon]], and [[Chenille fabric|chenille]] are also popular. [[IKEA]] and [[Agocha]] have been major buyers of rugs from this area.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Naeen carpets handmade Iran 01.jpg|thumb|Naeen carpets handmade Iran]]

=== Iran ===
{{Main|Persian carpet}}

Iranian carpet is derived from [[Persians|Persian]] art and culture. Carpet-[[weaving]] in Persia dates back to the [[Bronze Age]]. The earliest surviving corpus of Persian carpets comes from the [[Safavid]] dynasty (1501–1736) in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Scholarship and a Controversial Group of Safavid Carpets |publisher=The British Institute of Persian Studies |year=2000 |series=Iran 38}}</ref> However, painted depictions prove a longer history of production. There is much variety among classical Persian carpets of the 16th and 17th centuries. Common motifs include scrolling vine networks, [[Arabesque (Islamic art)|arabesques]], [[palmette]]s, [[cloud band]]s, medallions, and overlapping geometric compartments rather than animals and humans.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} This is because [[Islam]], the dominant religion in that part of the world, forbids their depiction.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Still, some show figures engaged either in the hunt or feasting scenes. The majority of these carpets are [[wool]], but several [[silk]] examples produced in [[Kashan]] survive.<ref>Pope, Arthur Upham. A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Vol. XI, Carpets, Chapter 55. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938-9.</ref>

Iran is also the world's largest producer and exporter of [[handmade carpet]]s, producing three-quarters of the world's total output and having a share of 30% of world's export markets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kohan Textile Journal – Asian Carpet Analysis |url=http://www.kohanjournal.com/en/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D229%26Itemid%3D54 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713163510/http://www.kohanjournal.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=229&Itemid=54 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Khalaj |first=Mehrnosh |date=10 February 2010 |title=Iran's oldest craft left behind |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5a5c0444-1669-11df-bf44-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss |access-date=4 October 2013 |publisher=FT.com}}</ref> The world's largest hand-woven carpet was produced by [[Iran Carpet Company]] (ICC) at the order of the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of the Royal Court of Sultanate of [[Oman]] to cover the entire floor of the main praying hall of the [[Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque]] (SQGM) in Muscat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2004 |title=The largest hand made carpet in history |url=https://www.jozan.net/the-largest-hand-made-carpet-in-history/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=JOZAN |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Balochi ====
{{See also|Balochi rug}}
[[File:Baluch mid 19th C..jpeg|thumb|alt=Balochi Rug|Balochi Rug]]
Balochi Rugs ([[Balochi language|Balochi]]:{{nq|قالی بلوچ، فرش بلوچ}}) are a group of carpets that are woven by the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribes.<ref name="Baluchi rug" /> The size of Baloch rugs are eight feet in length, which made them lighter and easier to transport.<ref name="auto1"/>

Baloch rugs tend to be a dark combination of reds, browns, and blues, with touches of white and their material often includes [[wool]] or a mixture of wool and [[goat]] hair; newer carpets have a warp made of cotton and sturdy wool pile rugs.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Baloch rugs are typically eight feet in length, which made them lighter and easier to transport.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

[[Nature]], animal figurines, [[religious beliefs]] in Baluch prayer rugs, and objects of interest and use by the people of the tribe and the villagers are visualized in these designs. They are mostly designed geometrically with lines and surfaces, creating abstract and non-abstract patterns.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Mehrabi is a [[prayer rug]] designed in the Balochi style, and it typically features a [[mihrab]] or arch at one end of the rug.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Pakistan ===
{{Main|Pakistani rug}}
The art of weaving developed in South Asia at a time when few other civilizations employed it. Excavations at [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-Daro]], ancient cities of the [[Indus Valley civilization]], have established that the inhabitants used spindles and spun a wide variety of weaving materials. Some historians consider that the Indus Valley civilization first developed the use of woven textiles. As of the late 1990s, hand-knotted carpets were among Pakistan's leading export products and their manufacture is the second largest cottage and small industry. Pakistani craftsmen have the capacity to produce any type of carpet using all the popular motifs of gulls, medallions, paisleys, traceries, and geometric designs in various combinations.<ref>Stone, Peter F. The Oriental Rug Lexicon. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.</ref> At the time of independence, manufacturing of carpets was set up in [[Sangla Hill]], a small town of [[Sheikhupura District]]. Chaudary Mukhtar Ahmad Member, son of Maher Ganda, introduced and taught this art to locals and immigrants. He is considered founder of this industry in Pakistan. Sangla Hill is now a focal point of the carpet industry in Pakistan. Almost all the exporters and manufacturers who are running their business at [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], and [[Karachi]] have their area offices in Sangla Hill.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In Pakistan, multiple material types are used including: [[wool]], [[silk]] and [[cotton]] or [[jute]] etc. Carpet textures are typically soft and light in Pakistan.{{cn|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Carpet Tree of Life.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Tree of Life]] pattern]]
[[File:Giulio Rosati 14.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Carpet Seller'' ([[Giulio Rosati]])]]

=== Scandinavia ===
{{Main|Scandinavian rugs}}

Scandinavian rugs are among the most popular of all weaves in modern design. Preferred by influential modernist thinkers, designers, and advocates for a new aesthetic in the mid-twentieth century, Scandinavian rugs have become widespread in many different avenues of contemporary interior design. With a long history of adaptation and evolution, the tradition of Scandinavian rug-making is among the most storied of all European rug-making traditions.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Turkey ===
{{Main|Turkish carpet}}
[[File:AntiqueUsakCarpetLate19thCentury.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Oushak]] (Usak) carpet (late 19th century)]]
[[File:Kayseri prayer rug, Anatolia Turkey.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kayseri]] prayer rug from [[Anatolia]], Turkey]]

Turkish carpets (also known as [[Anatolia]]n), whether hand knotted or flat woven, are among the most well-known and established handcrafted artworks in the world.<ref name="The Brukenthal Museum: The extraordinary value of the Anatolian Carpet">{{cite web |url=http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/europeana_en/etajI/05.htm |title=The Brukenthal Museum: The extraordinary value of the Anatolian Carpet |publisher=Brukenthalmuseum.ro |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054127/http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/europeana_en/etajI/05.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Historically: religious, cultural, environmental, sociopolitical and socioeconomic conditions created widespread utilitarian need and have provided artistic inspiration among the many tribal peoples and ethnic groups in [[Central Asia]] and Turkey.<ref name="The historical importance of rug and carpet weaving in Anatolia">{{cite web |url=http://www.turkishculture.org/tapestry/anatolian-carpets-kilims-743.htm |title=The historical importance of rug and carpet weaving in Anatolia |publisher=Turkishculture.org |access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref> Turks, nomadic or pastoral, agrarian or town dwellers, living in tents or in sumptuous houses in large cities, have protected themselves from the extremes of the cold weather by covering the floors, and sometimes walls and doorways, with carpets and rugs. The carpets are always hand made of wool or sometimes cotton, with occasional additions of silk. These carpets are natural barriers against the cold. Turkish pile rugs and kilims are also frequently used as tent decorations, grain bags, camel and donkey bags, ground cushions, oven covers, sofa covers, bed and cushion covers, blankets, curtains, eating blankets, table top spreads, prayer rugs and for ceremonial occasions.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

The oldest records of flat woven kilims come from [[Çatalhöyük]] Neolithic pottery, circa 7000 B.C. One of the oldest settlements ever to have been discovered, Çatalhöyük is located south east of Konya in the middle of the Anatolian region.<ref name="Çatalhöyük.com: Ancient Civilization and Excavation">{{cite web |url=http://www.catalhoyuk.com/mission.html |title=Çatalhöyük.com: Ancient Civilization and Excavation |publisher=Catalhoyuk.com |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101144734/http://www.catalhoyuk.com/mission.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The excavations to date (only three percent of the town) not only found carbonized fabric but also fragments of kilims painted on the walls of some of the dwellings. The majority of them represent geometric and stylized forms that are similar or identical to other historical and contemporary designs.<ref name="Kilims">{{cite web |url=http://www.turkishculture.org/tapestry-61.htm |title=Ancient Kilim Evidence Findings in Çatalhöyük |publisher=Turkishculture.org |access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref>

The knotted rug is believed to have reached Asia Minor and the Middle East with the expansion of various nomadic tribes peoples during the latter period of the great [[Turkic migration]] of the 8th and 9th centuries. Famously depicted in European paintings of [[The Renaissance]], beautiful Anatolian rugs were often used from then until modern times, to indicate the high economic and social status of the owner.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Women learn their weaving skills at an early age, taking months or even years to complete the beautiful pile rugs and flat woven kilims that were created for their use in every aspect of daily life. As is true in most weaving cultures, traditionally and nearly exclusively, it is women and girls who are both artisan and weaver.<ref name="The Dominant role of women and girls in Turkish carpet weaving">{{cite web |url=http://www.turkishculture.org/tapestry/anatolian-carpets/carpet-weaving-tradition-600.htm?type=1 |title=The Dominant role of Turkish Women and Girls in Turkish carpet weaving |publisher=Turkishculture.org |access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: The Role of Women and Girls in traditional rug and carpet weaving">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/34/12/2776.full.pdf |title=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: The Role of Women and Girls in traditional rug and carpet weaving |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=2776–2783 |access-date=26 January 2012 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/34.12.2776 |pmid=7315779 |year=1981 |last1=Geissler |first1=C. A. |last2=Brun |first2=T. A. |last3=Mirbagheri |first3=I. |last4=Soheli |first4=A. |last5=Naghibi |first5=A. |last6=Hedayat |first6=H.}}</ref><ref>Aslanapa, Oktay. One Thousand Years of Turkish Carpets. Translated and edited by William A. Edmonds. Istanbul: Eren 1988.</ref>

=== Turkmen ===
{{Main|Turkmen carpet}}
[[File:The largest carpet in the world.JPG|thumb|upright|The largest hand-woven carpet in the world at the [[Turkmen Carpet Museum]] in [[Ashgabat]]]]

Türkmen carpet (also called "Bukhara Uzbekistan") is a type of handmade floor-covering textile traditionally originating in Central Asia. It is useful to distinguish between the original Turkmen tribal rugs and the rugs produced in large numbers for export in the 2000s, mainly in Pakistan and Iran. The original Turkmen rugs were produced by the [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] tribes who are the main ethnic group in [[Turkmenistan]] and are also found in Afghanistan and Iran. They are used for various purposes, including tent rugs, door hangings and bags of various sizes.<ref>[http://medeniyet.gov.tm/downloads/rowayat_ru.pdf Living legend] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212110046/http://medeniyet.gov.tm/downloads/rowayat_ru.pdf |date=12 December 2013 }}, The president of Turkmenistan [[Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov]] book about Turkmen rug</ref>

=== Uyghur ===

[[Weaving]] was traditionally done by men in [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] society. Scholars speculate that when the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] invaded [[northwest China]] in the 13th century, under the leadership of General [[Subutai]], they may have taken as captives some of these skilled carpet weavers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gonick |first=Gloria |title=Early Carpets and Tapestries on the Eastern Silk Road |publisher=ACC Art Books |page=51}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
[[File:Staatliches Ehrengeschenk - DDR - Wandteppich - 20 Jahre Kampfgruppe der Arbeiterklasse.jpg|thumb|upright|Tapestry State Gift of Honour – [[East Germany|GDR]] – Tapestry – 20 Years of the [[Combat Groups of the Working Class|Fighting Group of the Working Class]]]]

==== Oriental imports ====
Oriental carpets began to appear in Europe after the [[Crusades]] in the 11th century, due to contact by Crusaders with Eastern traders. Until the mid-18th century they were mostly used on walls and tables. Except in royal or ecclesiastical settings, they were considered too precious to cover the floor. Starting in the 13th century, oriental carpets begin to appear in paintings (notably from Italy, Flanders, England, France, and the Netherlands). Carpets of Indo-Persian design were introduced to Europe via the Dutch, British, and French [[East India Company|East India Companies]] of the 17th and 18th century<ref>Dimand, Maurice Sven and Jean Mailey. Oriental Rugs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> and in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] by Armenian merchants ([[Polish carpet]]s or Polonaise carpets).<ref name=polish />

==== Spain ====

Although isolated instances of carpet production pre-date the Muslim invasion of Spain, the [[Hispano-Moresque]] examples are the earliest significant body of European-made carpets. Documentary evidence shows production beginning in Spain as early as the 10th century AD. The earliest extant Spanish carpet, the so-called Synagogue carpet in the [[Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin]], is a unique survival dated to the 14th century. The earliest group of Hispano-Moresque carpets, Admiral carpets (also known as armorial carpets), has an all-over geometric, repeat pattern punctuated by blazons of noble Christian Spanish families. The variety of this design was analyzed most thoroughly by [[May Beattie]]. Many of the 15th century Spanish carpets rely heavily on designs originally developed on the Anatolian Peninsula.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} Carpet production continued after the Reconquest of Spain and eventual expulsion of the Muslim population in the 15th century. Sixteenth century Renaissance Spanish carpet design is a derivative of silk textile design. Some of the most popular motifs are [[wreath]]s, [[Acanthus (ornament)|acanthus leaves]] and [[pomegranates]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

During the [[Moorish]] (Muslim) period, production took place in [[Alcaraz, Albacete|Alcaraz]] in the province of Albacete, as well as being recorded in other towns. Carpet production after the Christian reconquest continued in Alcaraz while [[Cuenca, Spain|Cuenca]], first recorded as a weaving centre in the 12th century, became increasingly important, and was dominant in the 17th and early 18th century. Carpets of completely different French-based designs began to be woven in a royal workshop, the [[Royal Tapestry Factory]] ''(Real Fábrica de Tapices de Santa Bárbara)'' in Madrid in the 18th century. Cuenca was closed down by the royal degree of Carlos IV in the late 18th century to stop it competing with the new workshop. Madrid continued as a weaving centre through to the 20th century, producing brightly coloured carpets, most of whose designs are strongly influenced by French carpet design, and which are frequently signed (on occasions with the monogram MD; also sometimes with the name Stuyck) and dated in the outer stripe. After the [[Spanish Civil War]] [[General Franco]] revived the carpet weaving industry in workshops named after him, weaving designs that are influenced by earlier Spanish carpets, usually in a very limited range of colours.<ref name="Sherrill, Sarah B 1996">Sherrill, Sarah B. Carpets and Rugs of Europe and America. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996.</ref>

==== Serbia ====
{{Main|Pirot carpet}}
'''Pirot carpet'''{{Cref2|a}} ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: Пиротски ћилим, Pirotski ćilim) refers to a variety of flat tapestry-woven carpets or rugs traditionally produced in [[Pirot]], a town in southeastern Serbia. Pirot kilims with some 122 ornaments and 96 different types have been protected by geographical indication in 2002. They are one of the most important traditional handicrafts in Serbia. In the late 19th century and up to the Second World War, Pirot kilims have been frequently used as insignia of Serbian and [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] royalty. This tradition was revived in 2011 when Pirot kilims were reintroduced for state ceremonies in Serbia. Carpet weaving in Pirot dates back to the Middle Ages.<ref>LEPOTA TRAJANJA</ref>{{full citation needed|date=December 2018}} One of the first mentions of the Pirot kilim in written sources date to 1565, when it was said that the [[šajkaši]] boats on the [[Danube]] and [[Drava]] were covered with Pirot kilims. Pirot was once the most important rug-making centre in the [[Balkans]]. Pirot is located on the historical main highway which linked central Europe with [[Constantinople]]. Pirot was also known as [[Şarköy]] in Turkish. The Pirot carpet varieties are also found in Bulgaria and Turkey, and in many other international collections. One of the chief qualities are the colour effects achieved through the choice and arrangement of colours.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In the beginning of the 19th century, plant dyes were replaced by [[aniline]] colourings. "The best product of the country is the Pirot carpet, worth about ten shillings a square metre. The designs are extremely pretty, and the rugs, without being so heavy as the Persian, or so ragged and scant in the web and weft as Caramanian, wear for ever. The manufacture of these is almost entirely confined to Pirot. From Pirots old Turkish signification as Şarköy stems the traditional trade name of the rugs as Şarköy-kilims. Stemming from the homonym to the today's Turkish settlement of Şarköy in Thracia, which had no established rug making tradition, Şarköys are often falsely ascribed to originate from Turkey. Also in the rug-selling industry, Şarköy are mostly labeled as being of oriental or Turkish origin as to easier sell them to non-familiar customers as they prefer rugs with putative oriental origin. In fact, Şarköys have been established from the 17th century in the region of the Western Balkan or Stara Planina mountains in the towns of Pirot, Berkowiza, Lom, [[Chiprovtsi]] and [[Samokov]]. Later they have been also produced in [[Knjaževac]] and [[Caribrod]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==== Bulgaria ====
{{Main|Chiprovtsi carpet}}
The [[Chiprovtsi carpet]] (Чипровци килим) is a type of handmade carpet with two absolutely identical sides, part of Bulgarian national heritage, traditions, arts and crafts. Its name is derived from the town of [[Chiprovtsi]] where their production started in the 17th century. The carpet weaving industry played a key role in the revival of Chiprovtsi in the 1720s after the devastation of the failed 1688 [[Chiprovtsi Uprising]] against Ottoman rule. The western traveller [[Ami Boué]], who visited Chiprovtsi in 1836–1838, reported that "mainly young girls, under shelters or in corridors, engage in carpet weaving. They earn only five [[franc]]s a month and the payment was even lower before". By 1868, the annual production of carpets in Chiprovtsi had surpassed 14,000&nbsp;square metres. In 1896, almost 1,400 women from Chiprovtsi and the region were engaged in carpet weaving. In 1920, the locals founded the ''Manual Labour'' carpet-weaving cooperative society, the first of its kind in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Северозападна България: общности, традиции, идентичност. Регионални проучвания на българския фолклор |title=Килимарството в Чипровци&nbsp;— традиции и съвременност |last1=Костова |first1=Антоанета |last2=Димитрова |first2=Милена |issn=0861-6558 |location=София |year=2002 |language=Bulgarian |pages=20–22}}</ref> At present, the carpet (''kilim'') industry remains dominant in the town.<ref>{{cite news |last=Classical |first=carpet |date=25 May 2005 |title=Classical Carpet |url=https://www.morandicarpets.com/blog/agra-carpets/classical-carpet-traditional-style/#:~:text=Contemporary%20Classical%20Carpets,and%20classic%20motifs%20are%20revisited. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912225314/https://www.morandicarpets.com/blog/agra-carpets/classical-carpet-traditional-style/#:~:text=Contemporary%20Classical%20Carpets,and%20classic%20motifs%20are%20revisited. |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2008 |publisher=[[Bulgarian National Radio|БНР]] [[Radio Bulgaria|Радио България]] |language=bg}}</ref> Carpets have been crafted according to traditional designs, but in recent years it is up to the customers to decide the pattern of the carpet they have ordered. The production of a single {{convert|3|by|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} carpet takes about 50 days; primarily women engage in carpet weaving. Work is entirely manual and all used materials are natural; the primary material is wool, coloured using plant or mineral [[dye]]s. The local carpets have been prized at exhibitions in [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Liège]] and [[Brussels]]. In recent decades, however, the Chiprovtsi carpet industry has been in decline as it had lost its firm foreign markets. As a result, the town and the municipality have been experiencing a demographic crisis.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==== France ====
{{Main|Savonnerie manufactory}}

In 1608 [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] initiated the French production of "Turkish style" carpets under the direction of [[Pierre DuPont (carpet maker)|Pierre DuPont]]. This production was soon moved to the Savonnerie factory in [[Chaillot]] just west of Paris. The earliest, well-known group produced by the Savonnerie, then under the direction of [[Simon Lourdet]], are the carpets that were produced in the early years of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]'s reign. They are densely ornamented with flowers, sometimes in vases or baskets, against dark blue or brown grounds in deep borders. The designs are based on Netherlandish and Flemish textiles and paintings. The most famous Savonnerie carpets are the series made for the Grande Galerie and the Galerie d'Apollon in the [[Palais du Louvre]] between c. 1665 and c. 1685. These 105 masterpieces, made under the artistic direction of [[Charles Le Brun]], were never installed, as Louis XIV moved the court to [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] in 1688. Their design combines rich [[Acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] leaves, architectural framing, and mythological scenes (inspired by [[Cesare Ripa]]'s Iconologie) with emblems of Louis XIV's royal power.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Pierre-Josse Joseph Perrot is the best-known of the mid-eighteenth-century carpet designers. His many surviving works and drawings display graceful [[rococo]] s-scrolls, central rosettes, shells, [[Acanthus (plant)|acanthus]] leaves, and floral swags. The Savonnerie manufactory was moved to the [[Gobelins manufactory|Gobelins]] in Paris in 1826.<ref>(french) [https://books.google.com/books?id=bN_HkKC1xNUC&dq=savonnerie+manufacture+gobelins+1826&pg=PA47 Jean Coural, ''Les Gobelins'', Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1989, p. 47]</ref> The Beauvais manufactory, better known for their [[tapestry]], also made knotted pile carpets from 1780 to 1792. Carpet production in small, privately owned workshops in the town of [[Aubusson, Creuse|Aubusson]] began in 1743. Carpets produced in France employ the symmetrical knot.<ref name="Sherrill, Sarah B 1996" />

<gallery widths="150px" heights="200px">
File:Savonnerie tapisserie 18th century Versailles.jpg|An 18th-century [[Savonnerie]] tapisserie at the [[Palace of Versailles]]
File:Métier à tisser de haute lisse.jpg|A Savonnerie loom
</gallery>

==== England ====
{{Peacock|section|date=April 2025}}

[[File:Rug.jpg|thumb|Machine used to cut and re-roll carpet lengths]]
Knotted pile carpet weaving technology probably came to England in the early 16th century with [[Flemings|Flemish]] [[Calvinist]]s fleeing religious persecution. Because many of these weavers settled in south-eastern [[England]], particularly in [[Norwich]], the fourteen extant 16th and 17th century carpets are sometimes referred to as "Norwich carpets". These works are either adaptations of Anatolian or Indo-Persian designs, or employ [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]]-[[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] scrolling vines and blossoms; all but one are dated or bear a coat of arms. Like the French, English weavers used the symmetrical knot. There are documented and surviving examples of carpets from three 18th-century manufactories: Exeter (1756–1761, owned by Claude Passavant, 3 extant carpets), Moorfields (1752–1806, owned by Thomas Moore, 5 extant), and Axminster (1755–1835, owned by [[Thomas Whitty]], numerous extant).{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Exeter and Moorfields were both staffed with renegade weavers from the French Savonnerie and, therefore, employ the weaving structure of that factory and Perrot-inspired designs. [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] designer [[Robert Adam]] supplied designs for both Moorfields and Axminster carpets based on [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] floor [[mosaics]] and coffered ceilings. Some of the most well-known rugs of his design were made for [[Syon House]], [[Osterley House]], [[Harewood House]], [[Saltram House]], and [[Newby Hall]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===== Axminster carpet =====
Axminster carpet was a unique floor covering first made in a factory founded at [[Axminster]], [[Devon]], in 1755 by the cloth weaver [[Thomas Whitty]]. Resembling somewhat the Savonnerie carpets produced in France, Axminster carpets were symmetrically knotted by hand in wool on woollen warps, and had a weft of flax or hemp. Like the French carpets, they often featured Renaissance architectural or floral patterns; others mimicked oriental patterns. Similar carpets were produced at the same time in Exeter and in the [[Moorfields]] area of London and, shortly before, at [[Fulham]] in Middlesex. The Whitty factory closed in 1835 with the advent of machine-made carpeting. The name Axminster, however, survived as a generic term for machine-made carpets whose pile is produced by techniques similar to those used in making velvet or chenille,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46332/Axminster-carpet |title=Axminster carpet – Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> and [[Axminster Carpets]] resumed production at a new site in the town in 1937.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2020 |title=Axminster Carpets collapses into administration |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51559815|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>

Axminster carpets can use the three main types of broadloom carpet construction: machine-woven, tufted and hand-knotted. Machine-woven carpet is an investment that will last 20 or 30 years, and woven Axminster and Wilton carpets are still popular in areas where longevity and design flexibility are a big part of the purchasing decision. Hotels and leisure venues almost always choose these types, and many homes use woven Axminsters as design statements.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Machine-woven carpets like Axminster and Wilton are made by massive looms that weave together 'bobbins' of carpet yarn and backing. The finished result, which can be intricately patterned, creates a floor that provides supreme underfoot luxury with high performance. Tufted carpets are also popular in the home. They are relatively speedy to make: a pre-woven backing has yarns tufted into it. Needles push the yarn through the backing, which is then held in place with underlying "loopers". Tufted carpets can be twist pile, velvet, or loop pile. Twist pile carpets are produced when one or more fibres are twisted in the tufting process, so that in the finished carpet they appear to be bound together. Velvet pile carpets tend to have a shorter pile and a tighter construction, giving the finished article a smooth, velvety appearance. Loop pile carpets are renowned for being hard wearing and lend carpets great texture. The traditional domain of rugs from faraway continents, hand knotted squares and rugs use the expertise of weavers to produce work of the finest quality. Traditional rugs often feature a deliberate mistake on behalf of the weaver to guarantee their authenticity.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Six patterns of Axminster carpet are known as the Lansdowne group. These have a tripartite design with reeded circles and baskets of flowers in the central panel, flanked by diamond lozenges in the side panels. Axminster Rococo designs often have a brown ground and include birds copied from popular, contemporary engravings. Even today, a large percentage of the 55,000 population of the town still seek employment in the industry.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===== Brussels and Wilton carpets =====
The town of [[Wilton, Wiltshire]] is also known for its carpet weaving, which dates back to the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Interior Decoration: A Complete Source |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_btgLVQUVL0C&q=lansdowne+group+axminster+carpets|access-date=14 November 2011 |isbn=9788189940652 |last1=Morris |first1=Shirley |date=28 June 2007 |publisher=Global Media}}</ref>

The Brussels loom was introduced into England towards the middle of the 18th century and marked the beginning of a new era in carpet-weaving. It was the first loom on which a pile carpet could be woven mechanically, the pile consisting of rows of loops, formed over wires inserted weftwise during weaving and subsequently withdrawn. Brussels was the first type of carpet to be woven in a loom incorporating the [[Jacquard machine|Jacquard]] pattern-selecting mechanism, and in 1849 power was applied to the loom by Biglow in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Later, when bladed wires were developed, the pile loops were severed on withdrawal of the wires to produce a carpet known as Wilton, and after this development the loom became known as the Wilton loom. In modern usage the designation Wilton applies to both cut-pile and loop-pile carpets made in this loom. The latter are now variously described as Brussels-Wilton, round wire Wilton, loop-pile Wilton, and round wired Jacquard. The methods of manufacture, including the principles of design, preparatory processes, and weaving, are the same in most respects for both Brussels and Wilton qualities. The chief difference between them is that whereas Brussels loop-pile is secured satisfactorily by the insertion of two picks of weft to each wire (2-shot), the Wilton cut-pile is woven more often with three picks of weft to each wire (3-shot) to ensure that the tufts are firmly secured in the carpet backing.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Brussels carpets have a smooth slightly ribbed surface and their patterning is well defined, a characteristic feature of the carpet. Closeness of pile rather than height contributes to their neat appearance and hard-wearing properties, although they do not simulate the luxury of cut-pile carpets. Brussels Wilton carpets were initially produced on 27-inch (3/4) looms and were sewn together by hand. The looms could incorporate up to five frames, each with a different colour, thus enabling figured or pattern carpets to be manufactured. With judicial and skilful planting of colours in the frames the number of colours could be increased to about twenty, enabling complex designs to be produced. Due to the additional costs in labour these carpets were normally only produced for the bespoke market.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

After the First World War, the carpets started to be produced for the general market using popular designs and colourways but they always remained at the luxury end of the general market. The growing middle class of the twentieth century aspired to acquire a Wilton carpet for their 'best' room. Despite the impact of industrialization, the areas where Brussels Wilton carpets were produced remained centred around the towns of Wilton, [[Kidderminster]] in the West Midlands, and in West Yorkshire where the firm of [[John Crossley]] and Sons in [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]] became synonymous with carpet manufacture. There were smaller areas of manufacture in Scotland and Durham. With the development of different manufacturing methods and looms capable of the mass production of carpets, the public began change their décor, including carpets, on a regular basis, which increased the demand for carpets. The last quarter of the 20th century saw the rapid decline of the labour-intensive Brussels Wilton carpets. Very few of the original ¾ Wilton looms still exist, and the few that do are either in museums or used by small manufacturers that continue to produce custom made luxury carpets for the elite and to replace carpets in historic buildings in the UK and abroad.<ref>''Carpets'' by George Robinson F.T.I., F.S.D.C. published 1966 Chap 7 Wilton Carpets page 72.</ref>

=== United States ===
The U.S. carpet industry began as early as the end of the 18th century but struggled to compete with imported carpets. Protective tariffs enacted by the United States Congress in 1816 and expanded in the 1820s helped protect the industry along with other textile industries. Surveys showed that the industry included 20 carpet mills that produced as much as 1 million square yards of carpet as of 1834 and 116 mills that produced 8 million square yards of carpets and rugs as of 1850, which increased to 215 mills that produced more than 20 million square yards, and employed 12,000 persons as of 1870. Handloom carpets used to dominate the industry, and it was only later that improvements in [[power loom]] technology allowed the industry to match the quality of handloom produced carpets.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Patton |first=Randall L. |date=22 September 2006 |editor-last=Whaples |editor-first=Robert |title=A History of the U.S. Carpet Industry |url=https://eh.net/encyclopedia/a-history-of-the-u-s-carpet-industry/ |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=EH.Net Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Economic History Association]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

The city of [[Dalton, Georgia]], where the majority of the carpet currently produced in the United States is manufactured, has come to be known as the "Carpet Capital of the World".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bravender |first=Robin |date=12 July 2023 |title=How Marjorie Taylor Greene's district became Biden's climate poster child |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/11/marjorie-taylor-greene-district-climate-biden-00104848 |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. carpet industry accounts for approximately 45% of the production of carpet in the world,<ref name=":0" /> and, as of the turn of the 21st century, 85% to 90% of the carpet that makes up the U.S. carpet market was produced in and around Dalton.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bluestein |first=Greg |date=26 January 2013 |title=Rebound |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/rebound/wkGwZaWKBPuu57sy9UywzI/ |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |language=English}}</ref> The Dalton carpet industry traces its history to the work of [[Catherine Evans Whitener]] who revived the [[tufting]] technique for the production of textiles which she employed for the creation of tufted bedspreads.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Patton |first=Randall L. |date=6 October 2019 |orig-date=6 April 2005 |title=Chenille Bedspreads |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/chenille-bedspreads/ |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=New Georgia Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> Whitener inspired a cottage industry for tufting bedspreads centered on Dalton.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pendle |first=George |date=7 July 2015 |title=Dalton, GA: How a Bedspread Fiefdom Became A Carpet Kingdom |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/from-the-bedspread-capital-of-the-world-to-the-carpet-capital-of-the-world |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1930s, tufting became industrialized as bedspread manufacturing was moved to factories and the production process centralized and standardized. The industry moved from handmade production to adapting sewing machines. Eventually, the industry in Dalton began producing carpets.<ref name=":2" /> During the [[New Deal]] era, the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938|1938 Fair Labor Standards Act]] spawned a surge in the carpet industry in Dalton and adaptation of machine tufting to lower labor costs.<ref name=":1" />

Popularity of tufted carpets continued to increase in the 1950s with sales of cotton-made, tufted carpet surpassing the traditional wool-woven industry. By 1951, sales of the tufted carpet had reached 6 million yards per year and increased to 400 million yards per year by 1968. Carpet became the standard floor covering in most homes. Along with the rest of the US economy, the carpet industry began to slow in the 1970s. To adapt to the slowing economy, some firms in the industry began vertical integration by acquiring the production of raw materials all the way to finishing of carpets including the dyeing facilities.<ref name=":0" />

In the early 1980s, many companies in the industry shutdown with the number of carpet mills in operation reduced from 285 mills in 1980 to 100 mills in 1990.<ref name=":0" /> In the late 1980s, the carpet industry in Dalton again experienced an economic boom with the industry's demand for labour reaching an all-time high.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-13 |title=After Latino boom, Georgia town's population shifts again |url=https://www.cnn.com/2011/12/12/us/dalton-georgias-latino-face-is-changing-again/index.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> By 1990, a few firms had consolidated the industry by acquiring their smaller competitors so that the top four firms accounted for 80% of the total production.<ref name=":0" /> The Carpet and Rug Institute, the trade association which represents the carpet industry in the US is based in Dalton.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ajoy |first1=Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbKvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 |title=J.J. Pizzuto's Fabric Science |last2=Johnson |first2=Ingrid |last3=Cohen |first3=Allen C. |date=2023-02-23 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-5013-6787-8 |pages=287}}</ref> While Dalton remains a major carpet manufacturing centre in the U.S., the city has begun to expand its dominant industry to other products including becoming a significant producer of solar panels since passage of the [[Inflation Reduction Act|2022 Inflation Reduction Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleury |first=Michelle |date=30 June 2024 |title=Will Biden's green jobs policy help him win votes? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn05ryl1k60o |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Modern carpeting and installation ==
[[File:Berber Carpet (macro).jpg|thumb|[[Macro photography|Macro]] shot of a [[Berber carpet|Berber-style carpet]]. Berber-style carpets feature two sizes of tufts of varying colours in a loop pile construction]]
[[File:Carpet with geometric patterns on the floor in kindergarten. Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Carpet with geometric patterns on the floor in kindergarten. [[Buryatia]], [[Russia]]]]

Carpet is commonly made in widths of {{convert|12|and|15|ft|m}} in the US, 4&nbsp;m and 5&nbsp;m in Europe. Where necessary different widths can be seamed together with a seaming iron and seam tape (formerly it was [[sewing|sewn]] together) and it is fixed to a floor over a cushioned [[underlay]] (pad) using nails, [[tack strip]]s (known in the UK as gripper rods), adhesives, or occasionally decorative metal [[stair rod]]s, thus distinguishing it from rugs or [[mat]]s, which are loose-laid floor coverings. For environmental reasons, the use of wool, natural bindings, natural padding, and [[formaldehyde]]-free glues is becoming more common. These options are almost always at a premium cost.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In the UK, some carpets are still manufactured for yachts, hotels, pubs and clubs in a narrow width of {{convert|27|in|m}} and then sewn to size. Carpeting which covers an entire room area is loosely referred to as 'wall-to-wall', but carpet can be installed over any portion thereof with use of appropriate transition moldings where the carpet meets other types of floor coverings. Carpeting is more than just a single item; it is, in fact, a system comprising the carpet itself, the carpet backing (often made of latex), the cushioning underlay, and a method of installation.
Carpet tiles are also available, typically {{convert|50|cm|in}} square. These are usually only used in commercial settings and are affixed using a special pressure-sensitive glue, which holds them into place while allowing easy removal (in an office environment, for example) or allowing rearrangement in order to spread wear.<ref>Fletcher, Alan J. The Complete Carpet Buying Guide. Portland Oregon: AJ Books 2006.</ref>

"Carpet binding" is a term used for any material being applied to the edge of a carpet to make a rug. Carpet binding is usually cotton or nylon, but also comes in many other materials such as leather. Non-synthetic binding is frequently used with bamboo, grass and wool rugs, but is often used with carpet made from other materials.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

The [[GoodWeave]] labelling scheme used throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]] assures that child labour has not been used: importers pay for the labels, and the revenue collected is used to monitor centres of production and educate previously exploited children.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.goodweave.org/index.php?cid=13 |title=About the GoodWeave label |publisher=Goodweave.org |access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref>

== Disposal ==
For the year 2018 in the U.S., the recycling of carpet fibre, backing, and padding was 310,000 tons, which was 9.2 percent of carpet generation. A slightly larger proportion (17.8 percent) was combusted for energy recovery, while the majority of rugs and carpets were landfilled (73 percent).<ref>{{cite web |author=EPA |title=Durable Goods: Product-Specific Data (Carpets and Rugs) |date=7 September 2017 |url=https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/durable-goods-product-specific-data#CarpetsandRugs |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref>

As of 2023 according to the EPA over four billion pounds of carpet enter the solid waste stream in the United States every year, accounting for more than one percent by weight and about two percent by volume of all municipal solid waste (MSW). Furthermore, according to EPA, "the bulky nature of carpet creates collection and handling problems for solid waste operations and the variety of materials present in carpet makes it difficult to recycle."<ref>{{cite web |author=EPA |title=Identifying Greener Carpet |date=14 June 2023 |url=https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/identifying-greener-carpet}}</ref>

== In culture and figurative expressions ==
[[File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - The Carpet Merchant - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|Jean-Léon Gérôme, ''The Carpet Merchant'']]

There are many stories about [[magic carpet]]s, legendary flying carpets that can be used to transport people who are on it instantaneously or quickly to their destination. Disney's ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' depicts a magic carpet found by Aladdin and Abu in the Cave of Wonders while trying to find Genie's lamp. Aladdin and Jasmine ride on the carpet to travel around the world. The term "magic carpet" is first attested in 1816.<ref name="etymonline1" /> From the 16th to the 19th century, the term "carpet" was used "...as an adjective often with a tinge of contempt, when used of men (as in carpet-knight, 1570s)", which meant a man who was associated with "...luxury, ladies' boudoirs, and [[drawing rooms]]".<ref name="etymonline1" /> ''Rolling out the red carpet'' is an expression that means to welcome a guest lavishly and handsomely. In some cases, an actual [[red carpet]] is used for VIPs and celebrities to walk on, such as at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] and when foreign dignitaries are welcomed to a country.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In 1820s British servant slang, to "carpet" someone means to call them for a reprimand.<ref name="etymonline1" /> To be called on the carpet means to be summoned for a serious reason, typically a scolding reprimand; this usage dates from 1900,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=carpet. |title=carpet. - Search Online Etymology Dictionary |website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> referring to the carpeted office of a person in authority, such as a schoolmaster or employer. A stronger variant of this expression, to be "hauled on the carpet", implies an even sterner reprimand. [[Carpet bombing]] is a type of bombing from airplanes which developed in the 20th century in which an entire city is bombed (rather than precise strikes on military targets). The slang expression "laugh at the carpet" means to [[vomit]] on the floor (especially a carpeted floor).<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url=http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/carpet |title=carpet |via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> The expression "on the carpet" refers to a matter which is under discussion or consideration.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> The term "carpet muncher" is a derogatory slang term for a [[lesbian]]; this expression is first attested in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/carpet-muncher |title=Carpet muncher |website=Dictionary.com<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=28 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728191015/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/carpet-muncher |archive-date=28 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The term [[carpet bag]], which literally refers to a suitcase made from a piece of carpet, is used in several figurative contexts. The term gained a popular usage after the [[American Civil War]] to refer to [[carpetbaggers]], Northerners who moved to the South after the war, especially during the [[Reconstruction Era of the United States|Reconstruction era]] (1865–1877). Carpetbaggers allegedly politically manipulated and controlled former Confederate states for financial and power gains. In modern usage in the U.S., the term is sometimes used derisively to refer to a politician who runs for public office in an area where they do not have deep community ties, or have lived only for a short time. In the United Kingdom, the term was adopted to refer informally to those who join a [[mutual organization]], such as a [[building society]], in order to force it to [[Demutualization|demutualize]], that is, to convert into a [[joint stock company]], solely for personal financial gain.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

''Cutting the rug'' is a slang term for dancing which originated in 1942.<ref name="etymonline2" /> The use of the term "rug" as an informal term for a "[[toupee]]" (man's [[wig]]) is [[theater]] slang from 1940.<ref name="etymonline2" /> The term "sweep [something] under the rug" or "sweep [something] under the carpet" figuratively refers to situations where a person or organization is hiding something embarrassing or negative; this use was first recorded in 1953.<ref name="etymonline1" /> The figurative expression "pull the rug out from under (someone)", meaning to suddenly deprive of important support, or to upset their plans or make their plans fall through, is first attested to in 1936, in American English.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/pull+the+rug+out |title=pull the rug out |publisher=TheFreeDictionary.com}}</ref>

A related figurative expression used centuries earlier was "cut the grass under (one's) feet", which is attested to in the 1580s.<ref name="etymonline2" /> A "rugrat" or "rug-rat" is a slang term for a baby or child, first attested in 1968.<ref name="etymonline2" /> The expression "snug as a bug in a rug" means wrapped up tight, warm, and comfortable.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/snug+as+a+bug+in+a+rug |title=snug as a bug in a rug |website=TheFreeDictionary.com}}</ref> To "lie like a rug" means to tell lies shamelessly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/lie+like+a+rug |title=lie like a rug |publisher=TheFreeDictionary.com}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Vasnetsov samolet.jpg|A mythical [[magic carpet]]
File:The Carpet Seller, a figurine by Royal Doulton.jpg|''The Carpet Seller'', a [[Royal Doulton]] figurine
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Floor cleaning]]
* [[Heatsetting]]
* [[William Morris]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=polish>{{cite web |author=Marcin Latka |title=Polish carpets |url=https://artinpoland.weebly.com/en/polish-carpets|access-date=2 October 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002064840/https://artinpoland.weebly.com/en/polish-carpets|archive-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=carpet | commons=Category:Rugs and carpets | b=no | n=no | q=Carpet | s=no | v=no | voy=Carpets | species=no | d=no}}
* {{cite book |author=Walker, Daniel |title=Flowers Underfoot: Indian Carpets of the Mughal Era |location=New York |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1997 |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/73761 |isbn=0-8109-6510-0 |oclc=893698548}}

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[[Category:Rugs and carpets| ]]
[[Category:Domestic implements]]
[[Category:Furnishings]]
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