Editing Cell proliferation

{{Short description|Biological process of growth and division}}
[[File:Cell proliferation.jpg|thumb|Cell division, growth, and proliferation]]

'''Cell proliferation''' is the process by which ''a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells''.<ref name="ConlonRaff1999">{{cite journal|last1=Conlon|first1=Ian|last2=Raff|first2=Martin|title=Size Control in Animal Development|journal=Cell|volume=96|issue=2|year=1999|pages=235–244|issn=0092-8674|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80563-2|pmid=9988218|s2cid=15738174|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="GrewalEdgar2003">{{cite journal|last1=Grewal|first1=Savraj S|last2=Edgar|first2=Bruce A|journal=Journal of Biology|title=Controlling cell division in yeast and animals: does size matter?|volume=2|issue=1|year=2003|pages=5|issn=1475-4924|doi=10.1186/1475-4924-2-5|pmid=12733996|pmc=156596|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Neufeldde la Cruz1998">{{cite journal|last1=Neufeld|first1=Thomas P|last2=de la Cruz|first2=Aida Flor A|last3=Johnston|first3=Laura A|last4=Edgar|first4=Bruce A|title=Coordination of Growth and Cell Division in the Drosophila Wing|journal=Cell|volume=93|issue=7|year=1998|pages=1183–1193|issn=0092-8674|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81462-2|pmid=9657151|s2cid=14608744|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Barry J.|author-link=Barry James Thompson|year=2010|title=Developmental control of cell growth and division in Drosophila|journal=Current Opinion in Cell Biology|volume=22|issue=6|pages=788–794|doi=10.1016/j.ceb.2010.08.018|pmid=20833011}}</ref>  Cell proliferation leads to an [[exponential growth|exponential]] increase in cell number and is therefore a rapid mechanism of [[tissue growth]].  Cell proliferation requires both [[cell growth]] and [[cell division]] to occur at the same time, such that the average size of cells remains constant in the population. Cell division can occur without cell growth, producing many progressively smaller cells (as in [[Cleavage (embryo)|cleavage of the zygote]]), while cell growth can occur without cell division to produce a single larger cell (as in growth of [[neurons]]).  Thus, cell proliferation is not synonymous with either cell growth or cell division, despite these terms sometimes being used interchangeably.<ref name="Saucedo2002">{{cite journal|last1=Saucedo|first1=L|title=Why size matters: altering cell size|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development|volume=12|issue=5|year=2002|pages=565–571|issn=0959-437X|doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(02)00341-6|pmid=12200162}}</ref>

[[Stem cells]] undergo cell proliferation to produce proliferating "transit amplifying" daughter cells that later [[cell differentiation|differentiate]] to construct [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]] during normal [[developmental biology|development]] and tissue growth, during [[tissue regeneration]] after [[wound healing|damage]], or in [[cancer]].

The total number of cells in a population is determined by the rate of cell proliferation minus the rate of [[cell death]].

Cell size depends on both cell growth and cell division, with a disproportionate increase in the rate of cell growth leading to production of larger cells and a disproportionate increase in the rate of cell division leading to production of many smaller cells. Cell proliferation typically involves balanced cell growth and cell division rates that maintain a roughly constant cell size in the exponentially proliferating population of cells. Cell proliferation occurs by combining cell growth with regular "G1-[[S-phase|S]]-G2-[[M-phase|M]]" [[cell cycle]]s to produce many [[diploid]] cell progeny.

In single-celled organisms, cell proliferation is largely responsive to the availability of [[nutrients]] in the environment (or laboratory [[growth medium]]).

In [[multicellular]] organisms, the process of cell proliferation is tightly controlled by [[Regulation of gene expression|gene regulatory]] [[Gene regulatory network|networks]] encoded in the [[genome]] and executed mainly by [[transcription factors]] including those regulated by [[signal transduction]] pathways elicited by [[growth factors]] during [[cell signaling|cell{{ndash}}cell communication]] in [[developmental biology|development]]. Recently it has been also demonstrated that cellular bicarbonate metabolism, which is  responsible for cell proliferation, can be regulated by mTORC1 signaling.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ali ES, Liponska A, O'Hara B, Amici D, Torno M, Gao P, Asara J, Yap M-N F, Mendillo M, Ben-Sahra I | title = The mTORC1-SLC4A7 axis stimulates bicarbonate import to enhance de novo nucleotide synthesis | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 82 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–15 | date = June 2022 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.008 | doi-access = free | pmc = 9444906 }}</ref><ref name=Thompson/> In addition, intake of [[nutrients]] in animals can induce circulating hormones of the [[Insulin]]/[[IGF-1]] family, which are also considered growth factors, and that function to promote cell proliferation in cells throughout the body that are capable of doing so.

Uncontrolled cell proliferation, leading to an increased proliferation rate, or a failure of cells to arrest their proliferation at the normal time, is a cause of [[cancer]].

== References ==
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[[Category:Cellular processes]]