Editing Cayenne

{{Short description|Capital city of French Guiana}} 
{{About|the capital of French Guiana}}
{{Distinguish|Cheyenne}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = Cayenne
|native name           = {{nativename|gcr|Kayenn}}
|commune status         = [[Capital city]], [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]] and [[Communes of France|commune]]
|image                  = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Cayenne (46853854301).jpg
| photo2a = Cayenne Place des palmistes.jpg
| photo3a = Cayenne, Gouvernance.jpg
| photo3b = La place à coté de l´ancien hopital Jean Martial.jpg
| photo4a = Mairiecayenne.jpg
| size = 255
}}
|caption                = From top to bottom, left to right: View of the Mount and [[Fort Cépérou]], Place des Palmistes, [[French Guiana Prefecture Building]], Place Léoplod-Héder, [[Hôtel de Ville, Cayenne|Hôtel de Ville]]
|image flag             = Flag of Cayenne.svg
|image flag size        = 120
|image coat of arms     = 
|map                    = Locator map of Cayenne 2022.png
|map size               = 270px
|map caption            = Location of the commune (in red) within French Guiana
|arrondissement         = Cayenne
|canton                 =
|INSEE                  = 97302
|postal code            = 97300
|mayor                  = Sandra Trochimara<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|term                   = 2020&ndash;2026
|intercommunality       = [[Communauté d'agglomération du Centre Littoral|CA Centre Littoral]]
|coordinates           = 
{{coord|4.9372|-52.3260|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m            =
|elevation min m        =
|elevation max m        =
|area km2               = 23.60
|population             = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
|urban area km2         = 206.9
|urban area date        = 2020
|urban pop              = 125,552
|urban pop date         = Jan. 2021<ref name="UU">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-222288,5230707,185733,112321&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C601&t=A01&view=map12 |title=Statistiques locales - France par unité urbaine - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876)2021 |author=INSEE |author-link=INSEE |access-date=2024-09-25}}</ref>
|population_demonym     = Cayennais
|metro area km2         = 5,087
|metro area date        = 2020
|metro area pop         = 151,103
|metro area pop date    = Jan. 2021<ref name="AAV">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-222288,5230707,185733,112321&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |title=Statistiques locales - France par aire d'attraction des villes - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876)2021 |author=INSEE |author-link=INSEE |access-date=2024-09-25}}</ref>
}}

'''Cayenne''' ({{IPAc-en|k|eɪ|ˈ|ɛ|n}};<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cayenne Cayenne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406143248/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cayenne |date=6 April 2016 }}, [[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]]</ref> {{IPA|fr|kajɛn|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Cayenne.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|Kayenn}}) is the [[Prefectures in France|prefecture]] and capital city of [[French Guiana]], an [[overseas region]] and [[Overseas department|department]] of France located in South America.  The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the [[Cayenne River]] on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast.  The city's motto is "fert aurum industria", which means "work brings wealth".<ref name="pagesperso-orange.fr">{{cite web |url=http://pagesperso-orange.fr/redris/HTML/Blasons/Cayen.htm |title=page concernant le blason de la ville sur le site page de Redris |publisher=Pagesperso-orange.fr |access-date=13 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226215531/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/redris/HTML/Blasons/Cayen.htm |archive-date=26 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cayenne is the largest [[Francophone]] city of the [[South America]]n continent.

In the 2021 census, there were 151,103 inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Cayenne (as defined by [[INSEE]]),<ref name="AAV" /> 63,468 of whom lived in the city ([[communes of France|commune]]) of Cayenne proper.<ref name="population">{{cite web| url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8200783?sommaire=8200811&geo=COM-97302#ancre-POP_T1 | title=Population en historique depuis 1968| author=INSEE |access-date=2024-09-25|language=fr| author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of French Guiana}}
{{Quote box |width=20em |align=left   |bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical Affiliations
|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[French colonial empire]] 1643–1658<br />[[File:Flag of the Dutch West India Company.svg|border|22px]] [[Dutch Empire]] 1658–1664<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[French colonial empire]] 1664–1676<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} [[English Empire]] 1667<br />[[File:Flag of the Dutch West India Company.svg|border|22px]] [[Dutch Empire]] 1676<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}}  [[French colonial empire]] 1676–1809<br />{{flagicon|Portugal|1750}} [[Portuguese Empire]] 1809–1815<br />{{flagicon|Portugal|1816}} [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] 1815–1817<br />{{flag|France}} 1817–present
}}
{{Unreferencedsect|date=June 2023}}
Ignored by Spanish explorers who found the region too hot and poor to be claimed, the region was not colonized until 1604, when the French founded a settlement. However, it was soon destroyed by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], determined to enforce the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]]. French colonists returned in 1643 and founded Cayenne, but were forced to leave once more following the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] attacks.  In 1664, France finally established a permanent settlement at Cayenne. Over the next decade the colony changed hands between the French, [[Netherlands|Dutch]], and [[Kingdom of England|English]], before being restored to France.  It was [[Invasion of Cayenne (1809)|captured by an Anglo-Portuguese force]] in 1809 and administered from Brazil until 1814, when it was returned to French control. It was used as a French [[penal colony]] from 1854 to 1938.
[[File:Rue piétonne.jpg |thumb|Pedestrian street not far from Fort Cépérou.]]
The city's population has grown dramatically over time, owing to high levels of immigration (chiefly from the [[West Indies]] and Brazil) as well as a high birth rate.

{{clear left}}

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of French Guiana}}
Cayenne is located on the [[estuary]] of the [[Cayenne River]] on the Atlantic Ocean.  The city occupies part of Cayenne Island. It is {{convert|268|km}} from [[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] and {{convert|64|km}} from [[Kourou]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ademe-guyane.fr/nrg_tic/images/cartedistance.jpg |title=Distances and duration of bonds in the dugout |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612050154/http://www.ademe-guyane.fr/nrg_tic/images/cartedistance.jpg |archive-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Distances to some cities:
* [[Paris]]: {{convert|7100|km}}.
* [[Fort-de-France]], capital of [[Martinique]]: {{convert|1500|km}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080915100805/http://www.guyane.pref.gouv.fr/guyane/sit_geo.html Situation Géographique] Préfecture de Guyane, archived 15 September 2008 from [http://www.guyane.pref.gouv.fr/guyane/sit_geo.html the original]</ref>
* [[Nouméa]], capital of [[New Caledonia]] (France) : {{convert|15427|km}}
* [[Paramaribo]], capital of [[Suriname]]: {{convert|342|km}} to the northwest
* [[Macapá]], capital of the state of [[Amapá]], Brazil: {{convert|554|km}} to the southeast
* [[Mexico City]], capital of Mexico: {{convert|5534|km}} to the northwest
* [[San Diego]], southwestern city in [[California]], United States: {{convert|7363|km}} to the northwest
<br />
{{multiple image
 | direction = horizontal
 | width1 = 300
 | width2 = 312
 | align = center
 | footer = 2003 (left) and 2012 (right) aerial views of Cayenne. Note: the [[mangrove]], which had invaded the coastline of Cayenne in the late 2000s, has completely disappeared as of the late 2010s.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Avancées et reculs de la mangrove à Cayenne |author=Confins |journal=Confins |year=2018 |volume=34 |issue=34 |doi=10.4000/confins.12829 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 | image1 = Vueducielcayenne.JPG
 | image2 = Cayenne city (8525272038).jpg
 }}

==Administration==
[[File:Cantons de Cayenne.png|thumb|The commune of Cayenne with its former [[Cantons of the Guyane department|cantons]] in the early 2010s. <small>(note: the cantons were abolished in 2015)</small>]]

Cayenne is a [[Communes of France|commune]] of the French Republic and as such, administered by a mayor and a municipal council. The current mayor is Sandra Trochimara, who was 1st deputy mayor under the former mayor [[Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth]], and succeeded her as mayor of Cayenne in October 2020 after Phinéra-Horth won the local [[2020 French Senate election|Senate race]] the month before (under French law, members of the [[Senate (France)|French Senate]] cannot exercise the mandate of mayor). Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth, a former member of the [[Guianese Socialist Party]], daughter of a former president of the [[General Council of French Guiana]], Stéphan Phinéra-Horth, from the Guianese Socialist Party, who governed the department of French Guiana from 1994 to 1998, was supported by various left-wing parties and had been mayor of Cayenne since 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sénatoriales : Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth devient la 1ère femme sénatrice de la Guyane |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/ouest-guyanais/guyane/senatoriales-marie-laure-phinera-horth-devient-la-1ere-femme-senatrice-de-la-guyane-875146.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Guyane la 1ère |date=27 September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mme Marie-Laure Phinera-Horth, sénatrice de la Guyane (Guyane) - Sénat |url=https://www.senat.fr/senateur/phinera_horth_marie_laure20146d.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.senat.fr}}</ref>

[[File:MairiedeCayenne.JPG|thumb|Town hall]]

As in the rest of France, the small size of the commune of Cayenne does not cover the entire urban area of Cayenne. This has led to the creation of an [[Intercommunality|intercommunal authority]] which groups Cayenne and five suburban communes: the [[communauté d'agglomération du Centre Littoral]]. The current president of the intercommunal authority of Centre Littoral since November 2020 has been Serge Smock, mayor of [[Matoury]], who ran on a centrist platform affiliated with [[Emmanuel Macron]]'s [[La République en marche|LREM]] party and defeated Sandra Trochimara, successor of Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth as mayor of Cayenne, who was also trying to succeed her as president of the intercommunal authority with the support of an array of Left-wing parties. It is the first time since 2001 that the intercommunal authority is not presided by the mayor of Cayenne.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/serge-smock-elu-president-de-la-communaute-d-agglomeration-du-centre-littoral-890190.html |title=Serge Smock élu président de la communauté d'agglomération du centre littoral  |author=Guyane La Première |date=6 November 2020 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horthwas was president of the intercommunal authority of Centre Littoral from 2014 to 2020, and did not run for reelection due to her election to the French Senate in September 2020.

The intercommunal authority of Centre Littoral, which levies its own taxes, is in charge of refuse collection, water supply and sewage treatment, urban planning, and public transport for the {{cvt|5,087|km2}} of Cayenne and its suburbs.

Until 2015, the commune of Cayenne was divided into six [[Cantons of the Guyane department|cantons]], but these were abolished in 2015 when the department and the region of French Guiana were abolished and replaced by the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity.

==Population==

{|
|{{Historical populations
| align = left
| title = Historical population Cayenne (commune)
| percentages = pagr
| source = INSEE<ref name="population" /> and Brasseur<ref name=pop1954>[https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers20-06/09716.pdf La Guyane française], page 33, Gérard Brasseur</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1954.49863 |13362   
|1961.77260274 |18615
|1967.791780822 |24518
|1974.791780822 |30461
|1982.18630137 |38091
|1990.202739726 |41067
|1999.183561644 |50594
|2010 |55753
|2015 |57614
|2021 |63468
}}
|
{{Historical populations
| align = centre
| title = Historical population Cayenne (metropolitan area)
| percentages = pagr
| source = INSEE<ref name="AAV" /><ref name="AAV_1961_2013">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-305319,5246778,314629,190270&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2013&view=map13 |title=Statistiques locales - France par aire d'attraction des villes - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876) |author=INSEE |author-link=INSEE |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> and Brasseur<ref name=pop1954 />
| graph-pos = bottom
|1954.49863 |15606    
|1961.77260274 |21505
|1967.791780822 |28257
|1974.791780822 |35812
|1982.18630137 |49118
|1990.202739726 |66803
|1999.183561644 |92059
|2010 |117600
|2015 |131922
|2021 |151103
}}
|}

===Demographics===
The places of birth of the 121,490 residents in the Cayenne metropolitan area at the 2012 census were as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1913195?sommaire=1912584&q=individus+localis%C3%A9s+au+canton+2012|title=Recensement de la population de 2012 – Individus localisés au canton-ou-ville en 2012|publisher=[[INSEE]]|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224050016/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1913195?sommaire=1912584&q=individus+localis%C3%A9s+au+canton+2012|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*56.5% were born in French Guiana
*12.0% in [[Metropolitan France]] 
*3.0% in [[Martinique]]
*1.4% in [[Guadeloupe]]
*0.3% in other parts of [[Overseas France]]
*26.7% in other foreign countries (notably [[Haiti]] and Brazil, followed by [[Suriname]] and [[Guyana]]); among these, 25.0% were immigrants and 1.7% were children of French citizens born abroad

These were the countries of birth of the immigrants living in the Cayenne metropolitan area at the 2009 census:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |publisher=[[INSEE]] |access-date=2019-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* born in Haiti: 12,184 
* born in Brazil: 7,627
* born in Suriname: 2,691  
* born in Guyana: 2,537
* born in China: 924
* born in other countries: 3,713

===Health===
Health conditions in Cayenne and French Guiana are generally good. The principal illnesses that cause mortality are circulatory, infectious and parasitic diseases, as well as cancer. A branch of the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris, located in Cayenne, conducts research on tropical and endemic local diseases and is renowned throughout [[Latin America]]. Life expectancy averages about 76 years for men and 83 years for women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/French-Guiana|title=French Guiana {{!}} history – geography – territorial collectivity, France|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022133/https://www.britannica.com/place/French-Guiana|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The main hospital of the city is the [[Andrée-Rosemon Hospital]] which opened in 1992.<ref name="overview">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hopital.fr/annuaire-etablissement/de-cayenne-andree-rosemon,6342|title=Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon (Cayenne)|website=Hopital.fr |language=fr |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:P1011741.JPG|thumb|Direction départementale de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt (Office of Departmental Service for Forests and Agriculture)]]
Cayenne is an important seaport in South America. The major port of [[Dégrad des Cannes]] is on the [[estuary]] of the river [[Mahury]], replacing Larivot and the [[Îles du Salut]]. [[Timber]], rosewood essence, rum, and gold are exported in small quantities. In the mid-1960s [[sugarcane]] and pineapple were planted around the city, and a pineapple [[cannery]] and a shrimp-processing plant were later built. A seafront avenue links Cayenne with the suburbs of Chaton and Montabo, where the French Institute of Tropical America and the Pasteur Institute are located. Historic landmarks include the Church of the Holy Saviour and a prefecture on the Place d'Armes. The [[Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport|Félix Eboué International Airport]] is the only international airport serving Cayenne.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cayenne|title=Cayenne {{!}} French Guiana|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220233339/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cayenne|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Trompeoeilcayenne.JPG|left|thumb|Trompe-l'œil mural at the Carrefour Suzini]]

==Climate==
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Cayenne has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') bordering on an [[equatorial climate]] (''Af''). Average high and low temperatures are nearly identical throughout the course of the year, averaging about {{convert|30|C|F}} and {{convert|23|C|F|0}} respectively, although temperatures are somewhat cooler in the wet season than in the dry season. Cayenne sees copious precipitation during the year, with its weather being more strongly affected by the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ) than the [[trade winds]]. The city experiences a very lengthy [[wet season]] and a very short [[dry season]] – the dry season covers only August to October, while the wet season covers the remainder of the year. Some precipitation is seen even during the dry season, a trait common in tropical climates. Cayenne averages roughly {{convert|3500|mm|in|-1}} of rain each year.
{{Clear}}
{{Meteo France
|Town=Cayenne
|Sunshine= 2,072
|Rain=3,515.6
|Snow=0
|Storm=39.7
|Fog=34.1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lameteo.org/index.php/12-climatologie/1670-normales-climatiques-1981-2010-cayenne|title=Normales climatiques 1981-2010 : Cayenne|website=www.lameteo.org|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>
}}
<br>
{{Weather box
|location = Cayenne <small>([[Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport|CAY]], altitude 4m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present)</small>
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 32.5
|Feb record high C = 32.3
|Mar record high C = 32.2
|Apr record high C = 33.0
|May record high C = 33.8
|Jun record high C = 34.4
|Jul record high C = 34.5
|Aug record high C = 35.0
|Sep record high C = 35.2
|Oct record high C = 35.4
|Nov record high C = 34.6
|Dec record high C = 34.1
|Jan high C = 29.3
|Feb high C = 29.3
|Mar high C = 29.7
|Apr high C = 30.0
|May high C = 30.1
|Jun high C = 30.5
|Jul high C = 31.1
|Aug high C = 31.8
|Sep high C = 32.4
|Oct high C = 32.5
|Nov high C = 31.7
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 30.7
|Jan mean C = 26.4
|Feb mean C = 26.4
|Mar mean C = 26.7
|Apr mean C = 26.9
|May mean C = 26.8
|Jun mean C = 26.8
|Jul mean C = 26.8
|Aug mean C = 27.2
|Sep mean C = 27.4
|Oct mean C = 27.5
|Nov mean C = 27.2
|Dec mean C = 26.7
|year mean C = 26.9
|Jan low C = 23.4
|Feb low C = 23.5
|Mar low C = 23.6
|Apr low C = 23.8
|May low C = 23.6
|Jun low C = 23.0
|Jul low C = 22.5
|Aug low C = 22.5
|Sep low C = 22.5
|Oct low C = 22.4
|Nov low C = 22.7
|Dec low C = 23.2
|year low C = 23.1
|Jan record low C = 17.4
|Feb record low C = 18.9
|Mar record low C = 18.5
|Apr record low C = 19.0
|May record low C = 18.8
|Jun record low C = 18.9
|Jul record low C = 19.0
|Aug record low C = 19.0
|Sep record low C = 18.7
|Oct record low C = 18.6
|Nov record low C = 17.2
|Dec record low C = 18.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 399.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 334.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 315.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 443.2
|May precipitation mm = 600.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 392.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 262.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 135.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 63.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 54.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 135.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 352.3
|year precipitation mm = 3488.2
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 22.8
|Feb precipitation days = 20.5
|Mar precipitation days = 20.4
|Apr precipitation days = 22.1
|May precipitation days = 26.6
|Jun precipitation days = 25.2
|Jul precipitation days = 21.2
|Aug precipitation days = 14.0
|Sep precipitation days = 6.4
|Oct precipitation days = 6.4
|Nov precipitation days = 12.4
|Dec precipitation days = 21.5
|year precipitation days = 219.6
|Jan humidity = 82
|Feb humidity = 80
|Mar humidity = 82
|Apr humidity = 84
|May humidity = 85
|Jun humidity = 82
|Jul humidity = 78
|Aug humidity = 74
|Sep humidity = 71
|Oct humidity = 71
|Nov humidity = 76
|Dec humidity = 81
|Jan sun = 102.4
|Feb sun = 90.2
|Mar sun = 117.3
|Apr sun = 121.1
|May sun = 121.4
|Jun sun = 153.2
|Jul sun = 200.1
|Aug sun = 231.3
|Sep sun = 250.8
|Oct sun = 256.6
|Nov sun = 208.1
|Dec sun = 150.3
|year sun = 2002.8
|source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=31 December 2021|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf
| title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 28 August 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Cayenne <small>(Suzuni, altitude 4m, 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1972−present)</small>
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|Jan record high C = 31.4
|Feb record high C = 31.9
|Mar record high C = 32.2
|Apr record high C = 34.0
|May record high C = 33.4
|Jun record high C = 33.5
|Jul record high C = 34.4
|Aug record high C = 33.3
|Sep record high C = 34.4
|Oct record high C = 33.7
|Nov record high C = 33.6
|Dec record high C = 33.3
|Jan record low C = 20.3
|Feb record low C = 20.5
|Mar record low C = 21.4
|Apr record low C = 21.2
|May record low C = 21.2
|Jun record low C = 20.5
|Jul record low C = 20.4
|Aug record low C = 20.3
|Sep record low C = 20.3
|Oct record low C = 20.8
|Nov record low C = 20.5
|Dec record low C = 20.1
|Jan high C = 28.7
|Feb high C = 28.7
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.3
|May high C = 29.2
|Jun high C = 29.4
|Jul high C = 30.0
|Aug high C = 30.4
|Sep high C = 30.7
|Oct high C = 30.9
|Nov high C = 30.4
|Dec high C = 29.5
|year high C = 29.7
|Jan mean C = 26.5
|Feb mean C = 26.5
|Mar mean C = 26.8
|Apr mean C = 27.1
|May mean C = 26.8
|Jun mean C = 26.5
|Jul mean C = 26.6
|Aug mean C = 27.0
|Sep mean C = 27.4
|Oct mean C = 27.7
|Nov mean C = 27.5
|Dec mean C = 27.0
|year mean C = 27.0
|Jan low C = 24.2
|Feb low C = 24.4
|Mar low C = 24.7
|Apr low C = 24.8
|May low C = 24.3
|Jun low C = 23.6
|Jul low C = 23.3
|Aug low C = 23.7
|Sep low C = 24.1
|Oct low C = 24.5
|Nov low C = 24.6
|Dec low C = 24.5
|year low C = 24.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 370.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 248.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 259.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 355.3
|May precipitation mm = 517.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 373.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 155.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 39.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 51.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 104.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 259.6
|year precipitation mm = 2815.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 20.5
|Feb precipitation days = 16.2
|Mar precipitation days = 16.6
|Apr precipitation days = 19.0
|May precipitation days = 24.3
|Jun precipitation days = 23.4
|Jul precipitation days = 15.5
|Aug precipitation days = 8.8
|Sep precipitation days = 5.0
|Oct precipitation days = 6.3
|Nov precipitation days = 10.8
|Dec precipitation days = 18.9
|year precipitation days = 185.1
|source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97302005.pdf
| title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records
| language = fr
| publisher = [[Météo-France]]
| access-date = August 28, 2022}}</ref>}}

== Heritage ==
=== Saint-Sauveur Cathedral ===
{{Main|Cathédrale Saint-Sauveur de Cayenne}}
[[File: P1010303 Saint-Sauveur Cayenne.jpg|thumb|[[Cathédrale Saint-Sauveur de Cayenne]] after its renovation in 2005.|alt=]]
In 1823 Father Nicolas Guiller and Baron {{ILL|Pierre Bernard Milius|fr}}, administrator of [[French Guiana]], decided to replace the old church of Saint Nicolas on the current {{ILL|Place Léopold-Héder|fr}}. Work began in 1825 and ended in 1833. The church was inaugurated in 1861 and is  registered as a French [[monument historique]].<ref>[http://www.cg973.fr/Cathedrale-Saint-Sauveur Cathédrale Saint-Sauveur de Cayenne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101191305/http://www.cg973.fr/Cathedrale-Saint-Sauveur |date=1 November 2013 }}.</ref>

The high altar, the pulpit, and the confessional of the penitentiary  chapel on the [[Îlet la Mère]] were  transferred to the cathedral in 1876.

In 1933, the church was declared a cathedral. It was consecrated in November 1934 by monseigneur {{ILL|Pierre Gourtay|fr}}, the first bishop of Guyana. In 1952, construction workers discovered a lead case containing 21 coins, the oldest of which dated to the [[Napoleon]]ic period, and 20 seals from the reign of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]].

Between 1952 and 1954, the ceiling, the windows, and the floors of the tribunal were replaced. The bell tower was renovated in 2000–01.<ref name="pop">{{Base Mérimée|IA97300281|Cathédrale Saint-Sauveur}}</ref>

===Fort Cépérou===
Fort Cépérou, originally known as Fort Saint-Michel, is a 17th-century fortification on Mount Cépérou, named for [[Cépérou|the Amerindian chief]] who in 1643 sold the rock on which it stands to the Frenchman [[Charles Poncet de Brétigny]], governor of Cayenne in 1644–1645.<ref>{{cite web
|title= Fort Cépérou| url=https://www.petitfute.com/v36609-cayenne-97300/c1173-visites-points-d-interet/c937-monuments/350197-fort-ceperou.html| work=[[Petit Futé|Le Petit Futé]]|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Ancien beffroi Ceperou Cayenne.jpg|View of Cayenne from Fort Cépérou with belfry in foreground, May 2015.
File:Fort Cépérou 02.JPG|View of the renovated pagoda
File:Fort Cépérou 06.JPG|Fort Cépérou
</gallery>

=== Historic houses  ===
[[File:Maison Thémire.jpg|thumb|upright|Maison Thémire, historic and iconic building of the capital. Today it is a bar-restaurant-hotel.]]

In recent years the city has renovated a number of historic Creole houses in the city center.

<gallery>
File:Batise refaite1.JPG|Restored creole house on the place du Coq.
File:Maisonverte.JPG
File:P1011943.JPG|Creole house restored as restaurant.
File:P1011952b.JPG|Restored créole home.
File:P1011962b.JPG|Creole building
File:P1011974w.JPG|Creole home, restored.
File:P1012034w.JPG|Restored creole home not far from Cépérou.
File:P1012068b.JPG|Creole house restored as a business
File:Maisoncreole.JPG| Creole house renovated into jewelry store.
File:Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles, French Guiana.jpg|Direction régionale des Affaires culturelles (HQ of Regional Administration for Cultural Affairs)
File:Skylinecayenne.JPG|Downtown seen from the roof-tops.
File:DSC 0567 Club saint Hubert ville de Cayenne, Guyane française.jpg|Club Saint-Hubert in Cayenne.
</gallery>

=== Place des Palmistes ===
[[File:Cayenne Place des palmistes.jpg|thumb|Palmists Plaza]]

Initially it was a plaza to aerate the city after the demolition of the city walls in 1810. It was named Place de la Savane ("Savanna Square") after the grasses that grew there. Later some [[Roystonea oleracea|royal palms]] from the area of [[Guisanbourg]] were planted there, and the plaza was renamed Place des Palmistes ("Royal Palms' Square"). In 1880, a bronze column was erected bearing the bust of the [[Marianne]], commemorating the seizure of the [[Bastille]]. Governor [[Gaston Gerville-Reache]] transformed the plaza into an English garden, with artificial hills, masses of flowers and ornamental plants. Because it regularly flooded in the rain, Governor Marc Chanel in 1925 bordered it with a network of cemented canals, still there to this day. A statue of [[Félix Éboué]], an illustrious Guianan, stands at the Merlet fountain.<ref>{{Base Mérimée|IA97300282|Place de l'Esplanade dite Place des Palmistes}}</ref> Today it is a lively place where the residents meet. In the evening, food carts sell French fries, sandwiches, local juices and other street food, and [[Mie goreng|bami and lassi]] (Javanese delicacies brought in by way of [[Suriname]]).

=== Botanical garden ===
{{Main|Jardin botanique de Cayenne}}
[[File:Jardinbotanique.JPG |thumb |left|Botanical garden of Cayenne, with a statue of [[Gaston Monnerville]] statue at its center.]]

In 1786, [[Louis XVI]] had a garden that served as a storehouse and nursery for various plants and trees from various locations. [[Louis Claude Richard]], director of the garden, brought from India nutmeg trees, rattan, cardamom and [[black pepper]] vines. At this period, it was called King's Garden. In 1821 a house was built for the botanist.<ref>{{Base Mérimée|IA97300290|Ancien jardin du roi devenu jardin botanique}}</ref> In 1879, the park changed its name and became the Botanical Garden, a floral park in the city center. It covers an area of three hectares. A statue of [[Gaston Monnerville]] stands in the garden's center.<ref>[http://www.cg973.fr/Le-jardin-botanique Article sur le Jardin Botanique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119194633/http://www.cg973.fr/Le-jardin-botanique |date=19 November 2008 }} sur le site internet du Conseil Général.</ref>

=== Market and Place du Coq ===
{{Unreferencedsect|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Marchecayenne.JPG|thumb|left|Right aisle of the Cayenne market.]]
[[File:Placeducoq.JPG|thumb|La place du Coq.]]
These two adjoining buildings are located near the old port of Cayenne. As early as 1703, a Place du Port appears on a map of the city of Cayenne. It then became Place du Marché in 1842. In 1888, a covered market and a public garden were built there. In 1907 the municipal council led by mayor Eugène Gobert decided to remove the garden and build a new covered market, the one we know today. In 1920 the [[war memorial]] of the [[First World War]] was inaugurated on the site of the old market, surmounted by a rooster, which gave the place its current name.

[[File:CATHEDRALE SAINT-SAUVEUR DE CAYENNE EN GUYANE.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cayenne Cathedral]] is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cayenne]].]]

=== Village Chinois ===
The ''village chionois'' ([[Chinatown|Chinese Village]]) in Cayenne is located on the edge of the city's center along the Cayenne River.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2011 |title=Santé et logement : comment accompagner la Martinique et la Guyane ? |url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/r10-764/r10-76417.html |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Sénat}}</ref> Colloquially known as ''la'' ''Crique'' or ''[[Chicago|Chikago]]'', the neighborhood is reportedly a top destination for internal migration from elsewhere in French Guiana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parlan |first=Valeire |date=October 30, 2018 |title=Au village Chinois, une asso se bat pour offrir une vie meilleure aux jeunes Guyanais |url=https://www.streetpress.com/sujet/1540898319-village-chinois-cayenne-guyane |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=StreetPress |language=fr}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Carnival of Cayenne ===
{{Main|Carnival of Cayenne}}

The [[carnival]] is one of the major events of the capital. It takes place between [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] in early January and [[Ash Wednesday]] in February or March.

==== Description and origin ====
[[File:Carnavalcayenne1.jpg|thumb|Carnival parade in the streets of Cayenne in 2006.|alt=Carnival parade in the streets of Cayenne in 2006.]]
[[File:Défilé2007.jpg|thumb|left|Carnival parade in Cayenne in 2007]]

This festival is part of the [[Guianan Creole]] culture. It was originally a carnival as practiced in Europe. In early [[colonization|colonial times]], the settlers held the carnival, but it was forbidden to slaves. Braving the ban, slaves Held clandestine festivals to regain some freedom, celebrate Africans, fertility and harvest, and make fun of the settlers.

The fat days close the carnival:<ref name="Guyane Guide">{{cite web|title=Le Carnaval – Une institution en Guyane|trans-title=Carnival: An Institution in Guiana | url=http://www.guyane-guide.com/dossiers/carnaval.htm|work=guyane-guide.com|date=2005-08-17|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref> 
*Fat Sunday: day of the grand parade, the biggest carnival parade, where groups compete for prizes for their performance.
*Fat Monday: burlesque marriages; men dress up as brides and women as grooms.
*Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday): carnival goers parade as Diab rouj (red devils), everyone dressed in red and black.
*Ash Wednesday: she-devils dressed all in black and white bury Vaval, the king of the carnival.

==== Carnival of the streets ====
Groups disguised according to the theme of the year march to the rhythm of drums and brass in a parade around decorated floats. These groups prepare for months for to parade in front of thousands of spectators massed on the sidewalks and the stands erected for the occasion.

The  best-known groups are:
* Kassialata
* Reno Band
* OsBand
* les Belles de la Madeleine

Brazilian bands just like to those at the [[Rio Carnival]] are also appreciated for their alluring rhythms and costumes, and Asian community of Cayenne brings dragons to the parade as well.

==== Masked balls ====
{{Main|Touloulou}}
[[File:Touloulous.jpg|thumb|[[Touloulou]]s in the Cayenne streets in 2007.]]

Nightclubs, called "universities" in this context, organize masked balls in which men come to dance with [[Touloulou]]s at soirées held on Friday and Saturday nights. This tradition is peculiar to French Guiana, and does not exist anywhere else.

The carnival dances are the [[polka]], [[mazurka]], [[biguine]] and {{lang|gcr|piké djouk}}. The Touloulou invite the men to dance, and the men cannot refuse. Only Touloulous have the right to dance, and if a undisguised woman tries to dance, the orchestra stops playing.<ref name="Guyane Guide"/>

Since the 1990s, tololo parties have been held where men disguise themselves and play the role of the Touloulous, inviting undisguised women to dance. These evenings are more and more popular and take place several times during the carnival.

'''The family carnival'''

Families gather every week to eat [[king cake]], a European tradition   observed throughout the carnival. The cake can be frangipane, cream, coconut or [[guava]].

After the abolition of slavery in 1848, the economy of French Guiana was devastated, and much of the population lived by working the land in “habitations”. People farmed and knew the value of working together. The tradition of the king cake was born in the Guiana of this period, or more precisely, “rend le bouquet”. One couple organized the meal and celebration, and at its end designated the couple who would organize the following gathering by handing them the bouquet.

==Main sights==
[[File: Cayenne, Gouvernance.jpg|thumb|[[French Guiana Prefecture Building|Prefecture building]].]]
[[File: Cayenne Fort Cépérou 2013.jpg|thumb|Remains of the [[Fort Cépérou]].]]
Cayenne centres on its main commercial street, the Avenue Général de Gaulle. At the east end of the avenue near the coast is the Place des Palmistes and the Place de Grenoble (also known as the Place Léopold Héder). Most of the official buildings are located in this area: the [[Hôtel de Ville, Cayenne|Hôtel de Ville]] (town hall), the Post Office, the [[French Guiana Prefecture Building|Préfecture]], residence of French Guiana's Préfect, and the Musée Départmental Franconie. To the west of this area lies [[Fort Cépérou]], built in the 17th century, though now mostly in ruins. To the south lie the Place du Coq and Place Victor Schoelcher (named in honour of the anti-slavery activist) and a market. The Hôtel de Ville was completed in 1924.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jogvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27   |title=Kalichat Ti nègre, village chinois|first=Toussaint|last= Lentin|year=2017|publisher=Société des écrivains|isbn=978-2342154764|page=27}}</ref>

To the south of this compact region is the ''Village Chinois'' (known as Chicago), separated from the rest of Cayenne by the Canal Laussat. It has a reputation for being a dangerous area.

Other buildings in the city include [[Cayenne Cathedral]], municipal library, the municipal museum and a museum of French Guianese Culture (Musée des Cultures Guyanaise) and a scientific research institute (IRD or Institut de recherche pour le développement, formerly Orstom). The [[Jardin botanique de Cayenne]] is the city's [[botanical garden]].

==Transport==
Cayenne is served by the [[Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport]], which is located in the neighbouring [[communes of France|commune]] of [[Matoury]].

French Guiana's main seaport is the port of [[Dégrad des Cannes]], located on the [[estuary]] of the [[Mahury River]], in the commune of [[Remire-Montjoly]], a south-eastern suburb of Cayenne. Almost all of French Guiana's imports and exports pass through the port of Dégrad des Cannes. Built in 1974, it replaced the old harbour of Cayenne which was congested and could not cope with modern traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jeunemarine.fr/2020/04/nouvelle-generation-sur-la-guyane/|title=Nouvelle génération sur la Guyane|website=Jeune Marine|access-date=3 January 2022|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marfret.fr/en/ports/degrad-des-cannes-en/ |title=Degrad des Cannes|website=Marfret|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref>

Cayenne is connected to [[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] via the [[Route nationale 1 (French Guiana)|Route nationale 1]], and to [[Saint-Georges, French Guiana|Saint-Georges]] via the [[Route nationale 2 (French Guiana)|Route nationale 2]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guyane.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Bilan_2010_DEF_Low_WEB.pdf |title=La sécurité routière en Guyane|year=2010|publisher=Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable, des Transports et du Logement |language=fr |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Cayenne is home to the [[University of French Guiana]], formerly a campus of the [[University of the French West Indies and Guiana|University of the French West Indies]] until a strike concerning university funding led to the creation of a separate institution in 2014.<ref>nouvelobs.com/education/20140121.AFP8128/decret-sur-le-statut-experimental-de-l-universite-de-guyane-fin-janvier-fioraso.html</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:PlaceSchoelcher1.JPG|thumb|Victor-Schoelcher square]]
In [[The Hardy Boys]] #12: ''[[Footprints Under the Window]]'', the Hardys' investigations take them to Cayenne.

The 1955 film ''[[We're No Angels (1955 film)|We're No Angels]]'' involves three prisoners who escaped from [[Devil's Island]] and settled incognito into a family store in Cayenne.<ref>https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0048801/ Imdb {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date= March 2022}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Élie Castor]], politician and author
* [[Léon Damas]], poet and politician
* [[Félix Éboué]], governor of [[Guadeloupe]] and colonial administrator of [[French Equatorial Africa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Félix Eboué |url=https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/felix-eboue |access-date=March 25, 2025 |website=Chemins de Mémoire |publisher=[[Ministry of Armed Forces (France)|Ministère des Armées]]}}</ref>
* [[Eddy Gaumont]], jazz musician
* [[Antoine Karam (French Guianan politician)|Antoine Karam]], politician
* [[Gaston Monnerville]], politician
* [[Suzanne Amomba Paillé]], planter and philanthropist
* [[Henri Salvador]], comedian and singer
* [[Gabriel Serville]], politician
* [[Christiane Taubira]], politician
* [[Sylviane Vayaboury]], author
* [[Mike Maignan]], footballer
* [[Jean-Clair Todibo]], footballer 

==See also==
* [[Cayenne (Dutch colony)]]
* [[Cayenne pepper]]
* [[Communes of French Guiana]]
* [[Îlet la Mère]], island belonging to Cayenne
* [[List of colonial and departmental heads of French Guiana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cayenne}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Cayenne}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cayenne |volume=5 |short=x}}
* [http://www.guyane.pref.gouv.fr/ Préfecture de Guyane] Official website

{{Communes of French Guiana}}
{{Préfectures of départements of France}}
{{Prefectures of regions of France}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cayenne| ]]
[[Category:Capitals in South America]]
[[Category:Communes of French Guiana]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1664]]
[[Category:Port cities in South America]]
[[Category:Prefectures in France]]
[[Category:1664 establishments in the French colonial empire]]