Editing Chatham Dockyard

{{Short description|Former Royal Navy Dockyard in Kent}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = HM Dockyard, Chatham
| ensign = {{shipboxflag|UK|naval}}
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| partof = <!-- for elements within a larger site -->
| location = Chatham, Kent
| nearest_town = <!-- used in military test site infobox -->
| country =
| image = HMS Royal George on the Medway, with HMS Queen Charlotte under construction 1790.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Chatham Dockyard in 1790 (by [[Nicholas Pocock]])
| image2 = <!--secondary image, major command emblems for airfields -->
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| coordinates = {{Coord|51|23|50|N|00|31|40|E|region:GB}}
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| image_map = {{Location map |Kent |lat=51.3965 |long=0.5291 |width=220px |float=center }}
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| ownership = <!-- government department such as the MoD or the United States DoD -->
| operator = [[Royal Navy]]
| controlledby = The [[Navy Board]] (until 1832); the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] (1832–1964).
| open_to_public = as [[Chatham Historic Dockyard]]
| site_other_label = <!-- for renaming "Other facilities" in infobox -->
| site_other = Military barracks and fortifications
| site_area = <!-- area of site m2, km2 square mile etc -->
| code = <!--facility/installation code, applies to US -->
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| used = 1567–1984
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| height = <!-- height of tallest part, not above sea level -->
| length = <!-- for border fences or other DMZs -->
| fate = Preserved as a maritime heritage visitor attraction
| condition =
| battles =
| events = [[Raid on the Medway]], 1667
| current_commander = <!-- current commander -->
| past_commanders = <!-- past notable commander(s) -->
| garrison = <!-- such as the 25th Bombardment Group -->
| occupants = <!-- squadrons only -->
| website = [http://thedockyard.co.uk Chatham Historic Dockyard]
| footnotes = <!-- catchall in case it's needed to preserve something in infobox that doesn't work in new code -->
}}

'''Chatham Dockyard''' was a [[Royal Navy Dockyard]] located on the [[River Medway]] in [[Kent]]. Established in [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]] in the mid-16th century, the dockyard subsequently expanded into neighbouring [[Gillingham, Kent|Gillingham]]; at its most extensive (in the early 20th century) two-thirds of the dockyard lay in Gillingham, one-third in Chatham.

It came into existence at the time when, following the [[English Reformation|Reformation]], relations with the [[Catholic]] countries of [[Europe]] had worsened, leading to a requirement for additional defences. Over 414 years Chatham Royal Dockyard provided more than 500 ships for the [[Royal Navy]], and was at the forefront of [[shipbuilding]], [[Industrial technology|industrial]] and [[British industrial architecture|architectural]] technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled [[artisan]]s and covered {{convert|400|acre|km2}}. Chatham dockyard closed in 1984, and {{convert|84|acre|ha}} of the Georgian dockyard is now managed as the [[Chatham Historic Dockyard]] visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.

==Overview==
[[Joseph Farington]] (1747–1821) was commissioned by the [[Navy Board]] to paint a panoramic view of Chatham Dockyard (as part of a project to create a visual record of all six home yards) in 1785.<ref name="RMG Farington">{{cite web |title=Chatham Dockyard |url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/13262.html |website=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> The painting, now in the [[National Maritime Museum]], provides a detailed illustration of the yard as it was in the [[Age of Sail]]; many of the buildings and structures illustrated survive:

<br>
{{wide image|Joseph Farington (1747-1821) - Chatham Dockyard - BHC1782 - Royal Museums Greenwich.jpg|800px|alt=Painting of the Dockyard|Looking from right to left (i.e. south to north) along the river bank can be seen: the two Anchor Wharf Storehouses (with the Rope House and associated buildings behind); two shipbuilding slips (between which can be seen the Commissioner's House with its large garden, beyond which is the Sail and Colour Loft); two dry docks (with Clock Tower Storehouse behind them, and the Officers' Terrace beyond); the old Smithery (later demolished); two more dry docks (beyond which can be seen the Masthouses and Mouldloft); further building slips (with the two Mast Ponds beyond them); and some Boat Houses (later demolished). In the distance (far left) St Mary's Island can be seen, and ships at anchor on Gillingham Reach. In the centre of the painting, beyond the walls of the Dockyard, is the town of Brompton and, to the right, Chatham Barracks.}}

===Descriptions of the working dockyard===
[[William Camden]] (1551–1623) described Chatham dockyard as
<blockquote>...stored for the finest fleet the sun ever beheld, and ready at a minute’s warning, built lately by our most gracious sovereign Elizabeth at great expense for the security of her subjects and the terror of her enemies, with a fort on the shore for its defence.<ref>Brayley and Britton, p. 667.</ref></blockquote>

[[File:The Royal Dockyard at Chatham, 1789.jpg|300px|thumb|right|alt=Late 18th-century illustration of the dockyard|The Dockyard as depicted by [[Robert Dodd (artist)|Robert Dodd]] in 1789]]
[[Daniel Defoe]] (c. 1660 – 1731), visiting the yard in 1705, also spoke of its achievements with an almost incredulous enthusiasm:
<blockquote>So great is the order and application there, that a first-rate vessel of war of 106 guns, ordered to be commissioned by Sir [[Cloudesley Shovell]], was ready in three days. At the time the order was given the vessel was entirely unrigged; yet the masts were raised, sails bent, anchors and cables on board, in that time''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jul/20/kanye-west-steve-mcqueen-video-to-become-a-museum-exhibit|title=Kanye video to become a museum exhibit|work=The Guardian|date=20 July 2015|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Charles Dickens]] (1812–1870), who had grown up in Chatham, returned in later life and described in 1861 the novel sight (and sounds) of a ship being built for the first time of iron (rather than wood):
<blockquote>Twelve hundred men are working at her now; twelve hundred men working on stages over her sides, over her bows, over her sterns, under her keel, between her decks, down in her hold, within her and without, crawling and creeping into the finest curves of her lines wherever it is possible for men to twist. Twelve hundred hammerers, measurers, caulkers, armourers, forgers, smiths, shipwrights; twelve hundred dingers, clashers, dongers, rattlers, clinkers, bangers, bangers, bangers!<ref>{{cite web|url=https://victorianweb.org/art/illustration/dalziel/44.html|first=Charles|last=Dickens|title="Chatham Dockyard," chapter twenty-four in The Uncommercial Traveller|year=1861}}</ref></blockquote>

==History==
[[File:ChathamMedway.jpg|thumb|Engraving of "Chatham Dockyard from [[Fort Pitt, Kent|Fort Pitt]]" from Ireland's History of Kent, Vol. 4, 1831. Facing p. 349. Drawn by G. Sheppard, engraved by R. Roffe.]]

===Gillingham Water===
Chatham's establishment as a naval dockyard was precipitated by the use of the Medway as a safe [[Anchorage (shipping)|anchorage]] by the ships of what became (under [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]]) England's permanent [[Royal Navy]]. In 1550, a decree was issued to the [[Lord High Admiral of England|Lord High Admiral]] that:
<blockquote>all the Kinges shippes should be harborowed in [[Gillingham, Medway|Jillyngham]] Water – saving only those that be at [[Portsmouth]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_KDtOoeoZMC&pg=PT492|title=Defending The Island: From Caesar to the Armada|first=Norman|last=Longmate|publisher=Hutchinson|year=1989|isbn=978-0091709105}}</ref></blockquote>

Even prior to this, there is evidence of certain shore facilities being established in the vicinity for the benefit of the King's ships at anchor: there are isolated references from as early as 1509 to the hiring of a [[Warehouse|storehouse]] nearby<ref name="20th century: Intro">{{cite web|title=20th-Century Naval Dockyards...Characterisation Report, Part 1|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/twentieth-century-naval-dockyards-devonport-portsmouth-characterisation-report|website=Historic England |date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Naval Dockyards Society |access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> and from 1547 this becomes a fixed item in the Treasurer's annual accounts. (At around the same time a [[Victualling Commissioners|victualling]] store was also established, in nearby [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], to provide the ships and their crews with food.) The storehouse would have furnished ships with such necessary consumables as rope, pulleys, sailcloth and timber. [[Careening]] took place on the river, according to a Privy Council instruction of 1550;<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQyoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT172|title=The Tudor Navy: An Administrative, Political and Military History|first= David|last= Loades|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|isbn=978-0859679220}}</ref> for more specialised repairs and maintenance, however, ships would have had to travel to one of the purpose-built [[royal dockyard]]s (the nearest being those on the [[Thames]]: [[Deptford Dockyard|Deptford]] and [[Woolwich Dockyard|Woolwich]]).<ref name="SL48">Saint & Guillery, ''The Survey of London vol. 48: Woolwich'', Yale, 2012.</ref>

===The early dockyard===
1567 is generally seen as the date of Chatham's establishment as a Royal Naval Dockyard.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research guide: Royal Dockyard names and locations |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/royal-naval-dockyard-staff/ |website=National Archives|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> In the years that followed the ground was prepared, accommodation was secured and in 1570 a mast pond was installed. The following year a [[forge]] was built for anchor-making. At around the same time a large house was leased (the Hill House) for administrative purposes including meetings of the [[Council of the Marine|Council of Marine Causes]]. (Hill House would serve as the dockyard's Pay Office for the next 180 years; the [[Royal Marine Barracks, Chatham|Royal Marine Barracks]] were later built on its site).<ref name="TheHillHouse">{{cite journal |last1=Cull |first1=Frederick |title=Chatham – The Hill House (1567–1805) |journal=Archaeologia Cantiana |year=1962 |volume=77 |pages=95–109 |url=https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Pub/ArchCant/Vol.077%20-%201962/077-07..pdf |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

The renowned Tudor shipwright [[Mathew Baker (shipwright)|Mathew Baker]] was appointed to Chatham in 1572 (though he was primarily based at Deptford). Under his supervision the site was developed to include [[sawpit]]s, [[workshops]], storehouses and a [[wharf]] with a [[treadmill crane]] (completed in 1580). Most significantly, Chatham's first [[dry dock]] was opened in 1581 (for repairing naval [[galleys]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9_T08tLq8wC&pg=PA130|title=Early Modern Kent, 1540–1640|page=130|first= Michael|last= Zell|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0851155852}}</ref> The first ship to be built at the dockyard, a 10-gun [[Full-rigged pinnace|pinnace]] named HMS ''Merlin'' (or ''Merlyon''), was launched in 1579.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thedockyard.co.uk/learning/digital/history-of-the-dockyard |title=Official dockyard website|work=Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust |access-date=20 September 2022}}</ref>

The dockyard received its first royal visit, from [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]], in 1573; later, in 1606, [[James VI and I|James I]] used Chatham dockyard for a meeting with [[Christian IV of Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Pub/ArchCant/006%20-%201866/006-02.pdf|title=Visits to Rochester and Chatham |page=55 |publisher=Kent Archaeology}}</ref>

===Relocation===
[[File:Ships Laid Up in the Medway RMG BHC0832.tiff|thumb|right|17th-century painting of naval vessels moored on the River Medway, viewed from Chatham with [[Rochester Bridge]] in the background.]]
In the early 17th century the government resolved to invest in a new specialised facility for refitting and repairing warships. By 1611 Chatham had been chosen as its location (in preference to Deptford, which at the time was the nation's principal naval shipbuilding yard; this led to speculation that Deptford was going to be sold off). The decision established Chatham as the country's premier naval industrial complex; nevertheless, concerns were already being raised over its river being prone to silting.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBtbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|title=The Fighting Temeraire|first=Sam|last= Willis|publisher=Quercus Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1847249982}}</ref>

The decision required the dockyard to move from its original location, which was too constricted, to a new (adjacent) site to the north.<ref name=guide28>Guidebook, p. 28.</ref> (The old site was in due course transferred to the [[Ordnance Board]], who established the [[#The Gun Wharf|gun wharf]] there.) By 1619, the new dockyard consisted of a new dry dock and wharf with storehouses, all enclosed within a brick perimeter wall. The growing importance of the dockyard was illustrated with the addition soon afterwards of a mast pond, and the granting of additional land on which a second (double) dry dock was constructed, along with a [[sail loft]], a [[ropery]] and residences for the dockyard officers: all of which were completed by 1624.<ref name=guide15/>

[[Peter Pett (shipwright, died 1672)|Peter Pett]], of the [[The Pett Dynasty|family of shipwrights]] whose history is closely connected to the Chatham dockyard, became commissioner in 1649.<ref name=guide29/> In 1686 two new dry docks were built, in addition to the old single and double dry docks; all four were rebuilt and expanded at various points in subsequent centuries (the double dock having been converted into a single dock in 1703). Although the yard focused mainly on refitting and repairs, some shipbuilding continued to take place. It made do with a single shipbuilding [[Slipway|slip]] for much of the 17th century (a second slip, dating from the same period, had fallen out of use; it was replaced in the 1730s). Also in 1686 a 'Great Long Store-house' was built, alongside the ropery on what is now Anchor Wharf;<ref name="TheHillHouse" /> and two new mast ponds were constructed, in what was then the northernmost part of the yard, in 1697 and 1702.<ref name=guide27>Guidebook, p. 27.</ref>

====Sheerness====
[[File:Dutch Attack on the Medway, June 1667 van Soest RMG BHC0295.jpg|thumb|left|''Dutch [[Raid on the Medway|Attack on the Medway]], June 1667'' by [[Pieter Cornelisz van Soest]], painted {{circa|1667}}. The captured ship {{HMS|Royal Charles|1660|2}} is right of centre.]]
One of the disadvantages of Chatham (and also of the Thames-side yards) was their relative inaccessibility for ships at sea (including those anchored in [[The Nore]]). Therefore, rather than risk being constrained by wind, tide and [[Draught (hull)|draught]] on a journey upriver, ships would seek as often as possible to do running repairs and maintenance while at anchor, and would only travel to the dockyard when necessary. Thus deliveries of victuals, ordnance and other supplies were made by small boats, sailing regularly between Chatham and The Nore.<ref name="Hughes2002">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=David T.|title=Sheerness Naval Dockyard and Garrison |year=2002 |publisher=The History Press |location=Stroud, Gloucs.}}</ref>

Seeking to alleviate this less-than-satisfactory situation, the [[Navy Board]] explored options for developing a shore facility with direct access from the open water of the [[Thames Estuary]]. The escalating [[Anglo-Dutch wars]] forced their hand, however: several temporary buildings were hastily erected in [[Sheerness]], at the mouth of the Medway, to enable ships to re-arm, re-victual and (if necessary) be repaired as quickly as possible. In 1665, the Navy Board approved Sheerness as a site for a new dockyard, and building work began; but in 1667 the still-incomplete [[Sheerness Dockyard]] was captured by the [[Dutch Navy]] and used as the base for an [[Raid on the Medway|attack]] on the English fleet at anchor in the Medway itself. Sheerness remained operational as a royal dockyard until 1959, but it was never considered a major shore establishment and in several respects it operated as a subsidiary yard to Chatham.<ref name="Coad2013" />

===Consolidation===
By the late 17th century a number of prestigious new buildings were erected (including the officers' residences, the clocktower storehouse and the main gatehouse), several of which are still in place. At the same time, the nearby village of [[Brompton, Kent|Brompton]] began to be developed to provide housing for the dockyard's growing workforce.<ref name="TheHillHouse" />

From the very start of the 18th century, however, Chatham began to be superseded in both size and importance, first by [[HMNB Portsmouth|Portsmouth]], then [[HMNB Devonport|Plymouth]], when the main naval enemy became France, and the Western approaches the chief theatre of operations. In addition, the Medway had begun to silt up, making navigation more difficult (especially as the Navy's ships were getting larger). As a result, it was acknowledged by 1771 that Chatham had no future as a front-line fleet base;<ref name="Coad2013" /> nevertheless, following a visit by the [[Admiralty Board (United Kingdom)|Admiralty Board]] in 1773, the decision was taken to invest further in Chatham, and to develop it as a building yard rather than a refitting base.<ref name=guide29>Guidebook, p. 29.</ref>

<br>
{{wide image|A Plan of His Majesty's Naval Yard at Chatham, 1774.jpg|800px|A detailed plan of the Dockyard, published in 1774.}}
<br>

By this time the establishment, including the gun wharf, stretched {{convert|1|mi|km|spell=in}} in length, and included an area of in excess of {{convert|95|acre|m2}}. Alongside the four dry docks it now had a total of six shipbuilding slips (equalling Deptford and outnumbering the other yards in this regard), albeit three of the six were under {{convert|150|ft|abbr=on}} in length and suitable only for building smaller warships.<ref name="Coad2013" /> The docks varied from {{convert|160|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|186|ft|abbr=on}} in length. The officers and men employed in the yard had also increased, and by 1798 they numbered 1,664, including 49 officers and clerks and 624 [[shipwright]]s. Additionally required were the blockmakers, caulkers, pitch-heaters, [[blacksmith]]s, [[joiner]]s and [[carpenter]]s, sail makers, [[rigging|riggers]], and [[ropemaker]]s (274), as well as [[bricklayer]]s, labourers and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/chatham_dockyard.htm |title=Chatham Dockyard |publisher=Battleships cruisers |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Building works at Chatham did not compare with the substantial expansions underway at Portsmouth and Plymouth at this time; but the southern part of the yard was significantly redeveloped, with construction of two new storehouses on Anchor Wharf and a major reconfiguration of the ropery.<ref name="Coad2013" />

Among the vessels built in this Dockyard which still exist are {{HMS|Victory}} (launched in 1765 and now preserved at [[Portsmouth Historic Dockyard]])<ref>Eastland & Ballantyne, p. 13.</ref> and {{HMS|Unicorn|1824|6}} (a {{sclass|Leda|frigate|1}}), launched in 1824 and now preserved afloat at [[Dundee]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frigateunicorn.org/hms-unicorn|title=HMS ''Unicorn'': Summary from the Official HMS ''Unicorn'' website|access-date=15 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615021850/http://www.frigateunicorn.org/hms-unicorn|archive-date=15 June 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===Mechanisation===
[[File:EW(1884) p.039 - Chatham - A + C Black (pub).jpg|thumb|right|1884 map, showing the 'Royal Dock Yard' (centre) with the river to the west, new extension to the north, barracks and fortifications to the east.]]
Following the appointment of [[Robert Seppings]] as Master Shipwright in 1804, iron began to be introduced into the structure of ships being built at Chatham; the following year work began on a new, much larger [[smithery]], commissioned by [[Samuel Bentham]], designed by [[Edward Holl]] and fitted out by [[John Rennie the Elder|John Rennie]].<ref name="SmitheryListing">{{Cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1378614|title=NUMBER 1 SMITHERY, Medway - 1378614 {{pipe}} Historic England|website=historicengland.org.uk}}</ref> Among other things, the use of iron in ship construction enabled larger vessels to be built, and between 1836 and 1851 Chatham gained five new covered slipways, much larger in scale than the ones they replaced. (The covering of Chatham's slipways and dry docks, to protect the woodwork of ships as they were built or repaired, had begun with No.2 Slip and No.1 Dock in 1817).<ref name=no.1dock/>

In 1811, [[Marc Brunel]] recommended the installation of steam-powered sawmills in the royal dockyards, to replace the manual labour of the [[saw pit]]s. Money was only made available for one such installation, however, and Chatham (as the principal building yard at this time) was chosen as its location. Land was purchased to the northeast for its construction, and the new saw mill began operation in 1814.<ref name="Coad2013" /> The following year, John Rennie was engaged to build an entirely new dry dock (following his own recommendations) which was the first in the dockyard to be built entirely of stone; it was built on the site of the old smithery. Unlike the earlier timber docks, which were drained using gravity, this new dock (No.3 Dock) was pumped dry using a [[Boulton & Watt]] steam engine. After completion of the new dock in 1821, reconstruction of the other docks in stone followed (with the exception of the northernmost, which was converted into a slipway); they were likewise emptied using steam power, provided by the same engine and pumps (which were also linked to a network of pipes installed across the whole dockyard site for firefighting purposes).<ref name="Coad2013" /> Another novel application of steam power was embarked on in 1817, with the building of a 'Lead and Paint Mill', in which a single beam engine powered a [[rolling mill]] and a series of devices for grinding pigment and mixing paint; the plant was operational from 1819. It was not until 1837, however, that steam power was first introduced into the ropery, and the smithery received its first engine (for blowing the forges and powering [[tilt hammer]]s) in 1841.<ref name="Coad2013" />

[[File:HMS Royal Oak (1862).jpg|thumb|left|Armour plating being fitted to [[HMS Royal Oak (1862)|HMS ''Royal Oak'']] at Chatham, {{circa|1862}}.]]
At the same time, moves were being made towards the application of steam power to ship propulsion. The first steam-powered ship to be laid down at Chatham was [[HMS Phoenix (1832)|HMS ''Phoenix'']], one of four [[paddle steamers]] built concurrently across the royal dockyards in the early 1830s, each designed by a different leading shipwright. [[HMS Bee (1842)|HMS ''Bee'']], launched at Chatham in 1842, was an experimental vessel fitted with both paddles and a [[propeller]], each of which could be driven independently from the same engine for comparison. Following the success of such early trials with [[Screw-propeller steamer|screw propulsion]], several older sailing ships were taken into dry dock and [[Retrofitting|retro-fitted]] with propellers, beginning with [[HMS Horatio (1807)|HMS ''Horatio'']].<ref>{{cite news |title=1814 voyage charted with sketches and maps in midshipman's logbook |date=16 October 2009 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6346581/1814-voyage-charted-with-sketches-and-maps-in-midshipmans-logbook.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6346581/1814-voyage-charted-with-sketches-and-maps-in-midshipmans-logbook.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=28 March 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Another hint of changes to come was seen in the launch of [[HMS Aetna (1855)|HMS ''Aetna'']], the first [[Ironclad warship|armour-plated]] vessel to be built at Chatham, in 1856. All these developments were to come together with the construction of [[HMS Achilles (1863)|HMS ''Achilles'']], in a newly expanded No.2 Dock, between 1860 and 1864: the first true iron-hulled battleship to be launched in a royal dockyard.<ref name=passage>{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/dalziel/44.html|title=Passage Realised|publisher=Victoria Web|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>

To meet the new demands of building in iron, metal mills were built alongside the smithery in 1845, containing [[Rolling (metalworking)|rolling]] machinery and [[Metallurgical furnace|furnaces]] for reprocessing iron.<ref name="Coad2013" /> Holl's smithery was itself enlarged with the addition of a [[foundry]] in the 1850s, and its courtyard was roofed over for a [[steam hammer]] shop in 1865.<ref name="SmitheryListing" /> By 1861, No.1 Dock had been filled in and a machine shop constructed in its place for heating, bending and planing armour plate for HMS ''Achilles'' which was being built alongside.<ref name=no.1dock>{{Cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1378631|title=NUMBER 1 WORKBASE, Medway - 1378631 {{pipe}} Historic England|website=historicengland.org.uk}}</ref> For the time being, however, [[marine steam engine]]s were not manufactured on site but were ordered from [[Thames]]-based private contractors (along with other associated equipment).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naval-history.net/WW0Book-Sennett-MarineSteamEngine.htm|title=Marine Steam Engine|publisher=History.net|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> In 1860 the dockyard's policing was also transferred to the new [[History of the Ministry of Defence Police#1860: The Metropolitan Police|No.4 Division of the Metropolitan Police]], which remained in that role until 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://british-police-history.uk/f/royal-marine|title=British Police History - Royal Marine Police}}</ref>

===Expansion===
[[File:HMS Empress of India Stern Drydock.jpg|thumb|right|[[HMS Empress of India|HMS ''Empress of India'']] in No 8 Dock, with No 1 Boiler Shop in the background, {{circa|1897}}.]]
A significant disadvantage for Chatham was that [[fitting out]] had always taken place on the river. When ''Achilles'', for example, had been completed and floated out of dry dock, she spent almost a year moored in Gillingham Reach, where not only her engines, boilers, funnels and a {{convert|2.5|LT|t|2|adj=on}} propeller were fitted, but also masts, sails, rigging, guns, coal, food, ammunition and furnishings were either loaded or installed.<ref name=passage/> It was partly to address this problem that the Admiralty undertook a huge building programme at Chatham. Between  1862 and 1865, the size of the yard quadrupled and provided specialist facilities for steam-powered ships with metal hulls. Three basins were constructed along St. Mary's creek, from west to east: No.1 Basin (of {{convert|28|acre|m2}}), No.2 Basin ({{convert|20|acre|m2}}) and No.3 Basin ({{convert|21|acre|m2}}). Along the southern edge of No.1 Basin four new dry docks were built (Nos.5–8), each {{convert|420|ft|abbr=on}} long. Initially a purpose-built 'steam factory' was planned, but following the closure of Woolwich Dockyard in 1869 a number of slip covers were removed from that site and re-erected at the head of the new dry docks to serve as factories for building and fitting engines and for [[boilermaking]].<ref name="Coad2013" />

[[File:Machinery at Chatham Dockyard 2.jpg|thumb|left|Plate-bending roller, installed in No 5 Machine Shop in 1913 and now preserved at the Historic Dockyard.]]
No.1 Basin was officially opened in 1871, with [[HMS Invincible (1869)|HMS ''Invincible'']] being brought into No.5 Dock for repairs, with great ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campus.medway.ac.uk/files/about/history/daybyday/june.pdf|title=Timeline|publisher=Drill Hall Library|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Work on the other docks and basins followed, with No.3 Basin finally being completed in 1883. Two years later the project was largely complete, with facilities provided alongside for gun mounting and mast rigging, as well as a [[victualling]] depot and a [[Coaling (ships)|coaling]] area.<ref name="Coad2013" /> Much of the excavation and building work had been done by [[convict labour]] (a convict prison having been built to the north of the dockyard, with the expansion project in mind, in 1853).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medwaymemories.co.uk/?page_id=808|title=Mutiny in Chatham's prison hulks|publisher=Medway Memories|access-date=23 November 2019|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813035311/http://www.medwaymemories.co.uk/?page_id=808|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1897 a [[Royal Naval Barracks, Chatham|naval barracks]] was built on the site of the prison to provide crew accommodation for ships anchored in [[The Nore]]; for the next sixty years it served as the headquarters of Nore Command, whose [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore|Commander-in-Chief]] was accommodated in the adjacent Admiralty House.<ref name="Coad2013" />

[[File:The dockyard Chatham England.jpg|thumb|right|The Dockyard extension viewed from [[Upnor]], c.1910.]]
In 1897 a new, even longer dry dock was opened on the north side of No.1 Basin: at its opening, this (No.9 Dock) was the largest in the world at {{convert|650|ft|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|84|ft|abbr=on}} wide. At around the same time, in the older part of the dockyard, No.7 Slip was extended to accommodate the building of [[HMS Prince of Wales (1902)|HMS ''Prince of Wales'']] (launched in 1902), and a new (uncovered) slipway was built a little to the north (No.8 Slip, completed in 1900); at {{convert|616|ft|abbr=on}} this was one of the longest slips in the world and was designed for building [[battleships]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9uZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|title=Chatham Naval Dockyard & Barracks Through Time|first= Clive |last=Holden|publisher=Amberley|year=2014|isbn=978-1445618999}}</ref> (The older slipways, by contrast, were proving much too small and they were mostly filled in around this time, their covered areas being put to alternative uses.) The first battleship to be built on the new No.8 Slip was [[HMS Africa (1905)|HMS ''Africa'']], launched in 1905; however it also proved to be the last, as it was announced (controversially) that Chatham Dockyard would be unable to accommodate [[Dreadnoughts]]. Proposals were made for a fourth Basin of {{convert|57|acre|m2}}, together with additional large docks of up to {{convert|800|ft|abbr=on}}, to cover the remaining land on St Mary's Island; but these were soon superseded by plans to build an entirely new dockyard at [[Rosyth Dockyard|Rosyth]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Accommodation for 'monster ships' |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/accommodation-%E2%80%98monster-ships%E2%80%99 |website=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161136/https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/accommodation-%E2%80%98monster-ships%E2%80%99 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Nevertheless, [[Light cruisers]] and other smaller vessels continued to be built at Chatham during the first half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4009.html|title=HMS Arethusa|publisher=Uboat.net|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> Also with the 20th century came the submarine. The first submarine to be built at a royal dockyard was {{HMS|C17}}, launched from the covered No.7 Slip in 1908 and then fitted out in No.2 Dock; five more of the same [[British C-class submarine|class]] followed, [[HMS C18|C18]], [[HMS C19|C19]], [[HMS C20|C20]], [[HMS C33|C33]] and [[HMS C34|C34]].<ref name= Boniface >{{Citation |last= Boniface |first= Patrick  |title= A Century of Submarines at Chatham Dockyard |journal= Ships Monthly  |pages= 48–52 |date= April 2021}}</ref> During [[World War I]], twelve submarines were built here, but when hostilities ceased, uncompleted boats were scrapped and five years passed before a further ship was launched. In the interwar years, eight [[British S-class submarine (1931)|S-class submarines]] as well as X1 were built at Chatham but this was a period of decline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harwichanddovercourt.co.uk/submarines-wwii/|title=Submarines World War 2|publisher=Harwich and Dovercourt|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref>
Production ramped up during [[World War II]] with HMS's ''[[HMS Umpire (N82)|Umpire]]'', ''[[HMS Una|Una]]'', ''[[HMS Splendid (P228)|Splendid]]'', ''[[HMS Sportsman|Sportsman]]'', ''[[HMS Shalimar|Shalimar]]'', ''[[HMS Tradewind (P329)|Tradewind]]'', ''[[HMS Trenchant (P331)|Trenchant]]'', ''[[HMS Turpin (P354)|Turpin]]'', ''[[HMS Thermopylae (P355)|Thermopylae]]'' and ''[[HMS Acheron (P411)|Acheron]]'' being constructed.<ref name= Boniface/>

===Last years===
[[File:Chatham Naval Dockyard (16433123107).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Navy Day#United Kingdom|Navy Day]] at HMNB Chatham, c.1977]]
In February 1958 it was announced in Parliament that Sheerness Dockyard would close in 1960, with [[Nore Command]] (and its Chatham-based Commander-in-Chief) to be abolished the following year. At the same time, it was made clear that at Chatham "the dockyard will be retained; but the barracks and other naval establishments will be closed".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1958/feb/18/changes-in-royal-naval-establishments#S5LV0207P0_19580218_HOL_43|title=Changes in Royal Navy Establishments|date=18 February 1958|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|access-date=3 April 2020}} {{ukhansard |house= HL |date= 18 February 1958 |vol=207 |cc=775-81}}</ref> (In the event, the barracks were reprieved and repurposed rather than being closed at this stage.)

[[File:Number 3 Dry Dock. Chatham.jpg|thumb|right|Rennie's No 3 Dock of 1816–21; today it contains HMS ''Ocelot'', the last Royal Navy vessel built at Chatham.]]
The final boats constructed in Chatham were {{sclass|Oberon|submarine|1}}s – {{HMS|Ocelot|S17|2}} was the last vessel built for the [[Royal Navy]], and the final vessel was {{HMCS|Okanagan|S74|2}} built for the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and launched on 17 September 1966.<ref name= Boniface/> In 1968, a [[nuclear reactor|nuclear]] submarine refitting complex was built between Nos 6 and 7 dry docks, complete with refuelling cranes and health physics building. In spite of this in June 1981, it was announced to Parliament that the dockyard would be run down and closed in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-26615288|title=Chatham Dockyard: Lasting impact three decades on |publisher= BBC|date= 31 March 2014|access-date= 1 January 2018}}</ref>

====Closure====
The closure of Chatham Dockyard (along with the adjacent Naval Barracks) was announced in Parliament in June 1981 and scheduled to take place in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1981/jun/25/defence-programme |title=Defence Programme|date=25 June 1981|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=3 April 2020}} {{ukhansard |house= HC |date=25 June 1981 |vol=7 |cc=385–400}}</ref> [[Redundancy in United Kingdom law|Redundancy notices]] were served, but then abruptly withdrawn following the [[1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands]]; the dockyard was heavily involved in preparing ships for the South Atlantic, and in repairing damaged vessels on their return. Nonetheless, the dockyard closed, as planned, on 31 March 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-26615288|title=Chatham Dockyard: Lasting impact three decades on |publisher=BBC |date=31 March 2014 |access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>

===Regeneration===
At the time of its closure the dockyard covered {{convert|400|acre|km2}}. Thereafter this was divided into three sections:

[[File:Anchor and HMS Gannet at Chatham Dockyard.jpg|thumb|left|{{HMS|Gannet|1878|6}} at [[Chatham Historic Dockyard]]]]
{{convert|80|acre|km2}}, the 18th century core of the site, was transferred to a charity called the [[Chatham Historic Dockyard|Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedockyard.co.uk/trust/economic-impact-historic-dockyard-chatham/|title=Economic impact of the Historic Dockyard Chatham|publisher=Chatham Historic Dockyard|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325223751/http://thedockyard.co.uk/trust/economic-impact-historic-dockyard-chatham/|archive-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> The Georgian site is now a visitor attraction under the care of the Trust: [[Chatham Historic Dockyard]]. The Trust is preparing an application for the dockyard and its defences to become a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/6728033.stm |title=World heritage bid for dockyard |publisher=BBC |date=6 June 2007 |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

[[File:ChathamJulia&Basin.JPG|thumb|right|upright|The topsail schooner ''Julia'' visiting the middle basin in 2006;  behind her is the [[St Mary's Island, Kent|St Mary's Island]] housing estate]]
The easternmost basin (Basin No.3) was handed over to the [[Medway Ports]] authority and is now a commercial port (Chatham Docks). It includes Papersafe UK<ref>[https://archive.today/20130209225648/http://www.yell.com/b/Papersafe+UK,+Berth+6,+Basin+3-Storage-Chatham-ME44SR-901204962/index.html Papersafe UK, Berth 6, Basin 3, Chatham | STORAGE]. Yell. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</ref> and Nordic Recycling Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nordicrecycling.co.uk/media/pdf/100710-Chatham-Waste-managment-Licence.pdf|title=Nordic Recycling|access-date=19 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015010359/http://www.nordicrecycling.co.uk/media/pdf/100710-Chatham-Waste-managment-Licence.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013 [[The Peel Group|Peel Ports]], which owns and runs Chatham Docks, announced that it was set to convert a {{convert|26|acre|km2|adj=on}} portion of the commercial port into a mixed-use development (incorporating offices, an education facility, apartments, town houses and a food store ([[Asda]]), as well as landscaped public areas). The development is called "Chatham Waters".<ref>{{cite web |title=Chatham Waters |url=http://www.peel.co.uk/chathamwaters |publisher=peel.co.uk |access-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515082157/http://www.peel.co.uk/chathamwaters |archive-date=15 May 2013  }}</ref> In 2019 Peel announced that Chatham Docks would close in 2025 with the loss of 800 jobs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peel L&P to close Chatham Docks in Medway in 2025 |url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/medway/news/800-jobs-on-the-line-at-port-215214/ |website=Kent Online |date=30 October 2019 |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

The remaining {{convert|350|acre|km2}} were transferred to the government's urban regeneration agency (later [[English Partnerships]]). Under its remit, the westernmost (No.1) Basin was turned into a [[marina]], part of the former factory area to the south was transformed into an entertainment and retail complex ('Chatham Maritime') and the former Barracks (HMS ''Pembroke'') became [[Universities at Medway]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Drill Hall: History of Royal Naval Barracks, Chatham |url=http://campus.medway.ac.uk/files/about/history/history.pdf |publisher=Universities at Medway |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161646/http://campus.medway.ac.uk/files/about/history/history.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[St Mary's Island, Medway|St Mary's Island]], a {{convert|150|acre|km2|adj=on}}, largely undeveloped area to the north of the three basins, was transformed into a residential community for some 1,500 homes. It has several themed areas with traditional maritime buildings, a fishing (though in looks only) village with its multi-coloured houses and a modern energy-efficient concept. Many homes have views of the River Medway. A primary school (St. Mary's C of E) and a [[Clinic|medical centre]] provide facilities for the residents and there are attractive walks around the Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmarysisland.uk.com/|title=St Mary's Island|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

====Filming====
Chatham Dockyard has become a popular location for filming, due to its varied and interesting areas such as the cobbled streets, church and over 100 buildings dating from the Georgian and Victorian periods. Productions that have chosen to film at Chatham Dockyard include: ''[[Les Misérables (2012 film)|Les Misérables]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Kent Film Office|url=http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2013/01/les-miserables-2013/|title=Kent Film Office Les Miserables Film Focus|date=3 January 2013 }}</ref> ''[[Call the Midwife]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Kent Film Office|url=http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2013/01/call-the-midwife-2013/|title=Kent Film Office Call The Midwife Film Focus|access-date=9 September 2013|archive-date=24 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024002227/http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2013/01/call-the-midwife-2013/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Mr Selfridge]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Kent Film Office|url=http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2013/01/mr-selfridge-2013/|title=Kent Film Office Mr Selfridge Film Focus|date=2 January 2013 }}</ref> ''[[Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Kent Film Office|url=http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2011/12/sherlock-holmes-game-of-shadows-2011/|title=Kent Film Office Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows Film Focus|date=13 December 2011 }}</ref> ''[[Oliver Twist (2007 TV miniseries)|Oliver Twist]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Kent Film Office|url=http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2007/12/oliver-twist-2007/|title=Kent Film Office Oliver Twist Film Focus|date=10 December 2007 }}</ref> ''[[The World Is Not Enough]]'' <ref>{{cite web|author=Kent Film Office|url=http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/1999/11/the-world-is-not-enough-1999/|title=Kent Film Office The World is Not EnoughFilm Focus|date=10 November 1999 }}</ref> and ''[[Grantchester (TV series)|Grantchester]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kent Film Office|url=http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2014/10/grantchester-2014/|title=Kent Film Office Grantchester Article|date=14 October 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084312/http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2014/10/grantchester-2014/|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

==Detailed descriptions==
[[File:Police Section House, Chatham Dockyard.jpg|thumb|Police Section House, one of the Dockyard's many [[listed buildings]]]]

===Significant buildings within the Georgian Dockyard===
<!-- much dockyard vocabulary is unique and all links need to be checked and DABs created -->

====Wood and canvas====
* The Mast Ponds. 1697, 1702. [[Fir]] logs were [[Wood drying#Water seasoning|seasoned]] by immersing them in [[seawater|salt water]] while the [[sap]] died back.
** South Mast Pond, 1697. Now a car park.<ref name=guide27/>
** North Mast Pond, 1702. The ponds were connected by canal.<ref name=guide27/>
* Clocktower building 1723. The oldest surviving naval storehouse in any Royal Dockyard. The building functioned as a "present use store" except for the upper floor, which was a [[mould loft]], and six bays at the northern end of the ground floor, which were open and contained [[saw pit]]s. The upper floors had [[Weatherboarding|timber cladding]] until 1802 when it was replaced by brick. In the 20th century the building was used for offices; it was adapted in 1996–1997 to become the [[University of Kent]]'s Bridge Warden's College.<ref name=guide14/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kent.ac.uk/timetabling/rooms/index.html?site=BWC |title=Bridge Wardens' College Teaching and Meeting Rooms |publisher=kent.ac.uk|access-date=27 October 2013}}</ref>
* Sail and Colour Loft 1723. Constructed from timber recycled from warships probably from the [[Dutch Wars]]. Lower floors were for storage, and the upper floor is a large open space for sail construction. In 1758 there were 45 [[sailmaker]]s. They sewed {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} strips of canvas into the sails using 170–190 stitches per yard (5 stitches per inch), remembering that there would be two rows of stitching to each seam.<!-- Imperial measures essential here --> Flags denoting nationality and for [[International maritime signal flags|signals]] were made here. The flags used by [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]] in his [[England expects that every man will do his duty|"England expects..."]] message would have been made here.<ref name=guide23/> Flag-making continued here, even after the closure of the dockyard, until 2001.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flag lowered on historic tradition |url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/kent/news/flag-lowered-on-historic-traditi-a790/ |access-date=7 August 2023 |work=KentOnline |date=2 November 2001}}</ref>
* House Carpenter's Workshop {{circa|1740}} House carpenters and joiners were responsible for the fittings and furnishings of warships, and also for building and maintaining various structures within the dockyard itself.<ref name="Coad1989">{{cite book |last1=Coad |first1=Jonathan G. |title=The Royal Dockyards 1690–1850: Architecture and Engineering Works of the Sailing Navy |year=1989 |publisher=Scolar Press |location=Aldershot, Hants.}}</ref> The small courtyard to the west contained workshops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1246988|title=Former House Carpenters Shop and Wall to Front Yard, Medway – 1246988 {{pipe}} Historic England|website=historicengland.org.uk}}</ref>
* [[Mast (sailing)|Masthouses]] and [[Mould loft|Mouldloft]] 1753–1755. Grade I listed since August 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-476543-former-mast-house-and-mould-loft-Masthouses|title= Former Mast House and Mould Loft, Medway |publisher=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk |access-date=27 October 2013}}</ref> These were used to make and store masts. Here there are seven interlinking masthouses; they were originally connected to the adjacent South Mast Pond by a wide slipway. Above them is the mould loft where the lines of {{HMS|Victory}} were laid down: the lines of each frame of a ship would be taken from the plan and scribed, full size, into the floor by shipwrights; from this, patterns or moulds would be built using softwoods, and from these the actual frames would be built and shaped. This building houses the "Wooden Walls Exhibition".<ref name=guide8>Guidebook, p. 8.</ref>
* Timber Seasoning Sheds 1774. These were built to a standard design with bays {{convert|45|by|20|ft|m}}.<!-- Imperial measures were used in the design --> These are the first standardised industrial buildings. There were 75 bays erected at Chatham Dockyard, to hold three years worth of timber.<ref name=guide26/>
* [[Wheelwright]]s' shop circa 1780. This three bay building was originally built as a [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] house using timber "reclaimed" from dismantled ships. The east bay was used by the wheelwrights, who constructed and repaired the wheels on the dockyard carts, and may have made ships' wheels. The middle bay was used by the [[pump]] makers and the coak and [[treenail]] makers. Pumps were simple affairs, made of wood with iron and leather fittings. Coaks were the bearings in pulley blocks, and treenails were the long oak pins, made on a [[lathe]] (or 'moot'), that were used to pin the planking to the frames. The west bay was used by the [[capstan (nautical)|capstan]] makers, capstans were used to raise the anchor.<ref name=guide9>Guidebook, p. 9.</ref> Since 2017 this building has been linked to the Masthouses and Mouldloft (qv) by a new entrance building for Chatham Historic Dockyard.
* [[Joiner]]s' Shop {{circa|1790}} originally to make treenails, but later used by the yards joiners. The [[Resolute Desk|''Resolute'' Desk]] (the Oval Office desk) was constructed here by Dockyard Joiners from the timbers of {{HMS|Resolute|1850|6}}.<ref name="guide9" />
* Brunel Saw Mill 1814. Until 1814 timber was cut by pairs of men, one above and one below the log. In 1758, there were 43 pairs of [[wikt:sawyer|sawyers]] working in the yard. In 1812, the [[sawmill]] was designed by Marc Brunel, father of [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]. The mill was driven by [[steam]]. The mill was linked to the mast ponds by a mechanical timber transport system, and underground canals. Later the basement was converted into a steam laundry.<ref name=guide26/>
* Lower Boat House circa 1820 built as a storehouse for squared timber, and later to store ship's boats.<ref name=guide27/>

<gallery>
ChathamHDClocktower0059.JPG|The Clocktower Building
ChathamHDYSail0004.JPG|Sail and Colour Loft
ChathamHDYM&MLoft0004.JPG|Masthouses and Mould Loft
ChathamHDBuses0014.JPG|Timber Seasoning sheds
ChathamHDMastHouse0011.JPG|Wheelwrights' shop
ChathamHDJoiners0070.JPG|Joiners' Shop
ChathamHDYBrunel0007.JPG|Brunel Sawmill
North Mast Pond, Chatham Dockyard - geograph.org.uk - 1152734.jpg|Lower Boat House and North Mast Pond

</gallery>

====Dry docks and covered slips====
* The covered slips 1838–1855. It was on [[slipway]]s that ships were built. The slipways were covered, to prevent ships rotting before they had been launched. The earliest covered slips no longer exist (Nos 1 and 2 Slips, which stood either side of the Assistant Queen's Harbourmaster's Office, were given wooden covers in 1817). By 1838 the use of [[cast iron|cast]] and [[wrought iron]] in buildings had become feasible. Of those that survive, the oldest slip has a wooden roof, three have cast iron roofing and the latest uses wrought iron; together, they are of unique importance in showing the development of wide span structures such as were later used by the railways.
** No 3 Slip 1838. This had a linked [[timber roof truss]] structure and was originally covered in [[tar]]red paper, which was quickly replaced with a zinc roof. The slip was backfilled around 1900 and a steel [[mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanine]] floor was added. It became a store house for ship's boats.<ref name=guide10>Guidebook, p. 10.</ref>
** No 4, 5 and 6 Slips 1848. These were designed by Captain [[Thomas Rawlings Mould|Thomas Mould]], [[Royal Engineers]], and erected by Bakers and Sons of Lambeth. Similar structures were erected at [[Portsmouth]] but these are no longer extant. They predate the London [[train shed]]s of [[Paddington]] and [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross]] which were often cited as the country's first wide span metal structures.<ref name=guide10/>
** No 7 Slip is one of the earliest examples of a modern metal [[truss]]ed roof. It was designed in 1852 by Colonel Godfrey T. Green, [[Royal Engineers]]. It was used for shipbuilding until 1966; {{HMS|Ocelot}} was launched from there on 5 May 1962.<ref name=guide12>Guidebook, p. 12.</ref>
* [[Dry Dock]]. The docks are filled by [[sluice gate]]s set into the [[Caisson (engineering)|caissons]], and emptied by a series of underground [[culvert]]s connected to the [[pumping station]]. No 1 Dry Dock 1824 (built on the site of "The Old Double Dock") no longer exists; it was filled in and converted into a covered workshop (No 1 Machine Shop) prior to the pioneering construction of {{HMS|Achilles|1863|6}} in the adjacent No 2 Dock.
** No 2 Dry Dock 1856 was built on the site of "The Old Single Dock" where HMS ''Victory'' was constructed. In 1863, this dock constructed {{HMS|Achilles|1863|6}}, the first iron [[battleship]] to be built in a Royal Dockyard. It now houses {{HMS|Cavalier|R73|6}}.<ref name=guide14>Guidebook, p. 14.</ref>
** No 3 Dry Dock 1820, the first to be constructed of stone, was designed by [[John Rennie the Elder|John Rennie]]. It now houses HMS ''Ocelot''.<ref name=guide14/>
** No 4 Dry Dock 1840 was built on the site of one of a parallel pair of docks built in 1686 (the second of which was converted into the adjacent slipway, No. 3 Slip). It now houses {{HMS|Gannet|1878|6}}.<ref name=guide14/>
* South Dock Pumping Station 1822, designed by [[John Rennie the Elder|John Rennie]]. It originally housed a [[beam engine]], which was replaced by an electric [[pump]] in 1920. The building is still in use.<ref name=guide14/>

<gallery>
ChathamCoveredSlipNo3.JPG|No 3 Covered Slip
Chatham Dockyard Kent.Covered Slip Building predating Railway Stations of Victorian years..jpg|No 3 Covered Slip (interior)
Numbers 4, 5, 6, 7 Covered Slips, Chatham Historic Dockyard - geograph.org.uk - 582029.jpg|Nos 4-6 Covered Slips
Chatham Historic Dockyard covered slips.JPG|No 6 Covered Slip (interior)
ChathamHDYCoveredS0005.JPG|No 7 Covered Slip
ChathamHDYCoveredS0007.JPG|No 7 Covered Slip (interior)
Covered Slips at Chatham Dockyard 2.jpg|Slip covers viewed from the river
Chatham Clock Tower Building from HMS Cavalier.jpg|No 2 Dry Dock
HMS Ocelot at Chatham 02.jpg|No 3 Dry Dock
Chatham Gannet1878-001.JPG|No 4 Dry Dock
ChathamHDPumping0067.JPG|South Dock pumping station
</gallery>

====Offices and residential====
* Commissioner's House 1704. This is the oldest surviving naval building in England. It is [[Grade I listed]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-462102-former-commissioners-house-and-attached- |title=Former Commissioners House and Attached Staff Accommodation, Medway |publisher=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk |access-date=27 October 2013}}</ref> It was built for the Resident Commissioner, his family and servants. The previous building was built in 1640 for [[Phineas Pett]]. In 1703, Captain [[George St Lo]] took up the post and petitioned [[the Admiralty]] for a more suitable residence. Internally the principal feature is the main staircase with its painted wooden ceiling attributed to Thomas Highmore ([[Serjeant Painter]]), to sketches by [[Sir James Thornhill]].<ref name=guide15>Guidebook, p. 15.</ref>
* Commissioner's Garden dating from 1640. The lower terraces are one of the first [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] [[Water garden|Water Gardens]] in England. There is a 400-year-old [[mulberry]] tree, from where [[Oliver Cromwell]] reputedly watched the [[Roundhead]] Army take [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]] from the [[Cavalier|Royalists]]. There is an 18th-century [[Ice house (building)|icehouse]] and an [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] [[Conservatory (greenhouse)|conservatory]] with its great [[vine]].<ref name=guide16>Guidebook, p. 16.</ref>
* Officers' Terrace 1722–23. Twelve houses built for senior officers in the Dockyard. The ground floor were built as offices, the first floor contained reception rooms with bedrooms above. Each has an 18th-century [[walled garden]], which again are now very rare. They are now privately owned.<ref name=guide25/>
* House [[Carpenter]]s' Shop {{circa|1740}}. Built to harmonise with the officers' terrace. House Carpenters worked solely on maintaining the dockyard buildings.<ref name=guide25/>
* Stables. For officers' horses.<ref name=guide23/>
* Main gatehouse 1722, designed by the master shipwright in the style of [[John Vanbrugh]]. It bears the arms of [[George III]]. Inside the gateway stands the ''muster bell'' on a wrought iron mast dating from the late 18th or early 19th century; it is [[Grade II* listed]].<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Bell Mast|num=1378626|access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=guide22/>
* Guard House 1764. Built when [[marine (military)|Marines]] were introduced into the Dockyard to improve security. It continued in use till 1984.<ref name=guide23>Guidebook, p. 23.</ref>
* Cashiers' Office 18th century. The Pay Office was moved here in 1750 from Hill House,<ref name="TheHillHouse" /> and remained here until the yard closed. John Dickens, father of [[Charles Dickens]], worked here from 1817 to 1822. It is still used as offices.<ref name=guide25>Guidebook, p. 25.</ref>
* Assistant Queen's [[Harbourmaster]]'s Office {{circa|1770}}, Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-476549-former-assistant-queens-harbourmasters-o |title=Former Assistant Queens Harbourmasters Office, Medway |publisher=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> This office was supplied to the person who has been appointed to superintend the Dockyard Port. In 1865, the whole of the tidal [[River Medway|Medway]] from [[Allington, Kent|Allington Lock]] to [[Sheerness]] was designated as a dockyard port and the Assistant Queen's Harbourmaster was responsible for all moorings and movements. Alongside this office is a set of stone steps leading into the river Medway, with a wrought iron arch and lantern holder. Also Grade II listed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-462075-queens-stairs-with-overthrow-arch- |title=Queens Stairs with Overthrow Arch, Medway |publisher=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> This was called the "Queen Stairs"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2577116 |title=Steps from Quay, Chatham Historic Dockyard, Kent |publisher=geograph.org.uk |date=21 August 2011 |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> and was the formal entry into the dockyard, during the "Age of Sail".<ref name=guide16/>
* Dockyard Church 1806. Designed by Edward Holl, it has a gallery supported on cast iron columns, one of the first uses of cast iron in the dockyard. Last used in 1981.<ref name=guide23/>
* [[Admiral]]'s Offices 1808. Designed by [[Edward Holl]] as offices for the master [[shipwright]]. The roofline was low so it would not obstruct the view from the officers' terrace. Later it became [[Port Admiral (Royal Navy)|Port Admiral]]'s office and was extended. The northern extension became the dockyard's communication centre.<ref name=guide15/>
* Thunderbolt Pier, a pier named after {{HMS|Thunderbolt}}, built 1856, which was used as a floating [[pier]] from 1873 until 1948, when she was rammed and sunk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ukbeaches.guide/photos/uk-photos.php?photo=733660|title=Thunderbolt Pier and Kingswear Castle, Chatham|publisher=UK BeachesGuide|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403160046/http://ukbeaches.guide/photos/uk-photos.php?photo=733660|archive-date=3 April 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* Captain of the Dockyard's House 19th century. Now a private residence. Also Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-462079-former-captain-of-the-dockyards-house-an |title=Former Captain of the Dockyards House and Attached Front Area Railings, Medway |publisher=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=guide24>Guidebook, p. 24.</ref>

<gallery>
Commissioners House, Chatham Dockyard.jpg|Commissioner's House
ChathamHDYCommissioners0011.JPG|The Commissioner's House (garden view)
ChathamHDYIceHouse0009.JPG |The entrance to the Ice House
Greenhouse at Chatham Historic Dockyard - geograph.org.uk - 1355430.jpg|The Edwardian conservatory
ChathamHDYOfficersTerr0006.JPG|Officers' Terrace
Stables, Chatham Historic Dockyard - geograph.org.uk - 580262.jpg|The Officers' Stables
ChathamDockyardGate2761.JPG|The Main Gate from outside
Chatham Dockyard Gatehouse.jpg|The Main Gate from inside
The Bell Mast, Main Gate Road, Chatham Historic Dockyard - geograph.org.uk - 1354632.jpg|The bell mast
ChathamHDYGate0009.JPG|The Guardhouse
ChathamHDY0049.JPG|The Cashier's Office
Assistant Queen's Harbour Master's Office, Chatham Dockyard - geograph.org.uk - 1397225.jpg|Assistant Queen's Harbourmaster's Office
Dockyard Church, Chatham - geograph.org.uk - 1397163.jpg|Dockyard Church
ChathamHDYChurch0009.JPG|Dockyard Church (interior)
ChathamHDAdmirals0042.JPG|The Admiral's Office
Captain of the Dockard's House, Chatham Dockyard.jpg|The Captain of the Dockyard's House and flagstaff
</gallery>

====Anchor Wharf and the Ropery====
* Anchor Wharf Store Houses 1778–1805 (at nearly {{convert|700|ft|disp=sqbr}} long) are the largest storehouses ever built for the navy.<ref name=storehouse>{{cite web |url =http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-476537-former-storehouse-number-3-and-former-ch |title =Former Storehouse Number 3 and Former Chain Cable Store, Medway |website =britishlistedbuildings.co.uk |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref>
** The southern building, Store House No 3, completed in 1785, is subdivided with timber lattice partitions as a "lay apart store", a store for equipment from vessels under repair. It has been Grade I listed since August 1999.<ref name=storehouse/>
** The northern building was used as a fitted rigging house, and a general store for equipment to fit out newly built ships. It also has been Grade I listed since August 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-476538-former-storehouse-number-2-and-former-ri |title =Former Storehouse Number 2 and Former Rigging Store, Medway |website =britishlistedbuildings.co.uk |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> The Fitted Rigging House is now used as the Library and houses the Steam Steel and Submarines 1832–1984 gallery.<ref name=guide17>Guidebook, p. 17.</ref>
* The Ropery consists of [[Hemp]] Houses (1728, extended 1812), Yarn Houses and a double Rope House with attached Hatchelling House. Hatchelling is combing the hemp fibres to straighten them out before spinning. This was the first stage of the ropemaking process. The Ropery is still in use, being operated by Master Ropemakers Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.master-ropemakers.co.uk/ |title =Master Ropemakers Chatham |website =master-ropemakers.co.uk |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref>
** The Double Rope House has [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]] on the upper floors and ropemaking (a [[ropewalk]]) on the ground floor.<ref name=guide18>Guidebook, p. 18.</ref> It is {{convert|346|m|ft|abbr=on}} long, and when constructed was the longest brick-built building in Europe capable of laying a {{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[rope]]. <!-- Imperial measures essential here -->Over 200 men were required before 1836, to make and lay a 20in (circumference) [[Wire rope|cable]]. All was done by hand. [[Steam power]] in the form of a [[beam engine]] was introduced in 1836, and then electricity in the early 1900s.
** The White Yarn House to store the yarn before it was tarred to prevent rot.
** The [[Tar]]ring House with its "Tar Kettle" and horse drawn [[winch]].
** The Black Yarn House to store the tarred yarn. The tarring process declined as [[manila hemp|manila]] replaced [[hemp]], and [[sisal]] replaced manila. These fibres were chemically protected at the hatchelling stage and tarring stopped in the 1940s.

<gallery>
ChathamHDAnchorWharf0038.JPG|Anchor Wharf Store Houses
ChathamHDYRopery0004.JPG|Hemp Houses and Hatchelling House
ChathamHDYRopery0009.JPG|Hemp Houses and Double Ropewalk
ChathamHDYRopery0021.JPG|Double Ropewalk and Black Yarn House to right
ChathamHDYRopery0024.JPG|Laying the Rope
ChathamHDYRopery0025.JPG|Looking at the Traveller
ChathamHDYRopery0028.JPG|Tops
ChathamHDYRopery0030.JPG|The Traveller
</gallery>

====Metalwork====
* No 1 [[Smithery]] 1808. Originally consisting of three ranges around an open courtyard, it was designed by Edward Holl and fitted out by John Rennie with 40 forges for production of [[Anchors]] and [[Chain]]. Anchors could weigh {{convert|72|-Lcwt|kg|0}}<!-- Imperial measures essential here -->, and were forged by hand. "Anchorsmiths" were given an allowance of {{convert|8|imppt}}<!-- Imperial measures essential here --> of strong beer a day, because of the difficult working conditions.<ref name=guide26>Guidebook, p. 26.</ref> In 1841 a beam engine was installed (in an extension to the north-east) to replace the manual bellows; another was added the following year.<ref name="SmitheryListing" /> The courtyard was roofed over for a steam hammer shop in 1865.<ref name="SmitheryListing" />
* Lead and [[Paint]] Mill 1818. Designed by Edward Holl to be fireproof. There were a lead [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]], [[casting]] area and steam powered double [[rolling mill]], paint mills for grinding pigment, [[canvas]] stretching frames, and vats for storing and boiling [[linseed oil]]. A warship was painted every 4 months.<ref name=guide22>Guidebook, p. 22.</ref>
* Iron Foundry 1855–61. Built immediately to the north of the Smithery (the intervening space was later infilled with the Smithery extension of 1867). Extended in connection with preparations for HMS ''Achilles'' (see below).<ref name="SmitheryListing" />
* No 1 Machine Shop 1861. This building retains it original structure and roof glazing. It was used to house the [[machine tools]] needed to produce [[HMS Achilles (1863)|HMS ''Achilles'']], the first iron [[battleship]] built in a Royal Dockyard. This building has now become home to the railway workshop.<ref name=guide14/>
* The [[Galvanising]] Shop {{circa|1890}}. Galvanising is a process of dipping steel in molten [[zinc]] to prevent it from [[rust]]ing. There were baths of [[acid]] and molten zinc, the fumes vented through louvres in the roof.<ref name=guide26/>
* Chain Cable Shed {{circa|1900}}, built to protect newly manufactured [[anchor]] [[chain]]. The roof is supported by a row of 28 captured French and Spanish guns.<ref name=guide22/>

<gallery>
No 1 Smithery, Chatham Dockyard.jpg|No 1 Smithery
ChathamHDY Lead and Paint Mill 3139.JPG|Lead and Paint Mill
Chatham Historic Dockyard 5662.JPG|Iron Foundry (left)
ChathamHDY0063.JPG|No 1 Machine Shop
ChathamHDGalvanising0006.JPG|Galvanising Shop
Chain Cable Shed, Chatham Dockyard.jpg|Chain Cable Shed
</gallery>

===Surviving structures within the Victorian Steam Yard===
The Victorian Steam Yard was built around three large [[Wet dock|Basins]] ([[wet dock]]s), constructed between 1865 and 1885 along the line of St Mary's Creek (separating [[St Mary's Island, Medway|St Mary's Island]] from the mainland). It was envisaged that Basin No 1 would serve as a "repair basin", No 2 as the "factory basin" and No 3 as the "[[fitting-out]]" basin; a newly launched ship could therefore enter via the west lock, have any defects remedied in the first basin, have her [[steam engines]] and heavy machinery installed in the second, and then be finished, and loaded with coal and provisions, in the third before leaving via the east locks.<ref name=Coad2013 />
* Four [[drydocks]] (Nos 5–8) were constructed at the same time on the south side of No 1 Basin; all four were in use by 1873. The yard's Steam Factory complex was built at around the same time; most of its buildings were sited around these docks (rather than by Basin No 2 as had originally been planned).<ref name=guide30>Guidebook, p. 30.</ref>
* No 1 Boiler Shop and No 8 Machine Shop were originally built as slip covers at [[Woolwich Dockyard]] in the 1840s. When that Dockyard closed in 1869 they were dismantled and rebuilt at Chatham alongside the new dry docks. Only the framework survives of the Machine Shop, but the Boiler Shop was renovated in 2003 to house the Dockyard Outlet shopping centre. A third such structure from Woolwich, similar in design to the boiler shop, stood nearby and served as a fitting shop; it was demolished in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=321|title=Engineering Timelines - Chatham Dockyard Machine Shops|website=www.engineering-timelines.com}}</ref>
* Dock Pumping Station 1874: as well as serving to empty dry docks 5–8 when required, its [[accumulator tower]] provided hydraulic power for the adjacent cranes, [[Capstan (nautical)|capstans]] and [[Caisson lock|caissons]].<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Dock Pumping Station|num=1246993|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Two other pumping stations served a similar purpose (one for dock 9 and one for the two east locks) but they have not survived.<ref name=Coad2013 />
* Combined Ship Trade Office 1880: now the "Ship & Trades" public house.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Combined Ship Trade Office|num=1267779|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>
* A fifth dry dock (No 9) was added in 1895 on the north side of No 1 Basin, opposite the other four, to accommodate the new, larger battleships which were then under construction. It was completed in 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/accommodation-%E2%80%98monster-ships%E2%80%99|title=Accommodation for 'monster ships'|publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich|access-date=20 June 2019|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161136/https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/accommodation-%E2%80%98monster-ships%E2%80%99|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The 100&nbsp;ft [[HMS Undaunted (1861)#Bell mast|bell mast]] was erected in 1903 alongside the Dockyard's Pembroke Gate, where it was used to signal the start of each working day. (A similar but older mast fulfilled the same function alongside the main gate in the Georgian part of the Yard.) The 1903 mast had originally served as foremast to [[HMS Undaunted (1861)|HMS ''Undaunted'']]. In 1992 it had been dismantled, but was re-erected, a short distance from its original location, in 2001. Apart from the two Chatham examples, only one other is believed to have survived: in Devonport's [[HMNB Devonport|Morice Ordnance Yard]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101400147-bell-mast-river-ward|title=Bell Mast, Chatham, Medway|first=Good|last=Stuff|website=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk}}</ref>

<gallery>
Number 2 Basin and Dockside Housing, Chatham Maritime - geograph.org.uk - 846549.jpg|Expanse of water in No 2 Basin
Chatham Marina - geograph.org.uk - 664968.jpg|View down the length of the former No 7 Dock towards No 1 Basin (now Chatham Marina)
Machine Shop Chatham.JPG|Remains of No 8 Machine Shop with No 1 Boiler Shop behind it
Pumping Station, Chatham.jpg|Dock pumping station (its 80&nbsp;ft chimney, formerly on the plinth to the right, has been removed)
The Bell Mast, Chatham Dockyard - geograph.org.uk - 1613094.jpg|Bell Mast on Leviathan Way
The Ship and Trades - geograph.org.uk - 641952.jpg|Combined Ship Trade Office
Dockside Outlet Centre, Chatham (geograph 3903992).jpg|Former No 1 Boiler Shop (with clock)
Chatham Dockyard Outlet.jpg|Former No 1 Boiler Shop (interior)
Chatham Maritime (geograph 2926442).jpg|Former central offices
</gallery>

==Administration of the dockyard==
[[File:ChathamHDYCommissioners0004.JPG|thumb|The Commissioner's House (1704), was built for Captain [[George St Lo]], who found the previous house unsuitable. It remains the oldest surviving naval building in England.]]

===Resident Commissioners of the Navy Board===
The Commissioner of Chatham Dockyard held a seat and a vote on the [[Navy Board]] in London. The Commissioners were:<ref>Beaston, p. 351.</ref>
* 1631–1647 [[Phineas Pett]]<ref>Perrin, p. 146.</ref>
* 1648–1668 [[Peter Pett (shipwright, died 1672)|Peter Pett]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/pett-peter-1610-1672|title=Peter Pett (1610–1672)|publisher=History of Parliament|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>
* 1669–1672 John Cox<ref>Sephton, p. 151.</ref>
* 1672–1686 Thomas Middleton<ref>Beaston 1788, p. 85.</ref>
* 1686–1689 Phineas Pett<ref name=beaston351>Beaston 1788, p. 351.</ref>
* 1689–1703 Sir Edward Gregory<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1703–1714 [[George St Lo]]<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1714–1722 Rear-Admiral [[James Littleton|James Lyttleton]]<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1722–1736 Captain Thomas Kempthorne<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1736–1742 Captain [[Thomas Mathews]]<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1742–1754 Captain [[Charles Brown (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Brown]]<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1754–1755 Captain Arthur Scott<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1755–1763 Captain Thomas Cooper<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1763–1771 Captain Thomas Hanway<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1771–1799 Charles Proby<ref name=beaston351/>
* 1799–1801 John Hartwell<ref>MacDonald, p.230.</ref>
* 1801–1808 Captain Charles Hope<ref>{{cite web|url=http://morethannelson.com/officer/charles-hope/|title=Charles Hope|publisher=More than Nelson|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>
* 1808–1823 Captain [[Robert Barlow (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Barlow]]<ref>Marshall, p. 48.</ref>
* 1823–1829 Captain [[Charles Cunningham]]
* 1829–1830, Captain John Mason <ref>{{cite book |last1=Clowes |first1=Sir William Laird |title=The royal navy, a history from the earliest times to present |url=https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistor03clow |date=1897–1903 |publisher=S. Low, Marston, Co |location=London, England |page=[https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistor03clow/page/187 187] |edition=6}}</ref>
* 1830–1832, Captain [[Charles Bullen]]<ref>Clowes. p.187.</ref>

In 1832 the post of commissioner was replaced by the post of superintendent, who was invested with the same power and authority as the former commissioners, "except in matters requiring an Act of Parliament to be submitted by the Commissioner of the Navy".

===Admiral/Captain superintendents===
:Note incomplete list included.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harley|first1=Simon|last2=Lovell|first2=Tony|title=Chatham Royal Dockyard – The Dreadnought Project|url=http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Chatham_Royal_Dockyard|website=dreadnoughtproject.org|publisher=Lovell and Harley, 17 July 2017|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
* Captain Sir [[James Gordon (Royal Navy officer)|James A. Gordon]], July 1832 – 10 January 1837 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=20 March 1834|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=136|chapter=Dockyards: Officers}}</ref>
* Captain Sir Thomas Bourchier, 20 September 1846 – 5 May 1849 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=20 June 1848|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=163|chapter=Dockyards: Officers}}</ref>
* Captain [[Peter Richards (Royal Navy officer)|Peter Richards]], 5 May 1849 – 14 June 1854 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=20 December 1853|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=189|chapter=Dockyards: Officers}}</ref>
* Captain [[Christopher Wyvill (Royal Navy officer)|Christopher Wyvill]], 14 June 1854 – 1 April 1861 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=20 September 1854|publisher=John Murray|page=191|chapter=Dockyards: Officers of}}</ref><ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Wyvill, Christopher (1792-1863) |volume= 63 |last= Laughton  |first= John Knox |author-link= John Knox Laughton |pages= 280-281 |short= 1}}</ref>
* Captain [[Edward Fanshawe|Edward G. Fanshawe]], 1 April 1861 – 9 November 1863,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=20 June 1863|publisher=John Murray|page=232|chapter=Dockyards: Officers of}}</ref>
* Captain [[William Houston Stewart]], 19 November 1863 to 30 November 1868 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=20 December 1867|publisher=John Murray|page=259|chapter=Dockyards: Officers of}}</ref>
* Captain [[William Charles Chamberlain]], 30 November 1868 – 19 January 1874
* Captain [[Charles Fellowes]], 19 January 1874 – 1876
* Rear-Admiral [[Thomas Brandreth (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Brandreth]], 1 February 1879 – 1 December 1881
* Rear-Admiral [[George Watson (Royal Navy officer)|George W. Watson]], 1 December 1881 – April 1886
* Rear-Admiral  [[William Codrington (Royal Navy officer)|William Codrington]], April 1886 – 1 November 1887
* Rear-Admiral [[Edward Kelly (Royal Navy officer)|Edward Kelly]], 1 November 1887 – December 1890
* Vice-Admiral [[George Digby Morant|George D. Morant]], 25 January 1892
* Rear-Admiral [[Hilary Gustavus Andoe|Hilary G. Andoe]], 2 September 1895
* Rear-Admiral [[Swinton Colthurst Holland]], 2 September 1899 – 2 September 1902
* Vice-Admiral [[Robert William Craigie]], 2 September 1902 – 2 September 1905<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=2 September 1902 |page=4 |issue=36862}}</ref>
* Rear-Admiral [[Alvin Coote Corry|Alvin C. Corry]], 2 September 1905
* Vice-Admiral [[George Augustus Giffard|George A. Giffard]], 5 February 1907 – 9 August 1909
* Rear-Admiral [[Robert Nelson Ommanney|Robert N. Ommanney]], 9 August 1909 – 9 August 1912
* Rear-Admiral [[Charles Eustace Anson|Charles E. Anson]], 9 August 1912 – 9 August 1915
* Captain [[Harry Jones (Royal Navy officer)|Harry Jones]], 16 August 1913 – 15 September 1913
* Vice-Admiral [[Arthur David Ricardo|Arthur D. Ricardo]], 9 August 1915 – 1 May 1919
* Rear-Admiral Sir [[William Goodenough|William E. Goodenough]], 1 May 1919 – 26 May 1920
* Rear-Admiral [[Lewis Clinton-Baker]], 26 May 1920
* Rear-Admiral [[Edward Buxton Kiddle|Edward B. Kiddle]], 28 September 1921 – 1 December 1923
* Rear-Admiral [[Percy Royds|Percy M. R. Royds]], 1 December 1923
* Rear-Admiral [[Charles Pipon Beaty-Pownall|Charles P. Beaty-Pownall]], 7 December 1925 – 7 December 1927
* Rear-Admiral [[Anselan John Buchanan Stirling|Anselan J. B. Stirling]], 7 December 1927
* Vice-Admiral [[Charles Wolfran Round-Turner|Charles W. Round-Turner]], October 1931 – October 1935
* Vice-Admiral Sir [[Clinton Francis Samuel Danby|Clinton F. S. Danby]], 1 October 1935 – 15 October 1942
* Vice-Admiral [[John G. Crace]], 15 October 1942 – July 1946
* Sir Gervase Boswell Middleton, July 1946 – September 1950<ref>Research Paper no. 12: Commissioners in Residence, Admiral Superintendents and Port Admirals - Chatham Dockyard Historical Society, 3rd reprint 2010.</ref>
* Rear-Admiral A.L. Poland, 5 September 1950 – May 1951 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=May 1951|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=362|chapter=Principal Officers in the Dockyards}}</ref>
* Rear-Admiral [[George V.M. Dolphin]]: October 1954 – October 1958
* Rear-Admiral John Y. Thompson: October 1958 – February 1961

After the abolition of the post of [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]], Chatham's Admiral Superintendent took on the additional role of local Flag Officer (with local command responsibilities) and the title '''Flag Officer, Medway'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/mar/07/navy-estimates-1960-61 |title=Pay of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines |date=20 March 1969 |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=3 April 2020}} {{ukhansard |house= HC |date=7 March 1960 |vol=619 |cc=198}}</ref>

===Flag Officer, Medway and Admiral Superintendent===
Included:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mackie|first1=Colin|title=Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865|url=http://www.gulabin.com/|website=gulabin.com|publisher=Colin Mackie, pp.108–109. February 2018|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref>
* Rear-Admiral I.William T. Beloe: February 1961 – December 1963
* Rear-Admiral [[Ian Hogg (Royal Navy officer)|Ian L.T.Hogg]]: December 1963 – July 1966
* Vice-Admiral Sir  [[Wilfred John Parker|W. John Parker]]: July 1966 – September 1969 <ref>{{cite news|last1=Vat|first1=Dan van der|title=Obituary: Vice Adm Sir John Parker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jun/13/guardianobituaries.military|access-date=15 February 2018|work=The Guardian|date=12 June 2005}}</ref>
* Rear-Admiral [[Frederick Charles William Lawson|Frederick C.W. Lawson]]: September 1969 – November 1971 <ref>{{cite news|last1=Obituary|title=Rear-Admiral Derick Lawson|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/7538835/Rear-Admiral-Derick-Lawson.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/7538835/Rear-Admiral-Derick-Lawson.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2018|date=30 March 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 5 September 1971 all Flag Officers of the Royal Navy holding positions of Admiral Superintendents at Royal Dockyards were redesignated as [[Port Admiral]]s. While they retained command over the naval personnel on site, and responsibility for the base as a whole,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1969/mar/20/vote-1-pay-c-of-the-royal-navy-and-royal|title=Pay of Royal Navy and Royal Marines|date=20 March 1969|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|access-date=3 April 2020}} {{ukhansard |house= HC |date=20 March 1969 |vol=780 |cc=782}}</ref> their oversight of the work of the dockyard was transferred to new civilian Dockyard General Managers, who had management responsibility across all Departments.<ref>{{cite web|title=1971 – Admiral Superintendents become Port Admirals – Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust|url=http://portsmouthdockyard.org.uk/timeline/details/1971-admiral-superintendents-become-port-admirals|website=portsmouthdockyard.org.uk|publisher=Portsmouth Historical Dockyard Trust|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref>

===Flag Officer, Medway and Port Admiral===
* Rear-Admiral [[Colin Charles Harrison Dunlop|Colin C.H. Dunlop]]: November 1971 – January 1974 <ref>{{cite news|last1=Obituary|title=Rear-Admiral Colin Dunlop|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/5072285/Rear-Admiral-Colin-Dunlop.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/5072285/Rear-Admiral-Colin-Dunlop.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2018|date=29 March 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Rear-Admiral [[Stephen Berthon|Stephen F. Berthon]]: January 1974 – July 1976
* Rear-Admiral [[Christopher Martin Bevan|Christopher M. Bevan]]: July 1976 – August 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201865-.pdf|title=Royal Navy Appointments|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref>
* Rear-Admiral [[Charles Williams (Royal Navy)|Charles B. Williams]]: August 1978 – August 1980
* Rear-Admiral George M.K. Brewer: August 1980 – August 1982
* Rear-Admiral [[William Alleyne Higgins|William A. Higgins]]: August 1982 – 1983 <ref>{{cite news|last1=Obituary|title=Rear-Admiral Bill Higgins|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1541661/Rear-Admiral-Bill-Higgins.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1541661/Rear-Admiral-Bill-Higgins.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2018|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=6 February 2007}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==The Gun Wharf==
[[File:ChathamMedway2657.JPG|thumb|right|The Ordnance Storekeeper's house at the heart of the former Gun Wharf]]
An [[Board of Ordnance|Ordnance Yard]] was established in the 17th century immediately upriver of the Dockyard (on the site of the original [[Tudor era|Tudor]] yard, vacated in 1622). The yard would have received, stored and issued cannons and gun-carriages (along with projectiles, accoutrements and also all manner of small arms) for ships based in the Medway, as well as for local artillery emplacements and for army use. (Gunpowder, on the other hand, was received, stored and issued across the river at [[Upnor Castle]].)<ref name="HeritageSaunders1985">{{cite book|last1=Heritage|first1=English|last2=Saunders|first2=A. D.|title=Upnor Castle: Kent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0R6FPwAACAAJ|date=1 January 1985|publisher=English Heritage|isbn=978-1-85074-039-1|page=5}}</ref>

[[File:The Medway, Chatham, England-LCCN2002711859.tif|250px|thumb|left|The Gun Wharf, {{Circa|1890}}: the 1717 Grand Store can be seen left of centre (with the Dockyard's Anchor Wharf storehouse in the distance beyond). The surviving carpenters' shop and machine shop are on the right.]]
A plan of 1704 shows (from north to south) a long Storehouse parallel to the river, the Storekeeper's house (the Storekeeper was the senior officer of the Yard) and a pair of Carriage Stores. In 1717 the original Storehouse was replaced with the Grand Store (a much larger three-storey building, contemporary with and of a similar style to, the Main Gatehouse in the Dockyard). Not long afterwards a large new single-storey Carriage Store, with a long frontage parallel to the river, was constructed, adjoining the Storekeeper's House to the south.<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1268227|desc=Command House and attached entrance railings, stable and carriage house and rear wall}}</ref>

[[File:Chatham Library, Gun Wharf, Chatham - geograph.org.uk - 674832.jpg|thumb|The Library (former machine shop)]]
After the demise of the Board of Ordnance (1855), Ordnance Yards passed under the control of the War Office, and were eventually (in 1891) apportioned to either the Army or the Navy. Chatham's yard was split in two, the area south of the Storekeeper's House becoming an Army Ordnance Store, and the rest a Navy Ordnance Store. It remained thus until 1958 when the yards were closed (the Army depot having served latterly as an atomic weapons research laboratory).<ref>{{cite web|title=English Heritage report:AWRE Foulness|url=http://services.english-heritage.org.uk/ResearchReportsPdfs/013_2009WEB.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224181503/http://services.english-heritage.org.uk/ResearchReportsPdfs/013_2009WEB.pdf|archive-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> Most of the 18th-century buildings were demolished, with the exception of the Storekeeper's House of 1719, which survives as the Command House [[public house]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101268227-command-house-and-attached-entrance-railings-stable-and-carriage-house-and-rear-wall-river-ward|title=Command House and Attached Entrance Railings, Stable and Carriage House and Rear Wall, Chatham, Medway|first=Good|last=Stuff|website=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk}}</ref> A few later buildings have survived: a long brick shed of 1805, southwest of the Command House, which once housed carpenters, wheelwrights and other workers as well as stores of various kinds,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101391071-former-ordnance-store-at-chatham-gun-wharf-river-ward|title=Former Ordnance Store at Chatham Gun Wharf, Chatham, Medway|first=Good|last=Stuff|website=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk}}</ref> the adjacent building ([[machine shop]], late-19th century) which now serves as a public library, and the building known as the White House (built as the Clerk of the Cheque's residence in 1816).<ref name=Coad2013>{{cite book|last1=Coad|first1=Jonathan|title=Support the Fleet: Architecture and engineering of the Royal Navy's bases, 1700–1914|year=2013|publisher=English Heritage|location=Swindon}}</ref>

==Defence of the dockyard==
===Upnor Castle===
{{Main|Upnor Castle}}

Dockyards have always required shore defences. Among the earliest for Chatham was [[Upnor Castle]], built in 1567, on the opposite side of the [[River Medway]]. It was somewhat unfortunate that, on the one occasion when it was required for action{{mdash}}the [[Raid on the Medway]], 1667{{mdash}}the Dutch fleet were able to sail right past it to attack the English fleet and carry off the pride of the fleet, {{HMS|Royal Charles|1660|6}}, back to the Netherlands.<ref>Saunders, p. 14.</ref>

===Chain defence===
During the wars with Spain it was usual for ships to anchor at Chatham in reserve; consequently [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] threw a [[boom (navigational barrier)|massive chain]] across the River Medway for extra defence in 1585. Hawkins' chain was later replaced with a [[boom (navigational barrier)|boom]] of masts, iron, cordage, and the hulls of two old ships, besides a couple of ruined pinnacles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/download/GB1204%20CH%20108_1|title=Records of the hospital of Sir John Hawkins Kt in Chatham (1500) 1594–1987 |publisher=National Archives|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

===The Lines===
{{see also|Great Lines Heritage Park}}
With the failure of Upnor Castle, it was seen necessary to increase the defences. In the event, those defences were built in distinct phases, as the government saw the increasing threat of invasion:<ref name=Bromponlines>{{cite web |url=http://www.medway.gov.uk/pdf/02_ca_1_brompton_lines1.pdf |title=Brompton Lines Conservation Area Appraisal (Adopted Version) |date=May 2006 |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200320/http://www.medway.gov.uk/pdf/02_ca_1_brompton_lines1.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2014  }}</ref>
* 1669 [[Fort Gillingham]] and [[Cockham Wood Fort]] built.
* 1756 Chatham Lines built, to designs by Captain John Desmaretz (who also designed the Portsmouth fortifications).<ref name=Bromponlines/> This fortification, and its subsequent upgrading, were to concentrate on an overland attack and so were built to face south. They included redoubts at Amherst and Townsend. The Lines enclosed the entire dockyard on its eastern side.
* 1778–1783 Further improvements were carried out, to the designs of Captain Hugh Debbeig at the bequest of General Amherst. In 1782, an [[Act of Parliament]]  increased the land needed for the Field of Fire.<ref name=Bromponlines/>
* 1805–1812 Amherst redoubt, now [[Fort Amherst]]; new forts, named [[Fort Pitt, Kent|Pitt]] and [[Fort Clarence|Clarence]]. The Lines were also extended to the east of Saint Mary's Creek (on St Mary's Island).<ref name=Bromponlines/>
* 1860s [[Grain Fort]], and other smaller batteries in that area.
* 1870–1892 A number of forts built at a greater distance from the dockyard: Forts [[Fort Bridgewood|Bridgewood]], [[Fort Luton|Luton]], [[Fort Borstal|Borstal]], [[Fort Horsted|Horsted]] and [[Fort Darland|Darland]]. These became known as the "Great Lines". Forts [[Fort Darnet|Darnet]] and [[Fort Hoo|Hoo]] built on islands in the River Medway.

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=300
|height=350
|align=center
|File:ChathamDefences 1770(2).svg|The defences in 1770.
|File:ChathamDefences 1812(2).svg|The defences in 1812.
|File:ChathamDefences post1820.svg|How the military presence developed after 1820, showing how the need for housing gave birth to New Brompton, and showing roads and railways.
}}

==Associated barracks==
[[File:Brompton Barracks (geograph 5517020).jpg|thumb|upright|Surviving 1757 block from the original Infantry Barracks]]
The Dockyard led to large numbers of military personnel being garrisoned in Chatham and the surrounding area. A good many were engaged in manning the defences, but some had other duties; others were accommodated there for convenience prior to embarking on ships for duties overseas, or following their disembarkation. Initially, soldiers were housed under canvas or else billetted in houses and inns, but from the 18th century barracks began to be constructed. The oldest surviving barracks in the Chatham area is in [[Upnor]]; dating from 1718, it housed the detachment of 64 men responsible for guarding the gunpowder store in [[Upnor Castle]].<ref name="HeritageSaunders1985"/>

===Infantry Barracks (Kitchener Barracks)===
[[File:Barrack Block, Kitchener Barracks, Chatham - geograph.org.uk - 577164.jpg|thumb|left|Kitchener Barracks (1950s extension, demolished in 2017).]]
Chatham Infantry Barracks was opened in 1757 to house troops manning the fortifications which had recently been built to defend the Dockyard. Accommodating some 1,800 men, Chatham was one of the first large-scale Army [[barracks]] in England.<ref name="KBListing" /> Built on sloping ground east of the Dockyard, the rectangular site (enclosed within its own perimeter wall) consisted of a 'Lower Barracks' with accommodation for the soldiers and 'Upper Barracks' (later known as 'The Terrace') which housed the officers; between the two was a large parade ground.<ref name="Douet1998">{{cite book |last1=Douet |first1=James |title=British Barracks 1600-1914 |year=1998 |publisher=The Stationery Office |location=London |pages=47–53}}</ref> The three-storey barrack blocks were aligned north–south.<ref name="KBListing" /> Externally, all the blocks were similar in appearance. Those for the officers were placed in a single row on elevated ground to the east, accessed from the parade ground by way of a double ramp; they provided housing for two [[field officer]]s, twelve [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captains]] and thirty-seven [[subalterns]]. The subalterns were given one room each, the captains two, and field officers four. The officers all had servants, who were provided with their own accommodation in the [[garret]]. The barracks for [[Other ranks (UK)|other ranks]] were arranged in three rows, west of the parade ground, with soldiers sleeping sixteen to a room in eight double beds, as was standard practice at that time. Similar but smaller blocks to the north and south housed ancillary services, such as the pay office, infirmary and Quartermaster's stores.<ref name="Douet1998" />

Within the space of 20 years, Chatham Barracks had taken on an additional role as the Army Depôt of Recruits and Invalids: accommodating 'a mixed mass of people, viz. recruits destined for regiments which were abroad, prisoners confined on account of desertion and other military offences, added to which was a proportion of invalids, sent home from foreign stations on account of old age, or bodily infirmity'.<ref name="Jackson 1819">{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Robert |title=A Sketch (Analytical) of the History and Cure of Contagious Fever |year=1819 |publisher=Burgess and Hill |location=London |page=93}}</ref> The establishment of the Depôt was linked to the appointment in 1778 of an 'Inspector General and Superintendent of the Recruiting of all the Forces employed on foreign service', based in Chatham, who provided a degree of centralised oversight of [[Recruitment in the British Army|recruitment]] (responsibility for which had previously been left entirely to the regiments).<ref name=Roper1998>{{cite book |last1=Roper |first1=Michael |title=The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660-1964 |year=1998 |publisher=Public Record Office |location=Kew, Surrey}}</ref> During this time, Chatham Depôt provided basic training for new recruits. This role ceased in 1801, however, when the entire Depôt establishment moved to [[Albany Barracks|Parkhurst Barracks]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] (where the recruits were less prone to find ways of deserting).<ref name="Glover1963">{{cite book |last1=Glover |first1=Richard |title=Peninsular Preparation: the Reform of the British Army 1795-1809 |year=1963 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=218}}</ref>

During the [[Napoleonic Wars]] large numbers of troops were concentrated at Chatham Lines to counter the threat of a French invasion. In the years of peace after 1815 Chatham continued to serve as a major embarkation port for troops serving overseas.<ref name="KBListing" /> The Infantry Barracks went on to serve as a home [[Regimental depot|depot]] for numerous regiments.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPY2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA32|title=The Quarterly Army List|page=32|publisher=R. C. Lepage & Co.|date=5 July 1859}}</ref>

A Royal Commission of 1861 (set up in the wake of the Crimean War to improve the sanitary condition of Britain's Army barracks and Hospitals)<ref>{{cite web |title=General report of the Commission appointed for improving the sanitary condition of barracks and hospitals. |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/euw3ssq3 |website=Wellcome Collection |publisher=HMSO |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> was scathing in its judgement of facilities at Chatham; in the years that followed several alterations were made to Chatham Barracks (which had changed little over the preceding century): an additional storey was added to several of the barrack blocks to help alleviate overcrowding, and new buildings were inserted among the old, containing improved facilities for cooking, washing and recreation. At around the same time the officers' blocks on the terrace were given over to provide accommodation for sergeants and married [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]]s, the officers being provided with new quarters 'near the fortifications at Prince Henry's Bastion'.<ref name="PP1867">{{cite journal |title=Married Soldiers |journal=Colburn's United Service Magazine |date=October 1856 |page=186}}</ref> In 1865, following the opening of new and enlarged hospital facilities in [[Fort Pitt, Kent|Fort Pitt]], the old Garrison Hospital was closed; its buildings (on what is now Maxwell Road) were converted into barracks and named 'Upper Chatham Barracks'<ref>{{cite journal |title=Army Medical Department: Sanitary Report for 1865 |journal=Parliamentary Papers |year=1867 |volume=43 |pages=284–285}}</ref> (later 'Upper Kitchener Barracks'). New married quarters were also opened in March that same year, into which soldiers' families were moved, mostly from lodgings in the town.<ref name="PP1867" />

In 1928 Chatham Barracks was taken over by the [[Royal Engineers]] and renamed Kitchener Barracks. One barrack block remains from 1757; the rest was largely demolished and rebuilt to a more modern design in the 1930s–50s. The barracks remained in military use until 2014.<ref name="KBListing">{{NHLE|num=1410725|access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref>

In 2014 the site was sold to a property developer, with permission given the following year for the building of 295 homes. The main 1930s barracks building is being retained, along with the remaining earlier structures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kitchener Barracks to be converted for housing|url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/medway/news/historic-barracks-to-be-developed-36117/|date=30 April 2015|publisher=Kent on line|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> The new development has retained the name Kitchener Barracks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage |url=https://kitchenerbarracks.com/heritage |website=Kitchener Barracks |access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref>

===Marine Barracks===
[[File:The Royal Navy during the Second World War A2184.jpg|thumb|The Royal Marine Barracks in the Second World War.]]
The [[Royal Marine Barracks, Chatham]] were established in 1779, on a site nestled between the Gun Wharf to the west, the Dockyard to the north, and Infantry Barracks to the east. The site was expanded and rebuilt in the 1860s; in 1905 the Royal Marines took over Melville Barracks, which stood between Dock Road and Brompton Hill (it had formerly served as Chatham's [[Royal Naval Hospital]]). The Marines were withdrawn from Chatham in 1950, and the buildings were later demolished. [[Medway Council]] offices and car park now stand on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Kent/ChathamRoyalNavalDivisionBarracks.html|title=Chatham Royal Naval Division Barracks|publisher=Roll of Honour|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

===Artillery/Engineer Barracks (Brompton Barracks)===
[[File:HQ Royal School of Military Engineering.jpg|thumb|left|Royal School of Military Engineering (1872) and Boer War Memorial Arch (1902) at Brompton Barracks.]]
A barracks was built in [[Brompton, Kent|Brompton]] from 1804 to 1806 for the [[Royal Artillery]] gunners serving on the defensive Lines (previously they had been accommodated in the Infantry Barracks). There was space for some 500 horses and 1,000 men. In 1812 the [[Royal School of Military Engineering|Royal Engineers Establishment]] was founded within the barracks to provide instruction in [[military engineering]]. The Establishment grew, and by 1856 the Artillery had moved out; Brompton Barracks remains in service as headquarters of the Royal Engineers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brompton Barracks|url=http://www.bromptonhistory.org.uk/buildings/archive/brompton-barracks|publisher=Brompton History|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022657/http://www.bromptonhistory.org.uk/buildings/archive/brompton-barracks|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:The Garrison Church of Saint Barbara, Maxwell Road, Brompton (1) - geograph.org.uk - 517097.jpg|thumb|The Garrison Church of St Barbara in Maxwell Road continues to serve Brompton Barracks.]]

===St Mary's Barracks===
St Mary's [[Casemate]]d Barracks were built during the [[Peninsular War]] and initially held French [[prisoners of war]]. After the war's end, they went on to serve as a gunpowder store for a time, and were used by the Royal Engineers (based nearby in Brompton Barracks). From 1844 St Mary's was used as an 'Invalid Barracks', accommodating soldiers having to return from service in different parts of the British Empire because of illness, injury or age.<ref>{{cite web|title=Illustrated London News, March 8, 1856|url=http://www.kenthistoryforum.co.uk/index.php?topic=3330.15|website=Kent History Forum|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> Built within the defensive earthworks to the north of Chatham, St Mary's Barracks was demolished in the 1960s and the land used for housing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fort Amherst Guidebook|url=http://cka.moon-demon.co.uk/KAR050/KAR050_fort.htm|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

===Naval Barracks (HMS ''Pembroke'')===
{{Main|Royal Naval Barracks, Chatham}}{{See also|Drill Hall Library}}
[[File:University of Greenwich, Pembroke. - geograph.org.uk - 584932.jpg|thumb|right|HMS ''Pembroke'': former officers' quarters]]
The Naval Barracks (later HMS ''Pembroke'') opened in 1902; prior to this, most Naval (as opposed to Dockyard) personnel were accommodated on board their ships or on [[Hulk (ship type)|hulks]] moored nearby. Built on the site of what had been the convict prison, the barracks complex could accommodate 4,742 officers and seamen in a series of large blocks built along the length of a terrace. Below the terrace lay the parade ground and its adjacent drill hall and other amenities. A further 3,000 troops could be accommodated in times of "total emergency" (900 were sleeping in the Drill Hall when it suffered a direct hit from two bombs in September 1917, which killed over 130 men).<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Drill Hall |url=http://campus.medway.ac.uk/library/about/history.php |work=[[Universities at Medway]] |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122184946/http://campus.medway.ac.uk/library/about/history.php |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref>

The barracks were set to close in 1961 when the majority of naval personnel were withdrawn from Chatham;<ref name="govt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.godfreydykes.info/NAVAL%20CUTS.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114037/http://www.godfreydykes.info/NAVAL%20CUTS.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 August 2014|title=Copy of government briefing paper}}</ref> however, it went on to serve instead as the RN Supply and Secretariat School in succession to {{HMS|Ceres}}, before finally being closed along with the Dockyard in 1984. The majority of its buildings are still standing, several of them occupied by the [[Universities at Medway]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coad|first1=Jonathan|title=Support for the Fleet|year=2013|publisher=English Heritage|location=Swindon}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[British narrow gauge railways]]
* [[Chatham Historic Dockyard]]
* [[Fort Darnet]]

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title = The Annual Biography and Obituary for the Year | publisher = Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown| year = 1835}}
* {{cite book|title=Guidebook|publisher=Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust|year=2010}}
* {{cite book |first=Robert |last=Beaston|title=A Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain and Ireland|volume =I|year=1788|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njYJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA351|publisher=G.G.J. and J. Robinson}}
* {{cite book |first=Robert |last=Beaston|title=A Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain and Ireland|volume =I|year=1806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA85|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme}}
* {{cite book |first1= Edward Wedlake |last1= Brayley|first2= John| last2= Britton|title= The Beauties of England and Wales, Or, Delineations, Topographical, Historical and Descriptive of each County|publisher=Vernor, Mood and Sharpe  |year=1808 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wYtCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA667}}
* {{cite book |first1= Jonathan|last1= Eastland|first2= Iain| last2= Ballantyne|title= HMS Victory – First Rate 1765|publisher=Vernor, Mood and Sharpe|location= Barnsley|year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84832-094-9 }}
* <ref>{{cite book |last1=Crawshaw |first1=James D. |title=The history of Chatham Dockyard |year=1999 |publisher=Isabel Garford |location=Newcastle-upon-Tyne |isbn=0-9534888-0-2}}</ref> [https://thedockyard.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Crawshaw-Chapters-1-8-1.pdf Part 1], [https://thedockyard.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Crawshaw-Chapters-9-18-1.pdf Part 2], [https://thedockyard.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Crawshaw-Chapters-19-24-1.pdf Part 3].
* {{cite book|first=Janet|last=MacDonald|title=The British Navy's Victualling Board, 1793–1815: Management Competence and Incompetence|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1843835530|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RCU6o3XXBgC&pg=PA230}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_37585|page=[https://archive.org/details/cihm_37585/page/n159 48]|quote=Commissioner of Chatham Dockyard.|title=Royal Naval Biography; Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-officers |first=John |last=Marshall|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green|year=1824|isbn=978-0665375859 }}
* {{cite book|last=Perrin|first=William Gordon|title=The autobiography of Phineas Pett|publisher=Naval Records Society|year=1918|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00pettuoft}}
* {{cite book|last=Saunders|first=A. D.|title=Upnor Castle: Kent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0R6FPwAACAAJ|year=1985|publisher=English Heritage|isbn=978-1-85074-039-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Sephton|first=James|title=Sovereign of the Seas: The Seventeenth Century Warship|publisher=Amberley Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-1445601687|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b16oAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA151}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.chdt.org.uk The Historic Dockyard Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608071952/http://www.chdt.org.uk/ |date=8 June 2010 }}
* [http://interactive.britishart.yale.edu/british-marine-painting/2046/a-geometrical-plan--north-west-elevation-of-his-majesty’s-dock-yard-at-chatham-with-ye-village-of-brompton-adjacent ''A Geometrical Plan, & North West Elevation of His Majesty’s Dock-Yard, at Chatham, with ye Village of Brompton Adjacent'', dated 1755] ([[Pierre-Charles Canot]] after [[Thomas Milton]] and [[John Cleveley the Elder]])

{{Royal Navy shore establishments}}
{{Navy Board|state=collapsed}}
{{Admiralty Department|state=collapsed}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kent]]
[[Category:History of Kent]]
[[Category:Military history of Kent]]
[[Category:Transport in Medway]]
[[Category:Royal Navy dockyards in England]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Royal Navy bases in England|Chatham]]
[[Category:Gillingham, Kent]]
[[Category:Chatham, Kent]]
[[Category:Military railways in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Former submarine builders]]