Editing Chadic languages

{{Short description|Branch of the Afroasiatic languages}}
{{cleanup lang|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox language family
| name          = Chadic
| region        = [[Nigeria]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Cameroon]]
| protoname     = [[Proto-Afroasiatic language|Proto-Chadic]]
| familycolor   = Afro-asiatic
| child1        = [[Biu–Mandara languages|Biu–Mandara]]
| child2        = [[East Chadic languages|East Chadic]]
| child3        = [[Masa languages|Masa]]
| child4        = [[West Chadic languages|West Chadic]]
| iso5          = cdc
| glotto        = chad1250
| glottorefname = Chadic
| map           = Chadic_languages_in_Africa_map.svg
| mapcaption    = Map of the distribution of the Chadic languages within Africa
| ancestor      = 
| glottoname    = 
| notes         = 
| map2          = Chadic languages map.svg
| mapcaption2   = Detailed map of the distribution of Chadic languages in Western and Central Africa
}}
The '''Chadic languages''' form a branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. They are spoken in parts of the [[Sahel]]. They include 196 languages<ref name=eth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/555/|title=Chadic Languages; Ethnologue}}</ref> spoken across northern [[Nigeria]], southern [[Niger]], southern [[Chad]], and northern [[Cameroon]]. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is [[Hausa language|Hausa]], a [[lingua franca]] of much of inland Eastern [[West Africa]], particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa is the only Chadic language with more than 1 million speakers.

==Composition==
[[Paul Newman (linguist)|Paul Newman]] (1977) classified the languages into the four groups which have been accepted in all subsequent literature. Further subbranching, however, has not been as robust; [[Roger Blench]] (2006), for example, only accepts the A/B bifurcation of East Chadic.<ref>Blench, 2006. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007050740/http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf |date=2013-10-07 }} (ms)</ref> Subsequent work by Joseph Lovestrand argues strongly that Kujarge is a valid member of East Chadic. The placing of Luri as a primary split of West Chadic is erroneous. Bernard Caron (2004) shows that this language is South Bauchi and part of the Polci cluster. A suggestion for including the [[language isolate]] [[Kujargé language|Kujargé]] as an early-diverged member, which subsequently became influenced by East Chadic, has been made by Blench (2008).<ref>Blench, Roger. 2008. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/Blench%20paper%20Cushitic%20symposium%20Paris%202008.pdf Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222083514/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/Blench%20paper%20Cushitic%20symposium%20Paris%202008.pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}. 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.</ref>

{{tree list}}
* '''Chadic'''
** '''[[West Chadic languages|West Chadic]]'''
*** the [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Ron languages|Ron]], [[Bole languages|Bole]], and [[Angas languages]]
*** the [[Bade languages|Bade]], [[Warji language|Warji]], and [[Zaar languages]]
** '''[[Biu–Mandara languages|Biu–Mandara]]''' (Central Chadic)
*** the [[Bura language|Bura]], [[Kamwe language|Kamwe]], and [[Bata language|Bata]] languages, among other groups
*** the [[Buduma language|Buduma]] and [[Musgu language|Musgu]] languages
*** [[Gidar language|Gidar]]
** '''[[East Chadic languages|East Chadic]]'''
*** the [[Tumak language|Tumak]], [[Nancere language|Nancere]], and [[Kera language|Kera]] languages
*** the [[Dangaléat language|Dangaléat]], [[Mokilko language|Mukulu]], and [[Sokoro language|Sokoro]] languages
** '''[[Masa languages|Masa]]'''
{{tree list/end}}

[[File:Chadic Languages.jpg|thumb|left|700px|A chart of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.]]
{{Clear}}

==Loanwords==
Chadic languages contain many Nilo-Saharan loanwords from either the [[Songhay languages|Songhay]] or [[Maban languages|Maban]] branches, pointing to early contact between Chadic and Nilo-Saharan speakers as Chadic was migrating west.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=The Nilo-Saharan background of Chadic |journal=Studies in African Linguistics |date=5 December 2006 |volume=35 |pages=56–66 |doi=10.32473/sal.v35i0.107316 |s2cid=195404449 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although [[Adamawa languages]] are spoken adjacently to Chadic languages, interaction between Chadic and Adamawa is limited.<ref>Blench, Roger. 2012. ''Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad''. Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.</ref>

==Pronouns==
Pronouns in Proto-Chadic, as compared to pronouns in Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020:351):<ref name="Vossen">Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. ''The Oxford Handbook of African Languages''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Pronoun !! Proto-Chadic !! [[Proto-Afroasiatic]]
|-
| 1 || *ní || *i ~ *yi
|-
| 2M || *ka || *ku, *ka
|-
| 2F || *ki(m) || *kim
|-
| 3M || *nì || *si, *isi
|-
| 3F || *ta || 
|-
| 1PL || *mun (incl.), *na (excl.) || (*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni) ?
|-
| 2PL || *kun || *kuuna
|-
| 3PL || *sun || *su ~ *usu
|}

==Comparative vocabulary==
Sample basic vocabulary in different Chadic branches listed in order from west to east, with reconstructions of other Afroasiatic branches also given for comparison:

{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="font-size: 85%"
! Language !! eye !! ear !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! mouth !! blood !! bone !! tree !! water !! eat !! name
|-
| Proto-Chadic<ref>Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994). ''Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments''. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.</ref> ||{{Lang|cdc|*ydn}} || {{Lang|cdc|*km/*ɬm }} || {{Lang|cdc|*ntn}} || {{Lang|cdc|*s₃n; *ƙ-d}} || {{Lang|cdc|*ls₃-}} || {{Lang|cdc|*bk}} || {{Lang|cdc|*br}} || {{Lang|cdc|*ƙs₃}} ||  || {{Lang|cdc|*ymn }}|| {{Lang|cdc|*hrɗ}} (hard); {{Lang|cdc|*twy}} (soft) || {{Lang|cdc|*s₃m}}
|-
| [[Hausa language|Hausa]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101070459/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || ido || kunne || hanci || haƙori || harshe || baki || jini || ƙashi || itaci; bishiya || ruwa || ci || suna
|-
| Proto-[[Ron languages|Ron]]<ref>Blench, Roger. no date. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf Ron comparative wordlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421035757/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf |date=2015-04-21 }}.</ref> ||  || *kumu || **atin || *haŋgor || *liʃ || *fo || ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄ || *kaʃ ||  ||  ||  || *sum
|-
| Proto-[[South Bauchi languages|South Bauchi]]<ref>Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. ''The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report''. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.</ref> || *(gwà)yìr(-ŋ) || *kə̂m(-si) ||  ||  ||  || *bʸak(-ì) || *bìràm || *gu(ŋ)ul || *pit-ə̀ ||  ||  || *(yì)sûm(-s₃)
|-
| [[Polci language|Polci]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101045001/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || yiir || kəəm || cin || haƙori || shen || bii || buran; bəran || gooloo || pət || maa || ci || suŋ
|-
| Proto-[[Biu–Mandara languages|Central Chadic]]<ref>Gravina, Richard. 2014. ''[https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120215000/https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf |date=2021-01-20 }}''. Webonary.</ref> || *hadaj; *tsɨʸ || *ɬɨmɨɗʸ || *hʷɨtsɨnʸ || *ɬɨɗɨnʸ || *ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj ||  || *maj || *ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ || *hʷɨp || *ɗɨjɨm || *zɨm || *ɬɨmɨɗʸ
|-
| Proto-[[Masa languages|Masa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shryock |first1=Aaron |title=The classification of the Masa group of languages |journal=Studies in African Linguistics |date=June 1997 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=30–62 |doi=10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396 |s2cid=185914860 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || *ir || *hum || *cin || *s- || *si || *vun || *vuzur || *sok || *gu || *mb- || *ti || *sem
|-
| [[Kujarge language|Kujarge]]<ref>Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.</ref> || kunɟu || kumayo ~ kime || kaata || kiya || aliŋati || apa || ɪbɪrí || (kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya || kaʃíè || ʃia || (tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.] || rúwà
|-
| colspan = "13" | '''Other Afroasiatic branches'''
|-
| Proto-[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction |journal=Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika |date=1987 |volume=8 |pages=7–180 }}</ref> || *ʔil- ||  || *ʔisŋʷ- || *ʔiɬkʷ- || *caanrab- || *ʔaf-/*yaf- ||  || *mikʷ’-; *moc’- ||  ||  || *-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam- || *sim-/*sum-
|-
| Proto-[[Maji languages|Maji]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aklilu |first1=Yilma |date=2003 |title=Comparative phonology of the Maji languages |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=36 |pages=59–88 }}</ref> || *ʔaːb || *háːy ||  || *aːç’u ||  || *eːdu ||  || *uːs || *inču || *haːy || *um || 
|-
| [[Riffian language|Tarifiyt Berber]]<ref>Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. [https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080621/https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 |date=2024-05-26 }}. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) ''World Loanword Database''. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref> || ŧit’t’ || aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ || ŧinzā || ŧiɣməsŧ || iřəs || aqəmmum || iđammən || iɣəss ||  || aman || šš || isəm
|-
| [[Coptic language|Coptic]] || ia || ma'aje || ša || šol, najhe || las || ro || snof || kas || šēn || mou || wōm || ran
|-
| Proto-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]<ref>Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). ''The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook''. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258. {{ISBN|978-3-11-025158-6}}.</ref> || *ʕayn- || *ʔuḏn- || *ʔanp- || *šinn- || *lišān- ||  || *dam- || *ʕaṯ̣m- || *ʕiṣ̂- || *mā̆y- || *ʔ-k-l || (*šim-)
|-
| [[Proto-Afroasiatic]]<ref>{{cite book|last = Ehret|author-link = Christopher Ehret|first = Christopher|title = Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1995|isbn = 0-520-09799-8}}</ref> || *ʔǐl- || *-ʔânxʷ- ||  || *sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point' || *-lis’- 'to lick' || *âf- || *dîm-/*dâm- || *k’os- || *ɣǎ || *âm-; *akʷ’- || *-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌ || *sǔm-/*sǐm-
|}

==Bibliography==
* Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Nigeria. In: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds.), Langues et Cultures: Terrains d’Afrique. Hommages à France Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Language 7). 193–201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
* Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' ''Africa'', 9, 332–349.
* Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
* {{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=Paul |last2=Ma |first2=Roxana |title=Comparative Chadic: Phonology and lexicon |journal=Journal of African Languages |date=1966 |volume=5 |pages=218–251 |hdl=2022/21342 }}
* Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' ''Afroasiatic Linguistics'' 5, 1, 1–42.
* Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), ''Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica''. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
* Newman, Paul (1980) ''The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic.'' Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
* [[Herrmann Jungraithmayr]], Kiyoshi Shimizu: ''Chadic lexical roots.'' Reimer, Berlin 1981.
* Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: ''Chadic lexical roots.'' 2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin 1994
* Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), ''Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of [[Igor M. Diakonoff]]'', [[LINCOM EUROPA|LINCOM Europa]], 55–60.

;Data sets
* {{cite book |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3534953 |year=1981 |last1=Kraft |first1=Charles H. |title=CLDF dataset derived from Kraft's "Chadic Wordlists" from 1981 |chapter=CLDF:Wordlist |location=Geneva }}

==See also==
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Chadic reconstructions|Proto-Chadic reconstructions]] (Wiktionary)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Biu–Mandara languages}}
{{East Chadic languages}}
{{Masa languages}}
{{West Chadic languages}}
}}
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[[Category:Chadic languages| ]]
[[Category:Afroasiatic languages]]