Editing Causewayed enclosure

{{short description|Prehistoric earthwork}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Whitehawk camp sketch 1821 Skinner British Museum Add MS 33658 f. 68.jpg|thumb|Sketch of [[Whitehawk Camp|Whitehawk camp]], a causewayed enclosure]]

A '''causewayed enclosure''' is a type of large prehistoric [[Earthworks (Archaeology)|earthwork]] common to the early [[Neolithic]] in [[Europe]]. It is an [[enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] marked out by ditches and banks, with a number of [[causeway]]s crossing the ditches. More than 100 examples are recorded in [[France]] and 70 in Southern [[England]] and [[Wales]], while further sites are known in [[Scandinavia]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Ireland]] and [[Slovakia]].

The term "causewayed enclosure" is now preferred to the older term, '''causewayed camp''', as it has been demonstrated that the sites did not necessarily serve as occupation sites.

Archaeologists have speculated on the purposes of such sites, but have not arrived at a consensus as to their function.

==Construction==
Causewayed enclosures are often located on hilltop sites, encircled by one to four concentric [[ditch]]es with an internal [[Bank (geography)|bank.]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv22fqbzs |title=Marking Place: New perspectives on early Neolithic enclosures |date=2022 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78925-709-0 |volume=14 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv22fqbzs|jstor=j.ctv22fqbzs |s2cid=243830065 }}</ref>  Enclosures located in lowland areas are generally larger than hilltop ones.  Crossing the ditches at intervals are [[causeway]]s which give the monuments their names.  It appears that the ditches were excavated in sections, leaving the wide causeways intact in between.  They should not be confused with segmented, or [[causewayed ring ditch]]es, which are smaller and are thought to relate only to funerary activity, or with [[hillfort]]s, which appeared later and had a definite defensive function. With regard to defensive functionality, however, evidence of timber [[palisade]]s has been found at some sites such as [[Hambledon Hill]].

==Function==
[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence implies that the enclosures were visited occasionally by Neolithic groups rather than being permanently occupied. The presence of human remains in the banks and ditches of the enclosures has been seen as an attempt by the builders to connect their ancestors with the land and thus begin to anchor themselves to specific areas. [[Archaeological section|Longitudinal sections]] excavated along the ditches by archaeologists suggest that the builders repeatedly redug the ditches and each time deliberately deposited pottery and human and animal bones, apparently as a regular [[ritual]]. [[Environmental archaeology]] suggests that the European landscape was heavily forested when the enclosures were built; they were rare clearings in the woodland that were used for various social and economic activities.

In the 1970s the archaeologist [[Peter Drewett]] suggested seven possible functions for the sites:

* [[Town|Settlement]]
* [[Fortification|Defence]]
* [[Cattle]] compounds or [[kraal]]s
* [[Trade]] centres
* Communal meeting places for [[meal|feast]]ing and other social activities
* [[Cult]]/[[ritual]] centres
* [[Burial]] sites

Other interpretations{{Which|date=October 2012}} have seen the causeways as symbolic of multi-directional access to the site by scattered communities, the enclosures as funerary centres for [[excarnation]] or the construction of the site being a communal act of creation by a fragmented society.

Animal remains (especially cattle bone), domestic waste and [[pottery]] have been found at the sites, however there has been limited evidence of any structures.  In some locations, such as [[Windmill Hill, Avebury]], evidence of human occupation predates the enclosure.  Generally, it appears that the ditches were permitted to silt up, even while the camps were in use, and then re-excavated episodically.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/|title=Search All Publications | work = Historic England}}</ref> It is unlikely that they had a strong defensive purpose. The earthworks may have been designed to keep out wild animals rather than people. The sequential addition of second, third and fourth circuits of banks and ditches may have come about through growing populations adding to the significance of their peoples' monument over time. In some cases, they appear to have evolved into more permanent settlements.

Most causewayed enclosures have been [[plough]]ed away in the intervening millennia and are recognized through [[aerial archaeology]].

== Dating ==
The first causewayed enclosures were constructed in Western Europe in the fifth millennium BC and by the early third millennium BC; notable regional variations occur in their construction.  French examples begin to demonstrate elaborate horn-shaped entrances which are interpreted as being designed to impress from afar rather than serve any practical purpose.{{Citation needed |date=July 2022}}

The dates of construction and use of causwayed enclosures in Britain and Ireland were the subject of a seminal study using [[Bayesian]] analysis of [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dates]], ''Gathering Time'',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Whittle |first1=Alasdair |title=Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland |last2=Healy |first2=Frances |last3=Bayliss |first3=Alex |publisher=[[Oxbow Books]] |year=2011 |location=Oxford}}</ref> which provided unprecedented historical precision for the Neolithic period. This showed that following the start of the Neolithic in Britain, i.e. the arrival of the first farmers in the 41st century BC, the first monuments built were [[long barrow]]s, which became popular at the end of the 39th century, that is, around 3800 BC (or a few decades later <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bayliss |first1=Alex |last2=Marshall |first2=Peter |last3=Dee |first3=Michael W. |last4=Friedrich |first4=Michael |last5=Heaton |first5=Timothy J. |last6=Wacker |first6=Lukas |date=2020 |title=IntCal20 Tree Rings: An Archaeological Swot Analysis |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/intcal20-tree-rings-an-archaeological-swot-analysis/3B0B6B44E8ADDE2AF2AFD2D2935C45A8 |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=1045–1078 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2020.77 |bibcode=2020Radcb..62.1045B |s2cid=223647996 |issn=0033-8222|hdl=1893/31644 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>). The fashion for causewayed enclosures took off in the late 38th century, starting in east Britain and rapidly spreading west, with construction peaking in the third quarter of the 37th century. At this time the long barrows were closed up or at least went out of use. Following a lull, a final round of construction of causewayed enclosures happened in the 36th century, and at the same time the usage of existing enclosures (as marked by deposition in the ditches, and continued re-cutting) increased. Some enclosures were in use for only a generation, while others, such as the [[type site]], [[Windmill Hill, Avebury]], and [[Hambledon Hill]], were used for centuries, continuing until the 35th or 34th centuries BC. Throughout this period of primary use, a number of examples were identified of violence and attacks at enclosures. After the 36th century, a new type of monument, the [[cursus]], became popular. All this long preceded the earliest [[henge]] monuments, including [[Stonehenge#Stonehenge 1 (c. 3100 BC)|Stonehenge I]].

==Examples==
Examples of causewayed enclosures include:

===England===
[[File:Burham causewayed enclosure.jpg|thumb|right|Causewayed enclosure at [[Burham]], Kent.]]
* [[Barkhale Camp]], [[West Sussex]]
* [[Combe Hill, East Sussex]]
* [[Crickley Hill]], [[Gloucestershire]]
* [[Freston causewayed enclosure]], [[Suffolk]]
* [[Hambledon Hill]], [[Dorset]]
* [[Hembury]], [[Devon]]
* [[Knap Hill]], [[Wiltshire]]
* [[Maiden Bower hillfort|Maiden Bower]], [[Bedfordshire]]
* [[Offham Hill]], East Sussex
* Rams Hill (on the [[Berkshire Downs]])
* [[Robin Hood's Ball]] near [[Stonehenge]]
* [[Trundle (hill fort)|The Trundle]], West Sussex
* [[Whitehawk Camp]], East Sussex
* [[Windmill Hill, Avebury]], Wiltshire
* Some [[tor enclosure]]s, such as that at [[Carn Brea, Redruth|Carn Brea]], are believed to have served a similar purpose in south western Britain.

===France===
* [[:fr:Enceinte préhistorique de Champ Durand|Champ Durand]]
* [[Chez Reine]] near [[Semussac]]
* [[Diconche]]
* [[La Coterelle]]
* [[La Mastine]]

===Ireland===
* [[Donegore]], [[County Antrim]]
* [[Magheraboy Causewayed Enclosure]], [[County Sligo]]

===Portugal===
* [[Castro of Zambujal]] in its second construction phase.

===Spain===
* [[Monte da Lagoa]] in [[Narón]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].

=== Germany ===
* Albersdorf-Dieksknöll
*[[Büdelsdorf (enclosure)|Büdelsdorf]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{anchor|See also}}

==Further reading==
* A. Oswald, M. Barber and C. Dyer, ''The Creation of Monuments: Neolithic Causewayed Enclosures of the British Isles'' (1999)

{{Neolithic Europe}}
{{Prehistoric technology|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Causewayed Enclosure}}
[[Category:Causewayed enclosures| ]]
[[Category:Stone Age Europe]]
[[Category:Types of monuments and memorials]]