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{{Short description|Capital of Sichuan, China}} {{Use American English|date=November 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Chengdu | native_name = 成都市 | native_name_lang = zh | other_name = Chengtu | settlement_type = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] and [[sub-provincial city]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 285 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/1/2 | image1 = 雪山下的成都市天际线 Chengdu skyline with snow capped mountains.jpg | caption1 = Chengdu skyline with [[Qionglai Mountains]] | image2 = Sino-Ocean_Taikoo-Li.jpg | caption2 = [[Sino-Ocean Taikoo Li Chengdu|Taikoo Li]] | image3 = Tianfu_Financial_Center 2.jpg | caption3 = Financial City | image4 = 锦江夜景.jpg | caption4 = Chengdu skyline overlooking the [[Jin River (Sichuan)|Jin River]] | image5 = 成都大熊猫繁育研究基地 - panoramio (7).jpg | caption5 = [[Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding]] | image6 = Anshun Bridge Chengdu.jpg | caption6 = [[Anshun Bridge]] }} | image_caption = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = Chengdu City.png | blank_emblem_type = [[Golden Sun Bird|Emblem of the City of Chengdu]] | nicknames = {{nowrap|Hibiscus City}}, {{nowrap|Brocade City}} | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7}} | image_map1 = Sichuan subdivisions - Chengdu.svg | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = Location of Chengdu City jurisdiction in Sichuan | pushpin_map = Sichuan#China | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city center in Sichuan | coor_pinpoint = [[:zh:天府广场|Tianfu Square]] | coordinates = {{Coord|30|39|36|N|104|03|48|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-51|display=it}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|China}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of China|Province]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name1 = [[Sichuan]] | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = Established | established_date = | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = Municipal seat | seat = [[Wuhou District]] | parts_type = Divisions<br /> - [[Administrative divisions of China#County level (3rd)|County-level]] | parts = <br />12 [[District (China)|districts]], 5 [[County-level city|county-level cities]], 3 [[Counties of China|counties]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Sub-provincial division|Sub-provincial city]] | governing_body = [[Chengdu Municipal People's Congress]] | leader_title = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]] | leader_name = [[Cao Lijun]] | leader_title1 = [[Chengdu Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman | leader_name1 = [[Li Zhongbin]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor]] | leader_name2 = [[Wang Fengchao]] | leader_title3 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman | leader_name3 = Zhang Shan | total_type = City | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 14378.18 | area_land_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = 4558.8 | area_urban_km2 = 3679.9 | area_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://tjj.sc.gov.cn/tjcbw/tjnj/2018/zk/indexch.htm |script-title=zh:四川统计年鉴——2018 |publisher=Sichuan Bureau of Statistics |language=zh-cn |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226071650/http://tjj.sc.gov.cn/tjcbw/tjnj/2018/zk/indexch.htm |archive-date=2019-12-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_blank1_title = Downtown | area_blank1_km2 = 465.88 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 500 | elevation_min_m = 378 | population_total = 20,937,757 | population_as_of = 2020 census | population_urban = 16,492,980 | population_metro = 16,045,577 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = Major [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic group]] | population_blank1 = [[Han Chinese|Han]] | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/|title=China: Sìchuān (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120182156/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/|url-status=live}}</ref> | demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{cite web|title=2022年GDP100强城市榜：江苏13市均超4000亿，10强有变化|url=https://yicai.com/news/101703850.html|publisher=yicai.com|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131014728/https://www.yicai.com/news/101703850.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = City | demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 2.207 trillion<br />[[US$]] 325 billion | demographics2_title2 = Per capita | demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 103,500 <br />US$ 15,250 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in China|Postal code]] | postal_code = '''6100'''00–'''6119'''44 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in China|(0)28]] | website = {{URL|https://www.chengdu.gov.cn}} | elevation_max_m = 5364 | timezone = [[Time in China|China Standard]] | utc_offset = +08:00 | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-SC-01]] | blank2_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of China|License plate prefix]] | blank2_info = {{lang|zh-cn|川A}} and {{lang|zh-cn|川G}} | blank3_name = Tree | blank3_info = ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' | blank4_name = Flower | blank4_info = ''[[Hibiscus mutabilis]]'' | blank5_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2015) | blank5_info = 0.791<ref name="2013 report">{{cite web |url = http://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-HD-Publication-NHDR_2013_EN_final.pdf |script-title = zh:《2013中国人类发展报告》 |year = 2015 |publisher = [[United Nations Development Programme]] China |language = zh |access-date = 2014-05-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131129015342/http://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-HD-Publication-NHDR_2013_EN_final.pdf |archive-date = 29 November 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref> ([[List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index|21st]]) – <span style="color:#090;">high</span> }} {{Infobox Chinese | pic = File:Chengdu (Chinese characters).svg | piccap = "Chengdu" in Chinese characters | l = Established Metropolis | showflag = psic | picsize = 120px | c = {{linktext|lang=zh|成都}} | p = Chéngdū | gr = Cherngdu | bpmf = ㄔㄥˊ ㄉㄨ | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-Chengdu.ogg|ch|eng|2|d|u|1}} | sic = {{tone superscript|Cen2du1}} | j = sing4 dou1 | y = Sìhngdōu | ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|ing|4|d|ou|1}} | lmz = {{tone superscript|Zen3-tu1}} | suz = Zén-tou | poj = Sêng-to͘ | psp = Chengtu | w = {{tone superscript|Ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|eng2-tu1}} | t = | s = | altname = | tp = Chéngdu }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Former name | altname = Xījīng | c2 = {{linktext|lang=zh|西京}} | l2 = {{nowrap|Western Capital}} | p2 = Xījīng | gr2 = Shijing | bpmf2 = ㄒㄧ ㄐㄧㄥ | w2 = {{tone superscript|Hsi1-ching1}} | myr2 = Syījīng | c = | t = | s = | p = | j = | mi = | ci = | tp2 = Sijing | mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|x|i|1|.|j|ing|1}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Nicknames | mi = | altname = City of Brocade | t2 = {{linktext|錦城}} | s2 = {{linktext|锦城}} | p2 = Jǐnchéng | tp2 = Jǐnchéng | l2 = Brocade City | w2 = {{tone superscript|Chin3-ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|eng2}} | mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|j|in|3|.|ch|eng|2}} | bpmf2 = ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄔㄥˊ | gr2 = Jiincherng | altname3 = City of Hibiscus | gr3 = Rongcherng | bpmf3 = ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄔㄥˊ | w3 = {{tone superscript|Jung2-ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|eng2}} | p3 = Róngchéng | tp3 = Róngchéng | l3 = Hibiscus City | c3 = {{linktext|lang=zh|蓉城}} | mi3 = {{IPAc-cmn|r|ong|2|.|ch|eng|2}} }} '''Chengdu'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en||t|ʃ|ɛ|ŋ|ˈ|d|uː}}; {{lang-zh|c=成都|p=Chéngdū}}; <small>[[Sichuanese dialects|Sichuanese]] pronunciation:</small> {{IPA|cmn-CN-CQ|tsʰən˨˩tu˥|}}, <small>[[Standard Chinese]] pronunciation:</small> {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-Chengdu.ogg|ch|eng|2|.|d|u|1}}; [[Chinese postal romanization|previously]] [[Romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as '''Chengtu'''.}} is the [[capital city]] of the Chinese province of [[Sichuan]]. With a population of 20,937,757 at the [[2020 Chinese census|2020 census]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=China: Sìchuān (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120182156/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it is the fourth most populous city in [[China]], and it is the only city with a population of over 20 million apart from [[Direct-administered municipality|direct-administered municipalities]]. It is traditionally the hub of [[Western China]]. Chengdu is in central Sichuan. The surrounding [[Chengdu Plain]] is known as the "Country of Heaven"{{efn|{{lang-zh|s={{linktext|天|府|之|国}}|hp=Tiānfǔ zhi Guó|links=no}}}} and the "Land of Abundance". Its prehistoric settlers included the [[Sanxingdui]] culture. The site of [[Dujiangyan]], an ancient irrigation system, is designated as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=中国的世界遗产 |url=https://www.cctv.com/geography/shijieyichan/sanji/djiangya.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=cctv.com |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930060224/https://www.cctv.com/geography/shijieyichan/sanji/djiangya.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Jin River (Sichuan)|Jin River]] flows through the city. Chengdu's culture reflects that of its province, Sichuan; in 2011, it was recognized by [[UNESCO]] as a city of gastronomy.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2011 |title=Chengdu: UNESCO City of Gastronomy |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000192047 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217162213/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000192047 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=13 June 2019 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> It is associated with the [[giant panda]], a Chinese national symbol that inhabits the area of Sichuan; the city is home to the [[Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding]]. Founded by the [[Shu (kingdom)|Kingdom of Shu]] in the 4th century BC, Chengdu is unique as the only Chinese settlement that has maintained its name unchanged throughout the [[History of China#Imperial China|imperial]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|republican]], and [[History of the People's Republic of China|communist]] eras for more than two thousand years. It was the capital of [[Liu Bei]]'s [[Shu Han|Shu Han Empire]] during the [[Three Kingdoms]] Era, as well as several other local kingdoms during the Middle Ages.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chengdu|title=Chengdu {{!}} China|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415190750/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chengdu|archive-date=15 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During [[World War II]], refugees from eastern China fleeing from the Japanese settled in Chengdu. After the war, Chengdu was briefly the capital of the [[Nationalist government|Nationalist republican government]] until it withdrew to [[Taipei]] on the island of [[Taiwan]]. Under the PRC, Chengdu's importance as a link between Eastern China and Western China expanded, with railways built to [[Chongqing]] in 1952, and [[Kunming]] and Tibet afterward.<ref name=":1" /> In the 1960s, Chengdu became an important defense industry hub. Chengdu is now one of the most important economic, financial, commercial, cultural, transportation, research, and communication centers in China. Its economy is diverse, characterized by the [[Machine industry|machinery]], [[Automotive industry|automobile]], medicine, food, and [[information technology]] industries. Chengdu is a leading financial hub, ranking 35th globally on the 2021 [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name="GFCI2">{{cite web |date=March 2021 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 29 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322132130/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.1.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> Chengdu also hosts many international companies; more than 300 [[Fortune 500]] companies have established branches in Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chengdu thrives as international gateway hub |url=http://www.qbj.gov.cn/qbjq/c147737/2022-01/27/content_c5ed368b631d4d78bca03d778e7b2b73.shtml |website=qingbaijiang,chengdu,China }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Chengdu is the third Chinese city with two international airports after Beijing and Shanghai.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-27 |title=China opens new gateway to giant panda country in Chengdu |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/money-wealth/article/3138941/china-opens-new-gateway-giant-panda-country-chengdus-second |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233145/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/money-wealth/article/3138941/china-opens-new-gateway-giant-panda-country-chengdus-second |url-status=live|author=Guo Rui}}</ref> [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport]], and the newly built [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Tianfu International Airport]], a hub of [[Air China]] and [[Sichuan Airlines]], is one of the 30 [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airports]] in the world, and the [[Chengdu railway station]] is one of the six biggest in China. Chengdu is considered a "Beta + (global second-tier)" city classification (along with Barcelona and Washington, D.C.) according to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|GaWC]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=The World According to GaWC 2016 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=14 November 2018 |website=[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] |publisher=[[Loughborough University]]}}</ref> As of 2023, the city also hosts 23 foreign consulates, the fourth most in China behind Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Games a financial winner for city |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202308/10/WS64d422eca31035260b81b3ee.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810043947/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202308/10/WS64d422eca31035260b81b3ee.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chengdu is the seat of the [[Western Theater Command]] region of the [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/snapshot-chinas-western-theater-command/|title=Snapshot: China's Western Theater Command|website=Jamestown|language=en-US|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330210610/https://jamestown.org/program/snapshot-chinas-western-theater-command/|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, Chengdu became the third Chinese city to host the [[2021 Summer World University Games|31st FISU Summer World University Games]], after [[2001 Summer Universiade|Beijing 2001]] and [[2011 Summer Universiade|Shenzhen 2011]]. The city will also host the [[2025 World Games]]. It is considered one of the best cities in China to live in,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/04/if-we-have-to-leave-we-leave-the-downside-of-life-in-chinas-park-city|title=Inside Chengdu: can China's megacity version of the garden city work?|last=Kuo|first=Lily|date=4 February 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=13 June 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613034832/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/04/if-we-have-to-leave-we-leave-the-downside-of-life-in-chinas-park-city|archive-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2018/11/28/shanghai-tops-new-forbes-china-ranking-of-best-cities-for-living/|title=Shanghai Tops New Forbes China Ranking of Best Cities For Living|last=Flannery|first=Russell|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803133203/https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2018/11/28/shanghai-tops-new-forbes-china-ranking-of-best-cities-for-living/|archive-date=3 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and also a [[national central city]] of China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=九大国家中心城市何以崛起--理论-人民网 |url=http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0130/c40531-30598044.html |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=theory.people.com.cn |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610193504/http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0130/c40531-30598044.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chengdu is one of the world's top 25 [[List of cities by scientific output|cities by scientific research output]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2023 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.nature.com |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122050201/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to the greatest number of [[List of universities and colleges in Sichuan|universities and research institutes]] in Western China. Notably, these include: [[Sichuan University]], [[University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]], [[Southwestern University of Finance and Economics]], [[Southwest Jiaotong University]], [[Chengdu University of Technology]], [[Sichuan Normal University]], and [[Xihua University]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=2021-10-26|title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Chengdu|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=chengdu|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-30|website=U.S. News & World Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030102511/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=chengdu |archive-date=30 October 2021 }}</ref> {{anchor|Names|Etymology}} ==Name== The name Chengdu is attested in sources dating back to the [[Warring States period]]. It has been called the only major city in China to have remained at an unchanged location with an unchanged name throughout the [[imperial China|imperial]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|republican]], and [[History of the People's Republic of China|communist]] eras.<ref name="cd.wenming.cn">{{cite web |url=http://cd.wenming.cn/lsmc/201101/t20110106_655.shtml |title=Chengdu, the City Whose Name hasn't changed for 2300 years |publisher=cd.wenming.cn |date=6 January 2011 |access-date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301114805/http://cd.wenming.cn/lsmc/201101/t20110106_655.shtml |archive-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it also had other names; for example, it was briefly known as "Xijing" (Western Capital) in the 17th century.<ref name="eccp"/> The etymology of the name is unclear. The earliest and most widely known explanation, although not generally accepted by modern scholars,<ref>{{cite web |title=Origin of the name 'Chengdu' |script-title=zh:["成都"得名的由来] |url=http://www.cdmuseum.com/shihaigouchen/201701/473.html |publisher=Chengdu Museum |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129012900/http://www.cdmuseum.com/shihaigouchen/201701/473.html |url-status=live }}</ref> is provided in the 10th-century geographical work ''[[Universal Geography of the Taiping Era]]'', which states that the ninth king of [[Shu (state)|Shu]]'s [[Kaiming dynasty]] named his new capital Chengdu after a statement by [[King Tai of Zhou]] that a settlement needed "one year to become a town, two to become a city, and three to become a metropolis."{{efn|{{lang-zh|以周太王从梁王止岐山，一年而所居成聚，二年成邑，三年成都，因名之成都。}}}}<ref>{{citation |first=Endymion |last=Wilkinson |title=Chinese History: A Manual |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |date=2000 |page=849}}</ref> (The character for ''cheng'' {{lang-zh|{{linktext|成}}}} may mean "turned into" while ''du'' {{lang-zh|{{linktext|都}}}} can mean either a [[metropolis]] or a capital). The present spelling is based on [[pinyin]] [[romanization of Chinese|romanization]]; its [[Chinese postal romanization|Postal Map romanization]] was "Chengtu". Its former status as the seat of the Chengdu [[Fu (administrative division)|Prefecture]] prompted [[Marco Polo]]'s spellings "Sindafu", "Sin-din-fu", &c.<ref name=marco/><ref name=yule/> and the [[Protestantism in Sichuan|Protestant missionaries]]' romanization "Ching-too Foo".<ref name=Britannica1878>{{cite EB9|title=China||volume=5|page=638|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediabrit05newyrich/page/638/mode/1up|oclc=1387837}}***''Please note that a wikilink to the article on [China] in [EB9] is not available''***</ref> Although the official name of the city has remained (almost) constant, the surrounding area has sometimes taken other names, including "[[Yi Province|Yizhou]]". Chinese nicknames for the city include the {{nowrap|"Turtle City"}}, variously derived from the old [[Chinese city wall|city walls]]' shape on a map or a legend that [[Zhang Yi (strategist)|Zhang Yi]] had planned their course by following a turtle's tracks; the {{nowrap|"Brocade City"}} (see [[Sichuan embroidery|Sichuan brocade]]), a contraction of the earlier "City of the Brocade Official", after an imperial office established under the [[Western Han dynasty|Western Han]]; the {{nowrap|"Hibiscus City"}} (Rongcheng, [[wiktionary:蓉|蓉]]城), from the [[hibiscus]] which King [[Meng Chang]] of the [[Later Shu]] ordered planted upon the [[Chinese city wall|city wall]] during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period|10th century]].<ref name="nix">{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadmd.com/file/uxso6zvszcxueixcwoue3wto_1.html |script-title=zh:龟城刘备审阿斗_中华文本库 |website=Chinadmd.com |language=zh |date=29 June 2015 |access-date=31 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223351/http://www.chinadmd.com/file/uxso6zvszcxueixcwoue3wto_1.html |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doc88.com/p-287304379997.html |script-title=zh:成都味道 PDF – 综合课件 – 道客巴巴 |website=Doc88.com |date=2 June 2013 |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812052807/http://www.doc88.com/p-287304379997.html |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=刘飞滨著 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pg8pEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E8%93%89%E5%9F%8E+%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD&pg=PT18 |title=老成都记忆 |date=2017-03-01 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |isbn=978-7-5090-1171-3 |language=zh}}</ref> According to [[Étienne de la Vaissière]], "Baghshūr" ({{literal translation|pond of salt water}}) may be the [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] name for the region of Chengdu. This toponym is attested near [[Merv]], but not far from Chengdu are found the large salt water wells of the [[Yangtze]] basin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vaissière |first=Étienne de la |author-link=Étienne de la Vaissière |translator-last=Ward |translator-first=James |date=2005 |orig-date=2002 |chapter=Chapter Five: In China — The Sogdians in Sichuan and Tibet |title=Sogdian Traders: A History |url=https://library.samdu.uz/files/a749175ad108c9940aea64df56ca0a3c_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%20%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8.pdf |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |page=145 |isbn=90-04-14252-5 |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211232058/https://library.samdu.uz/files/a749175ad108c9940aea64df56ca0a3c_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%20%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Logo== The city logo adopted in 2011 is inspired by the [[Golden Sun Bird]], an ancient relic unearthed in 2001 from the [[Jinsha site|Jinsha Site]].<ref>{{cite web|date=30 December 2011|title=Chengdu Unveils its New City Logo|url=http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/detail_2011_12/31/11688105_0.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231014237/http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/detail_2011_12/31/11688105_0.shtml|archive-date=31 December 2011|access-date=10 February 2012|publisher=news.ifeng.com}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Archaeological Site of Jinsha.jpg|thumb|right|The archaeological site of [[Jinsha (archaeological site)|Jinsha]] is a major discovery in Chengdu in 2001.]] ===Early history=== Archaeological discoveries at the [[Sanxingdui]] and [[Jinsha site|Jinsha Site]] have established that the area surrounding Chengdu was inhabited over four thousand years ago, in the 18th–10th century{{nbsp}}BC. At the time of China's [[Xia dynasty|Xia]], [[Shang dynasty|Shang]], and [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] [[list of Chinese dynasties|dynasties]], it represented a separate ancient [[Bronze Age|bronze-wielding]] culture that, following its partial [[sinification]], became known to the Chinese as [[Shu (kingdom)|Shu]].<ref name="sage1">{{cite book|last=Sage|first=Steven F.|title=Ancient Sichuan and the unification of China|year=1992|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=0791410374|page=16|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/20359334?selectedversion=NBD8161066|access-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235754/http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/20359334?selectedversion=NBD8161066|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="yinkedeng">{{Cite book |last = Liang |first = Deng |author2=Martha Avery |author3=Yue Pan|title = History of China | publisher = [[:zh:五洲传播出版社|China Intercontinental Press]] |year = 2001 |page = 171 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lFRVNTo77vEC |isbn = 7-5085-1098-4 |author-mask=Liang Deng |display-authors=1}}</ref> Shu was conquered by [[Qin (state)|Qin]] in 316{{nbsp}}BC, and the settlement was re-founded by Qin general [[Zhang Yi (strategist)|Zhang Yi]]. ==== Pre-Qin to Qin and Han dynasties ==== In the early stage of the [[Xia dynasty]] or even earlier, the ancient Shu Kingdom located on the Chengdu Plain has formed a relatively developed bronze civilization, becoming an important source of Chinese civilization and one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation. According to records, there were five dynasties in the ancient Shu Kingdom, and their capitals were Qushang (now Wenjiang District, Chengdu), Piyi (now Pidu District), Xindu, and Guangdu. At the end of the Spring and Autumn period (around the 4th century BC), the fifth King Kaiming moved the capital to Chengdu. According to "Taiping Huanyu Ji", the name of the city is borrowed from the history of the establishment of the capital in the Western Zhou dynasty. The allusions of Zhou Wang Qianqi's "one year, he lived in a cluster, two years became a city, and three years Chengdu," because of the name Chengdu, it has been used to this day. Therefore, Chengdu has become a rare city in China and the world that has not changed its name since its establishment. Some people think that Chengdu is a transliteration of ancient Shu place names. There is a saying that "Guangdu, Xindu and Chengdu" are collectively referred to as the "Three Capitals of Ancient Shu". Nowadays, there are many cultural relics of ancient Shu Kingdom in Chengdu Plain, such as Sanxingdui Ruins, Jinsha Ruins, Yufu Ancient City Ruins, Wangcong Temple, etc. Jinsha Ruins located in the urban area of Chengdu is a peak of the development of ancient Shu culture.<ref>{{cite book |title=《成都市志·大事记》 |date=2010-12-01 |publisher=方志出版社 |isbn=978-7-80238-977-9 |pages=605–607}}</ref><ref>《史记·五帝本纪》：“一年而所居成聚，二年成邑，三年成都。”</ref><ref>《华阳国志·蜀志》：「蜀以成都、新都、广都为三都」</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=金沙简介 |url=http://www.jinshasitemuseum.com/About/Introduction |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118075827/http://www.jinshasitemuseum.com/About/Introduction |archive-date=2021-01-18 |accessdate=2018-09-30 |website=成都金沙遗址博物馆}}</ref> The Golden Mask of the Shang and Zhou dynasties at the Jinsha Site. The ancient state of Shu was the first target to be conquered by the Qin state in the process of unifying the world. King Huiwen of Qin had prepared for this for many years, and opened up the Shiniu Road (that is, the Jinniu Road) from Qin to Shu. In 316 BC, King Huiwen of Qin took advantage of the mutual attack between Ba and Shu and sent Sima Cuo to lead his army into Shu along the Shiniu Road, capturing the land in a few months. After that, the king of Qin established three abolitions of Shu Hou, and finally established Shu County, and the county seat of Chengdu County was established in Chengdu, the former capital of Shu. In 311 BC, Zhang Yi of the Qin dynasty built the Chengdu city wall according to the system of the capital Xianyang, building a large city and a small city. In 256 BC, King Zhao of Qin appointed Li Bing as the governor of Shu County. During his tenure, he presided over the construction of the world-famous Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project. The Chengdu Plain has been fertile and wild for thousands of miles since then. After decades of operation, Chengdu replaced Guanzhong Plain in the late Qin dynasty and was called the "Land of Abundance", and this reputation has continued to this day.<ref>{{cite news |date=2016-08-10 |title=白马关金牛古蜀道 石牛粪金起五丁开道成 |url=http://epaper.scdaily.cn/shtml/scrb/20160810/139442.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118075847/https://epaper.scdaily.cn/shtml/scrb/20160810/139442.shtml |archive-date=2021-01-18 |accessdate=2018-10-01 |work=四川日报}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=華陽國志 (四庫全書本)/卷03 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B703 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619164334/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B703 |archive-date=2021-06-19 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=维基文库，自由的图书馆 |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= |date=2016 |title=成都地区在南北朝佛教史上的重要地位 |url=http://www.fx361.com/page/2017/0103/469223.shtml |journal=《看历史》 |location=成都 |issue=11 |pages= |issn=2095-0853 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117081039/http://www.fx361.com/page/2017/0103/469223.shtml |archive-date=2021-01-17 |access-date=2017-09-21 |id=51-1732/K |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Han dynasty, the Chengdu economy, especially its brocade industry, prospered, becoming an important source of tribute to the court. The imperial court invested in Chengdu and specially set up Jinguan management and built "Jinguan City" in the southwest of Chengdu, "Jinguan City" and "Jincheng" becoming nicknames for Chengdu. In the second year of Emperor Ping of the Yuan dynasty, the population of Chengdu reached 76,000 households, or about 354,000 people, making it one of the most populous cities at that time. Towards the six major cities. In the third year of the reign of Emperor Jing of the Han dynasty (141 BC), the Wen Dang, the prefect of Shu County, established the world's earliest local government-run school, "Wenweng Shishi", in Chengdu. In the Han dynasty, Chengdu's literature and art also reached a high level. All the most famous literary masters in the Han dynasty were from Chengdu, including Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, and Wang Bao.<ref>《汉书·食货志下》：「遂於长安及五都立五均官，更名长安 东西市令及洛阳、邯郸、临淄、宛、成都市长皆为五均司市师。」</ref><ref name="认识成都历史沿革">{{cite web |title=认识成都 - 历史沿革 |url=http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/cd_know/detail.jsp?id=273934 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816045846/http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/cd_know/detail.jsp?id=273934 |archivedate=2014-08-16 |accessdate=2015-04-30 |website=成都市人民政府}}</ref> In the former Han dynasty, the whole country was divided into 14 prefectural governors' departments, among which the Yizhou governor was established in Luoxian (now Guanghan City, Sichuan), and the governor later moved to Chengdu. In the first year of Emperor Guangwu's reign (25 years) in the Eastern Han dynasty, Gongsun Shu established himself as the emperor in Chengdu, and the country's name was "married family". In the twelfth year of Jianwu in the Later Han dynasty (36 years), the Great Sima Wuhan of the Eastern Han dynasty finally captured Chengdu after five years of war, and his family perished. In the fifth year of Zhongping (188), Emperor Ling of Han, the court accepted Liu Yan's suggestion and changed the provincial governors to state shepherds with actual recruitment and command power. In the fifth year of Chuping (194), it moved to Chengdu. At that time, the Yizhou Provincial Governor's Department was the place where the Hu people in the Western Regions were operating.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Chengdu, an Ancient and Modern City |url=http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/english/aboutCheng/2022-08/22/content_cfc5348d073e40fca7a79317e0331438.shtml |website=chengdu,China}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=何一民. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1237410933 |title=<>. |date=2018 |publisher=四川人民出版社 |others=CNPeReading, 王毅. |isbn=978-7-220-10717-7 |oclc=1237410933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781772631 |title=Chengdu tong shi |date=2011 |publisher=Sichuan ren min chu ban she |author="Chengdu tong shi" bian zuan wei yuan hui, 《成都通史》编纂委员会. |isbn=978-7-220-08208-5 |edition=Di 1 ban |location=Chengdu |oclc=781772631}}</ref> ===Imperial era=== [[File:Dujiang Weir (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Dujiangyan|Dujiangyan Irrigation System]] built in 256 BC still functions today.]] {{multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = Holding Shield and Holding Broom tomb doors, 1 of 2, China, unearthed from Lanjia Yard, Pixian County, Sichuan, Eastern Han dynasty, 25-220 AD, stone - Sichuan Provincial Museum - Chengdu, China - DSC04745.jpg | image2 = Holding Shield and Holding Broom tomb doors, 2 of 2, China, unearthed from Lanjia Yard, Pixian County, Sichuan, Eastern Han dynasty, 25-220 AD, stone - Sichuan Provincial Museum - Chengdu, China - DSC04747.jpg | footer = Tomb doors from [[Pi County]] showing men in ''[[Ancient Chinese clothing|hanfu]]'', one with a shield and the other a broom (1st or 2nd century). }} Under the [[Western Han dynasty|Han]], the [[brocade]] produced in Chengdu became fashionable and was exported throughout China. A "Brocade Official" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=錦官 |p=jǐnguān}}) was established to oversee its production and transaction. After the fall of the Eastern Han, [[Liu Bei]] ruled [[Shu Han]], the southwestern of the [[Three Kingdoms]], from Chengdu. His [[chancellor (China)|minister]] [[Zhuge Liang]] called the area the "Land of Abundance".<ref>{{Cite web |title="天府之国"的由来 |url=http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/zzfw/zzcy/content_22954 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240912154252/http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/zzfw/zzcy/content_22954 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Sichuan Provincial Local Chronicles Office}}</ref> Under the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], Chengdu was considered the second most prosperous city in China after [[Yangzhou]].{{efn|{{lang-zh|first=t|t={{linktext|揚|一|益|二}} |s={{linktext|扬|一|益|二}} |l=Yang[zhou] 1[st], Yi[zhou] 2[nd]}}}} Both [[Li Bai]] and [[Du Fu]] lived in the city. [[Li Bai]] praised it as "lying above the [[empyrean]]." The city's present Caotang ("Grass Hall") was constructed in 1078 in honor of an earlier, more humble structure of that name erected by Du Fu in 760, the second year of his 4-year stay. The [[Taoism|Taoist]] Qingyang Gong ("Green Goat Temple") was built in the 9th century.<ref>{{cite journal |author=罗开玉 |date=2010 |title=秦汉三国时期成都商业大都会的建成 |url=http://www.cqvip.com/Main/Detail.aspx?id=35948364 |journal=《成都大学学报：社会科学版》 |issue=6 |pages=102–116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101112459/http://www.cqvip.com/Main/Detail.aspx?id=35948364 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref><ref>馬植杰（2006年）:《三國史》第十章〈蜀漢之亡和司馬氏代魏成晉〉，第二節〈姜維北伐與蜀漢的滅亡〉，第151頁－第156頁。</ref> Chengdu was the capital of [[Wang Jian (Former Shu)|Wang Jian]]'s [[Former Shu]] from 907 to 925, when it was conquered by the [[Later Tang]]. The [[Later Shu]] was founded by [[Meng Zhixiang]] in 934, with its capital at Chengdu. Its second and last king, [[Meng Chang]] beautified the city by ordering [[hibiscus]] to be planted upon the [[Chinese city wall|city walls]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Culture – The Historical Origin of Chengdu Imperial City |url=http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/whzh/slzc1/content_63048 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sichuan Provincial Local Chronicles Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=蜀汉故地 皇城遗迹寻踪{{!}}华西都市报 |url=http://www.wccdaily.com.cn/wapepaper/html/20230904/200828.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=West China City Daily}}</ref> The [[Song dynasty|Song]] conquered the city in 965, introducing the first widely used [[paper money]] in the world. [[Su Shi]] praised it as "the southwestern metropolis". At the fall of the Song, a rebel leader set up a short-lived kingdom known as [[Shu (state)|Great Shu]] ({{lang-zh|{{linktext|大蜀}}}}, ''Dàshǔ''). Allegedly the [[Mongolian Empire|Mongols]] called for the death of a million people in the city but the city's population had less than 30,000 residents (not Chengdu prefecture). The aged males who had not fled were killed while in typical fashion, the women, children and artisans were enslaved and deported. During the [[Yuan dynasty]], most of Sichuan's residents were deported to Hunan during the insurgency of the western ethnic tribes of western Sichuan. [[Marco Polo]] visited Chengdu<ref name="marco">{{cite book|last=Quian|first=Jack|title=Chengdu: A City of Paradise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8M4hnwEACAAJ|year=2006|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4259-7590-6|page=109|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212850/https://books.google.com/books?id=8M4hnwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mayhew|first1=Bradley|last2=Miller|first2=Korina|last3=English|first3=Alex|title=South-West China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sm-2FZavr9QC|edition=2nd|year=2002|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-86450-370-8|page=19|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408083853/https://books.google.com/books?id=sm-2FZavr9QC|archive-date=8 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and wrote about the [[Anshun Bridge]] or an earlier version of it.{{efn|"Let us now speak of a great Bridge which crosses this River within the city. This bridge is of stone; it is seven paces in width and half a mile in length (the river being that much in width as I told you); and all along its length on either side there are columns of marble to bear the roof, for the bridge is roofed over from end to end with timber, and that all richly painted. And on this bridge there were houses in which a great deal of trade and industry is carried on. But these houses were all of wood merely, and they are put up in the morning and taken down in the evening. Also there stands upon the bridge the Great Kaan's _Comercque_, that is to say, his custom-house, where his toll and tax were levied."<ref name=yule>{{citation |editor-last=Yule |editor-first=Henry |editor-link=Henry Yule |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12410 |title=The Travels of Marco Polo, ''Vol. II'' |last=Polo |first=Marco |author-link=Marco Polo |display-authors=0 |editor2=Henri Cordier |display-editors=1 |at=Ch. XLIV |access-date=16 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924190642/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12410 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} At the fall of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]], the rebel [[Zhang Xianzhong]] established his Great Western Kingdom ({{lang-zh|{{linktext|大西}}}}) with its capital at Chengdu; it lasted only from 1643 to 1646.<ref name="eccp">{{cite ECCP |title=Chang Hsien-chung}}</ref> Zhang was said to have massacred a large number of people in Chengdu and throughout Sichuan. In any case, Chengdu was said to have become a virtual ghost town frequented by tigers<ref name="dai2">{{cite book |author=Yingcong Dai |title=The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing |year=2009 |publisher=University of Washington Press |pages=22–27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA22 |isbn=978-0-295-98952-5 |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624213404/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA22 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the depopulation of Sichuan necessitated the resettlement of millions of people from other provinces during the [[Qing dynasty]]. Following the [[Columbian Exchange]], the [[Chengdu Plain]] became one of China's principal sources of [[tobacco cultivation in China|tobacco]]. [[Pi County]] was considered to have the highest quality in Sichuan, which was the center of the country's [[cigar]] and [[cigarette]] production, the rest of the country long continuing to consume [[snuff (tobacco)|snuff]] instead.<ref name=Britannica1878/> ===Modern era=== [[File:Huangcenba of Chengdu.jpg|thumb|right|Huangchengba in 1911]] In 1911, Chengdu's branch of the [[Railway Protection Movement]] helped trigger the [[Wuchang Uprising]], which led to the [[Xinhai Revolution]] that overthrew the Qing dynasty.<ref>[[#History|Cambridge History Vol 11, Part 2]]:522</ref><ref>[[#History|Cambridge History Vol 11, Part 2]]:524</ref> During [[World War II]], the capital city of China was forced to move inland from [[Battle of Nanking|Nanjing]] to [[Battle of Wuhan|Wuhan]] in 1937 and from Wuhan to Chengdu, then from Chengdu to [[Chongqing]] in 1938, as the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) government under ''Generalissimo'' [[Chiang Kai-shek]] ultimately retreated to [[Sichuan]] to escape from the invading Japanese forces. They brought with them into Sichuan business people, workers, and academics who founded many of the industries and cultural institutions which continue to make Chengdu an important cultural and commercial production center.<ref name=":5" /> Chengdu became a military center for the KMT to regroup in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|War of Resistance]]. Chengdu was beyond the reach of the Imperial Japanese ground forces and escort fighter planes. However, the Japanese frequently flew in the then-highly advanced twin-engine long-ranged [[Mitsubishi G3M|G3M "Nell"]] [[medium bomber]]s to conduct massive [[Aerial bombardment of cities|aerial bombardments]] of both civilian and military targets in [[Bombing of Chongqing|Chongqing and Chengdu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-06/03/content_17558023.htm |title=Chinese continue to seek justice for Japanese bombings – China |website=Chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620070438/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-06/03/content_17558023.htm |archive-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The massed formation of the G3M bombers provided heavy firepower against [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–45)|Chinese fighter planes]] assigned to the defense of Chongqing and Chengdu, which continued to cause problems for the Japanese attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1939.htm |title=Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1939 |website=Surfcity.kund.dalnet.se|access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232019/http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1939.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww2today.com/5th-june-1941-thousands-die-in-chungking-raid |title=5th June 1941: Thousands die in Chungking raid |website=Ww2today.com |date=5 June 1941 |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052317/http://ww2today.com/5th-june-1941-thousands-die-in-chungking-raid |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Polikarpov I-16 (China Aviation Museum).jpg|thumb|left|An all-air war was fought over Chengdu between the Chinese Air Force and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy air forces; an I-16 fighter shown here at the [[Chinese Aviation Museum|Datangshan Aviation Museum]]]] Slow and vulnerable obsolescent Chinese fighter aircraft burning low-grade fuel were still sufficiently dangerous in the hands of capable pilots against the Japanese ''[[schnellbomber]]''-[[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing|terror bombing]] raiders;<ref>Cheung, 2015, p. 72. Imperial Japanese Navy's new supercharged and high-octane fueled engines had almost put the Mitsubishi G3M bombers out of reach of obsolescent Chinese fighter attacks</ref> on 4 November 1939 for instance, Capt. [[Cen Zeliu]] (''[[Wade-Giles]]: Shen Tse-Liu'') led his [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)|17th Fighter Squadron, 5th Fighter Group]] of seven cannon-equipped [[Dewoitine D.500|Dewoitine D.510]] fighters in a level head-on attack against an incoming coming raid of 72 [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service|IJANF]] [[Mitsubishi G3M|G3M]] bombers (Capt. Cen chose this tactic knowing that the operation of the [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20mm autocannon]] in his D.510 is likely to fail under the [[G-force|g-loads]] of a high-deflection diving attack), with Capt. Cen pummeling the lead G3M of the IJN's ''[[Kōkūtai|13th Kōkūtai's]] CO'' Captain Kikushi Okuda with cannon fire, sending the G3M crashing down in flames over Chengdu, along with three other G3M bombers destroyed in the Chengdu raid that day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gustavsson|first=Hakan|title=Chinese biplane fighter aces – Shen Tse-Liu|url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_tse-liu.htm|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Biplane Fighter Aces of China – Cen Ziliu|quote=Captain Shen and his squadron from past experience had known that when firing in a dive, the spring tension of the drum magazine in the Hispano HS-404 cannon was insufficient to feed the gun causing stoppages|archive-date=30 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050130092006/http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_tse-liu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> With the death of Captain Okuda in the air battle over Chengdu, the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|IJN]] {{Nihongo|''[[Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy|Kaigun-daisa]]''|海軍大佐}} became the highest-ranking IJN Air officer to be ''[[Killed in action|killed-in-action]]'' in the ''War of Resistance/World War II'' thus far.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chen|first=C. Peter|title=Cen Zeliu – Fighter Pilot|url=https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=948|access-date=2020-11-15|website=WW2DB|quote=On 4 Nov 1939, Chinese Air Force Captain shot down the G3M bomber carrying the commanding officer of Imperial Japanese Navy's 13th Air Group commanding officer Captain Kikushi Okuda, who became the highest ranking Japanese Navy air officer to be killed in the war thus far|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125111851/https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=948|url-status=live}}</ref> In mid- to late-1940, unknown to the Americans and European allies, the Imperial Japanese appeared in the skies over Chongqing and Chengdu with the world's most advanced fighter plane at the time: the [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero|A6M "Zero" fighter]] that dominated the skies over China against the increasingly obsolete Russian-made [[Polikarpov I-15|Polikarpov I-15/I-153]]s and [[Polikarpov I-16|I-16]]s that were the principal fighter planes of the Chinese Nationalist Air Force.<ref name="visitpearlharbor.org">{{cite web|last=LoProto|first=Mark|date=2018-04-09|title=Pearl Harbor Scourge: Mitsubishi A6M Zero|url=https://visitpearlharbor.org/pearl-harbor-scourge-mitsubishi-a6m-zero/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Visit Pearl Harbor|language=en-US|quote=The Scouge of the A6M Zero|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130201104/https://visitpearlharbor.org/pearl-harbor-scourge-mitsubishi-a6m-zero/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This would later prove to be a [[wikt:rude awakening|rude awakening]] for the [[Allied forces (World War II)|Allied forces]] in the Pacific War following the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://military.answers.com/military-history/japanese-zero-fighters |title=Japanese Zero Fighters |website=military.answers.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812095756/http://military.answers.com/military-history/japanese-zero-fighters |archive-date=12 August 2014 | accessdate=31 August 2022}}</ref> One of the first American ace fighter pilots of the war and original volunteer fighter pilot for the Chinese Nationalist Air Force, [[John Huang Xinrui|Major Huang Xinrui]] (nicknamed "Buffalo" by his comrades) died as a result of battling the Zero fighters along with his squadronmates Cen Zeliu and Lin Heng (younger brother of renowned architect [[Lin Huiyin]]) defending [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport#History|Chengdu]] on 14 March 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/WW2/aces/Wong%20Sun-Shui.htm |title=Major 'Buffalo' Wong Sun-Shui |website=Century-of-flight.net|access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608041435/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/WW2/aces/Wong%20Sun-Shui.htm |archive-date=8 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_wong2.htm |title=Chinese biplane fighter aces – 'Buffalo' Wong Sun-Shui |website=Surfcity.kund.dalnet.se|access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205239/http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_wong2.htm |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="visitpearlharbor.org" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Network|first=Warfare History|date=2020-01-10|title=The World War II Allies Were Not Prepared To Fight Japan's Zero Fighter|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/world-war-ii-allies-were-not-prepared-fight-japans-zero-fighter-112921|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The National Interest|language=en|quote=The Japanese Zero fighter terrified allied pilots|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927212740/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/world-war-ii-allies-were-not-prepared-fight-japans-zero-fighter-112921|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] at the end of 1941, the United States began setting up stations at airbases in China. In 1944, the American [[XX Bomber Command]] launched [[Operation Matterhorn]], an ambitious plan to base [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Superfortresses]] in Chengdu and strategically bomb the [[Japanese archipelago|Japanese Home Islands]].<ref name="hittinghomepg4">Haulman [[#References|References]] Chapter ''[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/ww2/hittinghome/hittinghomepg4.htm The Superfortress Takes to the Skies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104190303/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/ww2/hittinghome/hittinghomepg4.htm |date=4 January 2016 }}'' p. 4</ref> The operating base was located in [[Xinjin Airport]] in the southwestern part of the Chengdu metropolitan area.<ref>Crosby, Jim. [http://www.intergate.com/~sandcrab/China_Bases.htm Location of China Bomber bases, 1944–45] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218201259/http://www.intergate.com/~sandcrab/China_Bases.htm |date=18 February 2012 }}, [http://www.intergate.com/~sandcrab/ website created by David Wilhelm in memory of Sgt. Daniel L. Wilhelm, USAAF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213230558/http://www.intergate.com/~sandcrab/ |date=13 December 2013 }}, Retrieved 12 May 2014</ref><ref name="xinhua">{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/mrdx/2005-08/20/content_3379485.htm |script-title=zh:重返新津机场美国老兵泪光闪烁 |work=Xinhua |date=2005-08-20 |language=zh-cn |access-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104190303/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mrdx/2005-08/20/content_3379485.htm |archive-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Because the operation required a massive airlift of fuel and supplies over the Himalayas, it was not a significant military success, but it did earn Chengdu the distinction of launching the first serious retaliation against the Japanese homeland.<ref>United States [http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm#taaatjhi Strategic bombing survey summary report (Pacific War)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516014539/http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm#taaatjhi |date=16 May 2008 }}, Washington D.C. 1 July 1946. Page 16.</ref> [[File:PLA Troops entered to Chengdu.jpg|thumb|[[People's Liberation Army]] troops entered Chengdu on 27 December 1949]] During the [[Chinese Civil War]], Chengdu was the last major city on the [[mainland China|Chinese mainland]] to be held by the Kuomintang. President Chiang Kai-shek and his son [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] directed the defense of the city from the Chengdu Central Military Academy ({{Lang-zh|s=黄埔军校成都分校|labels=no}}) until 1949, when [[Communist Party of China|Communist]] forces [[Chengdu campaign|took the city on 27 December]]. The [[People's Liberation Army]] took the city without any resistance after a deal was negotiated between the People's Liberation Army and the commander of the KMT Army guarding the city. On 10 December [[Chinese Nationalist Party retreat to Taiwan|the remnants of the Nationalist Chinese government evacuated]] to [[Taiwan]].<ref name="Cookc">Cook, Chris Cook. Stevenson, John. [2005] (2005). The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-34584-7}}. p 376.</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Han Cheung|title=Taiwan in Time: The great retreat|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2016/12/04/2003660529|access-date=10 December 2016|work=Taipei Times|date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208045539/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2016/12/04/2003660529|archive-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Tianfu New Area|Chengdu Tianfu New Area]] is a sustainable planned city that will be outside of Central Chengdu.<!-- Source does not say when --> The city is also planned to be self-sustaining, with every residence being a two-minute walk from a park.<ref name="Davies">{{cite web|last=Davies|first=Alex|title=China Is Building A Huge Eco-City Where No One Will Need To Drive|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/china-is-building-a-nearly-car-free-city-2012-11?op=1|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=27 January 2013|date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110081331/http://www.businessinsider.com/china-is-building-a-nearly-car-free-city-2012-11?op=1|archive-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ====The Great City==== In 2019, Chengdu overtook [[Shenzhen]], China's technology hub, as the best-performing Chinese economy.<ref name="South China Morning Post Publisher">{{cite web |last1=Zhou |first1=Cissy |title=Shenzhen, Beijing lose out to Chengdu as China's best performing city economy, says report |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3033998/shenzhen-beijing-lose-out-chengdu-chinas-best-performing-city |website=South China Morning Post |publisher=South China Morning Post Publisher |date=23 October 2019 |access-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104024224/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3033998/shenzhen-beijing-lose-out-chengdu-chinas-best-performing-city |archive-date=4 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has surged in population in the last two decades.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |last1=Kuo |first1=Lily |title=Inside Chengdu: can China's megacity version of the garden city work? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/04/if-we-have-to-leave-we-leave-the-downside-of-life-in-chinas-park-city |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613091502/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/04/if-we-have-to-leave-we-leave-the-downside-of-life-in-chinas-park-city |archive-date=13 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Investments into a Europe-Chengdu Express Railway have been made, providing even more opportunity for the city to grow.<ref name="South China Morning Post Publisher"/> As a way to preserve farmland and accommodate the growing population of Chengdu, China is building a hyper-dense satellite city centered around a central mass-transit hub called the Great City where any destination within the city is within a 15-minute walk.<ref name="businessinsider1">{{cite web |last1=Leanna |first1=Garfield |title=7 megaprojects that will transform Chinese cities by 2050 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-megaprojects-real-estate-developments-new-cities-2017-5 |website=Business Insider |publisher=Insider Inc |date=16 May 2017 |access-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104024220/https://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-megaprojects-real-estate-developments-new-cities-2017-5 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic Monthly Group">{{cite web |last1=Architizer |title=A City Where Everything Is a 15 Minute Walk Away |url=https://www.citylab.com/equity/2012/10/city-where-everything-15-minute-walk-away/3715/ |website=City Lab |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |access-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104024224/https://www.citylab.com/equity/2012/10/city-where-everything-15-minute-walk-away/3715/ |archive-date=4 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> This proto-type city is intended to provide affordable, high-quality lifestyle, which provides people-oriented spaces that [[Effects of the car on societies|does not require a car]] to navigate.<ref name="The Atlantic Monthly Group"/> Their current urban-planning focus in the city of Chengdu is to make the city 'a city within a park' rather than creating parks within a city.<ref name="theguardian.com"/> The Great City falls in line with the Chengdu 'park city' initiative, prioritizing the environment, public space and quality of life. It will consist of 15% park and green space and be situated on a {{cvt|1.3|km2}} area.<ref name="The Atlantic Monthly Group"/> Although 25% of the space will be dedicated to roads, one half of the roads will be [[Pedestrian zone|pedestrian-oriented]]. This transit system provides direct transport to Chengdu itself.<ref name="businessinsider1"/> It is expected that the city will consume 48% less energy than cities of similar size.<ref name="The Atlantic Monthly Group"/> The goal of the 'park city' project is to allow a city like Chengdu to compete with [[Beijing]] and [[Shanghai]] without stripping the city of its character.<ref name="theguardian.com"/> The city of Chengdu is already known for its focus on quality of life, which includes affordable housing, good public schools, trees and bike lanes.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} ==Geography== [[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nh48-6.jpg|thumb|left|Map including Chengdu (labeled as CH'ENG-TU (walled) {{lang-zh|成都}}) ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1958)]] The vast plain on which Chengdu is located has an elevation ranging from {{convert|450|to|720|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}. Northwest Chengdu is bordered by the high and steep [[Longmen Mountains]] in the north-west and in the west by the [[Qionglai Mountains]], the elevation of which exceeds {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on|sp=us}} and includes Miao Jiling ({{convert|5364|m|abbr=on|disp=comma|sp=us}}) and Xiling Snow Mountain ({{convert|5164|m|abbr=on|disp=comma|sp=us}}). The western mountainous area is also home to a large primitive forest with abundant biological resources and a [[giant panda]] habitat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=浪漫中国丨世界遗产图鉴：四川大熊猫栖息地-新华网 |url=http://news.cn/video/20231218/3725352d3ab94d1b945a4ae07d1b4e76/c.html#:~:text=%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%A4%A7%E7%86%8A%E7%8C%AB%E6%A0%96%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E4%BA%8E%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F%E4%B8%8E%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD,%E6%9C%80%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%B9%81%E5%85%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E3%80%82 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=news.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210502/http://news.cn/video/20231218/3725352d3ab94d1b945a4ae07d1b4e76/c.html#:~:text=%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%A4%A7%E7%86%8A%E7%8C%AB%E6%A0%96%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E4%BA%8E%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F%E4%B8%8E%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD,%E6%9C%80%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%B9%81%E5%85%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E3%80%82 |url-status=live }}</ref> East of Chengdu stands the low [[Longquan Mountains]] and the west bordering area of the hilly land of middle reaches of [[Min River (Sichuan)|Min River]], an area noted by several converging rivers. Since ancient times, Chengdu has been known as "the Abundant Land" owing to its fertile soil, favorable climate, and novel Dujiangyan Irrigation System.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-19 |title=9个天府之国 唯余1个成都平原_腾讯新闻 |url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20230619A04J7700?suid=&media_id= |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=腾讯网 news.qq.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210550/https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20230619A04J7700?suid=&media_id= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=四川为什么号称天府之国，文化特别灿烂？灵魂全在这条江里 |url=https://i.ifeng.com/c/7yJM4W1IL7l |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=history.ifeng.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210504/https://i.ifeng.com/c/7yJM4W1IL7l |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural China Tour {{!}} The "wisdom" of water protection that spans thousands of years: The Dujiangyan Irrigation Project has been in continuous operation for 2,280 years |url=https://content-static.cctvnews.cctv.com/snow-book/index.html?item_id=7211799353702892981 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=cctv.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210553/https://content-static.cctvnews.cctv.com/snow-book/index.html?item_id=7211799353702892981 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chengdu is located at the western edge of the [[Sichuan Basin]] and sits on the [[Chengdu Plain]]; the dominating terrain is plains. The [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Prefecture level|prefecture]] ranges in latitude from 30° 05' to 31° 26' N, while its longitude ranges from 102° 54' to 104° 53' E, stretching for {{convert|192|km|sp=us}} from east to west and {{convert|166|km|abbr=on|sp=us}} south to north, administering {{convert|12390|km2|abbr=on}} of land. Neighboring prefectures are [[Deyang]] (NE), [[Ziyang, Sichuan|Ziyang]] (SE), [[Meishan]] (S), [[Ya'an]] (SW), and the [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture]] (N). The urban area, with an elevation of {{convert|500|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on|sp=us}}, features a few rivers, three of them being the [[Jin River (Sichuan)|Jin]], [[Fu River (Sichuan)|Fu]], and [[Sha River]]s. Outside of the immediate urban area, the topography becomes more complex: to the east lies the [[Longquan Mountains]] ({{lang|zh-hans|龙泉山脉}}) and the Penzhong Hills ({{lang-zh|盆中丘陵}}); to the west lie the [[Qionglai Mountains]], which rise to {{convert|5364|m|abbr=on|sp=us}} in Dayi County. The highest point in Chengdu is Daxuetang (also known as Miaojiling) in Xiling Snow Mountain in Dayi County, with an altitude of 5,364 meters. The lowest point is the river bank at the exit of Tuojiang River in Jianyang City, with an altitude of 359 meters.<ref name="wz">{{cite web |title=地理位置 |url=http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/chengdu/rscd/dlwz.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226070021/http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/chengdu/rscd/dlwz.shtml |archive-date=2019-12-26 |accessdate=2015-02-12 |publisher=成都市人民政府}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2014-02-10 |title=成都"身高"4977米 成世界海拔落差最大特大城市 |url=http://scnews.newssc.org/system/2014/02/10/013911273.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907190157/http://scnews.newssc.org/system/2014/02/10/013911273.shtml |archive-date=2020-09-07 |accessdate=2017-10-14 |agency=成都晚报}}</ref> ===Climate=== Chengdu has a [[monsoon]]-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') and is largely warm with high [[relative humidity]] all year. It has four distinct seasons, with moderate rainfall concentrated mainly in the warmer months, and relieved from both sweltering summers and freezing winters. The [[Qin Mountains]] (Qinling) to the far north help shield the city from cold [[Siberian anticyclone|Siberian winds]] in the winter; because of this, the short winter is milder than in the Lower [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]]. The 24-hour daily mean temperature in January is {{convert|5.9|°C|1}}, and snow is rare but there are a few periods of frost each winter. The summer is hot and humid, but not to the extent of the "[[Three Furnaces]]" cities of [[Chongqing]], [[Wuhan]], and [[Nanjing]], all of which lie in the Yangtze basin.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gzkp.org.cn/show.aspx?id=180&cid=5 |script-title = zh:为什么重庆、武汉、南京有"三大火炉"之称？ |publisher = Guangzhou Popular Science News Net ({{lang|zh-hans|广州科普资讯网}}) |language = zh-cn |date = 12 September 2007 |access-date = 29 November 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141112042247/http://www.gzkp.org.cn/show.aspx?id=180&cid=5 |archive-date = 12 November 2014 }}</ref> The 24-hour daily mean temperature in July and August is around {{convert|25|°C}}, with afternoon highs sometimes reaching {{convert|33|°C}}; sustained heat as found in much of eastern China is rare. Rainfall occurs most frequently and is concentrated in July and August, with very little of it in the cooler months. Chengdu also has one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally,<ref>{{Cite web |last=腾讯网 |date=2024-01-16 |title=确认了，成都人都是属向日葵的！_腾讯新闻 |url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20240116A07HC500 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=news.qq.com |language=zh-CN |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210505/https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20240116A07HC500 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=60年来最低！成都今年10月日照时数仅有14.6小时 - 中国网 |url=http://sc.china.com.cn/2021/yaowen_1104/425209.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=sc.china.com.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210509/http://sc.china.com.cn/2021/yaowen_1104/425209.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with less sunshine annually than much of Northern Europe.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 15 percent in December to 32 percent in August, the city receives 1006 hours of bright sunshine annually. Spring (March–April) tends to be sunnier and warmer in the day than autumn (October–November). The annual mean is {{convert|16.9|°C|1}}, and extremes have ranged from {{convert|−6.5|°C|0}} to {{convert|39.4|°C}}. {{Weather box | metric first = y | single line = y | collapsed = Y | location = Chengdu ([[Shuangliu District]]), elevation {{convert|495|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | Jan high C = 9.8 | Feb high C = 12.7 | Mar high C = 17.5 | Apr high C = 23.3 | May high C = 27.0 | Jun high C = 28.9 | Jul high C = 30.6 | Aug high C = 30.6 | Sep high C = 26.2 | Oct high C = 21.3 | Nov high C = 16.7 | Dec high C = 11.2 | Jan mean C = 6.0 | Feb mean C = 8.5 | Mar mean C = 12.6 | Apr mean C = 17.6 | May mean C = 21.6 | Jun mean C = 24.2 | Jul mean C = 25.8 | Aug mean C = 25.5 | Sep mean C = 21.9 | Oct mean C = 17.5 | Nov mean C = 12.8 | Dec mean C = 7.5 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 3.3 | Feb low C = 5.5 | Mar low C = 9.0 | Apr low C = 13.6 | May low C = 17.6 | Jun low C = 20.8 | Jul low C = 22.5 | Aug low C = 22.1 | Sep low C = 19.2 | Oct low C = 15.1 | Nov low C = 10.2 | Dec low C = 4.9 | Jan record high C = 18.9 | Jan record low C = −6.5 | Feb record high C = 25.5 | Feb record low C = −2.6 | Mar record high C = 31.8 | Mar record low C = −1.8 | Apr record high C = 35.1 | Apr record low C = 4.0 | May record high C = 37.3 | May record low C = 6.3 | Jun record high C = 37.5 | Jun record low C = 14.2 | Jul record high C = 38.6 | Jul record low C = 16.6 | Aug record high C = 40.2 | Aug record low C = 16.0 | Sep record high C = 37.4 | Sep record low C = 12.2 | Oct record high C = 31.9 | Oct record low C = 3.1 | Nov record high C = 26.2 | Nov record low C = 0.2 | Dec record high C = 21.3 | Dec record low C = −5.9 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 8.9 | Feb precipitation mm = 12.4 | Mar precipitation mm = 23.6 | Apr precipitation mm = 47.5 | May precipitation mm = 76.8 | Jun precipitation mm = 122.5 | Jul precipitation mm = 238.2 | Aug precipitation mm = 198.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 116.5 | Oct precipitation mm = 43.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 15.9 | Dec precipitation mm = 7.0 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 79 | Mar humidity = 77 | Apr humidity = 76 | May humidity = 73 | Jun humidity = 78 | Jul humidity = 83 | Aug humidity = 83 | Sep humidity = 84 | Oct humidity = 83 | Nov humidity = 82 | Dec humidity = 82 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 7.6 | Feb precipitation days = 8.0 | Mar precipitation days = 10.5 | Apr precipitation days = 13.5 | May precipitation days = 13.8 | Jun precipitation days = 15.7 | Jul precipitation days = 17.3 | Aug precipitation days = 15.7 | Sep precipitation days = 15.1 | Oct precipitation days = 14.7 | Nov precipitation days = 7.5 | Dec precipitation days = 6.6 | year precipitation days = | Jan sun = 38.3 | Feb sun = 54.7 | Mar sun = 85.2 | Apr sun = 116.0 | May sun = 122.1 | Jun sun = 110.7 | Jul sun = 122.1 | Aug sun = 132.9 | Sep sun = 70.5 | Oct sun = 54.9 | Nov sun = 47.7 | Dec sun = 37.7 | year sun = | Jan percentsun = 12 | Feb percentsun = 17 | Mar percentsun = 23 | Apr percentsun = 30 | May percentsun = 29 | Jun percentsun = 26 | Jul percentsun = 29 | Aug percentsun = 33 | Sep percentsun = 19 | Oct percentsun = 16 | Nov percentsun = 15 | Dec percentsun = 12 | year percentsun = | Jan snow days = 1.1 | Feb snow days = 0.4 | Mar snow days = 0 | Apr snow days = 0 | May snow days = 0 | Jun snow days = 0 | Jul snow days = 0 | Aug snow days = 0 | Sep snow days = 0 | Oct snow days = 0 | Nov snow days = 0 | Dec snow days = 0.2 | year snow days = | source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-cn |access-date=2020-04-15 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |url-status=live |title=Index }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020) |publisher = [[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh |access-date = 2023-04-11 |title = Experience Template |archive-date = 4 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="CMA old"> {{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21 }}</ref> all-time extreme temperature<ref name="Mherrera">{{cite web |url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World |access-date=2025-03-29 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622141215/http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = NetEase>{{cite web |url= https://www.163.com/dy/article/E2HHPSS305444WQP.html |title= 这两天根本不算冷 看看全国各大城市历史极端最低温度是几度？ |date= 8 December 2018 |access-date= 2024-09-16 |archive-date= 15 September 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240915180708/https://www.163.com/dy/article/E2HHPSS305444WQP.html |url-status= live }}</ref> | source = }}{{Weather box | width = auto | metric first = y | single line = y | collapsed = Y | location = Chengdu ([[Wenjiang District]]), elevation {{cvt|548|m}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present) | Jan record high C = 18.3 | Feb record high C = 23.7 | Mar record high C = 30.9 | Apr record high C = 33.8 | May record high C = 35.7 | Jun record high C = 36.0 | Jul record high C = 37.7 | Aug record high C = 39.4 | Sep record high C = 36.8 | Oct record high C = 30.8 | Nov record high C = 24.9 | Dec record high C = 19.5 | Jan high C = 9.3 | Feb high C = 12.1 | Mar high C = 16.8 | Apr high C = 22.5 | May high C = 26.3 | Jun high C = 28.3 | Jul high C = 30.0 | Aug high C = 29.9 | Sep high C = 25.7 | Oct high C = 20.7 | Nov high C = 16.0 | Dec high C = 10.7 | Jan mean C = 5.5 | Feb mean C = 8.0 | Mar mean C = 12.0 | Apr mean C = 17.1 | May mean C = 21.1 | Jun mean C = 23.8 | Jul mean C = 25.4 | Aug mean C = 25.0 | Sep mean C = 21.6 | Oct mean C = 17.0 | Nov mean C = 12.2 | Dec mean C = 6.9 | Jan low C = 2.7 | Feb low C = 4.9 | Mar low C = 8.4 | Apr low C = 12.9 | May low C = 17.2 | Jun low C = 20.5 | Jul low C = 22.1 | Aug low C = 21.7 | Sep low C = 18.9 | Oct low C = 14.7 | Nov low C = 9.6 | Dec low C = 4.2 | Jan record low C = −6.5 | Feb record low C = −3.5 | Mar record low C = -2.0 | Apr record low C = 3.7 | May record low C = 5.9 | Jun record low C = 14.1 | Jul record low C = 16.2 | Aug record low C = 16.2 | Sep record low C = 11.1 | Oct record low C = 2.5 | Nov record low C = −0.1 | Dec record low C = −4.2 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 8.1 | Feb precipitation mm = 11.4 | Mar precipitation mm = 24.1 | Apr precipitation mm = 44.9 | May precipitation mm = 78.0 | Jun precipitation mm = 109.5 | Jul precipitation mm = 231.8 | Aug precipitation mm = 217.1 | Sep precipitation mm = 120.8 | Oct precipitation mm = 42.6 | Nov precipitation mm = 14.8 | Dec precipitation mm = 6.2 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 7.1 | Feb precipitation days = 7.9 | Mar precipitation days = 11.4 | Apr precipitation days = 13.2 | May precipitation days = 14.2 | Jun precipitation days = 15.1 | Jul precipitation days = 16.1 | Aug precipitation days = 15.3 | Sep precipitation days = 15.8 | Oct precipitation days = 13.9 | Nov precipitation days = 7.8 | Dec precipitation days = 6.2 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 81 | Feb humidity = 79 | Mar humidity = 77 | Apr humidity = 76 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 79 | Jul humidity = 84 | Aug humidity = 84 | Sep humidity = 84 | Oct humidity = 84 | Nov humidity = 82 | Dec humidity = 82 | Jan sun = 45.4 | Feb sun = 52.3 | Mar sun = 79.3 | Apr sun = 106.3 | May sun = 111.4 | Jun sun = 103.6 | Jul sun = 119.9 | Aug sun = 128.1 | Sep sun = 63.3 | Oct sun = 49.6 | Nov sun = 53.0 | Dec sun = 50.5 | year sun = | Jan percentsun = 14 | Feb percentsun = 16 | Mar percentsun = 21 | Apr percentsun = 27 | May percentsun = 26 | Jun percentsun = 25 | Jul percentsun = 28 | Aug percentsun = 32 | Sep percentsun = 17 | Oct percentsun = 14 | Nov percentsun = 17 | Dec percentsun = 16 | year percentsun = | Jan snow days = 1.6 | Feb snow days = 0.4 | Mar snow days = 0 | Apr snow days = 0 | May snow days = 0 | Jun snow days = 0 | Jul snow days = 0 | Aug snow days = 0 | Sep snow days = 0 | Oct snow days = 0 | Nov snow days = 0 | Dec snow days = 0.2 | year snow days = | source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical" /><ref> {{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =13 April 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref> all-time extreme temperature<ref name="Mherrera" /> [[NOAA]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/China/CSV/WENJIANG_56187.csv |title = Chengdu Wenjiang Climate Normals 1991-2020 |publisher = [[NOAA]] |language=en-us}}</ref> | source = }} ==Administrative divisions== Chengdu is a [[sub-provincial city]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |publisher=豆丁网 |date=19 February 1995 |access-date=28 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> serves as the capital of [[Sichuan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Sichuan|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43603.htm|publisher=PRC Central Government Official website|year=2001|access-date=11 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619213442/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43603.htm|archive-date=19 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It has direct jurisdiction over 12 [[District (PRC)|districts]], 5 [[county-level cities]] and 3 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]]: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; text-align:center" |- ! colspan="12" |Administrative divisions of Chengdu |- |colspan="12" |<div style="position: relative" class="center"> {{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Chengdu 2.png|width=630|link=}} {{Image label|x=1150|y=1040|scale=630/2100|text=[[Jinjiang District|{{small|'''Jinjiang'''}}]]}} {{Image label|x=1030|y=970|scale=630/2100|text=[[Qingyang District|{{small|'''Qingyang'''}}]]}} {{Image label|x=1090|y=920|scale=630/2100|text=[[Jinniu District|{{small|'''Jinniu'''}}]]}} {{Image label|x=1080|y=1080|scale=630/2100|text=[[Wuhou District|{{small|'''Wuhou'''}}]]}} {{Image label|x=1210|y=950|scale=630/2100|text=[[Chenghua District|{{small|'''Chenghua'''}}]]}} {{Image label|x=1330|y=1050|scale=630/2100|text=[[Longquanyi District|'''Longquanyi''']]}} {{Image label|x=1380|y=840|scale=630/2100|text=[[Qingbaijiang District|'''Qingbaijiang''']]}} {{Image label|x=1200|y=780|scale=630/2100|text=[[Xindu District|'''Xindu''']]}} {{Image label|x=840|y=900|scale=630/2100|text=[[Wenjiang District|'''Wenjiang''']]}} {{Image label|x=1100|y=1260|scale=630/2100|text=[[Shuangliu District|'''Shuangliu''']]}} {{Image label|x=920|y=760|scale=630/2100|text=[[Pidu District|'''Pidu''']]}} {{Image label|x=870|y=1300|scale=630/2100|text=[[Xinjin District|'''Xinjin''']]}} {{Image label|x=1740|y=880|scale=630/2100|text=[[Jintang County|'''Jintang<br />County''']]}} {{Image label|x=380|y=990|scale=630/2100|text=[[Dayi County|'''Dayi<br />County''']]}} {{Image label|x=500|y=1520|scale=630/2100|text=[[Pujiang County, Sichuan|'''Pujiang<br />County''']]}} {{Image label|x=600|y=470|scale=630/2100|text=[[Dujiangyan City|'''Dujiangyan<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}} {{Image label|x=890|y=370|scale=630/2100|text=[[Pengzhou|'''Pengzhou<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}} {{Image label|x=340|y=1290|scale=630/2100|text=[[Qionglai City|'''Qionglai<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}} {{Image label|x=540|y=900|scale=630/2100|text=[[Chongzhou|'''Chongzhou<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}} {{Image label|x=1600|y=1300|scale=630/2100|text=[[Jianyang, Sichuan|'''Jianyang<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}} {{Image label end}} </div> |- !! scope="col" rowspan=2 |[[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> !! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Division !! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Area in km<sup>2</sup> !! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Population 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Chéngdū Shì (Sub-provincial City, China) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/5101__ch%C3%A9ngd%C5%AB_sh%C3%AC/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=citypopulation.de|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114004222/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/5101__ch%C3%A9ngd%C5%AB_sh%C3%AC/|url-status=live}}</ref> !! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Seat !! scope="col" rowspan=2 |Postal code !! scope="col" colspan=5 |Subdivisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Ministry of Civil Affairs |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》|date=August 2014 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn= 978-7-5037-7130-9|author-link=Ministry of Civil Affairs }}</ref> |- !! scope="col" style="width:45px;"|[[Subdistrict (China)|Subdistricts]] !! scope="col" style="width:45px;"|[[Town (China)|Towns]] !! scope="col" style="width:45px;"|[[Township (China)|Townships]] !! scope="col" style="width:45px;"|[[Residential community|Residential communities]] !! scope="col" style="width:45px;"|[[Villages of the People's Republic of China|Administrative villages]] |- style="font-weight: bold" ! 510100 !! Chengdu |14,378.18 ||20,937,757 ||[[Wuhou District|Wuhou]] ||610000 ||112 ||205 ||55 ||1549 ||2735 |- ! 510104 !! [[Jinjiang District|Jinjiang]] |60.24 ||902,933 ||[[Chenglong Road Subdistrict]]||610000 ||16 ||style="background:gray;"| ||style="background:gray;"| ||117 ||style="background:gray;"| |- ! 510105 !! [[Qingyang District|Qingyang]] |65.89 ||955,954 ||[[Xinhua West Road Subdistrict]]||610000 ||14 ||style="background:gray;"| ||style="background:gray;"| ||76 ||style="background:gray;"| |- ! 510106 !! [[Jinniu District|Jinniu]] |107.03 ||1,265,398 ||[[Fuqin Subdistrict]]||610000 ||15 ||style="background:gray;"| ||style="background:gray;"| ||109 ||style="background:gray;"| |- ! 510107 !! [[Wuhou District|Wuhou]] |123.44 ||1,855,186 ||[[Jiangxi Street Subdistrict]]||610000 ||17 ||style="background:gray;"| ||style="background:gray;"| ||113 ||style="background:gray;"| |- ! 510108 !! [[Chenghua District|Chenghua]] |109.28 ||1,381,894 ||[[Mengzhuiwan Subdistrict]]||610000 ||14 ||style="background:gray;"| ||style="background:gray;"| ||101 ||style="background:gray;"| |- ! 510112 !! [[Longquanyi District|Longquanyi]] |558.74 ||1,346,210 ||[[Longquan Subdistrict, Chengdu|Longquan Subdistrict]]||610100 ||4 ||7(5) ||1 ||65 ||76 |- ! 510113 !! [[Qingbaijiang District|Qingbaijiang]] |392.41 ||490,091 ||[[Hongyang Subdistrict]]||610300 ||2 ||8(4) ||1 ||27 ||94 |- ! 510114 !! [[Xindu District|Xindu]] |480.65 ||1,558,466 ||[[Xindu Subdistrict]]||610500 ||3 ||10(10) ||style="background:gray;"| ||128 ||127 |- ! 510115 !! [[Wenjiang District|Wenjiang]] |276.91 ||967,868 ||[[Liucheng Subdistrict]]||611100 ||4 ||6(3) ||style="background:gray;"| ||79 ||35 |- ! 510116 !! [[Shuangliu District|Shuangliu]] |1,067.83 ||2,659,829 ||[[Dongsheng Subdistrict, Shuangliu District|Dongsheng Subdistrict]] ||610200 ||7 ||18 ||style="background:gray;"| ||153 ||116 |- ! 510117 !! [[Pidu District|Pidu]] |437.45 ||1,672,025 ||[[Pitong Subdistrict]]||611700 ||3 ||13 ||style="background:gray;"| ||60 ||139 |- ! 510132 !! [[Xinjin District|Xinjin]] |329.93 ||363,591 ||[[Wujin Subdistrict]]||611400 ||1 ||10 ||1 ||26 ||80 |- ! colspan="2" | Urban District !! 3679.87 !! 15,419,445 |style="background:gray;"| |style="background:gray;"| |style="background:gray;"| |style="background:gray;"| |style="background:gray;"| |style="background:gray;"| |style="background:gray;"| |- ! 510121 !! [[Jintang County]] |1,155.60 ||800,371 ||[[Zhaozhen Subdistrict]]||610400 ||1 ||18 ||2 ||47 ||185 |- ! 510129 !! [[Dayi County]] |1,318.80 ||515,962 ||[[Jinyuan Subdistrict]]||611300 ||1 ||16 ||3 ||66 ||152 |- ! 510131 !! [[Pujiang County, Sichuan|Pujiang County]] |579.17 ||255,563 ||[[Heshan Subdistrict, Pujiang|Heshan Subdistrict]]||611600 ||1 ||7 ||4 ||25 ||107 |- ! 510181 !! [[Dujiangyan City|Dujiangyan]] |1,207.98 ||710,056 ||[[Guankou Subdistrict, Dujiangyan|Guankou Subdistrict]] ||611800 ||5 ||13 ||1 ||69 ||197 |- ! 510182 !! [[Pengzhou]] |1,419.38 ||780,399 ||[[Tianpeng, Sichuan|Tianpeng Town]]||611900 ||1||19 ||style="background:gray;"| ||102 ||251 |- ! 510183 !! [[Qionglai City|Qionglai]] |1,384.44 ||602,973 ||[[Linqiong Subdistrict]]||611500 ||1 ||17 ||6 ||62 ||202 |- ! 510184 !! [[Chongzhou]] |1,088.01 ||735,723 ||[[Chongyang Subdistrict]]||611200 ||1 ||18 ||6 ||65 ||188 |- ! 510185 !! [[Jianyang, Sichuan|Jianyang]] |2,215.02 ||1,117,265 ||[[Jiancheng Subdistrict]]||611400 ||4 ||25 ||29 ||49 ||796 |} {|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; text-align:center" |- ! colspan="5" |Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations |- ! English ! Chinese ! Hanyu Pinyin ! Sichuanese Pinyin |- ! Chengdu City |{{lang|zh-hans|成都市}} |Chéngdū Shì |cen<sup>2</sup> du<sup>1</sup> si<sup>4</sup> |- ! [[Jinjiang District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|锦江区}} |Jǐnjiāng Qū |jin<sup>3</sup> jiang<sup>1</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Qingyang District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|青羊区}} |Qīngyáng Qū |qin<sup>1</sup> yang<sup>2</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Jinniu District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|金牛区}} |Jīnniú Qū |jin<sup>1</sup> ȵiu<sup>2</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Wuhou District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|武侯区}} |Wǔhóu Qū |wu<sup>3</sup> hou<sup>2</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Chenghua District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|成华区}} |Chénghuá Qū |cen<sup>2</sup> hua<sup>2</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Longquanyi District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|龙泉驿区}} |Lóngquányì Qū |nong<sup>2</sup> quan<sup>2</sup> yi<sup>2</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Qingbaijiang District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|青白江区}} |Qīngbáijiāng Qū |qin<sup>1</sup> be<sup>2</sup> jiang<sup>1</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Xindu District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|新都区}} |Xīndū Qū |xin<sup>1</sup> du<sup>1</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Wenjiang District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|温江区}} |Wēnjiāng Qū |wen<sup>1</sup> jiang<sup>1</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Shuangliu District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|双流区}} |Shuāngliú Qū |suang<sup>1</sup> niu<sup>2</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Pidu District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|郫都区}} |Pídū Qū |pi<sup>2</sup> du<sup>1</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Xinjin District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|新津区}} |Xīnjīn Qū |xin<sup>1</sup> jin<sup>1</sup> qu<sup>1</sup> |- ! [[Jintang County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|金堂县}} |Jīntáng Xiàn |jin<sup>1</sup> tang<sup>2</sup> xian<sup>3</sup> |- ! [[Dayi County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|大邑县}} |Dàyì Xiàn |da<sup>4</sup> yi<sup>2</sup> xian<sup>3</sup> |- ! [[Pujiang County, Sichuan|Pujiang County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|蒲江县}} |Pújiāng Xiàn |pu2<sup>4</sup> jiang<sup>1</sup> xian<sup>3</sup> |- ! [[Jianyang, Sichuan|Jianyang]] |{{lang-zh|简阳市}} |Jiǎnyáng Shì |jian<sup>3</sup> yang<sup>2</sup> si<sup>4</sup> |- ! [[Dujiangyan City|Dujiangyan]] |{{lang-zh|都江堰市}} |Dūjiāngyàn Shì |du<sup>1</sup> jiang<sup>1</sup> yan<sup>4</sup> si<sup>4</sup> |- ! [[Pengzhou]] |{{lang-zh|彭州市}} |Péngzhōu Shì |pen<sup>2</sup> zou<sup>1</sup> si<sup>4</sup> |- ! [[Qionglai City|Qionglai]] |{{lang|zh-hans|邛崃市}} |Qiónglái Shì |qiong<sup>2</sup> lai<sup>2</sup> si<sup>4</sup> |- ! [[Chongzhou]] |{{lang-zh|崇州市}} |Chóngzhōu Shì |cong<sup>2</sup> zou<sup>1</sup> si<sup>4</sup> |} * [[Tianfu New Area]] * [[Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone]] * [[Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone]] ** [[Chengdu Tianfu Software Park]] ** [[Chengdu Export Processing Zone]] ==Cityscape== As of July 2013, the world's largest building in terms of floor area, the [[New Century Global Center]], is located in the city. The {{convert|100|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall|sp=us}} structure is {{convert|500|by|400|m|sp=us}} in size with {{convert|1700000|m2|sp=us}} of floor area, housing retail outlets, a movie theaters, offices, hotels, a water park with artificial beach and waves and a Mediterranean-style village comprising a large 5-star hotel, a skating rink and a 15,000-spot parking area.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world's new largest building is four times the size of Vatican City|url=http://qz.com/100639/china-chengdu-world-new-largest-building-is-four-times-the-size-of-vatican-city/|work=Quartz|access-date=4 July 2013|author=Roberto A. Ferdman|date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704121911/http://qz.com/100639/china-chengdu-world-new-largest-building-is-four-times-the-size-of-vatican-city/|archive-date=4 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yongli |first1=Liu |last2=Zhongwei |first2=Shen |title=Spatial Integration Design of Sino-Ocean Taikoo Li Chengdu Recreational Business District |journal=Journal of Landscape Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=February 2018 |pages=33–36 |id={{ProQuest|2002987027}} }}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="130" perrow="3" caption="Gallery"> File:Hejiang Pavilion 1.jpg|Hejiang Pavilion File:三义庙 Incense at Temple of Three Rights - 武侯祠 Wuhou Ci Park (1542346672).jpg|Sanyi Temple File:Luodai-01.jpg|[[Luodai|Luodai Ancient Town]] File:Shamao Street.jpg|Shamao Street File:Mixc Chengdu.jpg|Mixc Complex Chengdu File:S. Renmin Road.jpg|South Renmin Road File:Jinjiang District.jpg|Jinjiang District cityscape File:Sino-Ocean Taikoo-Li.jpg|Downtown Chengdu File:Daci Temple Taikoo Li.jpg|[[Sino-Ocean Taikoo Li Chengdu|Taikoo Li, Chengdu]] File:Hongxing Road.jpg|IFS, Hongxing Road, Chengdu File:Jiuyanqiao.jpg|Jin River, Shangri-la Hotel Chengdu File:The Chengdu Tianfu Art Museum.jpg|[[Chengdu Tianfu Art Museum]] File:35263-Chengdu (49067621853).jpg|Liu Xiang Mausoleum File:Anshun Bridge 8.jpg|Anshun Bridge and Jinjiang River File:Tianfu Financial Center 2.jpg|Tianfu Financial Center File:Chengdu Global Center1.jpg|Chengdu Global Center </gallery> ==Demographics== {{Historical populations |type=China |1953|857000 |1964|1583000 |1970|6922918 |1975|7819732 |1980|8225399 |1985|8626770 |1990|9195004 |1995|9715977 |2000|10392531 |2005|10820285 |2010|14047625 |2020|20937757 |2021|21192000 |2022|21268000 |2023|21403000 |footnote = Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions. 2021 data is year end estimate. 2022/3 from [https://sc.sina.com.cn/news/b/2024-03-26/detail-inaprfmw9009974.shtml?cre=tianyi&mod=pchp&loc=2&r=0&rfunc=27&tj=cxvertical_pc_hp&tr=12 Sina]. | }} According to the [[2020 Chinese census]], the municipality had 20,937,757 inhabitants; the metropolitan area itself was home to 16,045,577 inhabitants including those of the 12 urban districts plus Guanghan City (''in Deyang''). Chengdu is the largest city in Sichuan and the fourth largest in China. 21,192,000 for [https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/2022-03-27/doc-imcwiwss8366860.shtml 2021], adding more residents than any other city in the country. As of 2015, the [[OECD]] (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) estimated the Chengdu metropolitan area's population to be 18.1 million.<ref>{{cite news|author=Justina Crabtree |title=A tale of megacities: China's largest metropolises|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|work=CNBC|date=20 September 2016|quote=slide 7|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044105/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|archive-date=9 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oecd2015">{{cite book |url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39 |title=OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition |date=18 April 2015 |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |isbn=9789264230033 |page=37 |language=en |doi=10.1787/9789264230040-en |issn=2306-9341 |access-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327210032/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39 |archive-date=27 March 2017 |url-status=live |via=OECD iLibrary}} Linked from the OECD here [http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044027/http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm|date=9 December 2017}}</ref> ==Culture== [[File:Jinli at Night 7.jpg|thumb|right|Jinli historical district of Chengdu]] In 2006, ''[[China Daily]]'' named Chengdu China's fourth-most-livable city.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Jing|first=Fu|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-01/03/content_508828.htm|title=Beijing drops out of top 10 'best city' list|work=[[China Daily]]|date=3 January 2006|access-date=18 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027082820/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-01/03/content_508828.htm|archive-date=27 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literature=== Some of China's most important literature comes from Chengdu. The city has been home to literary giants, such as [[Sima Xiangru]] and [[Yang Xiong (author)|Yang Xiong]], two masters of [[Fu (poetry)|Fu]], a mixture of descriptive prose and verse during the Tang dynasty; [[Li Bai]] and [[Du Fu]], the most eminent poets of the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] and [[Song dynasty|Song]] dynasties respectively; [[Yang Shen'an]], a famous scholar of the Ming dynasty; and [[Guo Moruo]] and [[Ba Jin]], two well-known modern writers. [[Chang Qu]], a historian of Chengdu during the Jin dynasty, compiled the earliest local historical records, the [[Record of Hua Yang State]]. [[Zhao Chongzuo]], a poet in Chengdu during the Later Shu Kingdom, edited [[Among the Flowers]], the first anthology of [[Ci (poetry)|Ci]] in China's history. [[Meng Chang]], the king of Later Shu, wrote the first couplet for the Spring Festival, which says, "A harvest year accepts celebrations, good festivals foreshadow long springs."{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} In 2023, Chengdu hosted the [[81st World Science Fiction Convention]], having beat out Winnipeg, Canada, in site-selection voting in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://discon3.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Worldcon2023SiteSelectTally.pdf | title = Worldcon 2023 Selection Results | publisher = DisCon 3: The 79th World Science Fiction Convention | date = December 2021 | access-date = 2022-09-10 | archive-date = 11 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220911005610/https://discon3.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Worldcon2023SiteSelectTally.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ===Fine art=== During the period of the Five Dynasties, Huang Quan, a painter in Chengdu, initiated the Fine-Brush Flower-and-Bird Painting School with other painters. At that time, "Hanlin Painting Academy" was the earliest royal academy in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=翰林图画院中国首个皇家画院成都建立 |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2013-11-29/043028841768.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sina News |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907184438/http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2013-11-29/043028841768.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=成都画院 - 耳鉴青羊 - 成都市青羊区数字方志馆 |url=http://cdqydfz.com/details.aspx?mid=64&id=3139 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Chengdu City Qingyang District Digital Local Chronicles Museum}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{See also|Christianity in Sichuan|Catholic Church in Sichuan|Protestantism in Sichuan}} [[File:平安桥主教座堂-2022.jpg|thumb|right|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]], seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu]]]] Chengdu contains official,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccctspm.org/ |title=中国基督教网 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930044246/http://www.ccctspm.org/ |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Roman Catholic<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/chen2.htm |title=Diocese of Chengdu 成都, China |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232526/http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/chen2.htm |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Protestant congregations, some of which are [[underground church]]es. The Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan (now known as [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu]]) was established on 15 October 1696. [[Artus de Lionne]], a French missionary of [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]], was appointed as the first Apostolic Vicar.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} In 1890, the [[Canadian Methodist Mission]] was searching for more stations in Asia. In February 1891, Dr. {{ill|Virgil Chittenden Hart|zh|赫斐秋}}, who had been Superintendent of the New York Methodist Mission Society of Central China recommended that Chengtu be its first Mission sight. During the meeting, it was proposed he lead this contingency; having built western hospitals, Boy's and Girl's schools at Missions he established on the Yangtze and Gan Rivers from 1866 – 1888. On 9 May 1891 Dr. Virgil Hart arrived in Chengtu and two weeks later bought a home and had it subdivided into living quarters and a dispensary, for the later arriving Missionary staff to move into.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virgil C. Hart; missionary statesman, founder of the American and Canadian missions in central and west China |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/17013400/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210505/https://www.loc.gov/item/17013400/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 June 1892, the doors of Chengtu's first Protestant Mission Headquarters were opened with over one thousand people of the community attending. The first Methodist religious service was held the following Sunday with only several attendants. The first western dispensary in Sichuan was opened 3 November 1892 with sixteen patients seeking care. The mission site became so popular that a larger space was secured near Chengtu's East Gate in the spring of 1893. This site is where the city's first Methodist church ([[Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church]]) and hospital were built. These were later razed by rioting Chinese in 1895 and the Mission staff retreated to Chongqing and later Shanghai to escape the marauders. Dr. Virgil Hart traveled to Peking to demand redress and full payment of retribution was collected from Sichuan Viceroy Liu Ping Chang. The mission compound was quickly rebuilt only to be destroyed once more in the riots of 1901. These were rebuilt a third time and later missionaries would relocate and expand the Boys' and Girls' Schools just south of the city, dedicating the Divinity College as Hart College in 1914; a part of the [[West China Union University]], that is now Sichuan University and the [[West China Medical Center|West China School of Medicine]] (Huaxiyida).<ref>"Man on a Mission" by Stanley Crawford</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sichuan University Archives Guide to Collections of West China Union University [and medical school] |url=https://library.indianapolis.iu.edu/wmicproject/sites/default/files/Guide%20to%20Huaxi%20Archives%20at%20Sichuan%20University.pdf |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=[[Indiana University Indianapolis]] |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210503/https://library.indianapolis.iu.edu/wmicproject/sites/default/files/Guide%20to%20Huaxi%20Archives%20at%20Sichuan%20University.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=华西协合大学档案（1910—1951）-四川大学档案馆 |url=https://archives.scu.edu.cn/info/1001/2230.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=The University Archives of [[Sichuan University]] |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210511/https://archives.scu.edu.cn/info/1001/2230.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> During the Cultural Revolution, the Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church building was no longer in use and the building was entrusted to the nearby Chengdu City Second People's Hospital for management. The hospital used the chapel as a kindergarten and the office of the hospital equipment department. In 1984, the hospital returned the chapel building to the church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都基督教恩光堂 老教堂的前世今生-福音时报--基督教资讯门户网站 |url=https://gospeltimes.breadoflife.cn/article/index/id/28655 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=gospeltimes.breadoflife.cn |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924180025/https://gospeltimes.breadoflife.cn/article/index/id/28655 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2018 the authorities attempted to close a 500-member underground church, the [[Early Rain Covenant Church]], led by [[Wang Yi (pastor)|Pastor Wang Yi]]. Over 100 members of the church were arrested including the pastor and his wife. The church's kindergarten and theological college were raided and the church's media outlets were closed down. Before his arrest, church member Li Yingqiang declared: "Even if we are down to our last five, worship and gatherings will still go on because our faith is real. […] Persecution is a price worth paying for the Lord." Police are said to have told one member that the church had been declared an illegal organisation. Chinese media were banned from reporting the events. Video footage which found its way onto western social media showed arrests and photographs alleged to be of injuries inflicted by the police.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/2177897/chinese-pastor-wang-yis-wife-accused-inciting-subversion-and |title=Chinese pastor's wife accused of subversion, held in unknown location |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215213043/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/2177897/chinese-pastor-wang-yis-wife-accused-inciting-subversion-and |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=live|date=13 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="scmp.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/2177520/underground-chinese-church-members-vow-defy-crackdown-and-keep |title=Members of unofficial Chinese church vow to keep meeting |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213082423/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/2177520/underground-chinese-church-members-vow-defy-crackdown-and-keep |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=live|date=11 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/12/minitrue-no-reports-on-chengdu-house-church-crackdown/ |title=Minitrue: No Reports on Chengdu Church Crackdown – China Digital Times (CDT) |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164908/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/12/minitrue-no-reports-on-chengdu-house-church-crackdown/ |archive-date=14 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> From a photo of {{M|s|link=y}}. Jiang's detention warrant it appears that the authorities have charged the church's leaders with "inciting subversion of state power," which carries a maximum sentence of 15 years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/world/asia/china-religion-crackdown.html |title=Pastor Charged with 'Inciting Subversion' as China Cracks Down on Churches |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174643/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/world/asia/china-religion-crackdown.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=live|newspaper=The New York Times |date=13 December 2018 |last1=Johnson |first1=Ian }}</ref> In 2012, a [[Chabad house|Chabad Jewish Center]] was established in Chengdu, after moving five times, a permanent location was secured at [[Wuhou District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishchengdu.com/ |title=About Our Community: Building Dedication |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=jewishchengdu.com |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907210509/https://www.jewishchengdu.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chabadchengdu.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/2042598/jewish/Address-and-Directions.htm |title=Chabad Jewish Center of Chengdu: Address and Directions |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=chabadchengdu.com |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002104238/https://www.chabadchengdu.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/2042598/jewish/Address-and-Directions.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Theater=== [[File:Sichuan opera Chengdu.jpg|thumb|Sichuan Opera]] The saying "Shu opera towers above all other performances in the world" reflects the achievement of [[Sichuan opera]] and [[Zaju]] (an ancient form of comedic drama involving dancing, singing, poetry, and miming). In the city, the first named opera "Bullfighting" was written in the Warring States period. The first detailed recorded opera was staged in the royal court of Shu Kingdom during the Three Kingdom period. China's first clearly recorded Zaju was also performed in Chengdu. Tombs of witty Han dynasty poets were excavated in Chengdu. And [[Bian lian|face-changing]] masks and fire breathing remain hallmarks of the Sichuan opera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=评《清代杂剧叙录》 |url=http://www.sss.net.cn/115001/84658.aspx |website=Sichuan Social Science Online |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527135226/http://sss.net.cn/115001/84658.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Intangible Cultural Heritage – Sichuan Opera |url=http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/scyx/scfy/content_149069 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sichuan Provincial Local Chronicles Office |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211014/http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/scyx/scfy/content_149069 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=川剧介绍 - 乐器学习网 |url=https://www.yueqixuexi.com/baike/20190430212718.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.yueqixuexi.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211012/https://www.yueqixuexi.com/baike/20190430212718.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=川剧，川剧门票，川剧变脸－四川川剧 |url=http://www.sccts.com/chengdu/chuanju.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.sccts.com |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203034947/http://www.sccts.com/chengdu/chuanju.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Language=== The native language in Chengdu is [[Sichuanese Mandarin|Sichuanese]], otherwise referred as [[Sichuan dialect]]. More precisely, "Chengdu Dialect" ({{lang|zh-hans|成都话/成都方言}}) is widely used in lieu of "Sichuanese" due to the largely different accents of Sichuanese speakers residing elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=四川方言与其他民族语言区别 |url=https://mzzj.chengdu.gov.cn/mzjsjd/c145685/2011-04/13/content_d3813031063a46338cb15e6ea7d8dc14.shtml |website=mzzj.chengdu.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=成都的话 - 四川长安网 |url=https://www.sichuanpeace.gov.cn/sbgw/20230331/2724143.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.sichuanpeace.gov.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211015/https://www.sichuanpeace.gov.cn/sbgw/20230331/2724143.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=四川话比普通话懂得起 而且表现力更丰富_四川在线 |url=https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/201706/55940224.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=sichuan.scol.com.cn |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226215211/http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/201706/55940224.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Culinary art and tea culture=== {{See also|Sichuan cuisine}} [[File:Teahouse in Peoples Park - Chengdu, China - DSC05350.jpg|thumb|left|A teahouse in [[People's Park (Chengdu)|People's Park]] in Chengdu]] The distinct characteristic of Sichuan cuisine is the use of spicy chilies and peppercorns. Famous local dishes include [[Mapo doufu]], Chengdu [[Hot pot]], and [[Dan Dan Noodles|Dan Dan Mien]]. Both Mapo Doufu and Dan Dan Mien contain [[Sichuan pepper]]s. An article<ref name="www.latimes.com">{{cite news|title=People's Party Animals|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/la-fi-chinaparty8feb08,1,6127459,full.story|date=8 February 2006|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Don|last=Lee}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' (2006) called Chengdu "China's party city" for its carefree lifestyle. Chengdu has more [[tea house]]s and bars than [[Shanghai]] despite having less than half the population. In 2023, there were more than 30,000 teahouses in Chengdu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=天下茶馆数四川---四川日报电子版 |url=https://epaper.scdaily.cn/shtml/scrb/20230404/292263.shtml |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=epaper.scdaily.cn}}</ref> and there were 3,566 legally registered bars, nightclubs, and dance halls in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都，在微醺中官宣2万亿 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/627266667_120988271#:~:text=%E4%BB%8E%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%BC%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E7%89%88,%E9%85%92%E5%90%A7%E9%AB%98%E8%BE%BE3100%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%B6%E3%80%82&text=%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%81,%E2%80%9C%E9%85%92%E5%90%A7%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%9F%8E%E2%80%9D%E3%80%82 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Sohu News}}</ref> A statistical report in 2019 showed that Chengdu had more bars than Shanghai, becoming the city with the most bars in China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=蔡纯琳 |title=全国酒吧数量第二多，成都为何酒文化盛行？ |url=https://news.cctv.com/2019/09/16/ARTIeLuWFbynFU5jfNwnPoLO190916.shtml |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=news.cctv.com |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526165256/https://news.cctv.com/2019/09/16/ARTIeLuWFbynFU5jfNwnPoLO190916.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Chengdu's tea culture dates back over a thousand years, including its time as the starting point of the Southern [[Silk Road]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都:南丝之路的起点_四川在线 |url=https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/sdlq/201804/56120363.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=sichuan.scol.com.cn |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208033045/https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/sdlq/201804/56120363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chengdu is officially recognized and named by [[UNESCO]] as the "City of Gastronomy".<ref name="www.unesco.org">{{cite news|title=Gastronomy – United Nations|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/gastronomy/|date=30 July 2012|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=30 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625214534/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/gastronomy|archive-date=25 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> <!--===Gallery=== {{gallery |lines=3 |width=240 ||[[Grandma Chen's Tofu]](Mapo doufu) [[麻婆豆腐]] ||Chengdu[[Hot pot]] [[火锅]] ||Chengdu city tree – Ginkgo.Chengdunese will ginkgo trip every year |File:Mufurong1.jpg|Chengdu city flower – Cottonrose Hibiscus ||Chengdu Jinsha Site Museum |File:Chengdu-pandas-d12.jpg|Panda – A Panda at the Chengdu zoo (Panda from Sichuan province)}} --> ====Teahouse==== Tea houses are ubiquitous in the city and range from ornate traditional establishments with bamboo furniture to simple modern tea houses. Teas on offer include [[jasmine tea|jasmine]], [[Longjing tea|longjing]] and [[biluochun]] tea. Tea houses are popular venues for playing [[mahjong]], getting a massage or one's ears clean.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://booksandideas.net/Fortunetellers-and-Teahouse-Workers.html |title=Di Wang, " Fortunetellers and Teahouse Workers. Migrant Peasants in Post-Mao Chengdu ", Books and Ideas, 9 April 2020 |journal=Books & Ideas |date=9 April 2020 |last1=Wang |first1=Di |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926213021/https://booksandideas.net/Fortunetellers-and-Teahouse-Workers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some larger tea houses offer live entertainment such as Sichuan opera performances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sc.sina.com.cn/life/travel/twc/2011-04-13/085564023_4.html |script-title=zh:阳光下最热闹的地方 外地人眼中的成都茶文化 |publisher=Sina Sichuan |date=13 April 2011 |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514194835/http://sc.sina.com.cn/life/travel/twc/2011-04-13/085564023_4.html |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ====Hot pot==== [[File:Hot pot..jpg|thumb|Hot pot]] Chengdu is known for its hot pot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=不吃火锅怎么算来过成都，揭秘成都人最爱去的10家火锅 |url=http://www.cdfer.com/index.php?s=/CdferArticle/index/detail/id/354 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240912154740/http://www.cdfer.com/index.php?s=/CdferArticle/index/detail/id/354 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.cdfer.com}}</ref> Hot pot is a traditional Sichuanese dish, made by cooking vegetables, fish, and/or meat in boiling spicy broth. A type of food suitable for friends' gathering, hot pot attracts both local people and tourists. Hot pot restaurants can be found at many places in Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015"四川火锅"成百度热搜词 川菜多地最受欢迎- 四川省人民政府网站 |url=https://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/12771/2016/1/5/10364075.shtml |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.sc.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=麻辣成都 |url=https://mzj.sh.gov.cn/lnb-lyxx/20230324/343058951bd743809d33c012fddcedc1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912155205/https://mzj.sh.gov.cn/lnb-lyxx/20230324/343058951bd743809d33c012fddcedc1.html |archive-date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=mzj.sh.gov.cn}}</ref> ===Mahjong=== [[File:麻将.JPG|thumb|right|Mahjong]] [[Mahjong]] has been an essential part of most local peoples' lives. After daytime work, people gather at home or in the tea houses on the street to play Mahjong. On sunny days, local people like to play Mahjong on the sidewalks to enjoy the sunshine and also the time with friends. Mahjong is the most popular entertainment choice among locals for several reasons. Chengdu locals have simplified the rules and made it easier to play as compared to Cantonese Mahjong. Also, Mahjong in Chengdu is a way to meet old friends and to strengthen family relationships. In fact, many business people negotiate deals while playing Mahjong.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatsonchengdu.com/ent18.html |title=Playing Mahjong games, the popular way of relaxation in Chengdu |publisher=What'sonchengdu.com |date=28 January 2011 |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103202622/http://whatsonchengdu.com/ent18.html |archive-date=3 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Rural tourism: Nong Jia Le=== Chengdu claims to have first practiced the modern business model of 'Nong Jia Le' (Happy Rural Homes). It refers to the practice of suburban and rural residents converting their houses into restaurants, hotels and entertainment spaces in order to attract city dwellers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都这么多"消失"的农家乐 去哪儿了？ |url=http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2024/0508/c379471-40835920.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=sc.people.com.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211037/http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2024/0508/c379471-40835920.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nong Jia Le features different styles and price levels and have been thriving around Chengdu. They provide gateways for city dwellers to escape the city, offer delicious and affordable home-made dishes, and provide mahjong facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都的农家乐_甘孜长安网 |url=https://www.ganzipeace.gov.cn/sbgw/20230428/2737772.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.ganzipeace.gov.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211018/https://www.ganzipeace.gov.cn/sbgw/20230428/2737772.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Main sights== {{See also|Tourism in Chengdu}} ===World natural and cultural heritage sites=== ====Mount Qingcheng==== [[File:青城山 Mount Qingcheng 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Qingcheng]]]] [[Mount Qingcheng]] is amongst the most important Taoism sites in China. It is situated in the suburbs of [[Dujiangyan City]] and connected to downtown Chengdu {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} away by the Cheng-Guan Expressway.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=青城山旅游景区简介 |url=https://gd.huaxia.com/c/2015/09/15/724691.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=gd.huaxia.com |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529114342/https://gd.huaxia.com/c/2015/09/15/724691.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> With its peak {{convert|1600|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, Mount Qingcheng enjoys a cool climate, but remains a lush green all year round and surrounded by hills and waterways. Mount Qingcheng's Fujian Temple, Tianshi Cave, and Shizu Hall are some of the existing more well-known Taoist holy sites. Shangqing Temple is noted for an evening phosphorescent glow locally referred to as "holy lights".<ref name=":13" /> ====Dujiangyan Irrigation System==== The [[Dujiangyan Irrigation System]] ({{convert|58|km|abbr=on}} away from downtown Chengdu) is the oldest existing irrigation project in the world with a history of over 2000 years diverting water without a dam to distribute water and filter sand with an inflow-quantity control. The system was built by Libing and his son. The irrigation system prevents floods and droughts throughout the Plain of Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=都江堰：可持续水利工程的典范 – 新华网 |url=http://xinhuanet.com/science/20230717/30c5ffcdaa2e4a919a9a667960e0d54b/c.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721204602/http://xinhuanet.com/science/20230717/30c5ffcdaa2e4a919a9a667960e0d54b/c.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=都江堰_重点水利工程_河南省水利厅 |url=https://slt.henan.gov.cn/2021/05-27/2153335.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Henan Provincial Water Resources Department |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822133205/https://slt.henan.gov.cn/2021/05-27/2153335.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries==== [[File:Chengdu Research Base Eingang.jpg|thumb|right|Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries]] Covering a total of {{convert|9245|km2|abbr=on}} over 12 distinct counties and 4 cities, [[Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries]], lie on the transitional alp-canyon belt between the Sichuan Basin and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It is the largest remaining continuous habitat for giant pandas and home to more than 80 percent of the world's wild giant pandas. Globally speaking, it is also the most abundant temperate zone of greenery. The reserves of the habitat are {{convert|100|–|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产 |url=http://www.djy.gov.cn/dyjgb_rmzfwz/c129463/2015-10/12/content_b9c07e790a0b4b14b70ba71a97c4f3e3.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Dujiangyan People's Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=云·游中国 {{!}} 四川大熊猫栖息地-中国世界遗产-文旅视频-海牙中国文化中心 |url=https://ccchague.org/news-show-589.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=ccchague.org |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017100704/https://www.ccchague.org/news-show-589.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries are the most well-known of their kind in the world, with Wolong Nature Reserve, generally considered as the "homeland of pandas". It is a core habitat with unique natural conditions, complicated landforms, and a temperate climate with diverse wildlife. Siguniang Mountain, sometimes called the "Oriental Alpine" is approximately {{convert|230|km|abbr=on}} away from downtown Chengdu, and is composed of four adjacent peaks of the Traversal Mountain Range. Among the four peaks, the fourth and highest stands {{convert|6250|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and is perpetually covered by snow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=世界自然遗产——四川大熊猫栖息地 |url=https://gd.huaxia.com/c/2015/09/15/724693.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=gd.huaxia.com |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015065452/https://gd.huaxia.com/c/2015/09/15/724693.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=走进全球最大最完整的大熊猫栖息地——四川大熊猫栖息地｜跟着小观"云"游四川②_四川在线 |url=https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/ggxw/202210/58739295.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=sichuan.scol.com.cn |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002070752/https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/ggxw/202210/58739295.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Culture of poetry and the Three Kingdoms=== ====Wuhou Shrine==== [[File:Gateway - Wuhou Shrine - Chengdu, China - DSC05423.jpg|thumb|Wuhou Shrine gateway]] Wuhou Shrine (Temple of Marquis Wu; 武侯祠) is perhaps the most influential museum of [[Three Kingdoms]] relics in China. It was built in the [[Western Jin]] period (265–316) in the honor of [[Zhuge Liang]], the famous military and political strategist who was Prime Minister of the [[Shu Han]] State during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280). The Shrine highlights the Zhuge Liang Memorial Temple and the Hall of [[Liu Bei]] (founder of the [[Shu Han]] state), along with statues of other historical figures of [[Shu Han]], as well as cultural relics like stone inscriptions and tablets. The Huiling Mausoleum of [[Liu Bei]] represents a unique pattern of enshrining both the emperor and his subjects in the same temple, a rarity in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=导览及展览 |url=https://www.wuhouci.net.cn/about.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.wuhouci.net.cn |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526215612/https://www.wuhouci.net.cn/about.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=武侯祠攻略，武侯祠在哪里，武侯祠里面是谁-四川国旅「总社官网」 |url=https://www.citscsc.com/raiders/show_1512.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sichuan Chengdu China International Travel Service |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211526/https://www.citscsc.com/raiders/show_1512.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=成都风光：武侯祠简介 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2007/08-24/1010094.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.chinanews.com.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211532/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2007/08-24/1010094.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Du Fu thatched cottage==== {{main|Du Fu Thatched Cottage}} [[Du Fu]] was one of the most noted Tang dynasty poets; during the [[An Lushan Rebellion|Lushan-Shi Siming Rebellion]], he left [[Xi'an]] (then Chang'an) to take refuge in Chengdu. With the help from his friends, the thatched cottage was built along the Huanhua Stream in the west suburbs of Chengdu, where Du Fu spent four years of his life and produced more than 240 now-famous poems. During the [[Song dynasty]], people started to construct gardens and halls on the site of his thatched cottage to honor his life and memory. Currently, a series of memorial buildings representing Du Fu's humble life stand on the river bank, along with a large collection of relics and various editions of his poems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都杜甫草堂博物馆- 概况- 草堂简介 |url=https://www.cddfct.com/go-c11.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.cddfct.com |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526220006/https://www.cddfct.com/go-c11.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=杜甫草堂简介 |url=http://www.sccts.com/chengdu/dufucaotang.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sichuan Provincial China Travel Service |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209060316/http://www.sccts.com/chengdu/dufucaotang.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ancient Shu civilization=== ====Jinsha Site==== [[File:2014 Jinsha Gold Mask a.jpg|thumb|Jinsha gold mask]] The [[Jinsha site|Jinsha Site]] are the first significant archeological discovery in China of the 21st century and were selected in 2006 as a "key conservation unit" of the nation. The Jinsha Relics Museum is located in the northwest of Chengdu, about {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} from downtown. As a theme-park-style museum, it is for the protection, research, and display of Jinsha archaeological relics and findings. The museum covers {{convert|300000|m2|abbr=on}}, and houses relics, exhibitions, and a conservation center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinshasitemuseum.com/homee.asp |title= Jinsha site museum|website=jinshasitemuseum.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924024101/http://www.jinshasitemuseum.com/homee.asp |archive-date=24 September 2012}}</ref> ====Golden Sun Bird==== [[File:太阳神鸟金箔片, 2017-09-17.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The [[Golden Sun Bird]]]] The [[Golden Sun Bird]] was excavated by archaeologists from the Jinsha Ruins on 25 February 2001. In 2005, it was designated as the official logo of Chinese cultural heritage by the China National Relic Bureau.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-07 |title="太阳神鸟"为何能成为"中国文化遗产"标志 |url=https://finance.sina.cn/2023-06-07/detail-imywktus2063713.d.html?from=wap |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sina Finance |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211527/https://finance.sina.cn/2023-06-07/detail-imywktus2063713.d.html?from=wap |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=国家文物局公示"中国文化遗产标志" |url=https://www.mct.gov.cn/whzx/whyw/201112/t20111201_707437.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.mct.gov.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211532/https://www.mct.gov.cn/whzx/whyw/201112/t20111201_707437.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The round, foil plaque dates back to the ancient Shu area in 210 BC and is 94.2 percent pure gold and extremely thin. It contains four birds flying around the perimeter, representing the four seasons and directions. The sun-shaped cutout in the center contains 12 sunlight beams, representing the 12 months of a year. The exquisite design is remarkable for a 2,200-year-old piece.<ref>{{Cite web |title=金沙太阳神鸟：中国文化遗产的标志-新华网 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-08/03/c_1126317861.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.xinhuanet.com |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805032817/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-08/03/c_1126317861.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=天津日报数字报刊平台-"太阳神鸟"的前世今生（图） |url=http://epaper.tianjinwe.com/tjrb/html/2023-06/05/content_160_7779532.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=epaper.tianjinwe.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211601/http://epaper.tianjinwe.com/tjrb/html/2023-06/05/content_160_7779532.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Sanxingdui Museum==== Situated in the northeast of the state-protected [[Sanxingdui]] Site, The original complex of [[Sanxingdui Museum]] was founded in August 1992 and opened in 1997. It is the representative work of the master architect Zheng Guoying. The original museum covers an area of 1,000 acres and was rated as the first batch of national first-class museums.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=陈平丽 |title=打卡三星堆博物馆新馆 也太太太惊艳了吧 |url=https://news.cctv.com/2023/09/26/ARTIfOINKjdbDgh27XFbZu08230926.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=news.cctv.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907211530/https://news.cctv.com/2023/09/26/ARTIfOINKjdbDgh27XFbZu08230926.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The new complex of Sanxingdui Museum was founded in March 2022. It covers an area of 54,400 square meters, which is about 5 times the size of the old museum. It was built for new cultural relics after major archaeological excavations. It displays more than 2,000 precious cultural relics such as bronze, jade, gold, pottery, and bone, and comprehensively and systematically displays the archaeological excavations and latest research results of Sanxingdui.<ref name=":8" />[[File:青铜纵目面具B.jpg|thumb|Sanxingdui bronze head]] The main collection highlights the Ancient City of Chengdu, [[Shu Han|Shu]] State & its culture, while displaying thousands of valuable relics including earthenware, jade wares, bone objects, gold wares, and bronzes that have been unearthed from [[Shang dynasty]] sacrificial sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=沉睡數千年 醒來驚天下 |url=http://sc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n2/2023/0822/c345528-40540275.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=sc.people.com.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212034/http://sc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n2/2023/0822/c345528-40540275.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Buddhist and Taoist culture=== ====Daci Temple==== The [[Daci Temple]] (大慈寺), a temple in downtown Chengdu was first built during the Wei and Jin dynasties, with its cultural height during the Tang and Song dynasties. [[Xuanzang]], a Tang dynasty monk, was initiated into monkhood and studied for several years here; during this time, he gave frequent sermons in Daci Monastery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=大慈寺 - 地方文献 - 成都市锦江区图书馆 |url=http://www.jjqlib.net/html/2022/difangwenxian_0224/1210.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.jjqlib.net |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212142/http://www.jjqlib.net/html/2022/difangwenxian_0224/1210.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Chengdu monastery.jpg|alt=|thumb|Wenshu Monastery]] ====Wenshu Monastery==== Also named Xinxiang Monastery, Wenshu Monastery (文殊院) is the best preserved Buddhist temple in Chengdu. Initially built during the Tang dynasty, it has a history dating back 1,300 years. Parts of [[Xuanzang]]'s skull are held in consecration here (as a [[relic]]). The traditional home of scholar Li Wenjing is on the outskirts of the complex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=文殊院 |url=http://www.cdfjxh.com/rzjl/show-4.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=成都市佛教协会 Chengdu Buddhist Association |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220043726/http://www.cdfjxh.com/rzjl/show-4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=文殊院寺院简介 |url=http://konglin.net/wscy/bsjj.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=konglin.net |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212036/http://konglin.net/wscy/bsjj.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Baoguang Buddhist Temple ==== Located in Xindu District, Baoguang Buddhist Temple (宝光寺) enjoys a long history and a rich collection of relics. It is believed that it was constructed during the [[East Han]] period and has appeared in written records since the Tang dynasty. It was destroyed during the Ming dynasty in the early 16th century. In 1607, the ninth year of the reign of the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]], it was rebuilt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=宝光寺 |url=http://cdfjxh.com/rzjl/show-5.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=成都市佛教协会 Chengdu Buddhist Association |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307211434/http://www.cdfjxh.com/rzjl/show-5.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Culture – Chengdu Baoguang Buddhist Temple (Part 1) |url=http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/whzh/slzc1/content_46941 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sichuan Provincial Local Chronicles Office |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212037/http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/whzh/slzc1/content_46941 |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Qingyang Palace==== [[File:Qingyang Taoist Temple (13913153976).jpg|thumb|right|Qingyang Palace]] Located in the western part of Chengdu, Qingyang Palace (青羊宫) is not only the largest and oldest Taoist temple in the city, but also the largest Taoist temple in Southwestern China. The only existing copy of the ''Daozang Jiyao'' (a collection of classic Taoist scriptures) is preserved in the temple.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=History and Culture – The Past and Present of Chengdu Qingyang Palace |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_15203566 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=The Paper |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212040/https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_15203566 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=青羊宫 介绍 |url=http://www.xylxs.com.cn/jingdian/46.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sichuan China Youth Travel Service |archive-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426170720/http://www.xylxs.com.cn/jingdian/46.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to history, Qingyang Temple was the place where [[Lao Tzu]] preached his famous [[Dao De Jing]] to his disciple, Ying Xi.<ref name=":10" /> ===Featured streets and historic towns=== ==== Kuanzhaixiangzi Alleys ==== Kuanzhaixiangzi Alleys (宽窄巷子) were first built during the [[Qing dynasty]] for [[Manchu]] soldiers. The lanes remained residential until 2003 when the local government turned the area into a mixed-use strip of restaurants, teahouses, bars, avant-garde galleries, and residential houses. Historic architecture has been well preserved in the Wide and Narrow lanes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都宽窄巷子 历史文化街区与现代商业结合的典范 – 重庆日报数字报 |url=https://epaper.cqrb.cn/cqrb/2023-08/01/010/content_rb_320160.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Chongqing Daily (digital version) |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212041/https://epaper.cqrb.cn/cqrb/2023-08/01/010/content_rb_320160.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=宽窄巷子，十七年前_澎湃号·湃客_澎湃新闻-The Paper |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_9900955 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.thepaper.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212042/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_9900955 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=宽窄巷子的前世今生_文化频道_凤凰网 |url=https://culture.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2012_05/13/14489457_0.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=culture.ifeng.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212043/https://culture.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2012_05/13/14489457_0.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Jinli==== [[File:Jinli at Night 8.jpg|alt=|thumb|Jinli Street at night]] Nearby Wuhou Shrine, [[Jinli]] is a popular commercial and dining area resembling the style of traditional architecture of western [[Sichuan]]. "Jinli" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=锦里}}) is the name of an old street in Chengdu dating from the Han dynasty and means "making perfection more perfect."<ref>{{Cite web |title=锦里 |url=https://www.wuhouci.net.cn/jlms.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.wuhouci.net.cn}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Cultural Tourism – Chengdu Wuhou Temple and Jinli |url=http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/scyx/scly/content_85282 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sichuan Provincial Local Chronicles Office}}</ref> The ancient Jinli Street was one of the oldest and the most commercialized streets in the history of the Shu state and was well known throughout the country during the Qin, Han and Three Kingdoms periods. Many aspects of the urban life of Chengdu are present in the current-day Jinli area: teahouses, restaurants, bars, theaters, handicraft stores, local snack vendors, and specialty shops.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=成都锦里 - 地方文献 - 成都市锦江区图书馆 |url=http://www.jjqlib.net/html/2016/difangwenxian_0418/1115.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Chengdu Jinjiang District Library}}</ref> ====Huanglongxi Historic Town==== [[File:Shuangliu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China - panoramio (17).jpg|thumb|Huanglongxi Historic Town]] Facing the [[Jin River (Sichuan)|Jinjiang River]] to the east and leaning against Muma Mountain to the north, the ancient town of [[Huanglongxi]] is approximately {{convert|40|km|0|abbr=on}} southeast of Chengdu. It was a large military stronghold for the ancient Shu Kingdom. The head of the Shu Han State in the Three Kingdoms period was seated in Huanglongxi, and for some time, the general government offices for Renshou, Pengshan, and Huayang counties were also located here. The ancient town has preserved the [[Qing dynasty]] architectural style, as seen in the design of its streets, shops, and buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=黄龙溪古镇简介 |url=https://gd.huaxia.com/c/2015/09/14/724711.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=gd.huaxia.com}}</ref> ====Chunxi Road==== [[File:春熙路孙中山铜像 06.jpg|thumb|right|Dr. [[Sun Yat-sen]] Square at [[Chunxi Road]] ]] Located in the center of downtown Chengdu, [[Chunxi Road]] ({{lang-zh|春熙路}}) is a trendy and bustling commercial strip with a long history. It was built in 1924 and was named after a part of the [[Tao Te Ching]]. Today, it is one of the most well-known and popular fashion and shopping centers of Chengdu, lined with shopping malls, luxury brand stores, and boutique shops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都 FISU世界学术大会 |url=https://fisu2021.scimeeting.cn/cn/web/index/11649_917099_34135_ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=fisu2021.scimeeting.cn |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330195552/https://fisu2021.scimeeting.cn/cn/web/index/11649_917099_34135_ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=春熙路 - 地方文献 - 成都市锦江区图书馆 |url=http://www.jjqlib.net/html/2022/difangwenxian_0224/1211.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Chengdu Jinjiang District Library |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122150134/http://www.jjqlib.net/html/2022/difangwenxian_0224/1211.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Anren Historic Town==== Anren Historic Town is located {{convert|39|km|0|abbr=on}} west of Chengdu. It was the hometown of [[Liu Wencai]], a Qing dynasty warlord, landowner and millionaire. His 27 historic mansions have been well preserved and turned into museums. Three old streets built during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] period are still being used today by residents. Museums in Anren have a rich collection of more of than 8 million pieces of relics and artifacts. A museum dedicated to the memorial of the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]] was built in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=古镇概述 - 安仁古镇旅游官方网站 |url=http://www.china-anren.com/list-62-1.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.china-anren.com |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004171204/http://www.china-anren.com/list-62-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=安仁古镇简介 |url=https://gd.huaxia.com/c/2015/09/14/724724.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=gd.huaxia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake Museum |url=https://www.jc-museum.cn/en/display/list-9/list-37/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Sichuan Museum of Jianchuan |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202074931/https://www.jc-museum.cn/en/display/list-9/list-37/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Luodai Historic Town==== Luodai was built, like many historic structures in the area, during the period of the Three Kingdoms. According to legend, the [[Shu Han]] emperor [[Liu Shan]] dropped his jade belt into a well when he passed through this small town. Thus, the town was named 'lost belt' ({{lang-zh|落带}}). It later evolved into its current name {{lang-zh|洛带}} with the same pronunciation, but a different first character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=洛带古镇 |url=https://www.longquanyi.gov.cn/lqyqzfmhwz_gb/c123286/2016-08/12/content_6a26236f6df1480b8afb13b3cccb5415.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Chengdu City Longquanyi District People's Government}}</ref> Luodai Historic Town is one of the five major Hakka settlements in China. Three or four hundred years ago, a group of Hakka people moved to Luodai from coastal cities. It has since grown into the largest community for [[Hakka people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=洛带古镇：客家风韵耀巴蜀 _光明网 |url=https://news.gmw.cn/2023-12/31/content_37062840.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Guangming Daily |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112105602/https://news.gmw.cn/2023-12/31/content_37062840.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Economy== {{Update section|date=September 2024}} [[File:Chengdu 1989 CIA.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of Chengdu showing infrastructures and land use, made by the [[CIA]] in 1989. Note that city mostly ends at what is today's second ring road.]] [[File:The entrance of Chunxi street Chengdu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chunxi Road]]]] China's state council has designated Chengdu as the country's western center of logistics, commerce, finance, science and technology, as well as a hub of transportation and communication. It is also an important base for manufacturing and agriculture. According to the World Bank's 2007 survey report on global investment environments, Chengdu was declared "a benchmark city for investment environment in inland China."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chengduinvest.gov.cn/en/htm/detail.asp?id=10297 |title= Welcome to Invest Chengdu!|website=chengduinvest.gov.cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603010306/http://www.chengduinvest.gov.cn/en/htm/detail.asp?id=10297 |archive-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> Also based on a research report undertaken by the Nobel economics laureate, Dr. [[Robert Mundell]] and the celebrated Chinese economist, [[Li Yining]], published by the State Information Center in 2010, Chengdu has become an "engine" of the Western Development Program, a benchmark city for investment environment in inland China, and a major leader in new urbanization.<ref>{{Cite web |title="欧元之父"蒙代尔：成都处于经济繁荣期--财经--人民网 |url=http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2013/0606/c1004-21767097.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=finance.people.com.cn |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629105625/http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2013/0606/c1004-21767097.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, 12 of the Fortune 500 companies, including ANZ Bank, Nippon Steel Corporation, and Electricité de France, have opened offices, branches, or operation centers in Chengdu, the largest number in recent years. Meanwhile, the Fortune 500 companies that have opened offices in Chengdu, including JP Morgan Chase,<ref>{{Cite web |title=摩根大通成立成都分行 挺进中国西部_新浪尚品_新浪网 |url=http://style.sina.com.cn/news/2009-09-14/093648849.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=style.sina.com.cn}}</ref> Henkel,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=成都前4月利用外资占西部四成 {{!}} 每经网 |url=https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2010-05-18/277308.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.nbd.com.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212717/https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2010-05-18/277308.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and GE,<ref>{{Cite web |title=美国通用电气成都首个全球创新中心年底启动_四川经济_四川站_凤凰网 |url=http://biz.ifeng.com/city/sc/finance/sichuanjingji/detail_2011_06/30/49563_0.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=biz.ifeng.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212641/http://biz.ifeng.com/city/sc/finance/sichuanjingji/detail_2011_06/30/49563_0.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> increased their investment and upgraded the involvement of their branches in Chengdu. By the end of 2010, over 200 Fortune 500 companies had set up branches in Chengdu, ranking it first in terms of the number of Fortune 500 companies in Central and Western China. Of these, 149 are foreign enterprises and 40 are domestic companies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都有200家世界500强企业进入 ——中新网 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2011/07-29/3218233.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.chinanews.com.cn |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410212601/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2011/07-29/3218233.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12" /> According to the 2010 [[AmCham China]] White Paper on the State of American Business in China, Chengdu has become a top investment destination in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 American Business in China White Paper |url=https://www.amchamchina.org/white_paper/2010-american-business-in-china-white-paper/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=AmCham China |language=en-US |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212718/https://www.amchamchina.org/white_paper/2010-american-business-in-china-white-paper/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The main industries in Chengdu—including machinery, automobile, medicine, food, and information technology—are supported by numerous large-scale enterprises. In addition, an increasing number of high-tech enterprises from outside Chengdu have also settled down there.<ref>{{Cite web |title="成都制造"越来越响"成都智造"越来越亮 |url=https://cddrc.chengdu.gov.cn/cdfgw/fzggdt/2022-12/21/content_fa2fa19d15214c3a85f825ffdafc9404.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Chengdu Municipal Development and Reform Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=全球争抢制造业！成都怎么突围？_中国政务 |url=http://zw.china.com.cn/2022-11/30/content_78545042.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=China News Service Sichuan Branch |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907212643/http://zw.china.com.cn/2022-11/30/content_78545042.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Taikoo Li and IFS at the city centre.jpg|thumb|upright|Taikoo Li and IFS, downtown Chengdu]] Chengdu is becoming one of the favorite cities for investment in Central and Western China.<ref name="finance.ifeng.com">{{cite web|title=Chengdu Leading the West (in Chinese)|url=http://finance.ifeng.com/city/cd/20091021/1357840.shtml|date=21 October 2009|access-date=22 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025033341/http://finance.ifeng.com/city/cd/20091021/1357840.shtml|archive-date=25 October 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the world's 500 largest companies, 133 multinational enterprises have had subsidiaries or branch offices in Chengdu by October 2009.<ref name="finance.ifeng.com"/> These MNEs include Intel, Cisco, Sony and Toyota that have assembly and manufacturing bases, as well as Motorola, Ericsson, and Microsoft that have R&D centers in Chengdu.<ref name="finance.ifeng.com"/> The [[National Development and Reform Commission]] has formally approved Chengdu's proposed establishment of a national bio-industry base there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=我国新设9个国家生物产业基地 |url=https://www.gov.cn/banshi/2007-06/18/content_651754.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.gov.cn |archive-date=25 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225131238/http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2007-06/18/content_651754.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The government of Chengdu had unveiled a plan to create a 90-billion-CNY bio pharmaceutical sector by 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都：到2012年实现生物医药产业经济总量900亿元-搜狐新闻 |url=https://news.sohu.com/20091119/n268336318.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=news.sohu.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907213145/https://news.sohu.com/20091119/n268336318.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> China's aviation industries have begun construction of a high-tech industrial park in the city that will feature space and aviation technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=我国首个空天高技术产业基地在成都高新区开园 |url=https://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2007-08/18/content_720572.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China |archive-date=23 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823183034/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2007-08/18/content_720572.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The local government plans to attract overseas and domestic companies for service outsourcing and become a well-known service outsourcing base in China and worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-16 |title=成都市人民政府关于促进成都服务外包发展的若干意见 |url=https://www.cdwh.gov.cn/wuhou/c124011/2014-02/16/content_87b7231240f141ccb4cf8b8dc3ffc166.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Chengdu City Wuhou District People's Government}}</ref> In the middle of the 2000s, the city expanded urban infrastructure and services to nearby rural communities in an effort to improve rural living conditions.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Abramson |first=Daniel Benjamin |title=Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State |date=2020 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-74791-0 |editor-last=Esarey |editor-first=Ashley |location=Seattle |chapter=Eco-Developmentalism in China's Chengdu Plain |jstor=j.ctv19rs1b2 |editor-last2=Haddad |editor-first2=Mary Alice |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Joanna I. |editor-last4=Harrell |editor-first4=Stevan}}</ref>{{Rp|page=167}} ===Electronics and IT industries=== Chengdu has long been an established national electronics and IT industry hub. Chengdu's growth accelerated alongside the growth of China's domestic telecom services sector, which along with India's together account for over 70 percent of the world telecommunications market. Several key national electronics R&D institutes are located in Chengdu. Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted a variety of multinationals, at least 30 [[Fortune 500]] companies and 12,000 domestic companies, including [[Intel]], [[IBM]], [[Cisco]], [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[SAP AG|SAP]], [[Siemens]], [[Canon (company)|Canon]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Xerox]], [[Microsoft]], [[Tieto]], [[NIIT]], [[MediaTek]], and [[Wipro]], as well as domestic powerhouses such as [[Lenovo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Branches of Fortune 500 Businesses in Chengdu|url=http://www.investchengdu.gov.cn/investcden/12/4/200710/t20071029_6519.htm|publisher=Investchengdu.gov.cn|access-date=10 December 2013|date=29 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20081208151125/http://www.investchengdu.gov.cn/investcden/12/4/200710/t20071029_6519.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008}}</ref> [[Dell]] opened its second major China operations center in 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=戴尔在成都建全球运营基地-中国青年报 |url=https://zqb.cyol.com/html/2011-03/24/nw.D110000zgqnb_20110324_5-06.htm |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=zqb.cyol.com |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924182855/https://zqb.cyol.com/html/2011-03/24/nw.D110000zgqnb_20110324_5-06.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in Chengdu as its center in [[Xiamen]] expands in 2010.<ref name="Dell">{{cite web |url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/gen/d/secure/2010-09-16-chengdu.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=gen |title=Dell To Build Flagship Manufacturing and Customer Support Center in Chengdu To Support Western China Growth; Expands Xiamen Operations |publisher=[[Dell]] |date=16 September 2010 |access-date=24 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928031651/http://content.dell.com/us/en/gen/d/secure/2010-09-16-chengdu.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=gen |archive-date=28 September 2010}}</ref> Intel Capital acquired a strategic stake in Primetel, Chengdu's first foreign technology company in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=贝瑞特布局中国英特尔巨资西部造芯_滚动新闻_财经纵横_新浪网 |url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20030901/1053428734.shtml |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=finance.sina.com.cn |archive-date=23 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323202532/http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20030901/1053428734.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sina_mobile |date=2004-12-29 |title=向西--英特尔移情成都启示录 |url=https://finance.sina.cn/sa/2004-12-29/detail-ikkntiak8654900.d.html?from=wap |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=finance.sina.cn}}</ref> Intel's Chengdu factory, set up in 2005 is its second in China, after its Shanghai factory, and the first such large-scale foreign investment in the electronics industry in interior mainland China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=郑惠敏 |date=2020-12-09 |title=与英特尔携手共度17载，成都高新打造万亿级电子信息产业集群 |url=https://cn.technode.com/post/2020-12-09/intel-chengdu-high-tech/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=动点科技 |language=zh-CN}}</ref> Intel, the world's largest chipmaker, has invested US$600 million in two assembly and testing facilities in Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=郑惠敏 |date=2020-12-09 |title=与英特尔携手共度17载，成都高新打造万亿级电子信息产业集群 |url=https://cn.technode.com/post/2020-12-09/intel-chengdu-high-tech/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=动点科技 |language=zh-CN}}</ref> Following the footsteps of Intel, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), the world's third largest [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|foundry]], set up an assembly and testing plant in Chengdu in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=中芯国际-中芯国际成都公司封装测试厂开业典礼 |url=http://smic.shwebspace.com/site/news_read/2458 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=smic.shwebspace.com}}</ref> [[AMD]], Intel's rival, had set up an R&D center in this city in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD亚洲第二大研发中心选址成都_新闻中心_新浪网 |url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-02-01/051913365304s.shtml |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=news.sina.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=cnBeta |title=AMD亚洲第二大研发中心正式落户成都 - AMD |url=https://www.cnbeta.com.tw/articles/tech/48419.htm |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=cnBeta.COM |language=zh-CN}}</ref> In November 2006, IBM signed an agreement with the Chengdu High-Tech Zone to establish a Global Delivery Center, its fourth in China after [[Dalian]], [[Shanghai]] and [[Shenzhen]], within the [[Chengdu Tianfu Software Park]]. Scheduled to be operational by February 2007, this new center will provide multilingual application development and maintenance services to clients globally in English, Japanese and Chinese, and to the IBM Global Procurement Center, recently located to the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Expands Global Delivery Capabilities to Inland China|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/20680.wss|publisher=IBM Press Room|date=27 November 2006|access-date=28 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130001750/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/20680.wss|archive-date=30 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 23 March 2008, IBM announced at the "West China Excellent Enterprises CEO Forum" that the southwest working team of [[IBM Global Business Services]] is now formally stationed in Chengdu. On 28 May 2008, Zhou Weikun, president of IBM China disclosed that IBM Chengdu would increase its staff number from the present 600 to nearly 1,000 by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:IBM 成都分公司|url=http://www-900.ibm.com/cn/chengdu/brief.shtml|publisher=IBM Press Room| language = zh-hans|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070504090139/http://www-900.ibm.com/cn/chengdu/brief.shtml|archive-date=4 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IBM to Further Investment in Chengdu|url=http://english.sc.gov.cn/news/briefs/200806/t20080603_286242.shtml|publisher=People's Government of Sichuan Province|access-date=17 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206073934/http://english.sc.gov.cn/news/briefs/200806/t20080603_286242.shtml|archive-date=6 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In July 2019, [[Amazon Web Services]], the cloud computing company, signed a deal with the Chengdu High-Tech Zone to establish an innovation center. This project was intended to attract international business and enterprise into the area, promote cloud computing in China, and develop artificial intelligence technologies.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=2019-07-12|title=Chengdu Hi-tech Zone, Amazon to put up a Joint Innovation Centre in China|url=https://www.frontier-enterprise.com/chengdu-hi-tech-zone-amazon-to-put-up-a-joint-innovation-centre-in-china/|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Frontier Enterprise|language=en-US|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124210845/https://www.frontier-enterprise.com/chengdu-hi-tech-zone-amazon-to-put-up-a-joint-innovation-centre-in-china/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chengdu-Amazon AWS Joint Innovation Center|url=https://www.amazonaws.cn/en/jib/chengdu/|access-date=2020-09-01|publisher=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|language=en-US|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128013628/https://www.amazonaws.cn/en/jib/chengdu/|url-status=live}}</ref> Chengdu is a major base for communication infrastructure, with one of China's nine top level postal centers and one of six national telecom exchanges hub.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} In 2009, Chengdu hosted the [[World Cyber Games]] Grand Finals (11–15 November). It was the first time China hosted the world's largest computer and video game tournament.<ref>{{cite web|title=WCG 2009 in Chengdu, China|url=http://www.sk-gaming.com/content/16573-WCG_2009_in_Chengdu_China|publisher=Sk-gaming.com|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111060408/http://www.sk-gaming.com/content/16573-WCG_2009_in_Chengdu_China|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Financial industry=== Chengdu is a leading financial hub in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 35th globally and 6th in China after ([[Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Beijing]], [[Shenzhen]] and [[Guangzhou]]) in the 2021 [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name="GFCI2" /> Chengdu has attracted a large number of foreign financial institutions, including [[Citigroup]], [[HSBC]], [[Standard Chartered Bank]], [[JPMorgan Chase]], [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]] and [[MUFG Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|title=More foreign banks arrive as Chengdu becomes financial hub[1]{{!}}chinadaily.com.cn|url=http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-10/30/content_18828629.htm|access-date=2020-09-01|website=europe.chinadaily.com.cn|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128054101/http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-10/30/content_18828629.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]]'s data services center, established in 2011 in Chengdu, employs over 800 people, and in March 2019 the bank recruited further staff to support its data analytics and [[big data]] efforts.<ref>{{cite web|title=ANZ looks to China to help understand its data|url=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/anz-looks-to-china-to-help-understand-its-data-520538|access-date=2020-09-01|website=iTnews|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815074111/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/anz-looks-to-china-to-help-understand-its-data-520538|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, ANZ temporarily repurposed its Chengdu data center to an IT helpdesk, as part of the bank's pandemic response.<ref>{{cite web|title=Working remotely: ANZ's network affect|url=https://bluenotes.anz.com/posts/2020/05/gerard-florian-technology-working-from-home-covid19-coronavirus|access-date=2020-09-01|website=bluenotes.anz.com|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813204033/https://bluenotes.anz.com/posts/2020/05/gerard-florian-technology-working-from-home-covid19-coronavirus|url-status=live}}</ref> Historically, Chengdu has marked its name in the history of financial innovation. The world's first paper [[currency]] 'Jiao Zi' was seen in Chengdu in the year 1023, during the [[Song dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都交子：一张纸，铺开连接世界的金融大格局-新华网 |url=http://www.sc.xinhuanet.com/20240110/8cd1c0688b744a62b8f9b07c33a746f7/c.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907213304/http://www.sc.xinhuanet.com/20240110/8cd1c0688b744a62b8f9b07c33a746f7/c.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Now, Chengdu is not only the gateway of Western China for foreign financial institutions, but also a booming town for Chinese domestic financial firms. The Chinese monetary authority, [[People's Bank of China]] (China's central bank), set its southwestern China headquarters in Chengdu City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=徐锟 |title=21深度｜央行分支机构改革40年 |url=https://china.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202308/18/WS64df796da3109d7585e49d8c.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=China Daily |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907213152/https://china.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202308/18/WS64df796da3109d7585e49d8c.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, almost all domestic banks and securities brokerage firms located their regional headquarters or branches in Chengdu. At the same time, the local financial firms of Chengdu are strengthening their presences nationally, notably, Huaxi Securities, Sinolink Securities, and Bank of Chengdu. Moreover, on top of banks and brokerage firms, the flourish of local economy lured more and more financial service firms to the city to capitalise on the economic growth. Grant Thornton, KPMG, PWC and Ernst & Young are the four global accountants and business advisers with Western China head offices in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=普华永道落户成都 四大会所齐聚四川 |url=https://www.bdo.com.cn/en-gb/%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF/%E6%99%AE%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%B8%E9%81%93%E8%90%BD%E6%88%B7%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD-%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E6%89%80%E9%BD%90%E8%81%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.bdo.com.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907213309/https://www.bdo.com.cn/en-gb/%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF/%E6%99%AE%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%B8%E9%81%93%E8%90%BD%E6%88%B7%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD-%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E6%89%80%E9%BD%90%E8%81%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deloitte's West China business headquarters is located in Chengdu Hi-tech Zone with a total investment of 1.6 billion yuan |url=https://www.cdht.gov.cn/cdht/c139818/2023-04/26/content_d65d82aa76cb44c38b12cd74783b203a.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Chengdu Hi-Tech Zone Management Committee}}</ref> It is expected that by 2012, value-added financial services will make up 14 percent of the added-value service industry and 7 percent of the regional GDP. By 2015, those figures are expected to grow to 18 percent and 9 percent respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall economic performance of Chengdu in 2015 |url=https://cddrc.chengdu.gov.cn/cdfgw/c120843/2016-02/26/content_0c6be8db863546488697c78a628df300.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Chengdu Municipal Development and Reform Commission}}</ref> ===Modern logistic industry=== Because of its logistic infrastructure, professional network, and resources in science, technology, and communication, Chengdu has become home to 43 foreign-funded logistic enterprises, including UPS, TNT, DHL, and Maersk, as well as a number of well-known domestic logistic enterprises including COSCO, CSCL, SINOTRANS, CRE, Transfar Group, South Logistic Group, YCH, and STO. By 2012, the logistic industry in Chengdu will realize a value added of RMB 50 billion, with an average annual growth exceeding 18 percent. Ten new international direct flights will be in service; five railways for five-scheduled block container trains will be put into operation; and 50 large logistic enterprises are expected to have annual operation revenue exceeding RMB 100 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=我市召开第三方物流发展工作电视电话会议_新闻中心_新浪网 |url=https://news.sina.com.cn/o/2011-01-06/071121768200.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=news.sina.com.cn |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907213154/https://news.sina.com.cn/o/2011-01-06/071121768200.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=经济日报多媒体数字报刊 |url=http://paper.ce.cn/jjrb/html/2010-12/01/content_128637.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=paper.ce.cn |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516205133/http://paper.ce.cn/jjrb/html/2010-12/01/content_128637.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Modern business and trade=== Chengdu is the largest trade center in western China with a market covering all of Sichuan province, exerting influence on six provinces, cities, and districts in western China. Chengdu ranks first among cities in western China in terms of the scale of foreign investment in commerce and trade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sina_mobile |date=2009-10-09 |title=四川成都实际使用外资中西部城市居首 |url=https://finance.sina.cn/sa/2009-10-09/detail-ikkntiam4601203.d.html?from=wap |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=finance.sina.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14 |title=从西部内陆城市到国际新兴城市：成都"千年之变"的世界雄心 |url=https://cdo.develpress.com/?p=8220 |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=zh-CN}}</ref> By 2012, total retail sales of consumer goods in Chengdu reached RMB 331.77 billion, up 16 percent annually on average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-21 |title=关于成都市2012年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况及2013年国民经济和社会发展计划草案的报告 |url=https://cddrc.chengdu.gov.cn/cdsfzggw/jhbg/2013-03/21/content_2de5432a91694601835366e377f88d47.shtml |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=cddrc.chengdu.gov.cn}}</ref> ===Convention and exhibition industry=== Boasting the claim as "China's Famous Exhibition City" and "China's Most Competitive Convention and Exhibition City", Chengdu takes the lead in central and western China for its scale of convention economy.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14 |title=从西部内陆城市到国际新兴城市：成都"千年之变"的世界雄心 |url=https://cdo.develpress.com/?p=8220#:~:text=%E5%9C%A82017%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A,%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BC%9A%E5%B1%95%E4%B9%8B%E9%83%BD%E3%80%82 |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=zh-CN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=从成都的机遇到机遇的成都 产业结构调整的成都样本 _中国经济网——国家经济门户 |url=http://intl.ce.cn/sjjj/201303/22/t20130322_559539_1.shtml |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=intl.ce.cn}}</ref> It has been recognized as one of the three largest convention and exhibition cities in China.<ref name=":14" /> In 2010, direct revenue from the convention and exhibition industry was RMB 3.21 billion, with a year-on-year growth of 27.8 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-10 |title=2010年成都会展产业收入超32亿，带动消费272亿元 |url=http://www.cnena.com/news/bencandy-htm-fid-3-id-1844.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=cnena.com}}</ref> The growth reached a historical high. ===Software and service outsourcing industry=== In 2006, Chengdu was listed as one of the first service outsourcing base cities in China by the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (China)|Ministry of Science and Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都正式进入首批"中国服务外包基地城市"-科技部火炬中心 |url=http://www.chinatorch.gov.cn/kjb/dfdt/200610/e1cb2718ceee4665ac158821025a0ad2.shtml |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.chinatorch.gov.cn}}</ref> Among the Top 10 service outsourcing enterprises in the world, Accenture, IBM, and Wipro are based in Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=人民日报海外版-人民网 |url=http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2016-12/23/content_1738260.htm |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=paper.people.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=华西都市报—全球百强外包企业 21 家落户成都 |url=https://history.thecover.cn/shtml/hxdsb/20120905/19532.shtml |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=history.thecover.cn}}</ref> In addition, 20 international enterprises including Motorola, Ubi Soft Entertainment, and Agilent, have set up internal shared service centers or R&D centers in Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title="三外"有效联动——四川省开放型经济昂首前行 |url=https://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2011-12/07/content_2013372.htm |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.gov.cn}}</ref> Maersk Global Document Processing Center and Logistic Processing Sub-center, DHL Chengdu Service Center, Financial Accounting Center for DHL China, and Siemens Global IT Operation Center will be put into operation.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=2010年成都服务外包位居西部第一 |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/sc/2011-02/22/content_12060782.htm |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> In 2010, offshore service outsourcing in Chengdu realized a registered contract value of US$336 million, 99 percent higher than the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sina_mobile |date=2011-02-22 |title=2010年成都市离岸外包金额居西部示范城市第一位 |url=https://finance.sina.cn/sa/2011-02-22/detail-ikftpnnx9662796.d.html?from=wap |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=finance.sina.cn}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> ===New energy industry=== Chengdu was granted the title "National High-Tech Industry Base for New Energy Industry" (新能源产业国家高技术产业基地) by the [[National Development and Reform Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都获批"新能源产业国家高技术产业基地" |url=http://www.caam.org.cn/chn/8/cate_82/con_5039124.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.caam.org.cn}}</ref> Chengdu ranked first again in the list of China's 15 "Cities with Highest Investment Value for New Energies" released at the beginning of 2011, and Shuangliu County under its jurisdiction entered "2010 China's Top 100 Counties of New Energies".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2011-01-11 |title=2010中国新能源产业经济发展年会在北京召开 |url=https://finance.sina.cn/sa/2011-01-11/detail-ikftpnnx9812816.d.html?from=wap |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=finance.sina.cn}}</ref> In 2012, Chengdu's new energy industry reached an investment over 20 billion RMB and sales revenue of 50 billion RMB.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2012年成都新能源产业将实现销售收入550亿 - 第一电动网 |url=https://d1ev.com/news/shichang/1150 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=d1ev.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=成都力争2012年新能源产业销售收入达550亿元——中新网 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/cj-cyzh/news/2009/12-03/1998545.shtml |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.chinanews.com.cn}}</ref> ===Electronics and information industry=== Chengdu is home to the most competitive IT industry cluster in western China, an important integrated circuit industry base in China, and one of the five major national software industry bases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=我国产业转移升级促进更高质量就业：以成都为例_皮书数据库 |url=https://pssjk.bnu.edu.cn/databasedetail?SiteID=14&contentId=1534710&contentType=literature&type=&subLibID= |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=pssjk.bnu.edu.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=四川日报 |date=2024-10-28 |title=成都高新区：加快建设一流高科技产业园区和产业科技创新高地 |url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/jjxw/2024-10-28/doc-inctzxpk3196793.shtml |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=finance.sina.com.cn}}</ref> Manufacturing chains are already formed in integrated circuits, optoelectronics displays, digital video & audio, optical communication products, and original-equipment products of electronic terminals,<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都吸引电子信息产业大项目的秘诀 - 媒体报道 |url=https://www.huazhoucn.com/news/35342.htm |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.huazhoucn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=成都市"十四五"数字经济发展规划：搭建成都数字经济发展路径，形成"3+1+2"任务体系，推动数字经济"6个核心产业+7个新兴优势产业+6个未来赛道"协同发展 – 智慧城市行业分析 |url=https://www.smartcity.team/policies/digitaleconomy/%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%94%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=zh-Hans}}</ref> including companies as IBM, Intel, Texas Instruments, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia, Ericsson, Dell, Lenovo, Foxconn, Compal, and Wistron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-05 |title=2017第11届中国成都橡塑及包装工业展览会 |url=http://www.chemn.com:8080/dqhuanan/showmeeting/mdetail_2274.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=开门化工网}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-15 |title=英特尔蝴蝶效应发酵成都冲击IT第三极 |url=https://finance.sina.cn/sa/2012-09-15/detail-ikftpnnx7564297.d.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=finance.sina.cn}}</ref> ===Automobile industry=== Chengdu has built a comprehensive automobile industry system, and preliminarily formed a system integrated with trade, exhibitions, entertainment, R&D, and manufacturing of spare parts and whole vehicles (e.g., sedans, coaches, sport utility vehicles, trucks, special vehicles). There are whole vehicle makers, such as Dongfeng-PSA (Peugeot-Citroën), Volvo, FAW-Volkswagen, FAW-Toyota, Yema, and Sinotruk Wangpai, as well as nearly 200 core parts makers covering German, Japanese, and other lines of vehicles. In 2011, Volvo announced that its first manufacturing base in China with an investment of RMB 5.4 billion was to be built in Chengdu. By 2015, the automobile production capacity of Chengdu's Comprehensive Function Zone of Automobile Industry is expected to reach 700,000 vehicles and 1.25 million in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=沃尔沃拟在成都投资54亿元建生产基地 |trans-title=Volvo plans to invest 5.4 billion yuan to build a production base in Chengdu |url=https://m.yicai.com/news/692098.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=m.yicai.com}}</ref> ===Modern agriculture=== Chengdu enjoys favorable agricultural conditions and rich natural resources. It is an important base for high-quality agricultural products. A national commercial grain and edible oil production base, the vegetable and food supply base as well as the key agricultural products processing center and the logistics distribution center of western China are located in Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-08 |title=成都平原经济区国土空间规划（2021—2035年） |url=https://dnr.sc.gov.cn/scdnr/scgsgg/2024/11/4/26672d4cd864460a98e4b280eedbb075/files/1.%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%EF%BC%882021%E2%80%942035%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89.pdf |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=四川省自然资源厅}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=成都市国土空间生态修复规划（2021—2035 年） |url=https://mpnr.chengdu.gov.cn/ghhzrzyj/tzgg/2024-08/21/97e8fd940aa04e2f9735fb75b8c60110/files/bff1eee922864412a083407cd2e3e8d0.pdf |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=成都市规划和自然资源局}}</ref> ===Defense industry=== Chengdu is home to many defense companies such as the [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|Chengdu Aircraft Company]], which produces the recently declassified [[Chengdu J-10|J-10 Vigorous Dragon]] combat aircraft as well as the [[JF-17 Thunder]], in a joint collaborative effort with [[Pakistan Air Force]]. Chengdu Aircraft Company has also developed the [[Chengdu J-20|J-20 Mighty Dragon]] stealth fighter. The company is one of the major manufacturers of Chinese Military aviation technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=了不起的成都军工，我国综合实力最强的军工重镇之一 - 行业新闻 - 中国(成都)国防信息化装备与技术博览会 |url=https://www.ddgjzl.com/news/show-440.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.ddgjzl.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=成都飞机工业（集团）有限责任公司2024届需求信息 |url=https://jyzd.xmu.edu.cn/2023/0823/c18713a476900/page.htm |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Xiamen University}}</ref> ===Industrial zones=== ==== Chengdu Hi-tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone ==== [[File:中欧中心 CCEC .jpg|thumb|Chengdu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone]] Chengdu Hi-tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone was established with the approval of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] on 18 October 2010 and passed the national acceptance on 25 February 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=四川成都高新综合保税区通过国家验收并揭牌 |url=https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2011-02/25/content_1810909.htm |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.gov.cn}}</ref> It was officially operated in May 2011. Chengdu High-tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone is integrated and expanded from the former Chengdu Export Processing Zone and Chengdu Bonded Logistics Center. it is located in the Chengdu West High-tech Industrial Development Zone, with an area of 4.68 square kilometers and divided into three areas A, B and C. The industries focus on notebook computer manufacturing, tablet computer manufacturing, wafer manufacturing and chip packaging testing, electronic components, precision machining, and biopharmaceutical industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=【成都】成都高新综合保税区 |url=https://gd.huaxia.com/c/2015/09/08/724163.shtml |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=gd.huaxia.com}}</ref> Chengdu Hi-Tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone has attracted top 500 and multinational enterprises including as Intel, Foxconn, Texas Instruments, Dell, and Morse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=成都高新区这一项目即将投运 |url=https://www.cdht.gov.cn/cdht/c139818/2024-11/25/content_32b5051c97e24050b4bc87bdeb44e79a.shtml |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=cdht.gov.cn}}</ref> In 2020, the Chengdu Hi-Tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone achieved a total import and export volume of 549.1 billion yuan (including Shuangliu Sub-zone), accounting for 68% of the province's total foreign trade import and export volume, ranking No.1 in the national comprehensive free trade zones for three consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web|title=高新综合保税区|url=http://www.cdht.gov.cn/cdgxq/c139611/tydp.shtml}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone ==== {{Main|Sichuan#Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone}} ==== Chengdu Export Processing Zone ==== {{Main|Sichuan#Chengdu Export Processing Zone}} ==== Chengdu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone ==== {{Main|Sichuan#Chengdu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone}} ==== Chengdu National Cross-Strait Technology Industry Development Park ==== This was established in 1992 as the Chengdu Taiwanese Investment Zone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chengduinvest.gov.cn/EN/htm/detail.asp?id=415 |title=Welcome to Invest Chengdu! |publisher=Chengduinvest.gov.cn|access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603015917/http://www.chengduinvest.gov.cn/EN/htm/detail.asp?id=415 |archive-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Built environments=== In 1988, The Implementation Plan for a Gradual Housing System Reform in Cities and Towns marked the beginning of overall housing reform in urban areas of China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=关于印发《在全国城镇分期分批推行住房制度改革实施方案》的通知_改革大数据服务平台 |url=http://www.reformdata.org/1988/0225/9468.shtml |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.reformdata.org}}</ref> More than 20 real estate companies set up in Chengdu, which was the first step for Chengdu's real estate development. The comprehensive [[Jin River (Sichuan)|Funan River]] renovation project in the 1990s had been another step towards promoting Chengdu environmental development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都·府南河综合整治工程-成都市市政工程设计研究院有限公司 |url=https://www.cdmedi.com/contents/72/524.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.cdmedi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sina_mobile |date=2020-12-02 |title=从府南河综合整治到锦江水生态治理和绿道建设 "濯锦之江"归来 |url=https://sc.sina.cn/news/b/2020-12-02/detail-iiznctke4377727.d.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=sc.sina.cn}}</ref> The Funan River Comprehensive Improvement Project won the [[UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award]] in 1998,<ref>{{Cite web |title=府南河综合整治工程的持续效益让绿色成为最优质资产_四川在线 |url=https://www.scol.com.cn/sjbtt/201812/56711901.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.scol.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yin Xiuzhen's 'Washing River': A performance that brings about social change {{!}} M+ |url=https://www.mplus.org.hk/en/magazine/yin-xiuzhen-s-performance-washing-river/#:~:text=In%201998,%20Chengdu's%20comprehensive%20revitalisation,river%20shows%20a%20notable%20improvement. |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.mplus.org.hk |language=en-US}}</ref> as well as winning the "Local Initiative Award" by the [[International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chengdu Wins Four Int'l Awards for Fine Environmental Project |url=http://en.people.cn/english/200006/09/print20000609_42653.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=en.people.cn |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924181636/http://en.people.cn/english/200006/09/print20000609_42653.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chengdu started the Five Main Roads & One Bridge project in 1997. Three of the roads supported the east part of the city, the other two led to the south. It established the foundation of the Eastern and Southern sub-centers of Chengdu. The two major sub-centers determined people's eastward and southward living trends. Large numbers of buildings appeared around the east and south of the 2nd Ring Road. The Shahe River renovation project together with Jin River project also set off a fashion for people living by the two rivers. It was said that the map of Chengdu should update every three months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://house.scol.com.cn/html/2008/12/005051_690803.shtml/ |title=Real estate changes Chengdu |publisher=Chengdu Business Newspaper |date=23 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022163146/http://house.scol.com.cn/html/2008/12/005051_690803.shtml/ |archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> A speculative housing boom occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=167}} In 2000, dozens of commercial real estate projects also appeared.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/SHFC200807007.htm/|author=Zhang Zhiying|title=30-year history of Chengdu real estate market|publisher=Shanghai Real Estate vol.7|year=2008|page=14|access-date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104190303/http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/SHFC200807007.htm/|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> While promoting the real estate market, the Chinese government encouraged citizens to buy their own houses by providing considerable subsidies at a certain period. Houses were included in commodities. ==Transport== ===Air=== [[File:Chengdu Shuangliu Intl Airport Terminal 2 Exterior.jpg|thumb|right|Terminal 2, Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport]] [[File:Terminal 2 of Chengdu Shuangliu Airport.jpg|thumb|right|Terminal 2 Concourse, Chengdu Shuangliu Int'l Airport]] Chengdu is the third Chinese city with two international airports ([[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport]] and [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport]]) after Beijing and Shanghai.<ref name=":4" /> [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport]] (IATA: CTU, ICAO: ZUUU) is located in [[Shuangliu District]] {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} southwest of downtown. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport is the busiest airport in Central and Western China and the nation's fourth-busiest airport in 2018, with a total passenger traffic of 53 million in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 passenger statistics |url=http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/201903/P020190305338562571372.xls?COLLCC=3782305670& |website=caac.gov.cn |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523052725/http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/201903/P020190305338562571372.xls?COLLCC=3782305670& |url-status=live }}</ref> Chengdu airports (including Shuangliu International Airport and Tianfu International Airport) is also a [[Visa policy of mainland China|144-hour visa-free transit]] port for foreigners from 53 countries<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=144小时过境免签政策解读 |url=https://www.nia.gov.cn/n741435/n907688/n932720/n1008173/n1008185/n1008363/n1008431/c1009542/content.html#:~:text=%E7%BB%8F%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%89%B9%E5%87%86%EF%BC%8C%E8%87%AA2019,%E5%85%8D%E7%AD%BE%E5%81%9C%E7%95%99144%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E3%80%82 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=www.nia.gov.cn |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429055720/https://www.nia.gov.cn/n741435/n907688/n932720/n1008173/n1008185/n1008363/n1008431/c1009542/content.html#:~:text=%E7%BB%8F%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%89%B9%E5%87%86%EF%BC%8C%E8%87%AA2019,%E5%85%8D%E7%AD%BE%E5%81%9C%E7%95%99144%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E3%80%82 |url-status=live }}</ref> Besides, Chengdu airports also offer 24-hour [[Visa-free travel|visa-free transit]] for most nationals when having a stopover in Chengdu. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport has two runways and is capable of operating the [[Airbus A380]], currently the largest passenger aircraft in operation. Chengdu is the fourth city in China with two commercial-use runways, after Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. On 26 May 2009, [[Air China]], Chengdu City Government and Sichuan Airport Group signed an agreement to improve the infrastructure of the airport and increase the number of direct international flights to and from Chengdu. The objective is to increase passenger traffic to more than 40 million by 2015, making Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport the fourth-largest international hub in China, after Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, top 30 largest airports in the world.<ref name="People's Net">{{cite web|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/14562/9368961.html|title=Agreement to build an airport hub in Chengdu|date=26 May 2009|publisher=People's Net|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207103620/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/14562/9368961.html|archive-date=7 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20090527/11072864377.shtml|title=Chengdu airport|date=26 May 2009|publisher=Sina|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927210039/http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20090527/11072864377.shtml|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Chengdu Shuangliu Airport ranked the No.1 and No.2 busiest airport in China in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The airport is current operating only domestically. [[File:成都天府国际机场 Chengdu Tianfu International Airport 2.jpg|thumb|[[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport]]]] A second international airport, the [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport]] (IATA: TFU, ICAO: ZUTF) currently with two main terminals and three runways, opened in June 2021. The new airport is {{convert|51|km|mi|sp=us}} southeast of the city and will have a capacity to handle between 80 and 90 million passengers per year. Since 2023, all the international flights are transferred to Tianfu International Airport. [[File:Tianfu Int’ Airport Terminal 2-Check-in Islands.jpg|thumb|Terminal 2 of Chengdu Tianfu International Airport]] ===Railway=== Chengdu is the primary railway hub city and rail administrative center in southwestern China. The [[China Railway Chengdu Group]] manages the railway system of Sichuan Province, Chongqing City, and Guizhou Province. Chengdu has four main freight railway stations. Among them, the Chengdu North Marshalling Station is one of the largest marshalling stations in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://21asiantravelguide.info/chengdu/index.html|title=Chengdu city info southwest china|access-date=5 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721182150/http://21asiantravelguide.info/chengdu/index.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since April 2013, companies are able to ship goods three times a week (initially only once a week)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbj.pl/article-62893-poland-china-cargo-train-a-success.html|title=Poland-China cargo train a success|date=3 June 2013|publisher=wbj.pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000230/http://www.wbj.pl/article-62893-poland-china-cargo-train-a-success.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> to Europe on trains originating from Chengdu Qingbaijiang Station bound for [[Łódź]], Poland. It is the first express cargo train linking China and Europe, taking 12 days to complete the full journey. There are four major passenger stations servicing Chengdu: [[Chengdu railway station]] (commonly referred to as the "North Station"), [[Chengdu South railway station]] (ChengduNan Station), [[Chengdu East railway station]] (ChengduDong Station), and [[Chengdu West railway station]] (ChengduXi Station).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.huochepiao.com/2013-10/201310261854224.htm|language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:成都火车西站 设计方案通过审查|website=news.huochepiao.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220031930/http://news.huochepiao.com/2013-10/201310261854224.htm|archive-date=20 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> Additionally, Chengdu Tianfu Station is under construction. Chengdu is the terminus of [[Baoji–Chengdu railway]], [[Chengdu–Chongqing railway]], [[Sichuan–Qinghai railway]] (eventually connecting to Lanzhou), [[Dazhou–Chengdu railway|Chengdu–Dazhou railway]], [[Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway]], [[Sichuan–Qinghai railway]], [[Xi'an–Chengdu high-speed railway]], [[Chengdu–Guiyang high-speed railway]], [[Chengdu–Yibin high-speed railway]] (eventually connecting to Kunming) and [[Chengdu–Dujiangyan intercity railway]]. The Chengdu–Dujiangyan intercity railway is a high-speed rail line connecting Chengdu with the satellite city of [[Dujiangyan City|Dujiangyan]] and the [[Mount Qingcheng|Mountain Qingcheng World Heritage Site]]. The line is {{convert|65|km|abbr=on}} in length with 15 stations. [[China Railways CRH1|CRH1]] train sets on the line reach a maximum speed of {{convert|220|km/h|abbr=on}} and complete the full trip in 30 minutes. The line was built in 18 months and entered operation on 12 May 2010.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/05-12/2278403.shtml|date=12 May 2010|work=[[Xinmin Evening News]]|script-title=zh:四川建首条城际快客 连通成都和都江堰|access-date=12 May 2014|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401003808/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/05-12/2278403.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Metropolitan expressways=== Chengdu's transport network is well developed, and Chengdu serves as the starting point for many national highways, with major routes going from Sichuan–Shanxi, Sichuan–Tibet, and Sichuan–Yunnan. Several major road projects have been constructed: a {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} tunnel from Shuangliu Taiping to Jianyang Sancha Lake; alteration of the National Expressway 321, from [[Jiangyang]] to [[Longquanyi]]. There will also be a road that connects Longquan Town to Longquan Lake; it is connected to the Chengdu–Jianyang Expressway and hence shorten the journey by {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}. By the end of 2008, there are ten expressways, connecting downtown Chengdu to its suburbs. The expressways are Chenglin Expressway, extensions of Guanghua Avenue, Shawan Line, and an expressway from Chengdu to [[Heilongtan]]. The [[toll (road usage)|toll]]-free Chengjin Expressway in the east of Chengdu is {{convert|38.7|km|abbr=on}} long. It takes about half an hour to drive from central Chengdu to [[Jintang County|Jintang]]. The expressway between Chengdu to Heilongtan (Chengdu section), going to the south of the city, is {{convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long. It is also toll-free and a journey from downtown Chengdu to [[Heilongtan]] will only take half an hour. The extension of Guanghua Avenue, going towards the west of the city. It make the journey time from [[Chongzhou]] City to Sanhuan Road to less than half an hour. The extension of Shawan Road going north is designed for travel at {{convert|60|km/h|abbr=on}}. After it is connected to the expressways Pixian–Dujiangyan and Pixian–Pengzhou, it will take only 30 minutes to go from Chengdu to [[Pengzhou]]. ===Coach=== There are many major intercity bus stations in Chengdu, and they serve different destinations. * Chadianzi ({{lang|zh-hans|茶店子}}): [[Hongyuan County|Hongyuan]], [[Jiuzhaigou Valley|Jiuzhaigou]], [[Rilong Town]], Ruo Ergai, [[Songpan|Songpan County]], [[Wolong National Nature Reserve|Wolong]] and [[Langzhong]] * Xinnanmen ({{lang|zh-hans|新南门}}: [[Daocheng]], [[Emei Shan]], [[Jiuzhaigou County|Jiǔzhàigōu]], [[Kangding]], [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Ya'an]] and [[Leshan]] * Wuguiqiao ({{lang|zh-hans|五桂桥}}): [[Chongqing]] * Jinsha ({{lang|zh-hans|金沙}}): [[Qionglai City|Qionglai]], [[Pi County]] and [[Huayang County|Huayang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|华阳}}) Chengdu East railway Station === Highways === *[[G5 Beijing–Kunming Expressway|National Highway G5 Beijing–Kunming]] *[[G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway|National Highway G42 Shanghai–Chengdu]] *[[G76 Xiamen–Chengdu Expressway|National Highway G76 Xiamen–Chengdu]] *[[G93 Chengyu Ring Expressway|National Highway G93 Chengdu–Chongqing Ring]] *[[G4202 Chengdu Ring Expressway|National Highway G4202 Chengdu Ring]] ===Chengdu Metro=== {{main|Chengdu Metro}} [[File:Platform of Dongjiao Memory Station, Chengdu Metro Line 8.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Dongjiao Memory station]]]] The Chengdu Metro officially opened on 1 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdmetro.cn/|title=Chengdu Metro Company website|publisher=Cdmetro.cn|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120133422/http://cdmetro.cn/|archive-date=20 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Line 1 runs from Shengxian Lake to Guangdu (south-north). Line 2 opened in September 2012. Line 3 opened in July 2016. Line 4 opened in December 2015. Line 10 connects to city center and Shuangliu International Airport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2010-09-28/074818170533s.shtml |script-title=zh:我国中西部地区第一条地铁开通_新闻中心_新浪网 |publisher=News.sina.com.cn |date=28 September 2010 |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114190019/http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2010-09-28/074818170533s.shtml |archive-date=14 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Future plans call for more than thirty lines. As of the end of June 2024, Chengdu has 558 km of metro lines in operation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=选择坐地铁逛商圈 成都最火商圈在哪里？ |url=http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2024/0703/c379471-40899549.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=sc.people.com.cn}}</ref> ===Tram=== {{Main|Line 2 (Chengdu Tram)}} This is an old style traditional tram in Anren ancient town which tourists use to tour the town on September 29, 2018 in Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thinkingcity.org/2019/01/06/authentic-anren-how-chinas-largest-museum-split-a-city-in-two/ |title=Authentic Anren: How China’s largest museum split a city in two|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/115264168_406858 |script-title=zh:厉害了，安仁这条酷炫的“网红”电车，你坐了吗？ |publisher=www.sohu.com |access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> [[File:Train of Chengdu Tram Line 2-Front view.jpg|thumb|Chengdu Tram Line 2]] Chengdu Tram Line, located in the capital Chengdu City of Sichuan Province, is the first tram line to be operational in the city since 2018. The overall line is Y-shaped, with a total length of 39,3 km and 47 stations. It is also the first line in China to be equipped with the new generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.frauscher.com/en/references/chengdu-tram-line-2-china|title=Chengdu Tram Line 2 China|publisher=www.frauscher.com}}</ref> ===Bus=== {{main|Chengdu Public Transport Group}} [[File:Chengdu Bus Rapid Transit.jpg|thumb|[[Chengdu BRT]]]] Bus transit is an important method of public transit in Chengdu. There are more than 400 bus lines in Chengdu with nearly 12,000 buses in total. In addition, the [[Chengdu BRT]] offers services on the Second Ring Road Elevated Road. Bus cards are available that permit free bus transfers for three hours. ===River transport=== Historically, Jinjiang River (also known as Nanhe River) was used for boat traffic in and out of Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都河流的变迁 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_5027448 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=m.thepaper.cn}}</ref> To ensure that Chengdu's goods have access to Yangtze River efficiently, [[inland port]] cities of [[Yibin]] and [[Luzhou]]—both of which are reachable from Chengdu within hours by expressways—on the [[Yangtze]] have commenced large-scale port infrastructure development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=泸州宜宾大力拓展口岸功能 黄金水道含"金"量足丨奋力谱写中国式现代化四川新篇章_四川在线 |url=https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/ggxw/202412/82856744.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=sichuan.scol.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=两江新区：打造港口联盟畅通大通道融入双循环 |url=https://zfkawlb.cq.gov.cn/wldt/202207/t20220711_10904581_wap.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Chongqing Municipal People's Government Port and Transport Logistics Office}}</ref> As materials and equipment for the rebuilding of northern Sichuan are sent in from the East Coast to Sichuan, these ports will see significant increases in throughput.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-07 |title=天府周末·钩沉{{!}} 河流趟过乡愁 旧光影里的成都"水"事 |trans-title=Tianfu Weekend - Hooked{{!}} Rivers Run Through Nostalgia: Chengdu's “Water” in Old Light and Shadow |url=http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/scyx/scfw/content_49882 }}</ref> ==Education and research == Wen Weng, administer of Chengdu in the [[Han dynasty]], established the first local public school now named Shishi (literally a stone house) in the world. The school site has not changed for more than 2,000 years, which remains the site of today's [[Chengdu Shishi High School|Shishi High School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdshishi.net/|publisher=Cdshishi.net|script-title=zh:成都石室中学|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217175453/http://www.cdshishi.net/|archive-date=17 December 2013|access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> [[Chengdu No.7 High School|No. 7 High School]] and [[Chengdu Shude High School|Shude High School]] are also two famous local public schools in Chengdu. Chengdu is a leading scientific research city, one of the only two cities in the [[Western China]] region (alongside [[Xi'an]]), ranking in the top 25 cities worldwide by scientific research outputs.<ref name=":7" /> It is consistently ranked # 1 as the [[Double First-Class Construction|center of higher education]] and scientific research in [[Southwest China]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2022 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.nature.com |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126154701/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to more than 58 universities,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-04 |title=Top 10 Chinese cities with most higher education institutions |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/04/WS62eaf941a310fd2b29e7022c_4.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=China Daily}}</ref> with the two reputable ones being [[Sichuan University]] and the [[University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]], ranking 98 and 101-150 worldwide, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2024 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref> === Higher education === [[File:North gate of SCU.png|thumb| [[Sichuan University]]]] [[File:SWUFE Guanghua Gate.jpg|thumb|[[Southwestern University of Finance and Economics]] Guanghua Gate]] * [[Sichuan University]] (SCU) (Founded in 1896), including the [[West China Medical Center of Sichuan University]] (Founded in 1910) * [[Southwest Jiaotong University]] (Founded in 1896) * [[Southwestern University of Finance and Economics]] (Founded in 1925) * [[University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]] (Founded in 1956) *[[Chengdu University of Technology]] (Founded in 1956) * [[Sichuan Normal University]] (Founded in 1946) * [[Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (Founded in 1956)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdutcm.org/Html/university/162858441.html |title=Chengdu University of Traditional chinese Medicine website |publisher=Cdutcm.org |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328160058/http://www.cdutcm.org/Html/university/162858441.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Chengdu Kinesiology University]] (Founded in 1942) *[[Southwest University for Nationalities]] (Founded in 1951) * [[Sichuan Conservatory of Music]] (Founded in 1939) *[[Xihua University]] (Founded in 1960) * [[Southwest Petroleum University]] (Founded in 1958) *[[Chengdu University of Information Technology]] (Founded in 1951) * [[Chengdu University]] (Founded in 1978) * [[Chengdu Medical College]] (Founded in 1947) Note: Private institutions or institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed. ==Consulates== The [[Consulate General of the United States, Chengdu|United States Consulate General at Chengdu]] opened on 16 October 1985. It was the first foreign consulate in west-central China since 1949. The United States Consulate General at Chengdu was closed on 27 July 2020, corresponding to the closure of [[Chinese Consulate-General, Houston]].<ref>{{Cite news | title= US consulate in Chengdu officially shuts in retaliation for Houston closure | url= https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/26/asia/chengdu-us-consulate-china-closure-intl-hnk/index.html | publisher= CNN| author= Ben Westcott & Ben Westcott | date= 27 July 2020 | access-date= 27 July 2020 | archive-date= 27 July 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200338/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/26/asia/chengdu-us-consulate-china-closure-intl-hnk/index.html | url-status= live }}</ref> The Sri Lankan consulate in Chengdu opened in 2009, and was temporarily closed in 2016. Currently, 17 countries have consulates in Chengdu. [[Philippines|The Philippines]], [[India]], [[Greece]], [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]] have been approved to open consulates in Chengdu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abertura de novas repartições consulares do Brasil no exterior|url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/abertura-de-novas-reparticoes-consulares-do-brasil-no-exterior|access-date=2022-01-31|work=Ministério das Relações Exteriores|language=pt-br|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304020141/https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/abertura-de-novas-reparticoes-consulares-do-brasil-no-exterior|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=China Daily|title=Argentina expects to jump aboard the BRI express|url=https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/news/mediarusources/202112/t20211203_1306888.html|access-date=2022-01-31|work=National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) People's Republic of China|language=en|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304045128/https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/news/mediarusources/202112/t20211203_1306888.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" ! style="width:auto;"|Consulate ! style="width:50px;"|Year ! style="width:auto;"|Consular District |- |{{flagdeco|DEU}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Germany#Asia|Germany Consulate General Chengdu]] |2003 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{flagdeco|ROK}} [[List of diplomatic missions of South Korea#Asia|Republic of Korea Consulate General Chengdu]] |2004 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{flagdeco|THA}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Thailand#Asia|Thailand Consulate General Chengdu]] |2004 |Sichuan/Chongqing |- |{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[List of diplomatic missions of France#Asia|France Consulate General Chengdu]] |2005 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{flagdeco|SIN}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Singapore#Asia|Singapore Consulate General Chengdu]] |2006 |Sichuan/Chongqing/[[Shaanxi]] |- |{{flagdeco|PAK}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan#Asia|Pakistan Consulate General Chengdu]] |2007 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Australia#Asia|Australia Consulate General Chengdu]] |2013 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{flagdeco|NZL}} [[List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand#Asia|New Zealand Consulate General Chengdu]] |2014 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{flagdeco|POL}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Poland#Asia|Poland Consulate General Chengdu]] |2015 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{flagdeco|CZE}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Czech Republic#Asia|Czech Consulate General Chengdu]] |2015 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{flagdeco|SUI}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Switzerland#Asia|Swiss Consulate General Chengdu]] |2017 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{flagdeco|AUT}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Austria#Asia|Austrian Consulate General Chengdu]] |2018 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{Flagdeco|NPL}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Nepal|Nepal Consulate General Chengdu]] |2021 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Guizhou |- |{{Flagdeco|CHL}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Chile|Chile Consulate General Chengdu]] |2021 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou/Shaanxi |- |{{Flagdeco|ESP}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Spain|Spain Consulate General Chengdu]] |2022 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{Flagdeco|TUR}} [[List of diplomatic missions of Turkey|Turkey Consulate General Chengdu]] |2023 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou |- |{{Flagdeco|BRA}} Brazil Consulate General Chengdu |2024 |Sichuan/Chongqing/Yunnan/Guizhou/Shaanxi |- | |} ==Sports== === Soccer === [[File:Phoenix Hill Sports Park Football Stadium in Chengdu, Sichuan, China.jpg|thumb|Chengdu Phoenix Hill Sports Park Football Stadium]] Soccer is a popular sport in Chengdu. [[Chengdu Tiancheng F.C.|Chengdu Tiancheng]], Chengdu's soccer team, played in the 42,000-seat Chengdu Sports Stadium in the [[Chinese League One]]. The club was founded on 26 February 1996 and was formerly known as Chengdu Five Bulls named after their first sponsor, the Five Bulls Cigarette Company. English professional soccer club Sheffield United F.C., took over the club on 11 December 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/hk09.html |title=Hongkong 2008/09 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111234906/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesh/hk09.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The club was later promoted into the [[China Super League]] until they were embroiled in a match-fixing scandal in 2009. Punished with relegation the owners eventually sold their majority on 9 December 2010 to Hung Fu Enterprise Co., Ltd and Scarborough Development (China) Co., Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sufc.com.cn/Article/ShowInfo.asp?InfoID=2387 |title= 成都谢菲联俱乐部2011赛季首次新闻通气会__成都天诚谢菲联足球俱乐部官方网站|website=sufc.com.cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004342/http://www.sufc.com.cn/Article/ShowInfo.asp?InfoID=2387 |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/s/2010-12-09/06071693872s.shtml |script-title=zh:英投资方决定成都谢菲联不出售 尽快解决欠薪稳军心_国内足球-中超_新浪竞技风暴_新浪网 |website=Sports.sina.com.cn|access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211012/http://sports.sina.com.cn/s/2010-12-09/06071693872s.shtml |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 May 2013 the Tiancheng Investment Group announced the acquisition of the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.sohu.com/20130524/n376931074.shtml |script-title=zh:成足更名天诚谢菲联 短期内回中超3年内进亚冠-搜狐体育 |website=Sports.sohu.com |date=9 September 2010 |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224819/http://sports.sohu.com/20130524/n376931074.shtml |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, [[Chengdu Rongcheng F.C.]] plays in the [[Chinese Super League]]. [[Sichuan Longquanyi Stadium|Longquanyi Stadium]] was one of the four venues which hosted the [[2004 AFC Asian Cup]]. Chengdu, along with Shanghai, Hangzhou, Tianjin and Wuhan, hosted the [[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup]]. ===Tennis=== Chengdu is the hometown of Grand Slam champions [[Zheng Jie]] and [[Yan Zi (tennis)|Yan Zi]], who won the women's double championships at both the Australian Open and Wimbledon in 2006, and [[Li Na]] who won the [[2011 French Open]] and [[2014 Australian Open]], has led to increased interest in tennis in Chengdu. Over 700 standard tennis courts have been built in the city in the past 10 years (2006–2016), and the registered membership for the Chengdu Tennis Association have grown to over 10,000 from the original 2,000 in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cd-wx.com/index.asp |script-title=zh:成都网球协会 |publisher=Cd-wx.com |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105035755/http://www.cd-wx.com/index.asp |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chengdu is now part of an elite group of cities to host an ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals) Champions Tour tournament, along with London, Zürich, São Paulo and Delray Beach. Chengdu Open, an ATP Championships Tour starting in 2009, have successfully invited star players including Pete Sampras, Marat Safin, Carlos Moya, Tomas Enqvist, and Mark Philippoussis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chengduchampions.com/|script-title=ja:最適な水～水素水を作る整水器、軟水を作る業務用軟水器～ | 軟水を作る業務用軟水器、水素水を作る整水器について|publisher=Chengduchampions.com|access-date=10 December 2013|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119150018/http://www.chengduchampions.com/|archive-date=19 January 2012|url-status=live|title=Chengdu Open an Atp Champions Tour Event }}</ref> ===''Overwatch''=== Chengdu was represented in the [[Overwatch League]] by the [[Chengdu Hunters]], the first major [[esports]] team to represent Chengdu. They played as part of the League's Pacific Division from 2019 until 2022. === ''League of Legends'' === Chengdu hosted the [[2024 Mid-Season Invitational]] from 1 May to 19 May at the Chengdu Financial City Performing Arts Center. South Korean team [[Gen.G]] defeated home favorites [[Bilibili Gaming]] 3-1 in a rematch of their upper bracket final match. Prior to the [[2024 League of Legends World Championship]] grand finals, it was also announced that Chengdu would also host the [[2025 League of Legends World Championship|2025 tournament Final]]. ===Multi-sport events=== Chengdu hosted the [[2021 Summer World University Games]], originally scheduled to take place from 8–19 August 2021, but the delayed Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 2020 to 2021 caused the proposed dates to be moved due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The games would eventually be delayed to 28 July{{Snd}}8 August 2023 due to COVID-19 concerns. The city will also host the [[2025 World Games]]. ===Major sports venues=== [[File:成都东安湖体育公园 Chengdu Dong'an Lake Sports Park.jpg|thumb|Chengdu Dong'an Lake Sports Park]] The [[Chengdu Sports Center]] is located in downtown Chengdu, covering {{convert|140|acres|0|abbr=on}} and has 42,000 seats. As one of the landmarks of Chengdu, it is the first large multipurpose venue in Chengdu that can accommodate sports competitions, trainings, social activities, and performances. It is the home stadium of the Chengdu Blades, Chengdu's soccer team. The stadium hosted the [[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup]]. The Sichuan International Tennis Center, located {{convert|16|km|0|abbr=on}} away from Chengdu's Shuangliu International Airport, covers an area of {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}. It is the largest tennis center in southwest China and the fourth tennis center in China meeting ATP competition standards, after Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing. This center is equipped with 36 standard tennis courts and 11,000 seats. Since 2016, the [[Chengdu Open]], an ATP Championship Tour tournament, is held here annually. The [[Chengdu Goldenport Circuit]] is a motorsport racetrack that has hosted the [[A1 Grand Prix]], [[Formula V6 Asia]], [[China Formula 4 Championship]] and China GT Championship. ==Twin towns and sister cities== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} Chengdu is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name=ChenduSisterCities>{{cite web|title=Chendu Sister and partner cities|url=http://www.gochengdu.cn/news/our-sister-cities/city-profile-exchange-activities/our-sister-cities-a2101.html|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619055314/http://www.gochengdu.cn/news/our-sister-cities/city-profile-exchange-activities/our-sister-cities-a2101.html|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chengdu Partnerships (Chengdu Government Website)|url=http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/english/aboutCheng/SisterCities.shtml|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005359/http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/english/aboutCheng/SisterCities.shtml|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|India}} [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/-agra-chengdu-of-china-are-now-sister-cities/articleshow/56126049.cms|title=Agra, Chengdu of China are now sister cities | Agra News – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 December 2016 |access-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825035255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/-agra-chengdu-of-china-are-now-sister-cities/articleshow/56126049.cms|archive-date=25 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|India}} [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref>{{cite news|title=Agreement on the establishment of sister city relations between Bangaluru and Chengdu|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/22375/Agreement_on_the_establishment_of_sister_city_relations_between_Bangaluru_Republic_of_India_and_Chengdu_Peoples_Republic_of_China|work=Ministry of External Affairs (Government of India)|date=23 October 2013|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005042/http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F22375%2FAgreement_on_the_establishment_of_sister_city_relations_between_Bangaluru_Republic_of_India_and_Chengdu_Peoples_Republic_of_China|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Bonn]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany (10 September 2009) *{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Cebu City]], [[Central Visayas]], Philippines<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu, Chengdu sign sister-city agreement |url=http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/137202/cebu-chengdu-sign-sister-city-agreement |work=Cebu Daily News |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622201134/http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/137202/cebu-chengdu-sign-sister-city-agreement |archive-date=22 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]], United States *{{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Chiang Mai]], [[Chiang Mai Province]], Thailand<ref>{{cite web|title=Chiang Mai and Chengdu to become sister cities|url=http://mobile.chinagoabroad.com/en/knowledge/show/id/18659|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005226/http://mobile.chinagoabroad.com/en/knowledge/show/id/18659|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Daegu]], South Korea (10 November 2015) *{{flagdeco|Ireland}} [[Fingal]], Ireland<ref>{{cite news|title=Fingal sister City program with Chengdu approved|url=https://www.independent.ie/|date=30 May 2015|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005314/https://amp.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/news/sister-city-programme-with-chengdu-approved-31251325.html|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|Belgium}} [[Flemish Brabant]], [[Flanders]], Belgium (27 May 2011) *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Fort Worth, Texas]], United States *{{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Gimcheon]], [[North Gyeongsang Province]], South Korea *{{flagdeco|NZ}} [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], New Zealand (6 May 2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Chengdu and Hamilton sister city relationship-Hamilton City Council|url=http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-city/about-hamilton/internationalrelationships/Pages/Chengdu---Peoples-Republic-of-China-.aspx|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201022753/http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-city/about-hamilton/internationalrelationships/Pages/Chengdu---Peoples-Republic-of-China-.aspx|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], United States (14 September 2011) *{{flagdeco|DEN}} [[Horsens]], [[Jutland|East Jutland]], Denmark *{{flagdeco|MOZ}} [[Maputo]], Mozambique<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gochengdu.cn/news/our-sister-cities/sister-cities-of-chengdu/maputo-mozambique-a8400.html?xcSID=qknjcerv65ckfpcmb0861ihef5 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710222307/https://www.gochengdu.cn/news/our-sister-cities/sister-cities-of-chengdu/maputo-mozambique-a8400.html?xcSID=qknjcerv65ckfpcmb0861ihef5 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2020-07-10 | title=Maputo (Mozambique)-GoChengdu }}</ref> *{{flagdeco|Sri Lanka}} [[Kandy]], [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central Province]], Sri Lanka<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=122762|title=Kandy ties up with sister city in China|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|first=Cyril|last=Wimalasurendre|date=7 April 2015|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022011748/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=122762|archive-date=22 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|Nepal}} [[Kathmandu]], Nepal<ref>{{cite news|title=Kathmandu-Chendu becomes sister cities|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/kathmandu-chengdu-become-sister-cities/|date=24 December 2016|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622033942/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/kathmandu-chengdu-become-sister-cities/|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], United States *{{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Kofu, Yamanashi|Kofu]], [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]], Japan (27 September 1984) *{{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore and Chengdu to become sister cites|url=https://nation.com.pk/17-Apr-2015/lahore-and-chengdu-to-become-sister-cities|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005149/https://nation.com.pk/17-Apr-2015/lahore-and-chengdu-to-become-sister-cities|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live|date=17 April 2015}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|Austria}} [[Linz]], [[Upper Austria]], Austria (1983) *{{flagdeco|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia (1981) *{{flagdeco|Poland}} [[Łódź]], [[Łódź Voivodeship]], Poland (29 June 2015) *{{flagdeco|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], [[Lviv Oblast]], Ukraine (2014) *{{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Maastricht]], [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]], Netherlands (13 September 2012) *{{flagdeco|Belgium}} [[Mechelen]], Belgium (1993) *{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Medan]], [[North Sumatra]], Indonesia (2002)<ref name="Medan Twinnings">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423025117/http://pemkomedan.go.id/news_detail.php?id=106 |url=http://www.pemkomedan.go.id/news_detail.php?id=106 |title=Medan Menjalin Hubungan Kota Kembar Keempat |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-date=23 April 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{flagdeco|Australia}} [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], Australia *{{flagdeco|France}} [[Montpellier]], [[Languedoc-Roussillon]], France (22 June 1981) *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Nashville, Tennessee]], United States *{{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]], Italy *{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Perth, Western Australia]], Australia (September 2012) *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Phoenix, Arizona]], United States<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asiamattersforamerica.org/asia/data/sister-partnerships |title=Sister Partnerships by US State |publisher=Asia Matters for America |access-date=2022-03-02 |archive-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113144354/https://asiamattersforamerica.org/asia/data/sister-partnerships |url-status=live }}</ref> *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Provo, Utah]], United States *{{flagdeco|UK}} [[Sheffield]], [[South Yorkshire]], United Kingdom (23 March 2010) *{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Volgograd]], [[Volgograd Oblast]], Russia (27 May 2011) *{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Windsor, Ontario]], Canada *{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Canada (1988) *{{flagdeco|Mexico}} [[Zapopan]], [[Jalisco]], Mexico Chengdu also has friendly relationships or partnerships with:<ref name=ChenduSisterCities/> *{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[City of Adelaide|Adelaide]], South Australia, Australia *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], Michigan, United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Atlanta]], Georgia, United States *{{flagdeco|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Baltimore]], Maryland, United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], United States *{{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Beyoğlu]], [[Istanbul]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web|title=Beyoglu Municipality Started collaborations with city of Chengdu|url=http://en.beyoglu.bel.tr/beyoglu_municipality/news_default.aspx?SectionId=1659&ContentId=54615|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018220812/http://en.beyoglu.bel.tr/beyoglu_municipality/news_default.aspx?SectionIdh=1659&ContentId=54615|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], [[Indiana]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Boise, Idaho]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Boston, Massachusetts]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn (New York)]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], United States *{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[City of Gold Coast]], Queensland, Australia<ref>{{cite web|title=City of Gold Coast sister city and international partnerships|url=http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/mobile/business/sister-cities-international-partnerships-15053.html|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622004937/http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/mobile/business/sister-cities-international-partnerships-15053.html|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], United States *{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada *{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Cologne]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Columbia, South Carolina]], United States *{{flagdeco|Sweden}} [[Dalarna]], Sweden<ref>{{cite web|title=Chengdu and Dalarna friendly relationships|url=http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/english/aboutCheng/2014-11/29/content_5636726cdcd9451e9fe1eb6ad849299f.shtml|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005241/http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/english/aboutCheng/2014-11/29/content_5636726cdcd9451e9fe1eb6ad849299f.shtml|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Detroit, Michigan]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Hartford, Connecticut]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[New Haven, Connecticut]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Indianapolis, Indiana]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[New London, Connecticut]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Houston]], [[Texas]], United States *{{flagdeco|Morocco}} [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], Morocco *{{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Tuscany]], Italy *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Fresno, California]], United States *{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Gatineau, Quebec]], Canada *{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Edmonton]], Alberta, Canada *{{flagdeco|UK}} [[London]], United Kingdom *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[California]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Los Angeles County]], [[California]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Louisville, Kentucky]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States *{{flagdeco|JAP}} [[Kyoto]], [[Kyoto Prefecture]], Japan *{{flagdeco|VIE}} [[Huế]], Vietnam *{{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Milan]], [[Lombardy]], Italy *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], United States *{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada *{{flagdeco|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Russia *{{flagdeco|VIE}} [[Đà Nẵng]], Vietnam *{{flagdeco|JAP}} [[Nagoya]], [[Aichi Prefecture]], Japan *{{flagdeco|France}} [[Paris]], France *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Pensacola, Florida]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Orange, California]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Florida]], United States *{{flagdeco|Chile}} [[Santiago]], Chile *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]], United States *{{flagdeco|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia *{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea *{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Sydney]], New South Wales, Australia *{{flagdeco|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], Estonia *{{flagdeco|JAP}} [[Tokyo]], [[Tokyo Prefecture]], Japan *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Toledo, Ohio]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Oklahoma]], United States *{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Quebec City]], Quebec, Canada *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Queens]], New York City, United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Sacramento, California]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[San Antonio]], Texas, United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[San Diego]], [[California]], United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[San Francisco]], California, United States *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Seattle, Washington]], United States *{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain<ref>{{cite news|title=Chengdu finds partners in like-minded cities|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/world/china-watch/business/chengdu-global-partners/|author=Li Fusheng|date=22 June 2017|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622222223/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/world/china-watch/business/chengdu-global-partners/|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada *{{flagdeco|US}} [[Washington, D.C.]], United States *{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia {{col-end}} ==Notable people== <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> *[[Tang Danhong]], filmmaker and poet *[[Yang Hongying]], (born 1962), best-selling author of children's fiction books *[[Tao Jiali]] (born 1987), fighter pilot in the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] *[[Muni He]]/Lily He (born 1999), golfer *[[Shen Xiaoting]] (Born 1999), singer ([[Kep1er]]) *[[Li Yifeng]] (born 1987), male actor *[[Jason Zhang]] (born 1982), pop singer *[[Li Yuchun]] (born 1984), singer and actress *[[Jane Zhang]] (born 1984), singer and songwriter *[[Gong Jun]] (born 1992), actor *[[Zhao Lusi]] (born 1998), actress and singer *[[Guo Feng (musician)|Guo Feng]] (born 1962), songwriter and singer *[[Xu Deqing]] (born 1963), [[general]] in the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) serving as political commissar of the [[Central Theater Command]] since January 2022. *[[Zhi-Ming Ma]] (born 1948), mathematics professor of [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], former Vice Chairman of the Executive Committee for [[International Mathematical Union]] *[[Huajian Gao]] (born 1963), [[Chinese-American]] [[mechanician]] widely known for his contributions to the field of [[solid mechanics]] ==See also== {{Portal|Geography|Asia|China}} * [[List of cities in China by population]] * [[List of current and former capitals of subdivisions of China]] * [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]] == Notes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== * Cheung, Raymond. ''OSPREY AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES 126: Aces of the Republic of China Air Force''. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015. {{ISBN|978 14728 05614}}. * Mayhew, Bradley; Miller, Korina; English, Alex, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sm-2FZavr9QC ''South-West China''], [[Lonely Planet]] Publications, 1998 (2nd edition 2002). Cf. p. 444 for its article on Chengdu. * Quian, Jack, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lwH5KfCe7RYC ''Chengdu: A City of Paradise''], 2006 ==Further reading== * Ling Zhu, [http://www.gov.cn/english/content_476572.htm "Chengdu, the city of spice and tea"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228163332/http://www.gov.cn/english/content_476572.htm |date=28 February 2018 }}, ''[[China Daily]]'', Government of China, Friday, 22 December 2006 * Anna Zhang, "City Profile: Chengdu – Land of Abundance," ''Shanghai Business Review'', July 2012. * Stapleton, Kristin. ''[[Civilizing Chengdu]]''. * Stapleton, Kristin. ''[[Fact in Fiction]]'' ==External links== {{Wikivoyage}} {{Wiktionary|Chengdu|Ch'eng-tu|Chengtu}} {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121031155128/http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/echengdu/index/indexnew.jsp Official website of the Chengdu Government] * [http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/ Official website of the Chengdu Government] {{in lang|zh-cn}} * {{osmrelation-inline|2110264|Chengdu}} {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Chongqing]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Capital of China|Capital of the Republic of China]]|years=30 November 1949 – 27 December 1949}} {{s-aft|after=[[Taipei]]}} {{s-end}} {{Chengdu topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Sichuan}} {{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}} {{Most populous cities in Sichuan|class=nav}} {{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}} {{Provincial capitals of China}} {{World's most populous urban areas}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Chengdu| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:310s BC establishments]] [[Category:316 BC]] [[Category:National forest cities in China]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 4th century BC]] [[Category:Provincial capitals in China]] [[Category:Eutrophication]] [[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Sichuan]] [[Category:Cities in Sichuan]] [[Category:Sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:National Civilized City]] [[Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City]]
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