Editing Celtis

{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{About|the genus of plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image=Celtis sinensis3.jpg
|image_caption=Leaves and immature fruit of Chinese hackberry (''[[Celtis sinensis|C.&nbsp;sinensis]]'')
|taxon=Celtis
|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]{{R|POWO}}
|subdivision_ranks=[[Species]]
|subdivision=Some 60–70 [[#Selected species|(see below)]]
|synonyms=
*''Celtidopsis'' {{small|[[Franz Priemer|Priemer]]}}
*''Colletia'' {{small|[[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scop.]]}}
*''Mertensia'' {{small|[[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]}}
*''Momisia'' {{small|[[Friedrich Gottlieb Dietrich|F.Dietr.]]}}
*''Plagioceltis'' {{small|[[Johannes Mildbraed|Mildbr.]] ex [[Charles Baehni|Baehni]]}}
*''Saurobroma'' {{small|[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}}
*''Solenostigma'' {{small|[[Stephan Endlicher|Endl.]]}}
|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
}}

'''''Celtis''''' is a [[genus]] of about 60–70 species of [[deciduous]] trees, commonly known as '''hackberries''' or '''nettle trees''', in the hemp family [[Cannabaceae]]. It has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]].

==Description==
''Celtis'' species are generally medium-sized trees, reaching {{Convert|10-25|m|abbr=off}} tall, rarely up to {{cvt|40|m|ft}} tall. The leaves are alternate, simple, {{Convert|3-15|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long, [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate|ovate]]-[[acuminate]], and evenly serrated margins. Diagnostically, ''Celtis'' can be very similar to trees in the [[Rosaceae]] and other rose motif families.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Small flowers of this [[monoecious]] plant appear in early spring while the leaves are still developing. Male flowers are longer and hairy. Female flowers are greenish and more rounded.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The fruit is a small [[drupe]] {{Convert|6-10|mm|frac=8}} in diameter, edible in many species, with a dryish but sweet, sugary consistency, reminiscent of a [[date palm|date]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Taxonomy==
Previously included either in the [[elm]] family ([[Ulmaceae]]) or a separate family, Celtidaceae, the [[APG III system]] places ''Celtis'' in an expanded hemp family (Cannabaceae).<ref name="APweb">{{Citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Cannabaceae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/rosalesweb.htm#Cannabaceae}}</ref><ref>{{GRIN|id=2226|name=Celtis|access-date=February 12, 2012}}</ref>

=== Phylogeny ===
Members of the genus are present in the fossil record as early as the [[Miocene]] of Europe, and [[Paleocene]] of North America and eastern Asia.<ref>MacPhail, M. K., N. F. Alley, E. M. Truswell and I. R. K. Sluiter (1994). "Early Tertiary vegetation: evidence from spores and pollen." ''History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent''. Ed. Robert S. Hill. Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;189–261. {{ISBN|0521401976}}.[https://books.google.com/books?id=loBrTOJDojoC&dq=celtis+fossil+record+Miocene+of+Europe.&pg=PA231 Partially available on Google Books].</ref><ref>Manchester, S. R., Akhmetiev, M. A., & Kodrul, T. M. (2002). Leaves and fruits of ''Celtis aspera'' (Newberry) comb. nov. (Celtidaceae) from the Paleocene of North America and eastern Asia. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163(5), 725-736.</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The derivation of the name of this genus, ''[[wikt:Celtis|Celtis]]'', is from a Latin word for an unrelated plant, the "lotus tree" of North Africa. The word was applied to this taxon by Linnaeus for unknown reasons.{{R|FOA|COOPER2}}

===Species===
{{As of|2024|7}}, the following 68 species are accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]].{{R|POWO}}
[[File:Celtis africana, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|thumb|right|Clusters of staminate (male) flowers of ''[[Celtis africana|C. africana]]'', with four [[tepal]]s and four [[stamen]]s each]]
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* ''[[Celtis adolfi-friderici]]'' {{small|Engl.}} – western and central Africa
* ''[[Celtis africana]]'' {{small|Burm.f.}} – [[Afromontane]] region, Madagascar
* ''[[Celtis australis]]'' {{small|L.}} – [[Mediterranean Basin]]
* ''[[Celtis balansae]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – New Caledonia
* ''[[Celtis berteroana]]'' {{small|Urb.}} – Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica
* ''[[Celtis bifida]]'' {{small|Leroy}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Celtis biondii]]'' {{small|Pamp.}} – China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan
* ''[[Celtis boninensis]]'' {{small|Koidz.}} – Japan
* ''[[Celtis brasiliensis]]'' {{small|(Gardner) Planch.}} – South America
* ''[[Celtis bungeana]]'' {{small|L.}} – China, Korea
* ''[[Celtis caucasica]]'' {{small|L.}} – Turkey, Central Asia to Assam
* ''[[Celtis caudata]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – Mexico and Central America
* ''[[Celtis cerasifera]]'' {{small|C.K.Schneid.}} – central and southern China, southeastern Tibet, and northern Myanmar
* ''[[Celtis chekiangensis]]'' {{small|C.C.Cheng}} – eastern China
* ''[[Celtis chichape]]'' {{small|(Wedd.) Miq.}} – Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina, and southern Brazil
* ''[[Celtis clausseniana]]'' {{small|Wedd. Miq.}} – Brazil
* ''[[Celtis conferta]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – New Caledonia
* ''[[Celtis eriocarpa]]'' {{small|Decne.}} – Pakistan, western Himalaya
* ''[[Celtis flavovenarum]]'' {{small|Zamengo}} – Brazil
* ''[[Celtis flumeniana]]'' {{small|Zamengo}} – Brazil
* ''[[Celtis fluminensis]]'' {{small|Carauta}} – Brazil
* ''[[Celtis glabrata]]'' {{small|Steven ex Planch.}} – eastern Europe and western Asia
* ''[[Celtis harperi]]'' {{small|Horne ex Baker}} – SW Pacific
* ''[[Celtis hildebrandii]]'' {{small|Soepadmo}} – Maluku to Solomon Islands
* ''[[Celtis hypoleuca]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – New Caledonia
* ''[[Celtis iguanaea]]'' {{small|(Jacq.) Sarg.}} – Florida, Mexico, Caribbean, Central and South America
* ''[[Celtis jamaicensis]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – Jamaica
* ''[[Celtis jessoensis]]'' {{small|Koidz.}} – Japan & Korea
* ''[[Celtis julianae]]'' {{small|C.K.Schneid.}} – China
* ''[[Celtis koraiensis]]'' {{small|L.}} – E. China to Korea
* ''[[Celtis laevigata]]'' {{small|Willd.}} – central & southeast US, Mexico
* ''[[Celtis latifolia]]'' {{small|(Blume) Planch.}} – Philippines, Maluku to Santa Cruz Islands
* ''[[Celtis lindheimeri]]'' {{small|Engelm. ex K.Koch}} – Texas, Mexico
* ''[[Celtis loxensis]]'' {{small|C.C.Berg}} – Ecuador, N. Peru
* ''[[Celtis luzonica]]'' {{small|Warb.}} – Philippines
* ''[[Celtis madagascariensis]]'' {{small|Sattarian}} – Madagascar
* ''[[Celtis mauritiana]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – tropical Africa and western Indian Ocean
* ''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]'' {{small|Engl.}} – tropical Africa and Madagascar
* ''[[Celtis neglecta]]'' {{small|Zi L.Chen & X.F.Jin}} – China (Zhejiang)
* ''[[Celtis occidentalis]]'' {{small|L.}} – eastern North America
* ''[[Celtis orthocanthos]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – Brazil
* ''[[Celtis pacifica]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – south central Pacific
* ''[[Celtis pallida]]'' {{small|Torr.}} – southwestern US, northern Mexico
* ''[[Celtis paniculata]]'' {{small|(Endl.) Planch.}} – eastern Malesia, eastern Australia, Micronesia, western Polynesia
* ''[[Celtis petenensis]]'' {{small|Lundell}} – Guatemala
* ''[[Celtis philippensis]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – tropical & subtropical Asia to N. Australia
* ''[[Celtis prantlii]]'' {{small|Priemer ex Engl.}} – west & central tropical Africa 
* ''[[Celtis punctata]]'' {{small|(Urb. & Ekman) Urb. & Ekman}} – Haiti
* ''[[Celtis reticulata]]'' {{small|[[John Torrey|Torr.]]}} – western North America
* ''[[Celtis rigescens]]'' {{small|(Miq.) Planch.}} – Malesia, Papuasia
* ''[[Celtis rubrovenia]]'' {{small|Elmer}} – Philippines, Papuasia
* ''[[Celtis salomonensis]]'' {{small|Rech.}} – Solomon Islands
* ''[[Celtis serratissima]]'' {{small|Zamengo, R.B.Torres, Gaglioti & Romaniuc}} – Brazil
* ''[[Celtis sinensis]]'' {{small|[[Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]}} – China and Japan
* ''[[Celtis spinosa]]'' {{small|Spreng.}} – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela
* ''[[Celtis strychnoides]]'' {{small|Planch.}} – northern Australia
* ''[[Celtis tala]]'' {{small|Gillet ex Planch.}} – South America
* ''[[Celtis tenuifolia]]'' {{small|Nutt.}} – North America
* ''[[Celtis tessmannii]]'' {{small|Rendle.}} – central Africa
* ''[[Celtis tetrandra]]''  {{small|Roxb.}} – Pakistan to China and Malesia
* ''[[Celtis tikalana]]'' {{small|Lundell}} – Guatemala
* ''[[Celtis timorensis]]'' {{small|Span.}} – Indian Subcontinent to Malesia
* ''[[Celtis toka]]'' {{small|(Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood}} – western, north-central, and northeastern Africa
* ''[[Celtis tournefortii]]'' {{small|L.}} – Balkan Peninsula to Iran
* ''[[Celtis trinervia]]'' {{small|Lam.}} – southeast Mexico to Columbia
* ''[[Celtis vandervoetiana]]'' {{small|C.K.Schneid.}} – southern China
* ''[[Celtis vitiensis]]'' {{small|A.C.Sm.}} – Fiji
* ''[[Celtis zenkeri]]'' {{small|Engl.}} – western, central, and eastern Africa
}}

==== Removed from genus ====
* ''Trema cannabina'' {{small|Lour.}} (as ''C. amboinensis'' {{small|Willd.}})
* ''[[Trema lamarckianum]]'' {{small|(Schult.) Blume}} (as ''C. lamarckiana'' {{small|Schult.}})
* ''[[Trema orientalis]]'' {{small|(L.) Blume}} (as ''C. guineensis'' {{small|Schumach.}} or ''C.&nbsp;orientalis'' {{small|L.}})
* ''[[Trema tomentosa]]'' {{small|(Roxb.) H.Hara}} (as ''C. aspera'' {{small|Brongn.}} or ''C.&nbsp;tomentosa'' {{small|Roxb.}})<ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2226 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Celtis'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120113400/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2226 |archive-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The genus is widespread throughout tropical and temperate parts of the world, occurring on all continents except Antarctica.{{R|POWO|FOA|FOC}}

==Ecology==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}Some species, including common hackberry (''[[Celtis occidentalis|C.&nbsp;occidentalis]]'') and ''[[Celtis brasiliensis|C.&nbsp;brasiliensis]]'', are honey plants and a pollen source for honeybees of lesser importance.

===Lepidoptera===
''Celtis'' species are used as food plants by the [[caterpillar]]s of certain [[Lepidoptera]]. These include mainly [[brush-footed butterflies]], most importantly the distinct genus ''[[Libythea]]'' (beak butterflies) and some [[Apaturinae]] (emperor butterflies):
* ''[[Acytolepis puspa]]'' – common hedge blue, recorded on Chinese hackberry (''C.&nbsp;sinensis'')
* ''[[Automeris io]]'' – Io moth, recorded on [[Celtis laevigata|southern hackberry]] (''[[Celtis laevigata|C.&nbsp;laevigata]]'')
* ''[[Asterocampa celtis]]'' – hackberry butterfly or hackberry emperor
* ''[[Libythea celtis]]'' – European beak
* ''[[Libythea labdaca]]'' – African beak
* ''[[Libythea lepita]]'' – common beak
* ''[[Libythea myrrha]]'' – club beak, recorded on ''[[Celtis tetrandra|C.&nbsp;tetrandra]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravikanthachari |first=Nitin |date=April 2018 |title=Larval host plants of the butterflies of the Western Ghats, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324415184 |website=Research Gate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wahlberg |first=Niklas |date=October 2006 |title=Libythea myrrha Godart 1819 |url=http://tolweb.org/Libythea_myrrha/70288 |website=Tree of Life Web Project}}</ref><!-- monophagous? -->
* ''[[Libytheana carinenta]]'' – American snout or common snout butterfly
* ''[[Nymphalis xanthomelas]]'' – scarce tortoiseshell, recorded on [[European hackberry]] (''[[Celtis australis|C.&nbsp;australis]]'')
* ''[[Sasakia charonda]]'' – great purple emperor, recorded on ''[[Celtis jessoensis|C.&nbsp;jessoensis]]'' and ''C.&nbsp;sinensis''
* A putative new [[taxon]] of the [[Astraptes fulgerator|two-barred flasher]] (''Astraptes fulgerator'') [[cryptic species complex]], provisionally called "CELT," has hitherto only been found on ''[[Celtis iguanaea|C.&nbsp;iguanaea]]''.<ref>Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2006). Problems with DNA barcodes for species delimitation: ‘ten species’ of ''Astraptes fulgerator'' reassessed (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). ''Systematics and Biodiversity'' '''4'''(2): 127–132. {{doi|10.1017/S147720000500191X}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217031406/http://www.bolinfonet.org/pdf/Brower_2006SYSTBIODIVERSITY%5B1%5D.pdf PDF fulltext]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hebert |first1=P. D. N. |last2=Penton |first2=E. H. |last3=Burns |first3=J. M. |last4=Janzen |first4=D. H. |last5=Hallwachs |first5=W. |year=2004 |title=Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly ''Astraptes fulgerator'' |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=101 |issue=41 |pages=14812–14817 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10114812H |doi=10.1073/pnas.0406166101 |pmc=522015 |pmid=15465915|doi-access=free }} [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/101/41/14812.pdf PDF fulltext] [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0406166101/DC1 Supporting Appendices]</ref>

===Pathogens===
The [[plant pathogen]]ic [[basidiomycete]] fungus ''[[Perenniporia celtis]]'' was first described from a ''Celtis'' host plant. Some species of ''Celtis'' are threatened by [[habitat destruction]].

==Uses==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
Several species are grown as ornamental trees, valued for their drought tolerance. They are a regular feature of [[arboretum|arboreta]] and botanical gardens, particularly in North America. Chinese hackberry (''[[Celtis sinensis|C.&nbsp;sinensis]]'') is suited for bonsai culture; a magnificent specimen in Daegu-myeon is one of the natural monuments of South Korea. 

The berries are generally edible when they ripen and fall.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=58 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ''C.&nbsp;occidentalis'' fruit was used by the [[Omaha people|Omaha]], eaten casually, as well as the [[Dakota people]], who pounded them fine, seeds and all. The [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] used the pounded fruits in combination with fat and parched corn.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/usesofplantsbyin00gilm/page/76/mode/1up |title=Uses of plants by the Indians of the Missouri River region |year=1919 |publisher=Washington, Govt. print. off.}}</ref> The berries of ''[[Celtis douglasii|C.&nbsp;douglasii]]'' are also edible, and were consumed by the [[Mescalero Apaches]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Peattie |first=Donald Culross |author-link=Donald C. Peattie |title=A Natural History of Western Trees |year=1953 |publisher=[[Bonanza Books]] |location=New York |page=472}}</ref>

Hackberry wood is sometimes used in cabinetry and woodworking.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Celtis aetnensis.jpg|''C. aetnensis'' with mature fruit
File:Celtis-caucasica-fruit.JPG|Caucasian hackberry (''C.{{Nbsp}}caucasica'') with immature fruit
File:Celtis integrifolia.jpg|African hackberry (''C.{{Nbsp}}integrifolia'')
File:Celtis sinensis=Chinese Hackberry.jpg|Chinese hackberry (''C.{{Nbsp}}sinensis'')
File:Celtis australis-StSauveur-4925~2015 10 31.JPG|''C. australis'' autumn leaves
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|28em|refs=
<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002308-2 |title=''Celtis'' L. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FOA">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Celtis |title=''Celtis'' |last1=Hewson |first1=H.J. |year=2022 |editor-last1=Kodela |editor-first1=P.G. |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FOC">{{cite web |title=''Celtis'' Linnaeus |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105995 |website=Flora of China (eFloras) |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="COOPER2">{{Cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Wendy |last2=Cooper |first2=William T. |author-link2=William T. Cooper |date=June 2004 |title=Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest |publication-place=Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia |publisher=Nokomis Editions |isbn=978-0-9581742-1-3 |url=https://www.nokomis.com.au/product/nokomis-published-books/fruits-australian-tropical-rainforest/ |page=546}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nettle Tree |volume=19 |page=422|short=x}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q248582}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Celtis| ]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
[[Category:Rosales genera]]