Editing Ceasefire

{{Short description|Temporary agreement to stop a war}}
{{Redirect|Truce}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:Tilden or blood.jpg|thumb|250px|''A truce—not a compromise, but a chance for high-toned gentlemen to retire gracefully from their very civil declarations of war''<br />By [[Thomas Nast]] in ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'', February 17, 1877, p. 132.]]

A '''ceasefire''' (also known as a '''truce'''),'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Govinda |last2=Nygård |first2=Håvard Mokleiv |last3=Rustad |first3=Siri Aas |last4=Strand |first4=Håvard |date=2023 |title=Ceasefires in Civil Conflict: A Research Agenda |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |language=en |volume=67 |issue=7–8 |pages=1279–1295 |doi=10.1177/00220027221128300 |issn=0022-0027 |s2cid=252793375 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/576568}}</ref>''' also spelled '''cease-fire''' (the [[antonym]] of 'open fire'),<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Forster |first=Robert A. |title=Ceasefires |date=2019 |pages=1–8 |editor-last=Romaniuk |editor-first=Scott |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_8-2 |isbn=978-3-319-74336-3 |s2cid=239326729 |editor2-last=Thapa |editor2-first=Manish |editor3-last=Marton |editor3-first=Péter |encyclopedia=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies}}</ref> is a stoppage of a [[war]] in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by a third party.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Fortna|first=Virginia Page|title=Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-691-18795-2|location=|pages=|oclc=1044838807}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ceasefire |url=https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e263?prd=EPIL |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=[[Oxford Public International Law]] |language=en |doi=10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690| doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}</ref> Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors.'''<ref name=":2" />'''

Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal [[treaty]] but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.<ref name=":0" /> They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a [[peace process]] or be imposed by [[United Nations Security Council]] resolutions via Chapter VII of the [[Charter of the United Nations|United Nations Charter]].<ref name=":0" /> A ceasefire can be temporary with an intended end date or may be intended to last indefinitely. A ceasefire is distinct from an [[armistice]] in that the armistice is a formal end to a war whereas a ceasefire may be a temporary stoppage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Ceasefires are fragile: Can Israel and Hamas find peace? |url=https://goodauthority.org/news/good-to-know-what-is-a-ceasefire-israel-hamas/ |website=Good Authority |language=en-US}}</ref>

The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute.<ref name=":2" /> An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict but instead give the actor an upper hand in the conflict (for example, by re-arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates [[Bargaining model of war|bargaining problems]] that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sosnowski |first=Marika |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/redefining-ceasefires/AEDBE40203BCD110435E69E19D931BF3 |title=Redefining Ceasefires: Wartime Order and Statebuilding in Syria |date=2023 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-34722-8 |doi=10.1017/9781009347204}}</ref>

The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees and monitoring (e.g. [[peacekeeping]]). Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about the adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict.<ref name=":3" />

==Overview==
Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower [[audience cost]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Govinda |last2=Nygård |first2=Håvard Mokleiv |last3=Rustad |first3=Siri A. |last4=Strand |first4=Håvard |date=2022 |title=Costs and Cover: Explaining the Onset of Ceasefires in Civil Conflict |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=67 |issue=7–8 |pages=1296–1324 |language=en |doi=10.1177/00220027221129195 |s2cid=252739885 |issn=0022-0027|doi-access=free |hdl=10852/99393 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and when the domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2022-09-29 |title=How the War in Ukraine Might End |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/annals-of-inquiry/how-the-war-in-ukraine-might-end |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref>

By one estimate, there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989–2020.<ref name=":2" />

==Historical examples==
Historically, the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages, when it was known as a [[Peace and Truce of God|'truce of God']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Sydney D. |date=1977 |title=Cease-Fires, Truces, and Armistices in the Practice of the UN Security Council |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=461–473 |doi=10.2307/2200012 |issn=0002-9300 |jstor=2200012 |s2cid=147435735}}</ref>

===World War I===
{{Main|Christmas truce}}
During [[World War I]], on December 24, 1914, there was an [[Christmas truce|unofficial ceasefire]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] as [[French Third Republic|France]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], and [[German Empire|Germany]] observed [[Christmas]]. There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to Christmas, and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Long Shadow of Emile Cailliet: Faith, Philosophy, and Theological Education|last1=Evans|first1=Abigail|last2=Bartollas|first2=Clemens|last3=Graham|first3=Gordon|last4=Henke|first4=Kenneth|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|year=2011|isbn=9781610971126|location=Eugene, OR}}</ref> The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous. Beginning when German soldiers lit [[Christmas tree]]s, it quickly spread up and down the Western Front.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brockell |first=Gillian |date=24 December 2017 |title=The Christmas Truce miracle: Soldiers put down their guns to sing carols and drink wine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/12/24/the-christmas-truce-miracle-soldiers-put-down-their-guns-to-sing-carols-and-drink-wine/ |access-date=2018-08-27 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> One account described the development in the following words:

<blockquote>It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front, the sharing and fraternity. All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Heritage of the Great War in Britain|last=Wilson|first=Ross|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781409445739|location=Oxon|pages=74}}</ref></blockquote>

There was no peace treaty signed during the [[Christmas truce]], and the war resumed after a few days.
[[File:The Liberation of Bergen-belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 BU4068.jpg|thumb|right|British and German officers after arranging the German handover of the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] and the surrounding area, negotiated during a temporary truce, April 1945]]

===Karachi Agreement===
{{Main|Karachi Agreement}}
The '''Karachi Agreement''' of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan, supervised by the [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan]], establishing a cease-fire line in [[Kashmir]] following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wirsing |first1=Robert |title=War Or Peace on the Line of Control?: The India-Pakistan Dispute Over Kashmir Turns Fifty |date=1998 |publisher=IBRU |isbn=978-1-897643-31-0 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqsA-YVuV2UC |language=en}}</ref>

===Korean War===
On November 29, 1952, the US [[president-elect of the United States|president-elect]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], went to Korea to see how to end the [[Korean War]]. With the [[UN]]'s acceptance of [[India]]'s proposed armistice, the ceasefire between the [[UN Command]] on the one side and the [[Korean People's Army]] (KPA) and the [[People's Volunteer Army]] (PVA) on the other took hold at approximately the [[38th parallel north]]. These parties signed the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]] on July 27, 1953<ref>{{cite web|title=Document for July 27th: Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State|url=https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=727|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019201719/http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=727|archive-date=19 October 2012|access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="findlaw-19530727">{{cite web|date=27 July 1953|title=Korean War Armistice Agreement|url=http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164517/http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html|archive-date=5 March 2014|access-date=5 March 2014|work=[[FindLaw]]|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|location=[[Canada]] and United States}}</ref> but South Korean President [[Syngman Rhee]], who attacked the ceasefire proceedings, did not.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kollontai|first1=Ms Pauline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhAEmcLqrA8C&pg=PA111|title=Peace and Reconciliation: In Search of Shared Identity|last2=Kim|first2=Professor Sebastian C. H.|last3=Hoyland|first3=Revd Greg|date=2013-05-28|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-7798-3|pages=111|language=en}}</ref> Upon agreeing to the ceasefire which called upon the governments of South Korea, the [[United States]], North Korea and [[China]]  to participate in continued peace talks, the principal [[belligerents]] of the war established the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]] (DMZ) and it has since been patrolled by the joint [[Republic of Korea Army]], US, and UN Command on the one side and the KPA on the other. The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still is no peace treaty.

===Vietnam War===
On New Years Day, 1968, [[Pope Paul VI]] convinced [[South Vietnam]] and the United States to declare a 24-hour-truce. However, the [[Viet Cong]] and [[North Vietnam]] did not adhere to the truce, and ambushed the 2nd Battalion, [[Republic of Vietnam Marine Division]], 10 minutes after midnight in [[Mỹ Tho]]. The Viet Cong would also attack a [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] fire support base near [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]], causing more casualties.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kurlansky, Mark.|title=1968 : the year that rocked the world|date=2004|publisher=Ballantine|isbn=0-345-45581-9|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=3, 13|oclc=53929433}}</ref>

On January 15, 1973, US President [[Richard Nixon]] ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in [[North Vietnam]]. The decision came after [[Henry Kissinger]], the [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] to the President, returned to [[Washington, D.C.]], from [[Paris, France]], with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in [[South Vietnam]]. By January 27, 1973, all parties of the [[Vietnam War]] signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the [[Paris Peace Accord]].

===Gulf War===
After [[Iraq]] was driven out of [[Kuwait]] by US-led coalition forces during [[Operation Desert Storm]], Iraq and the [[UN Security Council]] signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3, 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC News {{!}} Saddam's Iraq: Key events|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_iraq_timeline/html/ceasefire.stm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217140210/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_iraq_timeline/html/ceasefire.stm|archive-date=2003-12-17|access-date=2020-08-01|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Subsequently, throughout the 1990s, the [[United Nations Security Council|U.N. Security Council]] passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its [[weapons of mass destruction]] unconditionally and immediately. Because no peace treaty was signed after the [[Gulf War]], the war still remained in effect, including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President [[George H. W. Bush]] by Iraqi agents while on a visit to Kuwait;{{CN|date=January 2023}} [[Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (June 1993)|Iraq being bombed in June 1993]] as a response, Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the [[Iraqi no-fly zones]], US President [[Bill Clinton]]'s bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during [[Operation Desert Fox]], and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by the US during [[Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (1996)|Operation Desert Strike]]. The war remained in effect until 2003, when US and UK forces [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded Iraq]] and toppled [[Saddam Hussein]]'s regime from power.

===Kashmir conflict===
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute}}
A UN-mediated ceasefire was agreed between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], on 1 January 1949, ending the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] (also called the 1947 Kashmir War). Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] in October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of the princely ruler of Kashmir, who had joined India, and Pakistan supporting the rebels. The fighting was limited to Kashmir, but, apprehensive that it might develop into a full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations "likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace". The Security Council set up the dedicated [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan]], which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued. After several UN resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a [[plebiscite]], a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948, which came into effect in the New Year. The Security Council set up the [[United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan]] (UNMOGIP) to monitor the ceasefire line.<ref>{{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=978-1860648984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC|pages=68–69}}</ref> India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Northern Ireland===
The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Irish Republican Army]] held several Christmas ceasefires (usually referred to as truces) during the Northern Ireland conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/21/archives/ira-provisionals-announce-a-christmas-truce.html|title = I.R.A. Provisionals Announce a Christmas Truce|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 21 December 1974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-24-mn-5192-story.html|title=IRA Declares Usual Christmas Truce|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=24 December 1993}}</ref>

===Israeli–Palestinian conflict===
{{Main|2023 Gaza war ceasefire}}
[[File:117a.CeaseFireVigil.WH.WDC.24December2023 (53451851200).jpg|thumb|Christmas Eve Ceasefire Vigil at the [[White House]] in Washington, D.C. on 24 December 2023]]
An example of a ceasefire in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] was announced between [[Israel]] and the [[Palestinian National Authority]] on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[negotiation|negotiator]] [[Saeb Erekat]] publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister [[Ariel Sharon]] will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere."<ref>{{cite news
  | last =Wedeman
  | first =Ben |author2=Raz, Guy |author3=Koppel, Andrea
  | title =Mideast cease-fire expected Tuesday
  | publisher =CNN
  |date=2005-02-07
  | url =http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/02/07/mideast/
  | access-date =2007-01-03
  | url-status =dead
  | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20050208043014/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/02/07/mideast/
  | archive-date =2005-02-08}}</ref> On November 21, 2023, Qatar announced that they had negotiated a truce between Israel and Hamas would pause [[Gaza war]], allow for the release of some hostages and bring more aid to Palestinian civilians. As part of the deal, 50 hostages held by Hamas were released while Israel released 150 Palestinian prisoners.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Federman |last2=Jeffrey |first1=Josef |first2=Jack |title=Qatar announces Israel-Hamas truce-for-hostages deal that would pause Gaza fighting, bring more aid |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-21-2023-39f5ae0bdb4e32f0e69115aa43446132 |website=AP News |date=21 November 2023 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref>

===Syrian Civil War===
{{main|Syrian peace process}}
Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lundgren|first=Magnus|year=2016|title=Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016|journal=Contemporary Security Policy|volume=37|issue=2|pages=273–288|doi=10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377|s2cid=156447200|url=https://zenodo.org/record/895893}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karakus |first1=Dogukan Cansin |last2=Svensson |first2=Isak |date=2020-05-18 |title=Between the Bombs: Exploring Partial Ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War, 2011–2017 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=681–700 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2017.1393416 |s2cid=149165856 |issn=0954-6553|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lundgren |first1=Magnus |last2=Svensson |first2=Isak |last3=Karakus |first3=Dogukan Cansin |date=2020-05-18 |title=Local Ceasefires and De-escalation: Evidence From the Syrian Civil War |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=67 |issue=7–8 |pages=1350–1375 |doi=10.1177/00220027221148655|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Russo-Ukrainian War===
{{main|Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Xi Jinping Hosts Brazil's Lula in Controversial Diplomatic Push for Ukraine Cease-Fire |url=https://time.com/6270852/xi-host-lula-ukraine-ceasefire/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=12 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Quietly Signals He Is Open to a Cease-Fire in Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/23/world/europe/putin-russia-ukraine-war-cease-fire.html |work=The New York Times |date=23 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Putin's suggestion of Ukraine ceasefire rejected by United States, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putins-suggestion-ukraine-ceasefire-rejected-by-united-states-sources-say-2024-02-13/ |work=Reuters |date=13 February 2024}}</ref>

In May 2023, [[Donald Trump]] told the UK's GB news that as US president he would end the war within 24 hours, given that he had good relationships with the leaders of Ukraine and Russia. He added that it would be easy to conclude a ceasefire agreement to end the war.
<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/uk-news/2023/05/03/i-could-end-ukraine-war-in-24-hours-donald-trump-tells-uk-tv/
|title='I could end Ukraine war in 24 hours', Donald Trump tells UK TV
|date=4 May 2023 
|author=Soraya Ebrahimi
|publisher=The Nationals
}}</ref>

=== 2020 global ceasefire ===
{{Main|Global ceasefire}}
The 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres|António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres]] on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of the United Nations' response to the COVID-19 [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]]. On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal, rising to 172 on 25 June 2020, and on 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=S/RES/2532(2020) - E - S/RES/2532(2020)|url=https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2532(2020)|access-date=2020-08-01|website=undocs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1067552|access-date=2020-08-01|website=UN News|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024 Israel–Hezbollah ceasefire ===
{{Main|Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)}}

The 2024 Israel–Hezbollah ceasefire was announced by United States President [[Joe Biden]] on November 26, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-hezbollah-lebanon-ceasefire-biden-gaza-hamas-rcna181859|access-date=2024-11-26|website=NBCAdde News|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement]]
* [[Armistice]]
* [[De-escalation]]
* [[Demilitarized zone]]
* [[Olympic Truce]]
* [[Korean War#Armistice (July 1953–November 1954)|Korean Armistice Agreement]]
* [[Peacebuilding]]
* [[Peacemaking]]
* [[Peace process]]
* [[Peace treaty]]
* [[Surrender (military)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Clayton Govinda, Nygård Håvard Mokleiv, Strand Håvard, Rustad Siri Aas, Wiehler Claudia, Sagård Tora, Landsverk Peder, Ryland Reidun, Sticher Valerie, Wink Emma, Bara Corrine. 2022. “Introducing the Civil Conflict Ceasefire Dataset.” ''Journal of Conflict Resolution''.
* Akebo, Malin. (2016). ''Ceasefire Agreements and Peace Processes: A Comparative Study''. Routledge.
* Colletta, Nat. (2011). "Mediating ceasefires and cessations of hostilities agreements in the framework of peace processes." In ''Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory''. Praeger, 135–147.
* Forster, Robert A. (2019). [https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-74336-3_8-2 Ceasefires]. In ''The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies''. Palgrave.
* Fortna, Virginia Page. (2004). ''Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace''. Princeton University Press.
*Williams, R., Gustafson, D., Gent, S., & Crescenzi, M. (2021). "[https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2019.23 A latent variable approach to measuring and explaining peace agreement strength.]" ''Political Science Research and Methods,'' ''9''(1), 89–105.

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|ceasefire|truce}}
*[https://pax.peaceagreements.org/static/covid19ceasefires/ University of Edinburgh Ceasefires Tracker]
*[https://peaceagreements.org/searchadv?SearchForm%5Bname%5D=&SearchForm%5Bdate_after%5D=&SearchForm%5Bdate_before%5D=&SearchForm%5Bcategory_mode%5D=any&SearchForm%5Bagreement_text%5D=&SearchForm%5Bagreement_stage_sub%5D%5B%5D=Ceasefire%2Frelated&s=Search+D Search for ceasefire agreements on the Peace Agreement Access Tool (PA-X), 1990-2015.]
*[http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search Search for ceasefire agreements in the UN Peacemaker Database]
*[https://peaceagreements.org/wsearch Search for women and ceasefire agreements in PA-X Women Database]

[[Category:Military diplomacy]]
[[Category:Ceasefires| ]]
[[Category:Military strategy]]
[[Category:Peace mechanisms]]