Editing Carroll Baker

{{short description|American actress (born 1931)}}
{{about|the American actress|the Canadian country music performer|Carroll Baker (singer)}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Carroll Baker
| image         = Carroll_Baker_headshot_for_Station_Six-Sahara_1962.png
| image_size    = 
| caption       = Baker in 1962
| birth_name    =  
| birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1931|05|28}}
| birth_place   = [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| occupation    = {{hlist|Actress | writer}}
| alma_mater    = 
| years_active  = 1951–2007
| notable_works = {{plainlist|*''[[Baby Doll]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Giant (1956 film)|Giant]]'' (1956)
* ''[[The Big Country]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Something Wild (1961 film)|Something Wild]]'' (1961)
* ''[[How the West Was Won (film)|How the West Was Won]]'' (1962)
* ''[[The Carpetbaggers (film)|The Carpetbaggers]]'' (1964)
* ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Harlow (Paramount film)|Harlow]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Star 80]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Native Son (1986 film)|Native Son]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]'' (1990)
}}
| spouse        = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|Louie Ritter|1953|1953|end=divorced}} 
*{{marriage|[[Jack Garfein]]|1955|1969|end=divorced}}
*{{marriage|[[Donald Burton]]|1982|2007|end=died}}
}} 
| children      = {{plainlist|
*[[Blanche Baker]]
*[[Herschel Garfein]]
}}
| signature     = Carroll Baker signature.svg
}}

'''Carroll Baker''' (born May 28, 1931)<ref>{{cite web |title=Carroll Baker |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/carroll-baker-30680 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220528070634/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/carroll-baker-30680 |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] |access-date=May 28, 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Matheson|2019|p=14}} is an American retired actress. After studying under [[Lee Strasberg]] at the [[Actors Studio]], Baker began performing on [[Broadway theater|Broadway]] in 1954. From there, she was recruited by director [[Elia Kazan]] to play the lead in the adaptation of two [[Tennessee Williams]] plays into the film ''[[Baby Doll]]'' in 1956.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Petty |first=Moira |date=June 26, 2000 |title=I'm still a baby at heart |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/318308292 |website=The Times |location=London |id={{ProQuest|318308292}} |language=en}}</ref> Her role in the film as a coquettish but sexually naïve Southern bride earned her a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]].

Baker had other early film roles in ''[[Giant (1956 film)|Giant]]'' (1956) and the romantic comedy ''[[But Not for Me (film)|But Not for Me]]'' (1959). In 1961, she appeared in the controversial independent film ''[[Something Wild (1961 film)|Something Wild]]'', directed by her then-husband [[Jack Garfein]], playing a traumatized rape victim. She went on to star in several critically acclaimed [[Western film|Westerns]] in the 1950s and 1960s, such as ''[[The Big Country]]'' (1958), ''[[How the West Was Won (film)|How the West Was Won]]'' (1962), and ''[[Cheyenne Autumn]]'' (1964).

In the mid-1960s, as a contract player for [[Paramount Pictures]], Baker became a sex symbol after appearing as a hedonistic widow in ''[[The Carpetbaggers (film)|The Carpetbaggers]]'' (1964). The film's producer, [[Joseph E. Levine]], cast her in ''[[Sylvia (1965 film)|Sylvia]]'' before giving her the role of [[Jean Harlow]] in the biopic ''[[Harlow (Paramount film)|Harlow]]'' (1965). Despite significant prepublicity, ''Harlow'' was a critical failure, and Baker relocated to Italy in 1966 amid a legal dispute over her contract with Paramount and Levine's overseeing of her career. In Europe, she spent the next 10 years starring in hard-edged ''[[giallo]]'' and [[horror films]], including [[Romolo Guerrieri]]'s ''[[The Sweet Body of Deborah]]'' (1968), a series of four films with [[Umberto Lenzi]] beginning with ''[[Orgasmo]]'' (1969) and ending with ''[[Il coltello di ghiaccio|Knife of Ice]]'' (1972), and [[Corrado Farina]]'s ''[[Baba Yaga (1973 film)|Baba Yaga]]'' (1973). She re-emerged for American audiences as a [[character actress]] in the [[Andy Warhol]]–produced dark comedy ''[[Andy Warhol's Bad|Bad]]'' (1977).

Baker appeared in supporting roles in several acclaimed dramas in the 1980s, including the true-crime drama ''[[Star 80]]'' (1983) as the mother of murder victim [[Dorothy Stratten]], and the racial drama ''[[Native Son (1986 film)|Native Son]]'' (1986), based on the novel by [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]]. In 1987, she had a supporting part in ''[[Ironweed (film)|Ironweed]]'' (1987). Through the 1990s, Baker had guest roles in several television series, such as ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]''; ''[[L.A. Law]]'', and ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]''. She also had supporting parts in several big-budget films, such as ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]'' (1990) and the [[David Fincher]]–directed thriller ''[[The Game (1997 film)|The Game]]'' (1997). She formally retired from acting in 2003. In addition to acting, Baker is also the author of two autobiographies and two novels.

==Early life and education==
Baker was born and raised in [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]], into a Catholic family, the daughter of Edith Gertrude ([[married and maiden names|née]] Duffy) and William Watson Baker, a traveling salesman.<ref name="yahoo"/> Baker is of Irish and Polish descent,<ref>{{cite book |last=Pula |first=James S. |title=The Polish American Encyclopedia |pages=23 |year=2011 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-786-43308-7}}</ref> which has given rise to a rumor that her birth name was Karolina Piekarski,{{efn|Dating as far back as April 2006, the [[Internet Movie Database]] listed Baker's alleged birth name as Karolina Piekarski.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com:80/name/nm0004647/bio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409081051/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004647/bio |work=Internet Movie Database |title=Biography for Carroll Baker |archive-date=April 9, 2006 |access-date=July 4, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} though this currently cannot be substantiated by known records.{{efn|Mentions of Baker having been born Karolina Piekarski date back to at least 2006 when the name appeared on the Internet Movie Database, and the claim has been republished in works such as ''Guia de Cine Clásico'' (2006; {{ISBN|978-8-498-21388-1}}), and ''Hollywood Winners & Losers A to Z'' (2008; {{ISBN|978-0-879-10351-4}}). Aside from these publications, however, no historical or census documentation corroborates the claim, and Baker herself has not publicly addressed it.}} Her parents separated when she was eight years old, and she moved with her mother and younger sister, Virginia, to [[Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="glamour">{{cite web |title=The Private Life and Times of Carroll Baker |url=http://www.glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com/show.php?id=18 |work=Glamour Girls of the Silver Screen |access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref> According to Baker, her mother struggled as a single parent, and the family was poor for much of her upbringing.{{sfn|Baker|1983|pages=24–5}}

Baker attended Greensburg Salem High School in [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania]], where she was a debate team member and active in the marching band and school musicals.{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=23}} At 18, she moved with her family to [[St. Petersburg, Florida]], where she attended St. Petersburg Junior College (now [[St. Petersburg College]]).<ref name="glamour" /> After her first year in college, she began working as a [[magician's assistant]] on the [[vaudeville]] circuit<ref name="mitchell"/> and joined a [[dance company]], working as a professional dancer.<ref name="glamour" /> In 1949, Baker won the title of Miss Florida Fruits and Vegetables.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brennan |first=Patricia |title='Best Thing I've Had For Ages': 'baby Doll' Baker Is Catching 'fire' For ABC |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-01-03-ca-2119-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 3, 1987 |access-date=April 9, 2015}}</ref><ref name="irv">{{cite web |last=Slifkin |first=Irv |title=The Fabulous Baker: A Consideration of Carroll |url=http://www.moviefanfare.com/carroll-baker/ |work=MovieFanFare |date=May 3, 2015 |access-date=February 26, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226125337/http://www.moviefanfare.com/carroll-baker/ |archive-date=February 26, 2015}}</ref> In 1951, Baker moved to New York City, where she rented a dirt-floor basement apartment in [[Queens, New York|Queens]]. She worked as a nightclub dancer and also had stints as a [[Chorus line|chorus girl]] in traveling vaudeville shows, which took her to [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[Detroit]], and New Jersey.{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=32}}

Baker studied acting at [[HB Studio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hbstudio.org/about-hb-studio/alumni/ |title=HB Studio - Notable Alumni &#124; One of the Original Acting Studios in NYC |website=Hbstudio.org |access-date=August 4, 2021}}</ref> In 1952, she enrolled at the [[Actors Studio]] and studied under [[Lee Strasberg]].<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web |title=Carroll Baker Biography |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/carroll-baker/biography.html |url-status=dead |work=Yahoo! Movies |access-date=June 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110522062022/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800030639/bio |archive-date=May 22, 2011}}</ref> There, she was a classmate of [[Mike Nichols]], [[Rod Steiger]], [[Shelley Winters]], and [[Marilyn Monroe]]; she also became a close friend of [[James Dean]] for the rest of his life.<ref name="newsday">{{cite web |last=Bubbeo |first=Daniel |title='Baby Doll' Carroll Baker in Huntington |url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/baby-doll-carroll-baker-in-huntington-1.2971728 |url-status=dead |work=Newsday |date=June 20, 2011 |access-date=June 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626222550/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/baby-doll-carroll-baker-in-huntington-1.2971728 |archive-date=June 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="jamesdean">{{YouTube|iDhYEttDbnQ|Carroll Baker on working with James Dean}}. ''Media Funhouse'' (2000). Retrieved June 28, 2017.</ref>

==Career==
===1952–1957: Beginnings===
[[File:Carroll Baker by Peter Basch.png|thumb|Baker in a publicity photo for ''Baby Doll'' by [[Peter Basch]] in 1956]]
After appearing in television commercials for [[Winston (cigarette)|Winston cigarettes]] and [[Coca-Cola]],{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=73}} Baker was featured in an episode of ''[[Monodrama Theater]]'' performing a [[monodrama|monodramatic piece]], which was broadcast in 1952 on the [[DuMont Television Network|DuMont Network]].<ref name="FR"/> The following year, she made her film debut with a small, walk-on part in the musical ''[[Easy to Love (1953 film)|Easy to Love]]'' (1953). This led to her landing roles in two [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] productions: [[Roger MacDougall]]'s ''Escapade'' in the fall of 1953, and [[Robert Anderson (playwright)|Robert Anderson]]'s ''All Summer Long'', opposite [[Ed Begley]], which ran from September to mid-November 1954.<ref name="playbill" /> In 1955, she screen tested and auditioned for the lead role in ''[[Picnic (1955 film)|Picnic]]'', but lost the part to [[Kim Novak]].{{sfn|Mell|2005|p=187}} She was also considered for the lead in ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' (1955) after James Dean recommended her for the part to director [[Nicholas Ray]], which she turned down.{{sfn|Rathgeb|2004|p=63}}

Baker's first major screen role was the supporting part of Luz Benedict II in ''[[Giant (1956 film)|Giant]]'' (1956), opposite [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Rock Hudson]], and James Dean, in his final role. According to Baker, she had been offered numerous leading parts in feature films before that point, but chose to debut in a supporting role in ''Giant'' because she was "insecure" and "wanted to start out a little less 'profile'."<ref name="jamesdean" /> ''Giant'' was largely filmed in the small town of [[Marfa, Texas]], in 1955;<ref name="fitzgerald">{{cite web |url=http://www.westernclippings.com/interview/carrollbaker_interview.shtml |work=Western Clippings |title=Carroll Baker Interview |author=Fitzgerald, Mike |access-date=February 27, 2015}}</ref> Baker recalled her experience on set, saying that James Dean and she were both enamored of Rock Hudson and Elizabeth Taylor while filming.{{sfn|Baker|1983|pages=23–30}}

Simultaneously, Baker was cast as the title character in [[Elia Kazan]]'s ''[[Baby Doll]]'' (1956),{{sfn|DiLeo| 2010 |p=62}} a role initially intended for Marilyn Monroe.{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=175}} [[Tennessee Williams]], who had written and developed the screenplay based on two of his one-act plays, wanted Baker to play the part after seeing her perform a scene from his script at the Actors Studio; likewise, Kazan had been impressed by her performance in ''All Summer Long'' on Broadway the year prior.{{sfn|Murphy|1992|p=131}} Shot in [[Benoit, Mississippi]], directly after Baker had completed ''Giant'', her role in the film as a sexually repressed teenaged bride to a failed middle-aged cotton gin owner brought Baker overnight fame and a level of notoriety even before the film's release.{{sfn|Vickers|2008|p=75}} In the fall of 1956, artist Robert Everheart, under contract with [[Warner Bros.]], constructed a {{convert|135|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} billboard in [[Times Square]] promoting the film, depicting the now-iconic image of a scantily clad Baker lying in a crib sucking her thumb.{{sfn|Haberski|2007|pages=61; 89}} The controversial advertising campaign for the film caused a pre-emptive backlash from religious groups, and on December 16, 1956, Cardinal [[Francis Spellman]] of [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] denounced the film and advised his parish against seeing it. A formal condemnation by the Roman Catholic [[National Legion of Decency]] ensued, which considered it "grievously offensive to Christian and traditional standards of morality and decency".<ref name="newsday"/>{{sfn|Vickers|2008 |pages=75–76}}<ref name="village voice">{{cite web |last=Hoberman |first=J. |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-12-17/film/catch-baby-doll-with-carroll-baker-and-eli-wallach/full/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530070436/http://www.villagevoice.com/film/catch-baby-doll-with-carroll-baker-and-eli-wallach-6389048 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |work=The Village Voice |date=December 17, 2012 |title=Catch Baby Doll with Carroll Baker and Eli Wallach |access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref>

In spite of this, ''Baby Doll'' opened to strong box-office receipts, grossing $51,232 in its first week at the [[Victoria Theater (New York City)|Victoria Theater]].{{sfn|Haberski|2007|p=79}} In support of Baker, Marilyn Monroe appeared at the film's premiere, working as an [[Usher (occupation)|usherette]] to help bolster ticket sales, the proceeds of which were donated to the Actors Studio.{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=175}}{{sfn|Harding|2012|p=20}} Baker received immense critical praise for her performance. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' said that her performance "captures all the animal charm, the naivete, the vanity, contempt and rising passion of Baby Doll",<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: 'Baby Doll' |url=https://variety.com/1955/film/reviews/baby-doll-1200418101/ |date=December 31, 1956 |access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> while [[Bosley Crowther]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised Baker's ability to exhibit "a piteously flimsy little twist of juvenile greed, inhibitions, physical yearnings, common crudities and conceits".<ref>{{cite web |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |author-link=Bosley Crowther |title=Baby Doll (1956) Screen: Streetcar on Tobacco Road; Williams-Kazan 'Baby Doll' Is at Victoria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B02EEDB1E30E03BBC4152DFB467838D649EDE |work=The New York Times |date=December 19, 1956 |access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> ''Baby Doll'' established Baker as an A-list actress and would remain the film for which she is best remembered.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Doll Review |url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/baby-doll-101609/review/ |work=TV Guide |access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> She was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for her performance, a [[Golden Globe]] for Best Actress, and won a Golden Globe for [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress|Most Promising Newcomer]], which she shared with [[Jayne Mansfield]] and [[Natalie Wood]]. The performance also earned her a Film Achievement Award from ''[[Look (American magazine)|Look]]'', as well as the title "Woman of the Year" in 1957 from [[Harvard University]]'s [[Hasty Pudding Club]].<ref name="turner">{{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/8384%7C28000/Carroll-Baker/ |work=Turner Classic Movies |title=Overview for Carroll Baker |access-date=February 2, 2015}}</ref> She appeared on the cover of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life Magazine]]'' in June 1956.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Life |title=A bright star rising |volume=40 |number=24 |date=June 11, 1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kgEAAAAMBAJ&q=carroll%20baker%201956%20life&pg=PA2 |via=[[Google Books]]}} {{Open access}}</ref>

===1958–1963: Contract disputes and independent films===
[[File:The Big Country Baker Peck screenshot.jpg|thumb|Baker with [[Gregory Peck]] in ''[[The Big Country]]'' in 1958]]
[[File:Carroll Baker Come On Strong Broadway 1962.jpg|thumb|Baker in the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production of ''Come on Strong'' in September 1962]]
[[File:Carroll Baker as Jean Harlow, 1964.png|thumb|Baker in her role as [[Jean Harlow]] on the cover of the November 2, 1963, edition of ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'']]
After the success of ''Baby Doll'', Baker was subsequently offered parts in ''[[The Brothers Karamazov (1958 film)|The Brothers Karamazov]]'' (1958), ''[[Too Much, Too Soon]]'' (1958), and ''[[The Devil's Disciple (1959 film)|The Devil's Disciple]]'' (1959).<ref>{{cite news |title=Carroll Baker Becomes Star in Quick Order |author=Schallert, Edwin |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 17, 1957 |page=E1}}</ref> She refused to make ''Too Much Too Soon'', so Warner Bros. put her on suspension, which prevented her from starring in ''The Brothers Karamazov'' (1958) at MGM.<ref>{{cite news |title=WARNERS TO HOLD ACTRESS TO PACT: Studio Halts Deal Between Carroll Baker and M-G-M for 'Karamazov' Movie Maria Schell Sought |author=THOMAS M. PRYOR |date=May 3, 1957 |work=New York Times |page=20}}</ref> Baker was also chosen by MGM for the lead in ''[[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (film)|Cat on a Hot Tin Roof]]'' (1958) and by [[20th Century Studios|Twentieth Century Fox]] for ''[[The Three Faces of Eve]]'' (1957), but her contract with Warner Bros. again prevented her from accepting the roles.<ref name="newsday" /><ref name="bts">{{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/196854 |work=Turner Classic Movies |title=Bridge to the Sun |access-date=February 26, 2015}}</ref> Tensions between Baker and the studio escalated further when she went against their wishes by appearing in ''[[Arms and the Man]]'' on stage.<ref>{{cite news |title=TOWER TICKER |author=Lyon, Herb |work=Chicago Daily Tribune |date=July 1, 1957 |page=b11}}</ref> Baker commented on the effect of the system on her career, saying: "I came in at the end of the big studio system. I still had a slave contract and they were willing to put you in almost anything they had."<ref name="jones" />

After her suspension with Warner Bros. was lifted, Baker appeared in [[William Wyler]]'s Western epic ''[[The Big Country]]'' (1958).<ref>{{cite news |last=Parsons |first=Louella |author-link=Louella Parsons |title=Carroll Baker Unleashed by Warner |work=[[Washington Times-Herald]] |date=July 22, 1957 |page=A10}}</ref> The film was well received by critics, though the shoot was described as "problematic": Baker was four months pregnant at the time and had to wear restraining garments, and director Wyler reportedly had her on the verge of tears after forcing her to repeat the same take over 60 times, only to use the first one.{{sfn|Cantarini|Spicer|2010|p=146}} She followed ''The Big Country'' with lead roles in two romances, portraying a nun in ''[[The Miracle (1959 film)|The Miracle]]'' (1959), co-starring [[Roger Moore]], and in ''[[But Not for Me (film)|But Not for Me]]'' (1959), a comedy with [[Clark Gable]]. ''The New York Times'' praised Baker's performance in ''But Not for Me'', saying: "Miss Baker, being a young lady who not only has looks, but also can act, makes you understand why Mr. Gable would like to cheat a little bit on Father Time."<ref>{{cite web |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B02E5DE163FE63BBC4B53DFB6678382649EDE |work=The New York Times |title=Age Before Beauty; Gable, Carroll Baker Appear in Comedy But Not For Me' Opens at the Capitol |date=October 3, 1959 |access-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> She disliked ''The Miracle'' so much that she bought out her contract with Warner Bros., putting her in considerable debt. ''But Not for Me'' was made at Paramount.{{sfn|Baker|1983|pages=197–198}}

Baker went on to make the experimental film ''[[Something Wild (1961 film)|Something Wild]]'' (1961), directed by her then-husband [[Jack Garfein]]. In this independent production, she plays a young college student from [[the Bronx]] who is raped one night in St. James Park, and later held captive by a Manhattan mechanic ([[Ralph Meeker]]), who witnessed her subsequent suicide attempt. In preparation for her role, Baker lived alone in a boarding house in New York's [[Lower East Side]], and gained employment as a department-store salesgirl; her [[Method acting|Method]] approach to the role was profiled in ''Life'' magazine in 1960.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0U0EAAAAMBAJ&q=carroll%20baker%20raped&pg=PA41 |magazine=Life |title=Practice for an Actress |pages=41–2 |date=November 28, 1960 |via=Google Books}} {{Open access}}</ref> Critical reaction to the film was largely negative,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/17773/something-wild#articles-reviews |work=Turner Classic Movies |title=Something Wild Articles |access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref> though ''Film Quarterly'' cited it as "the most interesting American film of its quarter", and the most underrated film of 1961.{{sfn|Horak|2014|p=244}} However, its controversial depiction of rape led to critical backlash and public criticism, and the film has been credited by historians as nearly halting Baker's career.<ref name="bts" /> The same year, she portrayed Gwen Harold in ''[[Bridge to the Sun]]'' (1961), a production by MGM based on the 1957 best-selling autobiography of a Tennessee-born woman who married a Japanese diplomat (portrayed by [[James Shigeta]]) and became one of the few Americans to live in Japan during World War II. While only a modest success at the box office,<ref name="bts"/> the film was well received by critics and was America's entry at the [[Venice International Film Festival]].

After this, Baker appeared in the independent British-German film ''[[Station Six-Sahara]]'' (1962) as a woman who provokes tensions at an oil station in the [[Sahara Desert]], as well as the blockbuster Western epic ''[[How the West Was Won (film)|How the West Was Won]]'' (1962), opposite [[James Stewart]] and [[Debbie Reynolds]] and former co-stars Gregory Peck and Karl Malden.{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=210}} In addition to film acting, Baker also found time to appear again on Broadway, starring in the 1962 production of [[Garson Kanin]]'s ''Come on Strong'' in the fall of that year.<ref name="playbill"/> In 1963, Baker relocated permanently with then-husband Jack Garfein and their two children to Los Angeles, where she based herself for the next several years.{{sfn|Baker|1983|pages=222–23}} She traveled to [[Kenya]] to film ''[[Mister Moses]]'' (1965), where publicized rumors spread that she and co-star [[Robert Mitchum]] were having an affair, which they both vehemently denied.<ref name="newsday" /> Another story, now considered [[apocryphal]], had it that a [[Maasai people|Maasai]] chief in Kenya offered 150 cows, 200 goats, sheep, and $750 for her hand in marriage.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=LIFE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUkEAAAAMBAJ&q=carroll%20baker%20africa&pg=PA18 |date=August 7, 1964 |page=18 |title=Letters to the Editor |author=Kovznski, Gerald |via=Google Books}} {{Open access}}</ref> She subsequently appeared with Maasai warriors on the cover of ''Life''{{-'}}s July 1964 issue.

===1964–1966: Sex symbol roles===
Baker portrayed a [[pacifism|pacifist]] [[Quaker]] schoolteacher in [[John Ford (director)|John Ford]]'s ''[[Cheyenne Autumn]]'' (1964), and received critical acclaim for the role.<ref>{{cite web |work=The New York Times |title=Cheyenne Autumn (1964) Screen: John Ford Mounts Huge Frontier Western: Cheyenne Autumn' Bows at Capitol 3 Other Films Open at Local Cinemas |date=December 24, 1964 |author=Crowther, Bosley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B0DE3DB1F3FE13ABC4C51DFB467838F679EDE |quote=...&nbsp;a strong film, grandly directed and expertly played by a large cast, which includes&nbsp;... Carroll Baker as a Quaker schoolteacher who accompanies the displaced people on their desperate homeward trek.}}</ref> She then had a supporting role as [[Saint Veronica]] in [[George Stevens]]' ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'' (1965), and portrayed a cynical, alcoholic movie star in ''[[The Carpetbaggers (film)|The Carpetbaggers]]'' (1964), which brought her a second wave of notoriety in spite of the film's lackluster reviews.<ref name="carpet">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9400E7DC163DE13ABC4A53DFB166838F679EDE |work=The New York Times |title=Screen: 'The Carpetbaggers' Opens:Adaptation of Book by Robbins in Debut |author=Crowther, Bosley |date=July 2, 1964 |access-date=February 2, 2015}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' called the film "a sickly sour distillation" of the source novel, but said Baker's performance "brought some color and a sandpaper personality as the sex-loaded widow."<ref name="carpet" /> The film was the top moneymaker of that year, with domestic box-office receipts of $13 million,{{sfn|Steinberg|1980|p=23}} and marked the beginning of a tumultuous relationship with the film's producer, [[Joseph E. Levine]].

Based on her ''Carpetbaggers'' performance, Levine began to develop Baker as a movie [[sex symbol]], and she appeared posing in the December 1964 issue of ''[[Playboy]]''.{{sfn|Lisanti|2001|p=12}} She was subsequently cast by Levine in the title roles of two 1965 [[potboiler]]s— ''[[Sylvia (1965 film)|Sylvia]]'', as an ex-prostitute and con artist, and as [[Jean Harlow]] in ''[[Harlow (Paramount film)|Harlow]]''. Baker appeared on the cover of ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' on their November 2, 1963, issue dressed as Harlow, promoting the film's upcoming production.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Saturday Evening Post]] |title=The Jean Harlow Look: Carroll Baker Grows from Baby Doll to Screen Siren |date=November 2, 1963}}</ref> In 1965, she became an official celebrity spokesperson for [[Foster Grant]] sunglasses and appeared in advertisements for the company.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Isn't that Carroll Baker behind those Foster Grants? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61IEAAAAMBAJ&q=carroll%20baker%20foster%20grant&pg=PA104 |magazine=Life |date=June 11, 1965 |access-date=July 1, 2015 |pages=104 |via=Google Books}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vesilind |first=Emili |title=Raquel Welch revives her '60s-era role as a Foster Grants sunglasses girl |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2010/03/raquel-welch-revives-her-circa60s-role-as-a-foster-grant-girl.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 18, 2012 |access-date=July 1, 2015}}</ref> Baker likened this era of her career to "being a beauty contest winner [as opposed to] an actress".{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=248}}

Despite much prepublicity, ''Harlow'' received a lukewarm response from critics: ''Variety'' referred to Baker's portrayal of Harlow as "a fairly reasonable facsimile, although she lacks the electric fire of the original."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/1964/film/reviews/harlow-1200420859/ |work=Variety |date=December 31, 1964 |access-date=March 2, 2015 |title=Review: 'Harlow'}}</ref> Relations between Baker and Levine soured; in a 1965 interview, Baker sardonically commented: "I'll say this about Joe Levine: I admire his taste in leading ladies", which led the press to suspect a rift between the actress and producer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Carroll Baker-Levine Rift Is Indicated By Film Star |work=The Toledo Blade |date=August 14, 1965 |page=9 |via=Google News |author=Lyons, Leonard |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19650813&id=TVtQAAAAIBAJ&pg=3724,4270579}} {{open access}}</ref> Baker sued Levine in 1966 over her contract with Paramount Pictures,<ref name="paranoia">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/paranoia-1969 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |title=Paranoia Movie Review |date=August 20, 1969 |access-date=February 2, 2015}}</ref> and was ultimately fired by Paramount and had her paychecks from ''Harlow'' frozen amid the contentious legal dispute; this left Baker hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt (however, she was eventually awarded $1 million in compensation).<ref name="irv" />

In an interview with [[Rex Reed]] in his book ''People Are Crazy Here'' (1974), Baker revealed that she had felt pressure in both her working relationship with Levine, and her domestic life with her husband who she said wanted to maintain an expensive lifestyle: "We'd been very poor when we started out at the Actors Studio in New York", she told Reed. "I was under contract to Joe Levine, who was going around giving me diamonds and behaving like he owned me. I never slept with him or anything, but everyone thought I was his mistress." In the spring of 1966, Baker returned to theatre, performing in a production of ''[[Anna Christie]]'' at the [[Ricardo Montalbán Theatre|Huntington Hartford Theater]] in Los Angeles. The production was directed by Garfein.{{sfn|Hamblett|1969|p=156}} The production was heralded as the "theatre event of the week" in Los Angeles, though its reception was middling.<ref name=cst>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/77581629/ |work=Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph |date=May 14, 1966 |page=4 |title=Looking at Hollywood |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Cecil Smith of the ''Los Angeles Times'' wrote of the production: "The beautiful Miss Baker's vehicle becomes a hearse."<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Cecil |date=May 3, 1966 |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Review: Anna Christie}}</ref> The play was also performed at the [[Tappan Zee Playhouse]] in [[Nyack, New York]] in June 1966.<ref>{{cite episode |series=[[What's My Line?]] |people=Baker, Carroll; [[Phyllis Newman|Newman, Phyllis]]; [[Tony Randall|Randall, Tony]] |date=June 26, 1966 |title=Mystery Guest: Carroll Baker |number=819 |season=17 |network=CBS}}</ref>

===1967–1975: European films===
[[File:Il dolce corpo di Deborah (1968) - Carroll Baker (1).jpg|thumb|Baker in ''[[The Sweet Body of Deborah|Il dolce corpo di Deborah]]'' (1968)]]
Baker separated from her second husband, Jack Garfein, in 1967, and moved to Europe with her two children to pursue a career there after struggling to find work in Hollywood.<ref name="newsday"/>{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=296}} Eventually settling in Rome, Baker became fluent in Italian<ref name="glamour" /> and spent the next several years starring in hard-edged [[giallo]], [[exploitation film|exploitation]], and [[horror films]]. In 1966, Baker had been invited to the Venice International Film Festival, where she met director [[Marco Ferreri]],{{sfn|Baker|1983|pages=284, 289}} who asked her to play the lead role in ''[[Her Harem]]'' (1967). This was followed with the horror films ''The Sweet Body of Deborah'' (1968) and ''The Devil Has Seven Faces'' (1971). Baker also starred in ''[[So Sweet... So Perverse]]'' (1969), ''[[Orgasmo]]'' (1969), ''A Quiet Place to Kill'' (1970), and ''[[Il coltello di ghiaccio]]'' (''Knife of Ice'') (1972), all [[giallo]] films directed by Italian filmmaker [[Umberto Lenzi]].

Many of these films feature her in roles as distressed women, and often showed Baker in nude scenes, which few major Hollywood actors were willing to do at the time.{{sfn|Shipka|2011|p=80}} Baker became a favorite of Umberto Lenzi, with her best-known role being in the aforementioned ''Paranoia'', where she played a wealthy widow tormented by two sadistic siblings. In his review of ''Paranoia'', [[Roger Ebert]] said: "Carroll Baker, who was a Hollywood sex symbol (for some, it is said) until she sued Joe Levine and got blacklisted, has been around. She may not be an actress, but she can act. In ''The Carpetbaggers'', there was a nice wholesome vulgarity to her performance. She is not intrinsically as bad as she appears in ''Paranoia''. I think maybe she was saying 'the hell with it', and having a good time."<ref>{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/paranoia-1969 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |title=Paranoia Movie Review |date=August 20, 1969 |access-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref> As with ''Paranoia'', the majority of the films she made in Italy received poor critical reception in the United States,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=FilmFacts |volume=12 |page=175 |date=1969 |title=The Sweet Body of Deborah: Critique |publisher=Division of Cinema of the University of Southern California |quote=The critics were extremely unkind to ''The Sweet Body of Deborah'', with Carroll Baker taking the severest beating}}</ref> though they afforded Baker—who had left Hollywood in debt and with two children to support— an income, as well as fame abroad. In retrospect, Baker commented on her career in Italy and on her exploitation film roles, saying: "I think I made more films [there] than I made in Hollywood, but the mentality is different. What they think is wonderful is not what we might&nbsp;... it was marvelous for me because it really brought me back to life, and it gave me a whole new outlook. It's wonderful to know about a different world."<ref name="brennan">{{cite web |url=http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/carroll-baker/ |work=The Los Angeles Times |title=Carroll Baker |series=Hollywood Star Walk |author=Brennan, Patricia |date=January 3, 1987 |access-date=February 3, 2015}}</ref>

She followed her roles in Lenzi's films with a leading role in [[Corrado Farina]]'s ''[[Baba Yaga (1973 film)|Baba Yaga]]'' (1973) as the titular witch, alongside [[Isabelle De Funès]] and [[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]]. ''[[TV Guide]]'' referred to the film as an "exceptionally handsome example of 1970s Italian pop-exploitation filmmaking sweetened by Piero Umilani's lounge-jazz score", and praised Baker's performance, but noted that she was "physically wrong for the role; her elaborate lace-and-beribboned costumes sometimes make her look more like a fleshy [[Miss Havisham]] than a sleekly predatory sorceress".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/baba-yaga-295354/review/ |work=TV Guide |title=Baba Yaga Review |author=McDonagh, Maitland |access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref>

===1976–1987: Return to American films; theater===
[[File:Carroll Baker Perry King Bad Trailer.jpg|thumb|Baker with [[Perry King]] in ''[[Andy Warhol's Bad]]'' in 1977]]
Baker's first American film in over 10 years came in the [[Andy Warhol]]–produced [[black comedy]] ''[[Andy Warhol's Bad|Bad]]'' (1977), in which she plays the lead role of a [[Queens, New York|Queens]] beauty salon owner who provides [[hitmen]] with jobs, starring alongside [[Susan Tyrrell]] and [[Perry King]]. "You can hardly call making an Andy Warhol movie a 'comeback'", said Baker. "It's more like going to the moon! The subject is totally unique."<ref name="bad">{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Clarke |title=Movies: Andy Warhol in Mainstream With 'Bad' |work=Los Angeles Times |date=August 1, 1976 |page=k38}}</ref>

She followed ''Bad'' with a part in the low-budget surrealist thriller ''[[The Sky Is Falling (1979 film)|The Sky Is Falling]]'' (1979) with [[Dennis Hopper]], playing a washed-up actress living among expatriates in a Spanish village. The 1970s also had a return to the stage for Baker, where she appeared in British theater productions of ''[[Bell, Book and Candle (play)|Bell, Book, and Candle]]''; ''Rain'', an adaptation of a story by [[W. Somerset Maugham]]; ''[[Lucy Crown]]'', an adaptation of the novel by [[Irwin Shaw]]; and ''Motive''. In 1978, while touring England and Ireland in productions of ''Motive'', Baker met stage actor [[Donald Burton]], who became her third husband.<ref name="glamour" /> She also appeared in American stage productions of [[Georges Feydeau]]'s ''[[13 Rue de l'Amour]]'', ''[[Forty Carats]]'', and ''[[Goodbye Charlie]]''.<ref name="FR">{{cite web |title=Carroll Baker Biography (1931–) |url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/96/Carroll-Baker.html |work=Film Reference |access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref>

By the 1980s Baker had largely become a [[character actress]], and was based in London. She starred in a supporting role in the 1980 [[Walt Disney]]-produced horror film ''[[The Watcher in the Woods (1980 film)|The Watcher in the Woods]]'', alongside [[Bette Davis]], after having been asked by [[United Kingdom|British]] director [[John Hough (director)|John Hough]], a longtime admirer of her work.<ref>Hough, John. ''The Watcher in the Woods'' Commentary [DVD]. [[Anchor Bay Entertainment|Anchor Bay Home Entertainment]]. 2002.</ref> After an appearance in the British television film ''[[Red Monarch]]'' (1983), she played the mother of murdered ''[[Playboy]]'' model [[Dorothy Stratten]] (played by [[Mariel Hemingway]]) in the biopic ''[[Star 80]]'' (1983). She also appeared as the mother of [[Sigmund Freud]] in the historical comedy ''[[The Secret Diary of Sigmund Freud]]'' (1984) with [[Carol Kane]] and [[Klaus Kinski]].{{sfn|Monush|2003|p=33}}

Baker featured in ''[[Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil]]'' (1985), a coming-of-age drama set against [[Nazi Germany]], as well as in the drama ''[[Native Son (1986 film)|Native Son]]'' (1986), based on [[Native Son|the novel]] by [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], which featured [[Matt Dillon]], [[Geraldine Page]], and a young [[Oprah Winfrey]]. In the latter Baker plays a 1930s Chicago housewife, mother of a teenage girl accidentally killed by an African American chauffeur, who attempts to cover up the accident. Critic Roger Ebert praised Baker's performance, noting her "powerful" scene with Winfrey during the film's finale.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Native Son Movie Review |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/native-son-1986 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=December 25, 1986 |access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref>

Following ''Native Son'', Baker had a critically acclaimed lead role as the wife of a [[schizophrenic]] drifter (played by [[Jack Nicholson]]) in ''[[Ironweed (film)|Ironweed]]'' (1987), alongside [[Meryl Streep]]. Her performance in the film was praised by Ebert, who said: "Nicholson's homecoming [in the film] is all the more effective because Carroll Baker is so good as his wife&nbsp;... she finds a whole new range. It may seem surprising to say that Baker holds the screen against Jack Nicholson, and yet she does".<ref>{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Ironweed Movie Review & Film Summary |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ironweed-1988 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=February 12, 1988 |access-date=February 2, 2015}}</ref>

===1988–2003: Later roles and retirement===
In 1990, Baker played the role of Eleanor Crisp—described by Roger Ebert as "an effective bitch on wheels"<ref>{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Kindergarten Cop Movie Review |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/kindergarten-cop-1990 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=December 21, 1990 |access-date=February 2, 2015}}</ref>—in [[Ivan Reitman]]'s comedy ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]'', starring [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], which she filmed in [[Astoria, Oregon]], in the summer of 1990. The film was a huge financial success, grossing over $200 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last=Broeske |first=Pat H. |title=WEEKEND BOX OFFICE: Moviegoers Go for the Laughs |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-08-ca-7898-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=January 8, 1991 |access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref> Her film and television work continued throughout the '90s, and she acted in many [[made-for-television]] movies, including the true-crime story ''[[Judgment Day: The John List Story]]'' (1993), ''Witness Run'' (1996), and ''[[Dalva]]'' (1996) with [[Farrah Fawcett]].{{sfn|Monush|2003|p=33}}

In 1997, Baker was cast in a supporting role in [[David Fincher]]'s thriller ''[[The Game (1997 film)|The Game]]'', in which she plays a housekeeper to a billionaire San Francisco banker (played by [[Michael Douglas]]) who becomes embroiled in a sadistic game by his antagonistic brother, played by [[Sean Penn]]. In an interview with the ''[[New York Post]]'' following the film's release, Baker commented on her role, saying: "It's an important movie and I'm honored to be in it. Of course, I'd like to be the romantic lead, and I'm actually closer to Michael's [Douglas] age than [[Deborah Kara Unger]] is, [but] I think it's always worked that way in Hollywood. When I was in my 20s, I played opposite Jimmy Stewart, Robert Mitchum, and Clark Gable, all of whom were old enough to be my father."<ref>{{cite news |title=Carroll Baker |date=September 9, 1997 |work=[[New York Post]] |quote=['The Game' is] an important movie and I'm honored to be in it. Of course, I'd like to be the romantic lead. And I'm actually closer to Michael's [Douglas] age than Deborah Kara Unger is [Baker is 66, Douglas is 53 and Unger is 31]. I think it's always worked that way in Hollywood. When I was in my 20s, I played opposite Jimmy Stewart, Robert Mitchum and Clark Gable, all of whom were old enough to be my father.}}</ref> ''The Game'' proved to be a major success among Baker's later films, performing successfully at the box office and garnering widespread critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news |title=''The Game'' |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=game.htm |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref>

In addition to her work in big-budget productions, Baker also appeared in small, independent films, such as ''Just Your Luck'' (1996) and ''Nowhere to Go'' (1997). The 1990s also had Baker more frequently appearing on television series, including episodes of ''[[Grand (TV series)|Grand]]'' (1990), ''[[Tales from the Crypt (TV series)|Tales from the Crypt]]'' (1991, opposite [[Teri Garr]] in a segment directed by [[Michael J. Fox]]),<ref>{{cite web |last=Ripoli |first=Patrick |title=Exhumed: Tales from the Crypt – Episode 3.3 "The Trap" |url=http://www.chud.com/42883/exhumed-tales-from-the-crypt-episode-3-3-the-trap/ |work=CHUD |date=March 15, 2011 |access-date=July 5, 2017}}</ref> ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' and ''[[L.A. Law]]'' (both 1993); ''[[Chicago Hope]]'' (1995), and ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'' (1999).{{sfn|Monush|2003|p=33}} In 2000, she appeared in the [[Lifetime network|Lifetime]] film ''Another Woman's Husband''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mylifetime.com/movies/another-womans-husband |work=My Lifetime |title=Another Woman's Husband |access-date=October 31, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905095850/http://www.mylifetime.com/movies/another-womans-husband |archive-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref> In 2002, Baker appeared in the documentary ''[[Cinerama Adventure]]'', and guest-starred in an episode of ''[[The Lyon's Den]]'', playing the mother of [[Rob Lowe]]'s character. Her role in ''The Lyon's Den'' was Baker's last screen appearance before she formally retired from acting in 2003. Her acting career spanned 50 years, and more than 80 roles in film, television, and theater.{{sfn|Monush|2003|p=33}}

She has, however, sometimes participated in retrospective documentaries, including an interview for the 2006 DVD release of ''Baby Doll'', which includes a documentary featuring Baker reflecting on the film's impact on her career.<ref name="village voice"/> Baker has also been featured in documentaries about several of her co-stars, including Clark Gable, [[Roger Moore]], [[Sal Mineo]], and James Dean, including the 1975 ''James Dean: The First American Teenager'',{{sfn|Monush|2003|p=33}} and a 1985 BBC Radio 2 tribute marking the 30th anniversary of the actor's death. Her memories of James Dean at the Actors Studio and later in ''Giant'' were recalled on BBC Radio 2 in 1982, when she guested on ''You're Tearing Me Apart'', Terence Pettigrew's documentary which commemorated the 25th anniversary of Dean's death in a car accident in 1955. Also on the program were singer-actor [[Adam Faith]] and the screenwriter [[Ray Connolly]].

==Writing==
In 1983, Baker published an autobiography titled ''Baby Doll: An Autobiography'', which detailed her life and career as an actress and revealed the issues with [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] and [[Warner Bros.]] that had led her to move to Europe in the 1970s and pursue a career in Italian films. Baker said to [[Regis Philbin]], when he interviewed her for Lifetime Television in 1986, that she "didn't want to write an autobiography&nbsp;... but I wanted to write, and I knew that would be the easiest thing to get published."<ref name="regis">{{cite interview |last=Baker |first=Carroll |interviewer=[[Regis Philbin]] |title=An Interview with Carroll Baker |work=Lifestyles |location=New York |date=1986 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=726ywvTIOE8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211115/726ywvTIOE8 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=Lifetime}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She further commented to Philbin on her writing, saying: "I think I always wanted to write, but I was a little self-conscious about it. I never had a formal education, and I've always had such a respect for writing. While I could go out and say, even before I started to act, 'Yes, I'm an actress,' I couldn't really say 'I'm a writer.'"<ref name="regis" /> In spite of Baker's misgivings, ''Baby Doll: An Autobiography'' was well received. She later wrote two other books, ''To Africa with Love'' (1986), detailing her time spent in Africa, and a novel titled ''A Roman Tale'' (1987).<ref name="regis"/>

==Personal life==
[[File:Actress Carol Baker throws open her arms to the men of the aircraft carrier Ticonderoga (CVA-14) as the ship steams... - NARA - 558510 (cropped).tif|thumb|Baker entertaining the US soldiers fighting at the [[Vietnam War]] in 1965]]
Baker has been married three times. She first married 54-year-old Louie Ritter, owner of the Weylin Hotel, in 1953.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://groovyhistory.com/carroll-baker-baby-doll-movie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815030154/https://groovyhistory.com/carroll-baker-baby-doll-movie |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |title=Carroll Baker, 'Baby Doll's Scandalous Star: Her Rise And Fall |first=Cyn |last=Felthousen-Post |website=Groovyhistory.com |access-date=August 4, 2021 }}</ref> The marriage ended within a year, after which she enrolled at the Actors Studio in New York City.{{sfn|Monush|2003|p=36}} Baker alleged that Ritter had [[rape]]d her when she was still a [[virgin]] in the early stages of their relationship.<ref name="jones">{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20086324,00.html |work=People |title=For Baby Doll Carroll Baker, Life Has Been No Nursery Rhyme |author=Jones, Jerene |date=November 7, 1983 |access-date=October 31, 2015 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015150/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20086324,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her second was to director [[Jack Garfein]], a [[Holocaust]] survivor she met at the Studio and for whom she [[Gerim|converted to Judaism]] (having been raised a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]).<ref name="newsref1">{{cite news |title=Carroll Baker |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |date=January 23, 1957 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6_ENAAAAIBAJ&pg=5752,3339229 |access-date=June 28, 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They had one daughter, [[Blanche Baker]] (born 1956),{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=180}} also an actress, and a son, [[Herschel Garfein]] (born 1958),{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=192}} who is a composer and faculty member at the [[Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development|Steinhardt School of Music]] at [[New York University]]. Garfein and Baker divorced in 1969. Baker also has six grandchildren.

Baker married her third husband, British [[theater]] actor [[Donald Burton]], on March 10, 1982,<ref name=":0" /><ref name="glamour" /><ref name=sjmn>{{cite news |title=British actor Donald Burton, husband Carroll Baker, dies at 73 |work=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=January 11, 2008}}</ref> and resided in [[Hampstead]], London, in the 1980s.<ref name="glamour" /> The couple remained together until Burton's death from [[emphysema]] at their home in [[Cathedral City, California]], on December 8, 2007.<ref name=sjmn/><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 14, 2008 |title=In Brief: Veteran actor dies, aged 73 |language=English |pages=10 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/332392087 |access-date=June 29, 2022 |id={{ProQuest|332392087}}}}</ref>

After leaving Hollywood in the mid-1960s, Baker traveled with [[Bob Hope]]'s Christmas [[United Service Organizations|USO]] troupe entertaining soldiers in [[Vietnam]] and [[Southeast Asia]], an experience which she described as reformative: "In the hospitals I held the hands of damaged young men, and I realized that my pain was not exclusive: that in this world there was suffering much more terrible than mine."{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=282}}

Baker resided mainly in New York City and Los Angeles throughout the 1950s and 1960s before relocating to Rome to pursue her career there.{{sfn|Baker|1983|p=294}} Baker was mainly based in [[Palm Springs, California]], throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. {{as of|2016||}}, she resides in New York City.<ref>{{cite interview |first=Carroll |last=Baker |publisher=The Criterion Collection |work=Something Wild |year=2016 |title=Interview with Carroll Baker, 2016 |type=Blu-ray}}</ref> In February 2014, she served as [[maid of honor]] at longtime friend, psychologist, and former actor, Dr Patrick Suraci's wedding to his partner, Tony Perkins, in New York.<ref name="laskey">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/fashion/weddings/when-may-catches-up-to-december.html |author=Laskey, Margaux |work=The New York Times |title=When May Catches Up to December |date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Carroll Baker Star Hollywood Walk of Fame.png|upright|thumb|Baker's star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 1725 [[Vine Street]]]]
Baker's role in ''Baby Doll'' was one that would come to be career-defining, and her association with both the film and character remained consistent throughout her career.<ref name=jones/> In a 1983 article by ''People'' magazine, "Baby Doll" was referred to as Baker's "middle name".<ref name=jones/> The film, adapted originally from Tennessee Williams' one-act play ''27 Wagons Full of Cotton'', has been performed on stage into the 21st century: it had its theatrical debut in 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/15/style/tennessee-williamss-play-makes-a-stage-debut-baby-doll-beyond-film.html |work=The New York Times |title=Tennessee Williams's Play Makes a Stage Debut : 'Baby Doll,' Beyond Film |author=Morley, Sheridan |date=March 15, 2000 |access-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref> and has been performed numerous times since.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2011/04/tennessee-williams-baby-doll.html |author=Boehm, Mike |series=Culture Monster |work=Los Angeles Times |title='Baby Doll' joins the cavalcade of L.A. productions marking Tennessee Williams' centennial |date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref> Baker's performance of the role was credited in ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' as marking a significant cultural interest in the [[ingénue]] in American cinema.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |page=345 |volume=65 |quote=Ever since Carroll Baker exploded on-screen in Tennessee Williams's Baby Doll in 1956, ingenues have fascinated the cinematic world. This past year they seemed to be getting the most interesting parts as well, and we are not talking about ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpg7AQAAIAAJ&q=ever+since+Carroll+Baker+exploded+on-screen+in+Tennessee+Williams's+Baby+Doll+in+1956,+ingenues+have+fascinated+the |title=Jena Malone, Thora Birch, and Erika Christensen |date=March 2002}}</ref>

In 2011, Baker attended the [[Tennessee Williams/New Orleans Literary Festival]] in celebration of Williams' centenary. There, she participated in a panel with Rex Reed, where she discussed her experiences with Williams and performing in ''Baby Doll''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/karen-daltonbeninato/tennessee-williams-birthday_b_840444.html |work=[[Huffington Post]] |last=Dalton-Beninato |first=Karen |title=Tennessee Williams Actresses Honor His 100th Birthday |date=March 26, 2011 |access-date=February 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123631/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/karen-daltonbeninato/tennessee-williams-birthday_b_840444.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> In 2011 and 2012, she was awarded Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Hoboken and Fort Lauderdale International Film Festivals.<ref name="hoboken"/><ref name="fl"/>

A 1956 photograph by [[Diane Arbus]] depicts Baker onscreen in ''Baby Doll'' with a passing silhouette during a New York City theater screening of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/photographs-by-diane-arbus/carroll-baker-on-screen-in-baby-doll-with-passing-silhouette-nyc-1956-20/241/ |work=Christie's |title=Carroll Baker on Screen in "Baby Doll" with Passing Silhouette, N.Y.C., 1956 |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629225923/https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/photographs-by-diane-arbus/carroll-baker-on-screen-in-baby-doll-with-passing-silhouette-nyc-1956-20/241/ |archive-date=June 29, 2015}}</ref> She was also photographed by Andy Warhol in 1975 as part of his [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]] portrait series,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artvalue.com/auctionresult--warhol-andy-1928-1987-usa-untitled-carol-baker-1909615.htm |work=Art Value |title=Untitled (Carroll Baker) sold by Fineart, Milano, May 15, 2007 |access-date=April 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630064435/http://www.artvalue.com/auctionresult--warhol-andy-1928-1987-usa-untitled-carol-baker-1909615.htm |archive-date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> and is mentioned in his [[The Andy Warhol Diaries|published diaries]].{{sfn|Warhol|2014|p=23}}

Baker has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 1725 Vine Street, which was erected on February 8, 1960. In 2001, a Golden Palm Star on the [[Palm Springs Walk of Stars]] was also dedicated to her.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013165655/http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf |url=http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |access-date=June 28, 2017 |title=Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated |url-status=usurped |publisher=City of Palm Springs, California}}</ref>

==Filmography and credits==
{{Main|Carroll Baker credits}}
'''Select filmography:'''
{{div col | colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Easy to Love (1953 film)|Easy to Love]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Giant (1956 film)|Giant]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Baby Doll]]'' (1956)
* ''[[The Big Country]]'' (1958)
* ''[[But Not for Me (film)|But Not For Me]]'' (1959)
* ''[[The Miracle (1959 film)|The Miracle]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Bridge to the Sun]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Something Wild (1961 film)|Something Wild]]'' (1961)
* ''[[How the West Was Won (film)|How the West Was Won]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Station Six-Sahara]]'' (1963) 
* ''[[The Carpetbaggers (film)|The Carpetbaggers]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Cheyenne Autumn]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Sylvia (1965 film)|Sylvia]]'' (1965)
* ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Mister Moses]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Harlow (Paramount film)|Harlow]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Her Harem]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Jack of Diamonds (1967 film)|Jack of Diamonds]]'' (1967)
* ''[[The Sweet Body of Deborah]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Orgasmo]]'' (1969)
* ''[[So Sweet...So Perverse]]'' (1969)
* ''[[A Quiet Place to Kill]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Captain Apache]]'' (1971)
* ''[[The Devil Has Seven Faces]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Il coltello di ghiaccio|Knife of Ice]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Baba Yaga (1973 film)|Baba Yaga]]'' (1973)
* ''[[The Flower with the Petals of Steel]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Private Lessons (1975 film)|Private Lessons]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Andy Warhol's Bad]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Cyclone (1978 film)|Cyclone]]'' (1978)
* ''[[The World Is Full of Married Men (film)|The World Is Full Of Married Men]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Star 80]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Native Son (1986 film)|Native Son]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Ironweed (film)|Ironweed]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Blonde Fist]]'' (1991)
* ''[[The Game (1997 film)|The Game]]'' (1997)
{{div col end}}

'''Select television credits:'''
{{div col | colwidth=30em}}
*''[[The Web (1950 TV series)|The Web]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Danger (TV series)|Danger]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Thriller (UK TV series)|Thriller]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Grand (TV series)|Grand]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Tales from the Crypt (TV series)|Tales from the Crypt]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' (1993)
* ''[[L.A. Law]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Chicago Hope]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'' (1999)
{{div col end}}

'''Select stage credits:'''<ref name="playbill">{{cite web |url=http://www.playbillvault.com/Person/Detail/55393/Carroll-Baker |work=Playbill Vault |title=Carroll Baker – Broadway Theater Credits |access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref>
{{div col |colwidth=30em}}
* ''Escapade'' (1953)
* ''[[All Summer Long (play)|All Summer Long]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Arms and the Man]]'' (1958)
* ''Come on Strong'' (1962)
* ''[[Anna Christie]]'' (1966)
* ''Rain'' (1977)
* ''[[Lucy Crown]]'' (1979)
* ''Motive'' (1980)
{{div col end}}

==Publications==
* ''Baby Doll: An Autobiography'' (Arbor House, 1983), {{ISBN|978-0-87795-558-0}}
* ''To Africa with Love'' (Dutton, 1986), {{ISBN|978-0-917657-54-2}}
* ''A Roman Tale'' (Dutton, 1986), {{ISBN|978-0-917657-53-5}}

===Awards===
* 1957: [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress]]<ref name="gg">{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/carroll-baker |work=GoldenGlobes.com |title=Carroll Baker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222162449/http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/carroll-baker |archive-date=December 22, 2015}}</ref>
* 1957: [[Hasty Pudding Theatricals]] Award for "Woman of the Year"<ref name="turner"/>
* 1965: Golden Laurel for Dramatic Performance, Female, for ''The Carpetbaggers'' <small>(2nd place)</small><ref>{{cite AV media |title=The Carpetbaggers (DVD video, 2003) |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/051882438 |oclc=051882438 |access-date=July 4, 2017 |publisher=Catalogue data at [[WorldCat]]}}</ref>

===Nominations===
* 1957: [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Oscar for Best Actress in a Leading Role]] for ''Baby Doll''<ref name="newsday"/>
* 1957: [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama|Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama]], for ''Baby Doll''<ref name="gg"/>
* 1957: [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Award]] for Best Foreign Actress (USA), for ''Baby Doll''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1957/film/foreign-actress |work=BAFTA |title=Foreign Actress in 1957 |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref>
* 1964: [[Laurel Awards|Golden Laurel]] for Top Female Star<ref name="mitchell">{{cite web |url=http://www.desertentertainer.com/articles/2010/04/22/entertainment/walk_of_stars/doc4b33aa72c6a69757884554.txt |work=Desert Entertainer |title=Carroll Baker Actress, 'Baby Doll,' grandma |author=Mitchell, Marilyn |access-date=October 31, 2015 |archive-date=September 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906181335/http://www.desertentertainer.com/articles/2010/04/22/entertainment/walk_of_stars/doc4b33aa72c6a69757884554.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1965: Golden Laurel for Female Star

===Honors===
* 1996: [[Golden Boot Awards|Golden Boot Award]] for ''The Big Country'', ''How the West Was Won'', and ''Cheyenne Autumn''<ref>{{cite news |title=Givin' 'Em the Boot |work=American Cowboy |issue=Nov–Dec. 1996 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uoCAAAAMBAJ&q=carroll%20baker%20honored&pg=PT66 |via=Google Books}} {{Open access}}</ref>
* 1997: Lifetime Achievement Award, Breckenridge (Colorado) Film Festival<ref name="turner" />
* 2009: [[The National Arts Club]]'s Medal of Honor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/stritch-jackson-seldes-reed-and-wallach-will-salute-baker-june-15-161793 |work=Playbill |title=Stritch, Jackson, Seldes, Reed and Wallach Will Salute Baker June 15 |date=June 11, 2009 |access-date=March 5, 2015 |author=Gans, Andrew}}</ref>
* 2011: Lifetime Achievement Award, [[Hoboken International Film Festival]]<ref name="hoboken">{{cite web |url=http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2011/06/carrol_baker_named_lifetime_ac.html |work=NJ.com |title=Carroll Baker named Lifetime Achievement Award winner at Hoboken International Film Festival |author=Robb, Adam |date=June 15, 2011 |access-date=February 2, 2015}}</ref>
* 2012: Lifetime Achievement Award, Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival<ref name="fl">{{cite web |url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sfl-mtblog-2012-09-fort_lauderdale_international_1-story.html |work=Sun-Sentinel |date=September 24, 2012 |author=Crandell, Ben |title=Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival to honor Oscar-nominated "Baby Doll" star Carroll Baker |access-date=February 28, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of actors with Academy Award nominations]]
* [[List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars]]

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Works cited==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/babydollautobiog00bake |url-access=registration |title=Baby Doll: An Autobiography |last=Baker |first=Carroll |year=1983 |publisher=Arbor House |isbn=978-0-87795-558-0}}
* {{cite book |title=Fall Girl: My Life as a Western Stunt Double |last1=Cantarini |first1=Martha Crawford |last2=Spicer |first2=Chrystopher J. |date=2010 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-4753-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOo2-O1maYgC}}
* {{cite book |last=DiLeo |first=John |title=Tennessee Williams and Company: His Essential Screen Actors |year=2010 |publisher=Hansen Publishing Group LLC |isbn=978-1-601-82425-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkux5gg5vSQC}}
* {{cite book |title=Freedom to Offend: How New York Remade Movie Culture |last=Haberski |first=Raymond |isbn=978-0-8131-2429-2 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |date=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/freedomtooffendh0000habe |url-access=registration}} 
* {{cite book |last=Hamblett |first=Charles |title=The Hollywood Cage |chapter=Carroll Baker Fights the System |pages=155–61 |year=1969 |publisher=Hart Pub. Co. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWxZAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Hollywood+Cage}}
* {{cite book |last=Harding |first=Les |title=They Knew Marilyn Monroe: Famous Persons in the Life of the Hollywood Icon |publisher=McFarland |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-786-49014-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvwH7euUccIC}}
* {{cite book |title=Saul Bass: Anatomy of Film Design |series=Screen Classics |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8131-4718-5 |last=Horak |first=Jan-Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmnaBAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Lisanti |first=Tom |title=Fantasy Femmes of 60's Cinema: Interviews with 20 Actresses from Biker, Beach, and Elvis Movies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_E6M3LEGP4C |isbn=978-0-7864-0868-9 |date=2001 |publisher=McFarland}}
*{{cite book |last=Matheson |first=Sue |year=2019 |title=The John Ford Encyclopedia |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-538-10382-1}}
* {{cite book |title=Casting Might-Have-Beens: A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others |last=Mell |first=Eila |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-7864-2017-9 |publisher=McFarland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AMyBgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toTIb1Ek2WwC&q=carroll%20baker%20actors%20studio&pg=PA36 |title=Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors, Vol. 1: From the Silent Era to 1965 |last=Monush |first=Barry |publisher=Applause |date=2003 |isbn=978-1-55783-551-2}}
* {{cite book |title=Tennessee Williams and Elia Kazan: A Collaboration in the Theatre |last=Murphy |first=Brenda |year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-40095-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qV3wXkcItUMC}}
* {{cite book |title=The Making of Rebel Without a Cause |last=Rathgeb |first=Douglas L. |isbn=978-0-7864-1976-0 |date=2004 |publisher=McFarland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7_eCQAAQBAJ}} 
* {{cite book |title=Perverse Titillation: The Exploitation Cinema of Italy, Spain and France, 1960–1980 |first=Danny |last=Shipka |publisher=McFarland |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7864-4888-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVutMarqq44C}}
* {{cite book |last1=Steinberg |first1=Cobbett |title=Film Facts |year=1980 |publisher=Facts on File, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=0-87196-313-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/filmfacts00cobb_mc3}}
* {{cite book |title=Chasing Lolita: How Popular Culture Corrupted Nabokov's Little Girl All Over Again |last=Vickers |first=Graham |isbn=978-1-55652-682-4 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/chasinglolitahow00vick |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBQv6Ib6tgC&q=andy%20warhol%20carroll%20baker&pg=PT103 |title=The Andy Warhol Diaries |editor=Hackett, Pat |last=Warhol |first=Andy |author-link=Andy Warhol |orig-year=1989 |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-446-39138-2 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|c=Category:Carroll Baker|d=no|b=no|wikt=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=no}}
* {{IMDb name|4647}}
* {{IBDB name|30680}}
* {{TCMDb name}}
* {{AFI person | id= 28000-Carroll-Baker | title= Carroll Baker }}
* {{Playbill person|carroll-baker-vault-0000055393}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Carroll Baker
|list =
{{Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year Actress}}
{{Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baker, Carroll}}
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