Editing Chiastic structure

{{hatnote group|
{{short description|Literary technique in narrative motifs and other textual passages}}
{{other uses of|ring structure|Ring structure (disambiguation)}}
{{other uses of|ring theory|Ring theory (disambiguation)}}
}}

'''Chiastic structure''', or '''chiastic pattern''', is a [[literary technique]] in [[motif (narrative)|narrative motif]]s and other textual passages.  An example of chiastic structure would be two ideas, A and B, together with variants A' and B', being presented as A,B,B',A'.  Chiastic structures that involve more components are sometimes called "ring structures" or "ring compositions". These may be regarded as [[chiasmus]] scaled up from words and clauses to larger segments of text.

[[File:Ring structure in the Quran.jpg|thumb|Example of a ring structure in the Quran]]

These often [[symmetric]]al patterns are commonly found in ancient literature such as the [[epic poetry]] of the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]''. Classicist Bruno Gentili describes this technique as "the cyclical, circular, or 'ring' pattern (''ring composition''). Here the idea that introduced a compositional section is repeated at its conclusion, so that the whole passage is framed by material of identical content".<ref>Gentili, Bruno, ''Poetry and Its Public in Ancient Greece: From Homer to the Fifth Century'', trans. A. Thomas Cole (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 48</ref> Meanwhile, in classical prose, scholars often find chiastic narrative techniques in the ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' of [[Herodotus]]:

{{blockquote|Herodotus frequently uses ring composition or 'epic regression' as a way of supplying background information for something discussed in the narrative. First an event is mentioned briefly, then its precedents are reviewed in reverse chronological order as far back as necessary; at that point the narrative reverses itself and moves forward in chronological order until the event in the main narrative line is reached again.<ref>Boedeker, Deborah. "Epic Heritage and Mythical Patterns in Herodotus." Published in ''Companion to Herodotus'', ed. Egbert J. Bakker, Irene J. F. de Jong, and Hans van Wees (Brill, 2002), 104–05.</ref>}}

Various chiastic structures are also seen in the [[Hebrew Bible]], the [[New Testament]], the [[Book of Mormon]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Alma 36: 3-27|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/alma/36?lang=eng|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> and the [[Quran]].

==Etymology==
[[File:Chiastic.svg|thumb|120px|alt=A black cross on a white background. Clockwise at each point of the cross are the letters A, B, A, B.|When read left to right, top to bottom, the first topic (A) is reiterated as the last, and the middle concept (B) appears twice in succession. (Also, the middle concept could appear just once.)]]

The term ''chiastic'' derives from the mid-17th century term chiasmus, which refers to a ''crosswise arrangement'' of concepts or words that are repeated in reverse order. ''Chiasmus'' derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{transliteration|el|khiasmos}}, a word that is ''khiazein'', marked with the letter ''[[Chi (letter)|khi]]''. From ''khi'' comes ''chi''.<ref>{{citation |title=Chiasmus |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/chiasmus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531233511/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/chiasmus |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 31, 2013 |work=Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref>

''Chi'' is made up of two lines crossing each other as in the shape of an ''X''. The line that starts leftmost on top, comes down, and  is rightmost on the bottom, and vice versa. If one thinks of the lines as concepts, one sees that concept A, which comes first, is also last, and concept B, which comes after A, comes before A. If one adds in more lines representing other concepts, one gets a chiastic structure with more concepts.{{efn|See Proverbs 1:20-33: verses 20-21{{=}}A, verse 22{{=}}B, verse 23{{=}}C, verses 24-25{{=}}D, verses 26-28{{=}}E, verses 29-30{{=}}D', verse 31{{=}}C', verse 32{{=}}B', verse 33{{=}}A'.<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|1:20–33}}</ref>}}<ref>{{harvnb|Garrett|1993|p=71}}</ref>

==Mnemonic device==
[[Oral literature]] is especially rich in chiastic structure, possibly as an aid to memorization and oral performance. In [[Homer]]'s [[Iliad]] and  [[Odyssey]], for instance, [[Cedric Whitman]] finds chiastic patterns "of the most amazing virtuosity" that simultaneously perform both aesthetic and mnemonic functions, permitting the oral poet easily to recall the basic structure of the composition during performances.<ref>{{citation |first= Cedric M. |last= Whitman |title= Homer and the Heroic Tradition |place= Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |year= 1958 |oclc= 310021 }}.</ref> Steve Reece has demonstrated several ambitious ring compositions in Homer's Odyssey and compared their aesthetic and mnemonic functions with those of several [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] songs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reece|first=Steve|title=The Three Circuits of the Suitors: A Ring Composition in Odyssey 17-22|url=https://www.academia.edu/30641105|journal=Oral Tradition 
|volume=10 | issue=1 |year=1995|pages= 207–229}}</ref>

==Use in the Hebrew Bible==
Chiasms in the Hebrew Bible include, but are not limited to, the following examples:
* Genesis 6:10–9:18a (including a numerical mini-chiasm)<ref name="Wenham"/><ref name="Andersen"/>
* Genesis 17:1–25{{sfn|Ostrowski|2006|p=570}}
* Genesis 32:1–31 (including a name-changing mini-chiasm){{sfn|Ostrowski|2006|p=571}}<ref name="Ramey">{{Cite web |title=Examples {{!}} Chiasmus |author=William Ramey |work=inthebeginning.org |date= |access-date=4 June 2023 |url= https://www.inthebeginning.org/chiasmus/examples.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604123935/https://www.inthebeginning.org/chiasmus/examples.html |archive-date=4 June 2023}}</ref>
* Genesis 37:3–11{{sfn|Ostrowski|2006|p=570}}<ref name="Ramey"/>
* Genesis 37:12–36<ref name="Ramey"/>
* Genesis 38:1–30<ref name="Ramey"/>
* Genesis 39:1–23<ref name="Ramey"/>
* Genesis 40:1–23<ref name="Ramey"/>
* Genesis 41:1–57<ref name="Ramey"/>
* Genesis 42:1–38<ref name="Ramey"/>

=== Genesis flood narrative ===
[[Gordon Wenham]] (1978) analyzed the [[Genesis flood narrative]] and concluded that it is essentially an elaborate chiasm.<ref name="Wenham">Gordon J. Wenham, "The Coherence of the Flood Narrative" ''Vetus Testamentum'' 28 (1978) 336–348.</ref> Based on the earlier study of grammatical structure by [[F. I. Andersen]] (1974),<ref name="Andersen">[[F. I. Andersen]], ''The Sentence in Biblical Hebrew'' (The Hague, 1974).</ref> Wenham illustrated a chiastic structure as displayed in the following two tables.

{| class="wikitable" 
|-
|+ Chiastic structure of the [[Genesis flood narrative]]
|-
|A: Noah and his sons (Gen 6:10)
:B: All life on earth (6:13:a)
::C: Curse on earth (6:13:b)
:::D: Flood announced (6:7)
::::E: Ark (6:14-16)
:::::F: All living creatures (6:17–20 )
::::::G: Food (6:21)
:::::::H: Animals in man's hands (7:2–3)
::::::::I: Entering the Ark (7:13–16)
:::::::::J: Waters increase (7:17–20)
::::::::::X: God remembers Noah (8:1)
:::::::::J': Waters decrease (8:13–14)
::::::::I': Exiting the Ark (8:15–19) 
:::::::H': Animals (9:2,3)
::::::G': Food (9:3,4)
:::::F': All living creatures (9:10a)
::::E': Ark (9:10b)
:::D': No flood in future (9:11)
::C': Blessing on earth (9:12–17)
:B': All life on earth (9:16)
A': Noah and his sons (9:18,19a)
|}

Within this overall structure, there is a numerical mini-chiasm of 7s, 40s, and 150s:
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
|+ Chiasm of the numbers 7, 40, and 150
|-
|α: Seven days waiting to enter Ark (7:4)
:β: Second mention of seven days waiting (7:10)
::γ: 40 days (7:17)
:::δ: 150 days (7:24)
::::χ: God remembers Noah (8:1)
:::δ': 150 days (8:3)
::γ': 40 days (8:6)
:β': Seven days waiting for dove (8:10)
α': Second seven days waiting for dove (8:12)
|}

=== Genesis 17 ===
William Ramey has compiled several chiasms in the Hebrew Bible, including Genesis 17:1–25 (quoted in [[Donald Ostrowski]] 2006).{{sfn|Ostrowski|2006|p=570}}

{| class="wikitable" 
|-
|+ Chiastic structure of [[Genesis 17]]:1–25{{sfn|Ostrowski|2006|p=570}}
|-
|A: [[Abram]]'s age ("When Abram was 99 years old..."; 1a)
:B: [[God in Judaism|God]] appears before Abram (1b)
::C: God's first speech (1b–2)
:::D: Abram falls on his face (3)
::::E: God's second speech ([[Abraham|Abram's name changed]], "nations from you and kings"; 4–8)
:::::X: God's third speech (the [[Covenant (biblical)|covenant]] of [[circumcision]]; 9–14)
::::E': God's fourth speech ([[Sarah|Sarai's name changed to Sarah]], "mother of nations, kings"; 15–16)
:::D': Abraham falls on his face (17–18)
::C': God's fifth speech (19–21)
:B': God "goes up" from Abraham (22)
A': Abraham's age ("Abraham was 99 years old..."; 24–25)
|}

=== Book of Daniel ===
In 1986, [[William H. Shea]] proposed that the [[Book of Daniel]] is composed of a ''double-chiasm''. He argued that the chiastic structure is emphasized by the two languages that the book is written in: [[Aramaic]] and [[Hebrew]]. The first chiasm is written in ''Aramaic'' from chapters 2-7 following an ABC...CBA pattern. The second chiasm is in ''Hebrew'' from chapters 8–12, also using the ABC...CBA pattern. However, Shea represents {{bibleverse|Daniel|9:26|KJV}} as "D", a break in the center of the pattern.<ref name="Shea">{{harvnb|Shea|1986|p=}}{{page needed|date=July 2014}}</ref>

==Use in the Christian New Testament==
Form critic Nils Lund acknowledged Jewish and classical patterns of writing in the New Testament, including the use of chiastic structures throughout.<ref>Nils Wilhelm Lund, ''Chiasmus in the New Testament: A Study in the Form and Function of Chiastic Structures'' (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1992), 8.</ref>

==Use in the Quran==

While there are many examples of chiastic structure in the Quran, perhaps the most well known is in the '[[Verse of the Throne]]' or 'Ayat al-Kursi'. The verse contains 9 sentences which exhibit chiasmus, but perhaps more interesting is that it is found in the longest chapter of the Quran, [[Al-Baqara]], which itself contains a fractal chiastic structure in its 286 verses, i.e. where each (outer) chiasm is composed of (inner) chiastic structures reflected in some sense in the analogue outer chiasm. One such analysis of the chapter is shown below (from;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zakariya|first=Abu|date=21 September 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034743/https://www.islam21c.com/islamic-thought/ring-theory-the-qurans-structural-coherence/
|archive-date=24 September 2015
|title=Ring Theory: the Quran's Structural Coherence|url=https://www.islam21c.com/islamic-thought/ring-theory-the-qurans-structural-coherence/|access-date=2023-03-13|website=Islam21c.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> alternate and/or more detail analyses can be found in,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farrin|first=Raymond K.|date=January 2010|title=Surat al-Baqara: A Structural Analysis*|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01299.x|journal=The Muslim World|language=en|volume=100|issue=1|pages=17–32|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01299.x|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-21|title=Coherence: Evidence of the Quran's Literary Depth|url=https://understandquran.com/coherence-evidence-of-the-qurans-literary-depth/|access-date=2023-03-13|website=Understand Al-Qur'an Academy|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|first=Muhammad |last=Rizvi
|title=Symmetry in Sura al-Baqara
|publisher=(blog)
|date=1 June 2018
|url=https://tgminitiative.blogspot.com/2018/06/symmetry-in-sura-al-baqara.html|access-date=2023-03-13|website=Symmetry in Sura al-Baqara}}</ref>).

{| class="wikitable" 
|-
|+ Chiastic structure of Sura 2: The Cow
|-
|A: Belief (1-20)
:Aa: Believers (1-5)
:Ab: Unbelievers (6-20)
::B: God's creation and knowledge (21-39)
:::Ba: Evidence of God: Life and death, bringing the dead back to life (28)
:::Bb: God knows all (29-30, 32-33)
::::C: Early prophets and books (40-103)
:::::Ca: God gave Moses the Book (43, 87)
:::::Cb: Solomon, son of David (102)
::::::D: Trials (104-152)
:::::::Da: Abraham tested by God (124)
:::::::Db: Abraham and Ishmael built Ka'ba (127)
:::::::Dc: Concealing testimony (140)
:::::::Dd: People of the book (Jews and Christians) say... (111, 113, 116, 118, 135)
::::::D': Trials (153-177)
:::::::Da': Muslims will be tested (155)
:::::::Db': Pilgrimage to the Ka'ba (158)
:::::::Dc': Concealing God's signs and revelations (159, 174)
:::::::Dd': Polytheists say... (167, 170)
::::C': Early prophets and books (178-253)
:::::Ca': It has been written (prescribed) for you (178, 180, 183, 216)
:::::Cb': David, father of Solomon (251)
::B': God's creation and knowledge (254-284)
:::Ba': Evidence of God: Life and death, bringing the dead back to life (258-260)
:::Bb': God knows all (255-256,261,268,270-271,273,282-284)
A': Belief (285-286)
:Aa': Believers (285)
:Ab': Unbelievers (286)
|}

== Use in the ''Primary Chronicle'' ==
{{excerpt|Conversion of Volodimer#Stylistic analysis}}

== Use in the Book of Mormon ==
Chiastic structure is found throughout the [[Book of Mormon]], for example in Mosiah 5:8–9:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parry |first=Donald |date=2007 |title=Poetic Parallelisms in the Book of Mormon |url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/bookchapters/Poetic_Parallelisms_in_the_Book_of_Mormon_The_Complete_Text_/Poetic%20Parallelisms%20in%20the%20Book%20of%20Mormon.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162625/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/bookchapters/Poetic_Parallelisms_in_the_Book_of_Mormon_The_Complete_Text_/Poetic%20Parallelisms%20in%20the%20Book%20of%20Mormon.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=26 July 2020 |website=Neal A. Maxwell Institute}}</ref>{{rp|171}}
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
|+ Chiastic structure of Mosiah 5:8–9
|-
|And under this head ye are made free, and there is no other head whereby ye can be made free.
:A There is no other ''name given whereby salvation cometh'';
::B therefore, I would that ye should ''take upon you the name'' of Christ,
:::C all you that have entered into the ''covenant with God''
::::D that ye should be ''obedient'' unto the end of your lives.
::::D And it shall come to pass that whosoever ''doeth this''
:::C shall be found at the ''right hand of God'',
::B for he shall know the ''name by which he is called'';
:A for he shall be called by the ''name of Christ''.
|}

==ABC…CBA pattern==

===''Beowulf''===
In literary texts with a possible [[Oral literature|oral]] origin, such as ''[[Beowulf]]'', chiastic or ring structures are often found on an intermediate level, that is, between the (verbal and/or grammatical) level of chiasmus and the higher level of chiastic structure such as noted in the Torah. John D. Niles provides examples of chiastic figures on all three levels.<ref name="Niles">{{harvnb|Niles|1979|pp=924–35}}</ref> He notes that for the instances of ll. 12–19, the announcement of the birth of (Danish) Beowulf, are chiastic, more or less on the verbal level, that of chiasmus.<ref>{{harvnb|Niles|1979|pp=924–25}}</ref> Then, each of the three main fights are organized chiastically, a chiastic structure on the level of verse paragraphs and shorter passages. For instance, the simplest of these three, the fight with [[Grendel]], is schematized as follows:

A: Preliminaries
*Grendel approaching
*Grendel rejoicing
*Grendel devouring Handscioh
:B: Grendel's wish to flee ("fingers cracked")
::C: Uproar in hall; Danes stricken with terror
:::HEOROT IN DANGER OF FALLING
::C': Uproar in hall; Danes stricken with terror
:B': "Joints burst"; Grendel forced to flee
A': Aftermath
*Grendel slinking back toward fens
*Beowulf rejoicing
*Beowulf left with Grendel's arm<ref>{{harvnb|Niles|1979|pp=925–6}}</ref>

Finally, Niles provides a diagram of the highest level of chiastic structure, the organization of the poem as a whole, in an introduction, three major fights with interludes before and after the second fight (with Grendel's mother), and an epilogue. To illustrate, he analyzes Prologue and Epilogue as follows:

'''Prologue'''<br>
A: Panegyric for [[Scyld]]<br>
:B: Scyld's funeral
::C: History of Danes before [[Hroðgar|Hrothgar]]
:::D: Hrothgar's order to build [[Heorot]]

'''Epilogue'''<br>
:::D': Beowulf's order to build his barrow
::C': History of [[Geats]] after Beowulf ("messenger's prophecy")
:B': Beowulf's funeral
A': Eulogy for Beowulf<ref>{{harvnb|Niles|1979|p=930}}</ref>

===''Paradise Lost''===
The overall chiastic structure of  [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' is also of the ABC...CBA type:

A: Satan's sinful actions (Books 1–3)<br>
:B: Entry into Paradise (Book 4)
::C: War in heaven (destruction) (Books 5–6)
::C': Creation of the world (Books 7–8)
:B': Loss of paradise (Book 9)
A': Humankind's sinful actions (Books 10–12)<ref>{{Cite book |first= Leland |last= Ryken |chapter= Paradise Lost by John Milton (1608–1674) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HsZuZPCPlhUC&pg=PA138 |editor1-last= Kapic |editor1-first= Kelly M. |editor2-last= Gleason |editor2-first= Randall C. |year= 2004 |title= The Devoted Life: An Invitation to the Puritan Classics |location= Downers Grove, Illinois |publisher= [[Inter-Varsity Press]] |pages= 138–151 |isbn= 978-0-8308-2794-7 |oclc= 55495010 |url= http://www.ivpress.com/cgi-ivpress/book.pl/code=2794 |access-date= 2007-06-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001749/http://www.ivpress.com/cgi-ivpress/book.pl/code=2794 |archive-date= 2007-09-27 |url-status= dead }}</ref>{{rp|141}}

==See also==
* [[Arch form]]
* [[Antimetabole]]
* [[Chiasmus]]
* [[ABACABA pattern]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book
 | last = Garrett
 | first = Duane A.
 | title = Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of songs
 | series = The New American Commentary, v. 14
 | year = 1993
 | publisher = Broadman Press
 | place = Nashville, Tennessee
 | isbn = 978-0-8054-0114-1
 | oclc = 27895425
 }}
*{{Cite journal
 | last = Niles
 | first = John D.
 | title = Ring Composition and the Structure of ''Beowulf''
 | journal = [[Publications of the Modern Language Association|PMLA]]
 | volume = 94
 | issue = 5
 | pages = 924–35
 | year = 1979
 | jstor=461974
 | doi = 10.2307/461974
 | s2cid = 163316481
 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ostrowski |first1=Donald|date=2006 |title=The Account of Volodimer's Conversion in the "Povest' vremennykh let": A Chiasmus of Stories |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036982 |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute |volume=28 |issue=1–4 |pages=567–580 |doi= |jstor=41036982 }}
*{{Cite book
 | last = Shea
 | first = William H.
 | chapter = The Prophecy of Daniel 9:24-27
 | editor1-last = Holbrook
 | editor1-first = Frank
 | year = 1986
 | title = The Seventy Weeks, Leviticus, and the Nature of Prophecy
 | series = Daniel and Revelation Committee Series
 | volume = 3
 | place = Washington, D.C.
 | publisher = [[Biblical Research Institute]], [[General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]]
 | oclc = 14279279
 }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last= Breck |first= John |title= The Shape of Biblical Language: Chiasmus in the Scriptures and Beyond |publisher= St. Vladimir's Seminary Press |year= 1994 |location= Crestwood, N.Y. |isbn= 978-0-8814-1139-3 |oclc= 30893460 }}
* {{citation |title= The Literary Structure of the Old Testament: A Commentary on Genesis-Malachi |first= David A. |last= Dorsey |publisher= Baker Books |place= Grand Rapids, MI |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0801021879 |oclc= 42002627 }}
* {{cite book |last= Douglas |first= Mary |author-link= Mary Douglas |title= Thinking in Circles: an essay on ring composition |url= https://archive.org/details/thinkingincircle0000doug |url-access= registration |publisher= Yale University Press |year= 2007 |location= New Haven, CT |isbn= 978-0-300-16785-6 }}
* {{citation |title= The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: the effect of early Christological controversies on the text of the New Testament |first= Bart D. |last= Ehrman |publisher= Oxford University Press |place= Oxford |year= 1993 |isbn= 978-0195080780 |oclc= 26354078 }}
* {{citation|last= Lund |first= Nils Wilhelm |year= 1942 |title= Chiasmus in the New Testament, a study in Formgeschichte |place= Chapel Hill |publisher= University of North Carolina Press |oclc= 2516087 }}
* {{citation|last= Martin |first= Gary D. |year= 2004 |title= Ring Composition and Related Phenomena in Herodotus |url= http://faculty.washington.edu/garmar/RingCompositionHerodotus.pdf }}
* {{citation |last= McCoy |first= Brad |date= Fall 2003 |title= Chiasmus: An Important Structural Device Commonly Found in Biblical Literature |url= http://chafer.nextmeta.com/files/v9n2_2chiasmus.pdf |journal= CTS Journal |volume= 9 |issue= 2 |pages= 18–34 |access-date= 2014-06-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121122160016/http://chafer.nextmeta.com/files/v9n2_2chiasmus.pdf |archive-date= 2012-11-22 |url-status= dead }}
* {{citation |last= Parry |first= Donald W. |author-link= Donald W. Parry |year= 2007 |orig-year= 1998 |edition= Revised |title= Poetic Parallelisms in the Book of Mormon |url= http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/bookchapters/Poetic_Parallelisms_in_the_Book_of_Mormon_The_Complete_Text_/Poetic%20Parallelisms%20in%20the%20Book%20of%20Mormon.pdf |place= Provo, Utah |publisher= [[Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship]] |isbn= 978-0-934893-36-7 |access-date= 2014-06-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162625/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/bookchapters/Poetic_Parallelisms_in_the_Book_of_Mormon_The_Complete_Text_/Poetic%20Parallelisms%20in%20the%20Book%20of%20Mormon.pdf |archive-date= 2014-07-14 |url-status= dead }}
* {{citation |title= The Elusive Covenant: A Structural-Semiotic Reading of Genesis |first= Terry J. |last= Prewitt |publisher= Indiana University Press |place= Bloomington |year= 1990 |isbn= 978-0253345998 |oclc= 20827915 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/elusivecovenant00prew }}
* {{Cite journal |last= Ramirez |first= Matthew Eric |date= January 2011 |title= Descanting on Deformity: The Irregularities in Shakespeare's Large Chiasms |journal= Text and Performance Quarterly |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages= 37–49 |doi= 10.1080/10462937.2010.526240 |s2cid= 170466856 }}
* {{citation |last= Welch |first= John W. |author-link= John W. Welch |year= 1995 |title= Criteria for Identifying and Evaluating the Presence of Chiasmus |url= http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1389&index=1 |journal= [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies]] |volume= 4 |issue= 2 |pages= 1–14 |doi= 10.2307/44758936 |jstor= 44758936 |s2cid= 55801823 |access-date= 2014-06-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151013211432/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1389&index=1 |archive-date= 2015-10-13 |url-status= dead |url-access= subscription }}
* {{citation |last= Welch |first= John W. |author-link= John W. Welch |year= 1999 |orig-year= 1981 |title= Chiasmus in antiquity: structures, analyses, exegesis |place= Provo, Utah |publisher= Research Press |isbn= 978-0934893336 |oclc= 40126818 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chiastic Structure}}
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