Editing Chickasaw language

{{Short description|Muskogean language from the US}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Chickasaw
|nativename={{lang|cic|Chikashshanompaꞌ}}
|states=[[United States]]
|region=South central [[Oklahoma]], from Byng or Happyland (near Ada) north, and from Davis or Ardmore west to Fillmore and Wapanucka in east. 
|ethnicity=35,000 (1999)<ref name=e21/>
|speakers=75
|ref=e21
|date=2017
|familycolor=American
|fam1=[[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]
|fam2=Western Muskogean
|iso3=cic
|glotto=chic1270
|glottorefname=Chickasaw
|map=Chickasaw.svg
|mapcaption={{legend inline|#438ace|Historical}} Chickasaw territory and {{legend inline|#299c97|current}} Chickasaw territory (Chickasaw Nation), where the language was and is currently spoken
| map2=Oklahoma Indian Languages.png 
|mapcaption2=Distribution of [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American languages]] in [[Oklahoma]]
|notice=IPA
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym |person= |people= [[Chickasaw people|Chikashsha]] |language= Chikashshanompaꞌ |country= Chikashsha Yaki}}
The '''Chickasaw language''' ('''{{lang|cic|Chikashshanompaꞌ}}''', {{IPA|cic|tʃikaʃːanompaʔ}}) is a [[Native American languages|Native American language]] of the [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] family.  It is [[agglutinative]] and follows the word order pattern of [[subject–object–verb]] (SOV).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chikashshanompaꞌ Kilanompoliꞌ|last=Munro|first=Pamela |author2=Catherine Willmond|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2008}}</ref> The language is closely related to, though perhaps not entirely [[mutually intelligible languages|mutually intelligible]] with, [[Choctaw language|Choctaw]]. It is spoken by the [[Chickasaw]] tribe, now residing in Southeast [[Oklahoma]], centered on [[Ada, Oklahoma|Ada]].

The language is currently spoken by around 50 people, mostly Chickasaw elders who grew up with the language. Due to [[American Indian boarding schools|boarding schools]] in the 20th century and [[Indian removal|Chickasaw removal]] from [[Mississippi|their homeland]] in the 19th century, the widespread knowledge about the language and culture amongst the nation has largely decreased.

==Classification==
Chickasaw, [[Choctaw language|Choctaw]] and [[Houma language|Houma]] form the Western branch of the [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean language family]]. The Chickasaw and Choctaw were once one tribe who similarly spoke the Muskogean languages.<ref name="The Chickasaw People">{{Cite web|url=https://www.utm.edu/departments/special_collections/wc_hist/chksaw.php|title=The Chickasaw People|website=www.utm.edu|access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref> The Chickasaw language was widely spoken until 1970 but has since become an endangered language.<ref name="The Chickasaw People"/> Chickasaw is also related to [[Alabama language|Alabama]], [[Koasati language|Koasati]], [[Muscogee language|Mvskoke (Creek)]]-Seminole, Hitchiti and Mikasuki.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Official Site of the Chickasaw Nation {{!}} Language|url = https://www.chickasaw.net/our-nation/culture/language.aspx|website = www.chickasaw.net|access-date = 2015-08-29}}</ref>

==History==
Sometime prior to the first European contact, the Chickasaw migrated from western regions and moved east of the Mississippi River, where they settled mostly in present-day northeast Mississippi. Chickasaw towns and villages were structured to be densely populated as a wartime measure but encompassed larger areas when there was no conflict with enemies.<ref name="The Chickasaw People"/> A main house and main meeting ground were used to gather groups from the Chickasaw community for ceremonies, celebratory affairs, and to discuss important social, cultural, and political matters.<ref name="The Chickasaw People"/> There was a division and specialization in labor done by men who prepared the community for war, hunted for food, and made provisions for the defense of their communities while [https://www.utm.edu/departments/special_collections/wc_hist/chksaw.php Chickasaw] women were matriarchal leaders of their households who cared for crops, children, and estate matters.<ref name="The Chickasaw People"/> They would eventually come into contact with Europeans as time passed on and European exploration of their lands took shape.<ref name="The Chickasaw People"/> That is where they encountered European explorers and traders, having relationships with French, English and Spanish during the colonial years. The United States considered the Chickasaw one of the [[Chickasaw Nation|Five Civilized Tribes]], as they adopted numerous practices of European Americans. Resisting European-American settlers encroaching on their territory, they were forced by the US to sell their country in 1832 and move to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) during the era of Indian Removal in the 1830s.

==Current status==
[[File:Chickasaw stop.jpg|thumb|left|Chickasaw language stop sign, with Chickasaw word {{lang|cic|Hika}} ("stop"), in [[Ada, Oklahoma]].]]
[[File:Chickasawlanguageaudiotour.jpg|thumb|left|Language offerings for audio tours at the Chickasaw Cultural Center, including Chickasaw, [[English language|English]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Chokma sign.jpg|thumb|right|Bilingual signage in Chickasaw and English at the Chickasaw Cultural Center in Oklahoma, including the Chickasaw word for "welcome," "Chokma."]] -->
Emily Johnson Dickerson, the last monolingual speaker of Chickasaw, died on December 30, 2013.<ref name="last">[http://nativenewsonline.net/currents/last-monolingual-language-chickasaw-speaker-dies-93/ "Last Monolingual Language Chickasaw Speaker Dies at 93"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822115405/http://nativenewsonline.net/currents/last-monolingual-language-chickasaw-speaker-dies-93/ |date=2014-08-22 }}, ''Native News Online''. Retrieved 4 Jan 2014.</ref> [[Ethnologue]] estimated in its seventeenth edition that Chickasaw retained up to 600 speakers, but noted that this figure was rapidly declining because most speakers are 50 and older.<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite news| url = https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cic/***EDITION***| title = Chickasaw {{!}} Ethnologue| newspaper = Ethnologue}}</ref> Children are no longer acquiring the language,<ref name="ethnologue.com"/> indicating Chickasaw has a notably low vitality. As of 2014, there were "four to five confident conversational speakers who are under the age of 35."<ref name = "russon">{{Cite news
| last = Russon
| first = Mary-Ann
| title = Chickasaw Nation: The Fight to Save a Dying Native American Language
| work = International Business Times
| access-date = 2014-05-20
| date = 2014-05-08
| url = http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chickasaw-nation-fight-save-dying-native-american-language-1447670
}}</ref> The Chickasaw language is not much used outside of the home. In terms of conservation and language vitality, Ethnologue evaluates the current language situation as [[moribund language|moribund]],<ref name="ethnologue.com"/>  and [[UNESCO]] lists Chickasaw as a "severely endangered" language, also noting that most of the ~50 speakers (as of 2019) are over fifty and almost all are bilingual in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-iso-cic.html|title = UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger}}</ref>

=== Language revitalization ===
The Chickasaw Language Revitalization Program, founded in 2007, uses both [[Pamela Munro|Munro]]-Willmond and Humes alphabets. Because Chickasaw is a spoken language, "there is no 'right' or 'wrong' way to spell Chickasaw."<ref name="chickasawnation">{{Cite web
| title = Language
| work = The Official Site of the Chickasaw Nation
| access-date = 2012-09-29
| url = http://www.chickasaw.net/history_culture/index_644.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120919184403/http://chickasaw.net/history_culture/index_644.htm
| archive-date = 2012-09-19
}}</ref> Chickasaw is taught through a master-apprentice program, community programs, and self-study programs.

A "Chickasaw Language Basic" app is available for [[iPhone]], [[iPad]], and other [[iOS]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chickasaw Language Basic App |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/chickasaw-language-basic/id448797486 |website=[[App Store (Apple)|App Store]] |date=4 June 2018 |publisher=Apple |access-date=October 26, 2023}}</ref>

In a collaboration with [[Apple, Inc.]], the Chickasaw language keyboard layout is available in [[iOS 16|iOS 16.4]], [[iPadOS 16|iPadOS 16.4]] and [[macOS Ventura|macOS Ventura 13.3]] and later to help users type with "special characters for pitch accent, nasal vowels and the glottal stop character."<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=May 17, 2023 |title=Chickasaw Nation language keyboard available on Apple devices |url=https://www.kxii.com/2023/05/17/chickasaw-nation-language-keyboard-available-apple-devices/ |work=[[KXII]] |location= |access-date=October 26, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What's new in the updates for macOS Ventura? |url=https://support.apple.com/HT213268 |website=Apple Support |at=macOS Ventura 13.3 |date=October 26, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Classes and programs===
The [[Chickasaw Nation]] has a department of Chickasaw Language with a 24-member Chickasaw Language Committee. In 2007, the tribe founded the Chickasaw Language Revitalization Program. Four levels of Chickasaw language classes are taught at [[East Central University]] in [[Ada, Oklahoma]]. Joshua D. Hinson (called "Lokosh," meaning gourd, in the language), director of the Chickasaw Language Committee developed master-apprenticeship programs with guidance from linguist [[Leanne Hinton]].<ref name=lsa>[http://lsacelp.org/2012/05/09/chickasaws-are-on-the-move/ "Chickasaws Are On the Move."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716233556/http://lsacelp.org/2012/05/09/chickasaws-are-on-the-move/ |date=July 16, 2012 }} ''Linguistics Society of America Committee on Endangered Languages and their Preservation.'' Retrieved 9 April 2012.</ref><ref name = "russon" />

''Chipota Chikashshanompoli'' is a children's language program that meets monthly. Ada, Ardmore, Norman, Purcell, Sulphur, and Tishomingo all host non-academic adult language classes. The tribe also organizes immersion camps and publishes Chickasaw language literature through the Chickasaw Press.<ref name=lsa/>
More recently, the Chickasaw Language Revitalization Program has been working with [[Rosetta Stone (company)|Rosetta Stone]] and [[Ackerman McQueen]], releasing a video series teaching learners how to speak Chickasaw with the [[Rosetta Stone (software)|Rosetta Stone Advanced Languages software]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
Chickasaw has 16 [[consonant]]s. In the table below, the consonants are written in the standard Chickasaw orthography. The phonetic symbolization of each consonant is written in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) to the right of each orthographic letter when the orthography differs from the IPA symbol.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Chickasaw Consonants<ref name="gml287">{{Harvcoltxt|Gordon|Munro|Ladefoged|2001|p=287}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Munro|2005|p=121}}</ref>
|- 
! rowspan="2" | &nbsp;
! rowspan="2" | [[labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post-<br />alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="font-size: 80%;"
! [[central consonant|central]]
! [[lateral consonant|lateral]]
|-align=center
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-align=center
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA link|p}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{saltillo}} {{IPAslink|ʔ}}
|-align=center
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| ch {{IPAslink|tʃ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-align=center
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| lh {{IPAslink|ɬ}}
| sh {{IPAslink|ʃ}}
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-align=center
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|l}}
| y {{IPAslink|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
| &nbsp;
|}

* {{IPA|/w/}} is [[Voiced labio-velar approximant|labiovelar]].
* Voiceless stops {{IPA|/p t k/}} have a small amount of [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]] {{IPA|[pʰ tʰ kʰ]}}, especially at the beginning of words.<ref name="gml287" />
* The voiced stop {{IPA|/b/}} may undergo [[lenition]] to a voiced fricative {{IPA|[β]}} between vowels.<ref name="gml287" />
* All consonants except for the [[glottal stop]] may be geminated and most consonants can occur in biconsonantal clusters.<ref name="gml287" />

===Vowels===
[[Image:Chickasaw vowels.png|thumb|250px|Long and short [[Vowel]]s of Chickasaw.  From {{Harvcoltxt|Gordon|Munro|Ladefoged|2001|p=288}}. Nasal vowels correspond phonetically with the quality of long vowels.]]
Chickasaw has 9 [[vowel]]s:<ref name=Murno>{{cite web|last1=Gordon, Munro, Ladefoged|title=Chickasaw|url=http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/gordon/chickasaw.pdf|website=linguistics.ucsb.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403073523/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/gordon/chickasaw.pdf|archive-date=2019-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! rowspan=3 | &nbsp;
! colspan=3 | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=3 | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=3 | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align=center
!<small>short</small>
!colspan=2|<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!colspan=2|<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!colspan=2|<small>long</small>
|-align=center	
!colspan=2|<small>[[oral vowel|oral]]</small>
!<small>[[nasal vowel|nasal]]</small>
!colspan=2|<small>[[oral vowel|oral]]</small>
!<small>[[nasal vowel|nasal]]</small>
!colspan=2|<small>[[oral vowel|oral]]</small>
!<small>[[nasal vowel|nasal]]</small>
|-align=center
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| i {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| ii {{IPA|[iː]}}
| i̱ {{IPA|[ĩː]}}
| colspan="3" | &nbsp;
| colspan="3" | &nbsp;
|-align=center
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan="3" | &nbsp;
| colspan="3" | &nbsp;
| o {{IPA|[o̟]}}
| oo {{IPA|[oː]}}
| o̱ {{IPA|[õː]}}
|-align=center
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | &nbsp;
| a {{IPA|[ə]}}
| aa {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
| a̱ {{IPA|[ɑ̃ː]}}
| colspan="3" | &nbsp;
|}

Chickasaw vowels contrast between [[vowel length|short and long]] oral vowels and between long oral vowels and long [[nasalization|nasal]] vowels. Short vowels are centralized (see chart): short ''i'' is phonetically {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, short ''o'' is phonetically {{IPA|[o̟]}}, and short ''a'' is phonetically {{IPA|[ə]}}.

Short vowels are also phonetically lengthened when they occur in the second syllable of a sequence of even-numbered [[open syllable]]s.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gordon|Munro|Ladefoged|2001|p=288}}</ref> For example, the word ''pisali'' ('I took him') is phonetically {{IPA|[pɪsəˑlɪ]}}. The lengthened short vowel is usually intermediate in length between a short vowel and long vowel. However, the phonetic realization varies depending on the individual speaker and also on phonetic environment. The lengthening does not occur at the end of words and is further restricted by certain morphological criteria.<ref>See {{Harvcoltxt|Gordon|Munro|Ladefoged|2000}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+caption| '''Examples of Chickasaw Vowels'''<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gordon|Munro|Ladefoged|2001|pp=288–289}}</ref>
! [[help:IPA|IPA]] 
! Example
! Meaning
|-align=center
|{{IPA|/i/}} || p'''i'''sa|| 'she looks at him'
|-align=center
|{{IPA|/iː/}} || p'''ii'''niꞌ|| 'boat'
|-align=center
|{{IPA|/ĩ/}} || '''i̱'''sintiꞌ || 'his snake'
|-align=center
|{{IPA|/a/}} || p'''a'''ska|| 'bread'
|-align=center
|{{IPA|/aː/}} || sahash'''aa'''|| 'I'm angry'
|-align=center
|{{IPA|/ã/}} || ip'''a̱'''shiꞌ|| 'hair'
|-align=center
|{{IPA|/o/}} || '''o'''fiꞌ|| 'dog'
|-align=center
|{{IPA|/oː/}} || ih'''oo'''|| 'woman'
|-align=center
|{{IPA|/õ/}} ||is'''o̱'''lash || 'tongue'
|}

,

===Prosody===

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

* [[pitch accent]]

==Grammar==

===Verb===

====Pronominal affixes====

Verb arguments (i.e. [[subject (grammar)|subject]], [[direct object]], [[indirect object]]) are indicated with pronominal [[affix]]es (both prefixes and suffixes) which are added to verb [[word stem|stems]]. The pronominal affixes are [[inflected]] according to [[grammatical number|number]] (singular, plural) and [[grammatical person|person]] (1st, 2nd).

Chickasaw has an [[active–stative]] pronominal system with two basic series of pronominal sets: an active series (I) and a stative series (II). Additionally, Chickasaw also has dative (III), negative (N), and [[Reciprocal (grammar)|reciprocal]] (IR) series.

The active series is used for active [[intransitive]] subjects and active [[transitivity (grammatical category)|transitive]] subjects. (An ''active'' subject, simply put, is a subject that is in control of the action while a ''stative'' subject does not have control of the action. This is the difference between ''She fell on purpose'' vs. ''She fell accidentally'' where the first ''she'' controlled the falling while the second ''she'' did not control the falling.) The active series is in the table below:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ active
! 
! singular
! plural
|-
! 1st
| -li
| il- / ii-
|-
! 2nd
| ish-
| hash-
|-
! 3rd
| colspan="2" | -
|}

The third person lacks an affix and usually does not distinguish between singular and plural. The first person singular affix is a suffix while the other affixes are prefixes. The first person plural has two forms: ''il-'' which is used before vowels and ''ii-'' which is used before consonants — thus, ''il-iyya'' "we go", ''ii-malli'' "we jump". An example [[inflectional paradigm]] of the verb ''malli'' "to jump" is below (with the pronominal affixes underlined):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
|+ active affixes indicating subjects
! 
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! 1st
| malli'''li'''
| "I jump"
| '''ii'''malli
| "we jump"
|-
! 2nd
| '''ish'''malli
| "you jump"
| '''hash'''malli
| "you all jump"
|-
! 3rd
| colspan="4" | malli &nbsp; "he/she/it/they jump"
|}

The stative series (II) is below. This series is used to indicate stative intransitive subjects and direct objects.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ stative
! 
! singular
! plural
|-
! 1st
| sa-
| po-
|-
! 2nd
| chi-
| hachi-
|-
! 3rd
| colspan="2" | -
|}

Example with stative intransitive subjects, ''lhinko'' "to be fat":

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
|+ stative affixes indicating subjects
! 
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! 1st
| '''sa'''lhinko
| "I am fat"
| '''po'''lhinko
| "we are fat"
|-
! 2nd
| '''chi'''lhinko
| "you are fat"
| '''hachi'''lhinko
| "you all are fat"
|-
! 3rd
| colspan="4" | lhinko &nbsp; "he/she/it/they is/are fat"
|}

Example with direct objects, ''pisa'' "to look at (someone)" (the subject in the paradigm below is [[markedness|unmarked]] because it is in the third person):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
|+ stative affixes indicating direct objects
! 
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! 1st
| '''sa'''pisa
| "he/she/it/they look at me"
| '''po'''pisa
| "he/she/it/they look at us"
|-
! 2nd
| '''chi'''pisa
| "he/she/it/they look at you"
| '''hachi'''pisa
| "he/she/it/they look at you all"
|-
! 3rd
| colspan="4" | pisa &nbsp; "he/she/it/they look at him/her/it/them"
|}

Both active and stative affixes can occur together in which case the active affix indicates the active subject and the stative affix indicates the direct object. Active prefixes occur before stative prefixes. When ''ish-'' "active second person singular" occurs before ''sa-'' "stative first person singular", it results in ''issa-'' (the ''sh'' [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilate]]s to ''s''). Likewise, ''hash-'' "active second person plural" + ''sa-'' is realized as ''hassa-''. The full paradigm of ''pisa'' "to look at" is below:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
|+ active & stative affixes together
|-
! verb form
! translation
! [[morpheme]] segmentation
|-
| hachipisali
| "I look at you all"
| style="text-align: right" | hachi-pisa-li
|-
| pisali
| "I look at her"
| style="text-align: right" | pisa-li
|-
| iichipisa
| "we look at you"
| style="text-align: right" | ii-chi-pisa
|-
| iihachipisa
| "we look at you all"
| style="text-align: right" | ii-hachi-pisa
|-
| iipisa
| "we look at her"
| style="text-align: right" | ii-pisa
|-
| issapisa
| "you look at me"
| style="text-align: right" | ish-sa-pisa
|-
| ishpopisa
| "you look at us"
| style="text-align: right" | ish-po-pisa
|-
| ishpisa
| "you look at her"
| style="text-align: right" | ish-pisa
|-
| hassapisa
| "you all look at me"
| style="text-align: right" | hash-sa-pisa
|-
| hashpopisa
| "you all look at us"
| style="text-align: right" | hash-po-pisa
|-
| hashpisa
| "you all look at her"
| style="text-align: right" | hash-pisa
|-
| sapisa
| "she looks at me"
| style="text-align: right" | sa-pisa
|-
| popisa
| "she looks at us"
| style="text-align: right" | po-pisa
|-
| chipisa
| "she looks at you"
| style="text-align: right" | chi-pisa
|-
| hachipisa
| "she looks at you all"
| style="text-align: right" | hachi-pisa
|-
| pisa
| "she looks at her"
| style="text-align: right" | pisa
|}

====Verb grades====

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

* verb ''grades'' ([[gemination]], [[epenthesis]])

{| cellspacing="4"
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
| ''foyopa'' 
| 'to breathe'
|-
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
| ''fóyyoꞌpa'' 
| 'to give a sigh of relief'
|-
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
| ''foyohómpa'' 
| 'to be breathing'
|-
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
| ''foyámpa'' 
| 'breathing' (at same time as another action)
|}

== General vocabulary ==
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Chickasaw
|-
|Hello (general greeting)
|''Chokma/Hallito''
|-
|How are you? 
|In order to define a question, one must use a question word (such as ''nanta, katiyakta, katimpi,'' etc.) or an affix (such as -''taa,'' shown below, or ''-tam''). A question can also be implied, as shown in the first and last examples

*''Chinchokma?'' 
*''Chinchokmataa?''
*''Chokma'' (a word meaning "good", saying ''chokma'' as a greeting can also imply a question of how one is doing)
|-
|I'm well.
I'm very well.

I'm alright.

I'm not well.
|The prefix "''An-''" implies that the speaker is referring to themselves. The suffix  "''-kinni''" and the word  "''ooba''" refer to the level of "wellness" that they find themselves in.

* ''Anchokma.''
* ''Anchokmakayni.''
* ''Anchokma ooba.''
* ''Anchokma kiꞌyo.''
|-
|And you? (In response)
|''Ishnaako̱?''
|-
|Yes
No

Okay
|The word "''Hoꞌmi''" can also mean okay, yes, affirmative, good, etc.

* ''I̱i''
* ''Kiꞌyo''
* ''Hoꞌmi''
|-
|I will see you later.
|Speakers may vary on what they say for this phrase, as there is no word for goodbye, but it largely revolves around these three. The nasal "o" is voiced by many speakers, but many speakers also tend to leave it out. The suffix "''-shki''" adds a degree of confidence regarding seeing someone later. It may be translated as "I shall see you later," "I will see you later," or even "I have to see you later." "''Chipisalaꞌcho̱"'', however, means something like "I'll see you later (not knowing when)."

* ''Chipisalaꞌcho̱.''
* ''Chipisalaꞌcho.''
* ''Chipisalaꞌshki.''
|-
|I like ___.
He/she likes ___.

You like ___.

We like ___.

They like ___.

Y'all like ___.

Do you like ___?
|In this block, we will use ''hattak shawiꞌ imimpaꞌ'' (bananas: literally, "the raccoon man's food") as an example for what the person/group likes. As for the last instance, "ch" sounds turn into "sh" sounds when suffixes beginning with a 't' are attached to the end of a word. 
*''Hattak shawiꞌ imimpaꞌ ayokpanshli.''
*''Hattak shawiꞌ imimpaꞌ ayokpanchi.''
*''Hattak shawiꞌ imimpaꞌ ishayokpanchi.''
*''Hattak shawiꞌ imimpaꞌ illayokpanchi.''
*''Hattak shawiꞌ imimpaꞌ hooayokpanchi.''
*''Hattak shawiꞌ imimpaꞌ hashayokpanchi.''
*''Hattak shawiꞌ imimpaꞌ ishayokpá̱shtaa?''
|-
|Deer
Panther

Wildcat

Raccoon

Bird

Alligator

Bear

Fox

Turtle

Skunk

Wolf

Fish

Squirrel

Blackbird

Buzzard

Hawk

Eagle

Duck

Goose

Swan

Turkey
|All these animals are, or were, significant to Chickasaw culture and religion.

* ''Issiꞌ''
* ''Kowishtoꞌ''
* ''Kowimilhlhaꞌ'' or ''kowiꞌ imilhlhaꞌ''
* ''Shawiꞌ''
* ''Foshiꞌ''
* ''Hachonchabaꞌ''
* ''Nitaꞌ''
* ''Chola''
* ''Loksiꞌ''
* ''Koniꞌ''
* ''Nashoba''
* ''Naniꞌ''
* ''Faniꞌ''
* ''Chalhlha''
* ''Shiiki''
* ''Akankabiꞌ''
* ''O̱siꞌ''
* ''Fochosh''
* ''Shalaklak'' or ''hanchaꞌ''
* ''Ookak''
* ''Chaloklowaꞌ''
|-
|Yellow
Red

Pink

Green/Blue

Brown

Orange

Purple

Gray

Black

White
|As with most adjectival verbs in Chickasaw, colors will end in a glottal stop ({{saltillo}}) when attached to a noun (ex. ''foshiꞌ hommaꞌ'')

* ''Lakna''
* ''Homma''
*''Hommayyi''
* ''Okchamali''
* ''Losayyi''
* ''Tako̱lo lakna''
* ''Homma chommi''
* ''Shobbokoli''
* ''Losa''
* ''Tohbi''
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |year=2004 |title=A phonological and phonetic study of word-level stress in Chickasaw |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.1086/422264 |s2cid=10574720}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Matthew |last2=Munro |first2=Pamela |last3=Ladefoged |first3=Peter |author-link3=Peter Ladefoged |year=2000 |title=Some phonetic structures of Chickasaw |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=366–400 |jstor=30028763}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Matthew |last2=Munro |first2=Pamela |last3=Ladefoged |first3=Peter |author-link3=Peter Ladefoged |year=2001 |title=Illustrations of the IPA: Chickasaw |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=287–290 |doi=10.1017/s0025100301002110 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Munro |first=Pamela |author-link=Pamela Munro |title=Native Languages of the Southeastern United States |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=978-0-8032-4235-7 |editor-last=Hardy |editor-first=Heather K. |location=Lincoln, NE |publication-date=2005 |pages=114–156 |chapter=Chickasaw |editor-last2=Scancarelli |editor-first2=Janine}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Munro |first1=Pamela |title=Chickasaw: An analytical dictionary |last2=Willmond |first2=Catherine |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=9780806126623 |location=Norman}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Munro |first1=Pamela |title=Chikashshanompaꞌ Kilanompoliꞌ |last2=Willmond |first2=Catherine |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2008 |location=Norman |trans-title=Let's Speak Chickasaw |lang=cic, en |isbn=9780806139265}}
* {{Cite web |year=2017 |title=The Chickasaw People |url=https://www.utm.edu/academics/library/special-collections/wc_hist/chksaw.php |website=University of Tennessee Martin}}

==External links==
{{incubator | code = cic}}
{{wiktionary category}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111215230738/http://www.chickasaw.net/services/index_3165.htm Chickasaw Language Revitalization Program], Chickasaw Nation
* [https://www.chickasaw.tv/language Chickasaw Language - Information & Videos] - Chickasaw.TV
* [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=cic Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Chickasaw]
* [http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/gordon/acousticchickasawstress.pdf A phonological and phonetic study of word-level stress in Chickasaw] (pdf)
* [http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/gordon/chickasawpitchaccent.pdf The phonology of pitch accents in Chickasaw] (pdf)
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/cic OLAC resources in and about the Chickasaw language]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150909232358/http://www.utm.edu/departments/special_collections/wc_hist/chksaw.php A History of the Chickasaw People] (website)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chickasaw.htm http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chickasaw.htm]

{{Chickasaw}}
{{Languages of Oklahoma}}
{{Portal bar|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Language}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chickasaw Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Chickasaw]]
[[Category:Muskogean languages]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast]]
[[Category:Native American language revitalization]]
[[Category:Endangered Indigenous languages of the Americas]]