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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}} {{Short description|4th-century king of the Gupta Empire}} {{Distinguish|Chandragupta Maurya}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Chandragupta I | title = [[Maharajadhiraja]] | succession = [[Maharajadhiraja of the Gupta Empire]] | image = Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin.jpg | caption = A coin depicting Chandragupta and [[Kumaradevi]].<br>The name [[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|10px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad ndr.jpg|14px]]</sub>([[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]</sub>) ''Chandra''(''-gupta'') appears vertically under the left arm of the emperor. This unique coin type of Chandragupta I was probably issued by his successor [[Samudragupta]] as a commemorative issue.<ref name="RM">{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |title=The Gupta Empire |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120804401 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Higham |first1=Charles |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |date=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=C. J. |title=The Coins of India |date=1987 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120603455 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-d497CKID0C&pg=PA41 |language=en}}</ref> | reign = {{Circa|319–335 CE}} | coronation = 26 February 320<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson2/chapter11.html|title=Chapter 11 – The Gupta Empire and the Western Satraps: Chandragupta I to Kumaragupta I}}</ref> | predecessor = [[Ghatotkacha (king)|Ghatotkacha]] | successor = [[Samudragupta]] | death_date = 335 CE | spouse = Kumaradevi | spouse-type = Consort | dynasty = [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] | house = [[Gupta Empire]] | father = [[Ghatotkacha (king)|Ghatotkacha]] | religion = [[Hinduism]] | issue = [[Samudragupta]], Possibly [[Kacha (king)|Kacha]] }} [[File:Maharajadhiraja Sri Chandragupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|thumb|280px|Inscription [[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad haa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dhi.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|10px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad ndr.jpg|14px]]</sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]</sub> ''Mahārājadhirāja Shrī Chandragupta'' ("Great King of Kings, Lord Chandragupta") in the [[Gupta script]], in the [[Samudragupta]] inscription on the [[Allahabad pillar]].<ref>[[:File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|Full inscription]], {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197 1]-17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403}}</ref>]] {{Gupta Empire}} '''Chandragupta I''' ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|10px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad ndr.jpg|14px]]</sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]</sub> ''Cha-ndra-gu-pta'', r. c. 319–335 CE) was a monarch of the [[Gupta Empire]], who ruled in northern and central India. His title Mahārājadhirāja ("Great king of kings") suggests that he was the first suzerain ruler of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power. Their son [[Samudragupta]] further expanded the Gupta Empire. == Period of reign == Chandragupta was a son of the Gupta king [[Ghatotkacha (king)|Ghatotkacha]], and a grandson of the dynasty's founder [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]], both of whom are called ''[[Maharaja]]'' ("great king") in the [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription. Chandragupta assumed the title ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'' ([[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad haa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dhi.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]] "great king of kings") and issued gold coins, which suggests that he was the first imperial ruler of the dynasty.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=90}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=10}} Chandragupta certainly reigned in the first quarter of the 4th century CE, but the exact period of his reign is uncertain.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=16}} His assumption of the title ''Maharajadhiraja'' has led to suggestions that he founded the [[Gupta era|Gupta calendar era]], and that the epoch of this era marks his coronation.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=15}} Based on this argument, several historians, including [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] and P. L. Gupta, date Chandragupta's ascension to 319–320 CE, which they believe to be the beginning of the Gupta era.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=50–51}} However, this is merely an assumption, and the identity of the founder of the Gupta era is not certain.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=50}} Some historians, such as [[D. C. Sircar]] and [[R. C. Majumdar]], theorize that the Gupta era marks the coronation of his son Samudragupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=15–16}} [[S. R. Goyal]] theorizes that the era was started by the later king [[Chandragupta II]], but its beginning was dated to Samudragupta's ascension.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=15}} Chandragupta I probably had a long reign, as the Allahabad Pillar inscription suggests that he appointed his son as his successor, presumably after reaching an old age. However, the exact period of his reign is debated.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=50–52}} Various estimates for Chandragupta's reign include: * [[A. S. Altekar]]: 305–325 CE{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=50}} * [[S. R. Goyal]]: 319–350 CE{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=50}} * Tej Ram Sharma: 319–353 CE{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=55}} * [[Upinder Singh]]: 319-335/336 CE CE{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2017|p=xvi}} == Marriage to Kumaradevi == Chandragupta married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] is the name of an ancient clan that was headquartered at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] in present-day [[Bihar]] during the time of [[Gautama Buddha]]. A [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichchhavi kingdom]] existed in the present-day [[Nepal]] in the first millennium CE. However, the identity of Kumaradevi's Lichchhavi kingdom is not certain.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=12}} An 8th-century inscription of the Lichchhavi dynasty of Nepal claims that their legendary ancestor Supushpa was born in the royal family of Pushpapura, that is, [[Pataliputra]] in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. According to some historians, such as [[V. A. Smith]], the Lichchhavis ruled at Pataliputra during Samudragupta's time. However, this inscription states that Supushpa ruled 38 generations before the 5th-century king [[Mānadeva|Manadeva]], that is, centuries before Chandragupta's period. Therefore, the claim made in this inscription, even if true, cannot be taken as concrete evidence of the Lichchhavi rule at Pataliputra during Chandragupta's time.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=12}} The Lichchhavi kingdom of Kumaradevi is unlikely to have been located in present-day Nepal because Samudragupta's [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription mentions Nepala (that is, Nepal) as a distinct, subordinate kingdom. Given the lack of any other evidence, historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] assumed that during Chandragupta's time, the Lichchhavis ruled at Vaishali, which is the only other base of the clan known from the historical records.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=12}} === Impact of marriage === [[File:Coin of Chandragupta I. AAM.jpg|thumb|left|A coin depicting Chandragupta and Kumaradevi]] The gold coins attributed to Chandragupta bear portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi, and the legend ''Lichchhavayah'' ("the Lichchhavis").{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=90}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=11}} Their son Samudragupta is described as ''Lichchhavi-dauhitra'' ("Lichchhavi daughter's son") in the Gupta inscriptions.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=11}} Except Kumaradevi, these inscriptions do not mention the paternal family of the dynasty's queens, which suggests that the Gupta family considered Kumaradevi's marriage to Chandragupta an important event.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=10}} Numismatist [[John Allan (numismatist)|John Allan]] theorized that Chandragupta defeated a Lichchhavi kingdom headquartered at Vaishali, and that Kumaradevi's marriage to him happened as part of a peace treaty.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=90}} He suggested that the Guptas considered this marriage a prestigious one simply because of the ancient lineage of the Lichchhavis.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=10}} However, the ancient text ''[[Manusamhita]]'' regards the Lichchhavis as "unorthodox and impure" (''vratya''). Therefore, it is unlikely that the Guptas proudly mentioned Samudragupta's Lichchhavi ancestry to increase their social prestige.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=11}} Also, it is unlikely that the Guptas allowed the name of the Lichchhavis to appear on the dynasty's coins after defeating them.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=91}} It is more likely that the marriage helped Chandragupta extend his political power and dominions, enabling him to adopt the title ''Maharajadhiraja''.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=10}} The appearance of the Lichchhavis' name on the coins is probably symbolic of their contribution to the expansion of the Gupta power.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=92}} After the marriage, Chandragupta probably became the ruler of the Lichchhavi territories. Alternatively, it is possible that the Gupta and the Lichchhavi states formed a union, with Chandragupta and Kumaradevi being regarded as the sovereign rulers of their respective states, until the reign of their son Samudragupta, who became the sole ruler of the united kingdom.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=11}} == Extent of kingdom == [[File:Guptaempire1.gif|thumb|Possible extent of the Gupta Empire under Chandragupta I{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=13}}{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=13}}]] Little is known about Chandragupta other than his ancestry, his marriage, and his expansion of the Gupta power, as evident from his title ''Maharajadhiraja''.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=16}} The territorial extent of Chandragupta's kingdom is not known, but it must have been substantially larger than that of the earlier Gupta kings, as Chandragupta bore the title ''Maharajadhiraja''.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=13}} Modern historians have attempted to determine the extent of his kingdom based on the information from the ''[[Puranas]]'' and the [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription issued by his son Samudragupta.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=95}} The Allahabad Pillar inscription names several kings subjugated by Samudragupta. Based on the identity of these kings, several modern historians have tried to determine the extent of the territory that he must have inherited from Chandragupta. For example, since the king of the northern part of the [[Bengal]] region is not mentioned among the kings subjugated by Samudragupta, these historians theorize that northern Bengal was a part of Chandragupta's kingdom. However, such conclusions cannot be made with certainty, as the identity of several of the kings subjugated by Samudragupta is a matter of debate.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=13}} Nevertheless, the information from the inscription can be used to determine the territories that were not a part of Chandragupta's kingdom:{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=96}} * In the west, Chandragupta's kingdom probably did not extend much beyond Prayaga (modern Prayagraja), as Samudragupta defeated the kings of present-day [[western Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=96}} * In the south, Chandragupta's kingdom did not include the [[Mahakoshala]] area of Central India, as Samudragupta defeated the kings of the forest region, which is identified with this area.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=96}} * In the east, Chandragupta's kingdom did not include southern [[Bengal]], because the Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions [[Samatata]] in that region as a frontier kingdom.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=96}} Moreover, the [[Iron pillar of Delhi#Inscription of King Chandra or Chandragupta II|Delhi Iron Pillar]] inscription suggests that [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga kingdom]] in that region was conquered by the later king [[Chandragupta II]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=97}} * In the north, the Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions [[Nepala]] (in present-day Nepal) as a frontier kingdom.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2017|p=343}} A passage in the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' states that the Guptas ruled over Saketa (modern [[Ayodhya]]), [[Prayaga]], and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. Based on this, multiple modern scholars have theorized that Chandragupta ruled over these territories.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=13}} However, this conclusion is not certain, as the ''Vayu Purana'' does not mention the name of a specific ruler.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=13–14}} Scholars critical of this theory argue that the passage describes the territories of either the dynasty's founder [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]] or its 6th century rulers who oversaw the kingdom's decline.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=14}} Critics also point out that the corresponding passage in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' states that the Guptas and the Magadhas jointly ruled over Prayaga and Magadha, and does not mention Saketa at all. The corresponding passage in the various manuscripts of ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' either does not mention the word "Gupta", or uses it as a common noun meaning "protected" instead of using it as the name of a specific dynasty. Even somes manuscripts of the ''Vayu Purana'' use the words "Guhya", "Sapta" or "Manidhanyaka" instead of "Gupta".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=13}} Supporters of the theory dismiss these as scribal mistakes. Historian Ashvini Agrawal argues that the ''Vayu Purana'' passage cannot be a reference to the Gupta territories during the empire's period of decline, as it does not mention Bengal, which formed a part of the Gupta kingdom during this period.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=96}} According to historian [[R. C. Majumdar]], Chandragupta's kingdom may have included the whole of present-day Bihar, and a part of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bengal]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=13}} Historian Dilip Kumar Ganguly believes that he ruled a large kingdom extending from [[Allahabad]] in the west to the Ganga river in Bengal in the east; the kingdom excluded south-eastern Bengal ([[Samatata]]), southern Bengal (Vanga), eastern Bengal, and western Bengal (the kingdom of [[Chandravarman]]).{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=13}} Historian Ashvini Agarwal states that his kingdom included central and eastern Uttar Pradesh (including [[Prayaga]] and [[Awadh]]), and Bihar; but not Bengal.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=97}} == Coinage == [[File:Chandragupta I or Samudragupta, obverse and reverse types.jpg|thumb|{{center|Obverse and reverse of the commemorative Chandragupta and Kumaradevi type.<br>'''Obverse:'''<br> Kumaradeva and Chandragupta standing, legend to the left ''Śrī Kumāradevā'', to the right [[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|10px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad ndr.jpg|14px]]</sub>/[[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]</sub> ''Cha-ndra/gu-pta'' vertically.<br>'''Reverse:'''<br>Goddess seated on lion, with the legend [[File:Gupta_ashoka_l.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka cch.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_y.svg|14px]]<big><big>𑁊</big></big> ''Li-ccha-va-yah''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=John |title=Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties |date=1914 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214/page/n150 8] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214}}</ref>}}]] Gold coins bearing portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi have been discovered at [[Mathura]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Lucknow]], [[Sitapur]], [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]], [[Ghazipur]], and [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]; [[Bayana]] in [[Rajasthan]]; and [[Hajipur]] in [[Bihar]]. The obverse of these coins depicts portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi, with their names in the [[Gupta script]]. The reverse shows a goddess seated on a lion, with the legend "''Li-ccha-va-yah''" ([[File:Gupta_ashoka_l.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka cch.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_y.svg|14px]]<big><big>𑁊</big></big>, "the Lichchhavis").{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=11}}{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=90}} Various scholars, including numismatist [[John Allan (numismatist)|John Allan]], have considered that the gold coins bearing the portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi were issued by [[Samudragupta]] to commemorate his parents,<ref name="RM">{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |title=The Gupta Empire |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120804401 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Higham |first1=Charles |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |date=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref> while others have attributed the issue of these coins to Chandragupta himself,{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=11}}{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=91-92}} or even suggested that these coins were issued by the Lichchhavis.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=94}} [[V. S. Pathak]] theorized that the coins show the royal couple in the ''vaivahika'' (nuptial) pose, but there is no concrete evidence that the coins depict the royal wedding.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=94–95}} [[S.V. Sohoni]] theorized that the coins depicted Chandragupta taking leave of Kumaradevi while going on a military campaign, but this is doubtful given the lack of a phrase indicative of military prowess (unlike the coins of their son Samudragupta).{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=94}} The coins probably simply depict Chandragupta and Kumaradevi as joint rulers.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=95}} The identity of the female figure appearing on the reverse of these coins is uncertain.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=48}} It is unlikely that she was a Gupta queen, as the depiction of a female figure seated on a lion is characteristic of a goddess in historical art of India. Some historians, such as [[A. S. Altekar]], have identified the goddess as [[Durga]].{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|pp=48–49}} However, although Durga is often represented as seated on a lion, this attribute is not unique to her: [[Lakshmi]] has also been depicted as seated on a lion. For example, [[Hemadri]]'s works mention ''Simha-vahini'' ("having lion as her [[vahana]]") Lakshmi, and images from [[Khajuraho]] depict ''Simha-vahini'' [[Gajalakshmi]].{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=49}} Some scholars, such as [[John Allan (numismatist)|John Allan]], have identified the goddess on the coins as Lakshmi, who is the goddess of fortune and the wife of [[Vishnu]]. She may have been featured on the coins as a symbol of the Guptas' royal prosperity, or as a mark of their [[Vaishnavite]] affiliation, but this cannot be said with certainty.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|pp=48–49}} The goddess may also have been a tutelary goddess of the Lichchhavis, whose name appears below her image, but this cannot be said with certainty either.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=49}}{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=93}} == Successor == The [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription and the [[Eran]] stone inscription of [[Samudragupta]] state that his father Chandragupta selected him as the next king. The Allahabad Pillar inscription states that Chandragupta appointed him to "protect the earth", which suggests that Chandragupta renounced the throne in his old age, and appointed his son as the next king.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=103}} The discovery of the coins issued by a Gupta ruler named [[Kacha (king)|Kacha]] have led to some debate about Chandragupta's successor. According to one theory, Kacha was another name for Samudragupta. Another theory is that Kacha was the elder brother of Samudragupta, and succeeded their father Chandragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=71}} The ''Kaliyuga-raja-vrttanta'' section of the ''Bhavishyottara Purana'' mentions that Kacha was a son of Chandragupta I from a [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] princess.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|pp=62–63}} It describes Kacha as jointly ruling with his father, and states that Samudragupta killed their father.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=65}} However, these passages (and possibly the entire text) are a modern forgery.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=14–15}} == References == {{Reflist}} === Bibliography === {{ref begin}} * {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 }} * {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 |year=1987 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-222-2 }} * {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India; Volume 3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }} * {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 |year=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 }} * {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC |year=1989 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 }} * {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&pg=PA49 |year=1978 |publisher=Concept |oclc=5413655 }} {{ref end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chandragupta 01}} [[Category:Gupta emperors]] [[Category:4th-century Indian monarchs]] [[Category:4th-century maharajadhirajas]]
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