Editing Chief Seattle

{{Use American English|date=February 2024}}
{{Short description|Suquamish and Duwamish chief (1790–1866)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{other uses|Chief Seattle (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Sealth|the ferry|MV Sealth{{!}}MV ''Sealth''|the camp|Camp Sealth}}
{{Infobox American Indian chief
| name            = Seattle
| image           = chief seattle.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption         = The only known photograph of Seattle ({{circa}} 1864)
| tribe           = [[Suquamish people|Suquamish]] & [[Duwamish people|Duwamish]]
| lead            = 
| birth_date      = {{circa|1780~1786}}<ref name="Duwamish" /><ref name="Suquamish" />
| birth_place     = 
| death_date      = {{Death date and age|1866|6|7|1780|mf=yes}}
| death_place     = [[Port Madison Indian Reservation]]
| predecessor     = 
| native_name     = siʔaɬ
| native_name_lang = lut
| nicknames       ={{cslist|Parents were known to call him "Se-Se"{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}|
''Le Gros'' (Given to him by [[Hudson's Bay Company|HBC]] fur traders)}}
| known_for       = {{cslist|Namesake of [[Seattle]], Washington|[[Chief Seattle's speech]]}}
| death_cause     =
| resting_place   = [[Suquamish, Washington]], U.S.
| rp_coordinates  = 
| party           = 
| education       =
| spouse          = {{cslist|Ladaila|Olahll}}
| partner         =
| children        = 8, including [[Princess Angeline]]
| parents         = {{cslist|Sholeetsa (mother)|Shweabe (father)<ref name="Duwamish" />}}
| relations       = [[Doc Maynard]]
| signature       = 
| footnotes       = 
}}

'''Seattle''' ({{circa|1780~86}} – June 7, 1866; {{Langx|lut|siʔaɬ}}, {{IPA|lut|ˈsiʔaːɬ|ipa}}; usually styled as '''Chief Seattle''') was a leader of the [[Duwamish people|Duwamish]] and [[Suquamish]] peoples. A leading figure among his people, he pursued a path of accommodation to white settlers, forming a personal relationship with [[Doc Maynard]]. The city of [[Seattle]], in the U.S. state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], was named after him. A widely publicized speech arguing in favor of ecological responsibility and respect for Native Americans' land rights had been attributed to him.

== Name ==
The name Seattle is an anglicization of his name in his native Lushootseed language, {{Langx|lut|siʔaɬ|label=none}}.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite book |last1=Bates |first1=Dawn |title=Lushootseed Dictionary |last2=Hess |first2=Thom |last3=Hilbert |first3=Vi |author-link3=Vi Hilbert |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-295-97323-4 |location=Seattle |pages=203 |oclc=29877333}}</ref> According to [[Upper Skagit Indian Tribe|Upper Skagit]] elder [[Vi Hilbert]], his name was traditionally pronounced {{Langx|lut|siʔaƛ̕|label=none}}. After his baptism in 1852, he gained the [[Christian name|baptismal name]] of '''Noah Seattle'''.<ref name="HistoryLink">{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Greg Kenneth |date=2003-01-18 |title=Chief Seattle (Seattle, Chief Noah [born Si?al 178?-1866]) |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/5071 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=[[HistoryLink]]}}</ref>

In English, his name is often also spelled '''Si'ahl''', '''Sealth''', '''Seathl''' or '''See-ahth''' as an attempt to be more accurate to the Lushootseed pronunciation. There is no "''th''" sound in the Lushootseed language.<ref name="HistoryLink" />

==Life==

[[File:Chief Seattle's bust.jpg|thumb|left|288x288px|[[Chief of the Suquamish&nbsp;– Chief Seattle|Chief Seattle's bust]] in the city of [[Seattle]]]]

=== Youth ===
Seattle was born between 1780 and 1786 to Schweabe, a Suquamish leader from {{Langx|lut|dxʷsəq̓ʷəb|label=none}}, the main Suquamish village on [[Agate Pass]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Buerge |first=David M. |title=Chief Seattle and Chief Joseph: From Indians to Icons |url=https://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/buerge2.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=[[University of Washington]] |quote=}}</ref>{{Sfn|Waterman|2001|p=48-49, 199}} and Sholeetsa,{{Efn|also spelled Sholitza}} a Duwamish woman.<ref name="Duwamish">{{cite web |title=Chief Si'ahl |url=https://www.duwamishtribe.org/chief-siahl |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Duwamish Tribe]]}}{{Self-published source|date=June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Suquamish">{{Cite web |date= |title=Chief Seattle |url=https://suquamish.nsn.us/home/about-us/chief-seattle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201133926/https://suquamish.nsn.us/home/about-us/chief-seattle/ |archive-date=2017-02-01 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Suquamish Tribe}}{{Self-published source|date=June 2024}}</ref> By some accounts, his mother was born into slavery, while in others, she was a high-born noblewoman.{{Sfn|Cummings|2020|p=17-18}} His exact birthplace is also disputed. According to some historians, as well as the tradition of the [[Suquamish Tribe]], Seattle was born on [[Blake Island]] ({{Langx|lut|tatču|links=no}}),{{Sfn|Waterman|2001|p=232}} and his mother was from the village of {{Langx|lut|stəq|label=none}} on the [[White River (Puyallup River)|White River]].{{Efn|Now the [[Green River (Duwamish River tributary)|Green River]]}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Suquamish" />{{Sfn|Cummings|2020|p=17-18}}{{Sfn|Waterman|2001|p=133}} Seattle himself said he was born on Blake Island.<ref name=":0" /> According to the [[Duwamish Tribe]], Seattle was born at his mother's village on the Black River, near what is now the city of [[Kent, Washington]].<ref name="Duwamish" /> According to one of his contemporaries, an American settler named [[Emily Inez Denny]], he was born at the [[Old Man House]] at {{Langx|lut|dxʷsəq̓ʷəb|label=none}}.<ref name="Denny1899">{{Cite book |last=Denny |first=Emily Inez |author-link=Emily Inez Denny |title=Blazing the Way, or, True Stories, Songs, and Sketches of Puget Sound and Other Pioneers |publisher=Rainier Printing Company |year=1899 |location=Seattle |publication-date=1909}}</ref> 

Seattle grew up speaking both the Duwamish and Suquamish dialects of [[Southern Lushootseed]].<ref name="Duwamish" /> Seattle's Suquamish family was a powerful one, and they dominated parts of [[Kitsap Peninsula]], [[Vashon Island]], [[Bainbridge Island]], and Blake Island. Because power and authority in [[Coast Salish]] culture are traditionally not guaranteed through descent, Seattle had to prove his worth to his Coast Salishan society.<ref name="Suquamish" /> 

In 1792, when Seattle was around six years old, he met ''[[HMS Discovery (1789)|HMS Discovery]]'' and ''[[HMS Chatham (1788)|HMS Chatham]]'' under the command of [[George Vancouver]], who had anchored off Restoration Point on Bainbridge Island.<ref name="HistoryLink" />{{Sfn|Cummings|2020|p=19}} Seattle and his family, who were occupying nearby Blake Island gathering food, were visited by a party from the [[Vancouver Expedition|Vancouver expedition]].{{Sfn|Cummings|2020|p=19}} Seattle's father, Schweabe, and uncle, [[Kitsap (Suquamish leader)|Kitsap]], may have been the two "chiefs" that Vancouver invited onto his ship.{{Sfn|Cummings|2020|p=19}} Over several days, Vancouver and the Suquamish (who were soon joined by their Duwamish neighbors) interacted extensively, trading goods and observing each other.{{Sfn|Cummings|2020|p=19}} Seattle often talked about this experience later in his life.{{Sfn|Cummings|2020|p=19}} Seattle would also later visit [[Fort Nisqually]] to trade with the [[Hudson's Bay Company]].<ref name="HistoryLink" /> It is likely that these events taking place in his formative years encouraged his fascination with Europeans and their culture.<ref name="HistoryLink" />{{Sfn|Cummings|2020|p=19}}

At some time during his youth, Seattle participated in a traditional coming-of-age ceremony called a [[vision quest]] ({{Langx|lut|ʔalacut|links=no}}). His nobility was affirmed by the reception of a powerful [[spirit power]], the [[Thunderbird (mythology)|thunderbird]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Suquamish" /> In the traditional religion of the peoples of southern Puget Sound, having a strong spirit power is a symbol of strength, purity, and prestige.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Marian W. |author-link=Marian Smith |title=The Puyallup-Nisqually |publisher=AMS Press |year=1940 |isbn=9780231896849 |location=New York |publication-date=1969 |pages=56–57 |doi=10.7312/smit94070 |lccn=73-82360}}</ref> 

Seattle married into Duwamish families from {{Langx|lut|t̕uʔəlalʔtxʷ|label=none}}, a significant village at the mouth of the Duwamish River, where he took several wives, as expected from a man of his status. He would go on to have several children, the most famous being [[Kikisoblu]], his first child, born to his first wife, Ladalia. She died after the birth of her daughter, but Seattle had three sons and four more daughters through his second wife, Olahl.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Denny1899" />

=== A feared Suquamish warrior ===
As Seattle aged, he earned a reputation as a leader and a strong warrior. In his early 20s, Seattle participated in a coalition war against the [[Cowichan peoples]] of [[Vancouver Island]] led by his uncle Kitsap.<ref name=":0" /> Around 1810, Seattle led an ambush against a group of raiders in five canoes coming down the [[Green River (Duwamish River tributary)|Green River]]. Seattle's raiding party killed or enslaved the occupants of three canoes and sent the remaining two canoes back as a warning.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Suquamish" /> Seattle also led a raid against the [[Klallam people|S'Klallam people]] on the [[Olympic Peninsula]] and may have also led further raids against the [[Snoqualmie people]] as well. Coast Salish peoples historically practiced slavery, and, like many of his contemporaries, Seattle enslaved people whom he had captured during his raids, further increasing his prestige.<ref name=":0" /><ref>David M. Buerge (2017) ''Chief Seattle and the Town That Took His Name: The Change of Worlds for the Native People and Settlers on Puget Sound'' page 55, 60-61 {{ISBN|978-1632171351}}</ref>

By 1833, he had become known to the staff of Fort Nisqually as {{Langx|fr|Le Gros|lit=the big guy|label=none}}. He was seen as an intelligent and formidable leader, owing to his strong voice and towering physique, standing nearly {{convert|6|ft|spell=in}} tall. Francis Herron, the Chief Trader at the fort, considered him important and dangerous and requested him to sign a treaty forswearing murder. In 1837, however, Seattle murdered a [[Skykomish people|Skykomish]] shaman. The new Chief Trader, William Kittson, hoped that the Suquamish would kill him; however, they continued to value him as a leader.<ref name=":0" /> 

In 1841, Seattle led a raid on the village of {{Langx|lut|ʔilalqʷuʔ|label=none}}, located near modern-day [[Auburn, Washington|Auburn]] at the former confluence of the Green and White rivers. The raid was in retaliation for a murder committed by someone from the village, and it crippled the village. Later, in 1847, he was part of the leadership of the Suquamish war against the [[Chimakum|Chemakum]], who were decimated and effectively wiped out following the war. However, one of his sons was killed in battle with the Chemakum, leading Seattle to seek baptism into the [[Catholic Church]] around 1848. Seattle was probably baptized by the [[Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate]] in [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]], where he chose the baptismal name of Noah after [[Noah|the prophet of the same name]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Friendship with American settlers ===
[[Image:NoahSealth.jpg|thumb|Statue of Chief Seattle, 1908 by James When, [[Tilikum Place]], Seattle, Washington. The statue is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].|312x312px]]After the death of his son and his conversion to [[Christianity]], Seattle began to seek cooperation with American settlers, retiring from fighting. He welcomed pioneers, inviting them to settle and trade with his people. Seattle began seeking contacts with businessmen and community leaders and gained a reputation as a "friend of the whites" among settlers.<ref name="HistoryLink" /><ref name=":0" /> Seattle and the Duwamish helped many early American settlers, guiding them along the Duwamish River and its tributaries, providing them with safe transportation, and helped clear forests for the cultivation of crops, and provided labor in early sawmills and farms.<ref name="Duwamish" />

Seattle was eventually contacted by [[Isaac Stevens]], the first Territorial Governor of Washington Territory, who recognized Seattle's prominence among his people. Seattle would go on to be the first signature on the 1855 [[Treaty of Point Elliott|Treaty of Point Elliot]] for the Suquamish, and all the peoples of the Duwamish River's watershed, including the Duwamish, [[Sammamish people|Sammamish]], [[Stkamish]], [[Smulkamish]], and [[Skopamish]] peoples, authorizing the cession of roughly 2.5 million acres of land to the United States.<ref name="HistoryLink" /><ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Lane|1973|p=34}} It has been argued that Seattle had no authority to sign the treaties for the peoples of the upriver Duwamish River according to traditional governance, and that he and others did not realize governor Stevens' desire to alter the indigenous political systems and control the native population.{{Sfn|Lane|1973|p=35-36}}

The unpopular treaties caused many Duwamish to renounce Seattle's leadership. Alongside many other tribes, the Duwamish participated in the [[Puget Sound War]], a part of the broader [[Yakima War|Yakima Indian War]]. Despite this, Seattle supported the Americans in the conflict, providing them with valuable military intelligence.<ref name=":0" /> Seattle warned the American settlers of the impending attack and brought as many people as he could away from the fighting to the Port Madison reservation.<ref name="HistoryLink" /> After the war's conclusion with the defeat of Native forces, Seattle tried to help his people regain their footing and sought clemency for the Native leaders in the war, such as [[Leschi (Nisqually)|Leschi]].<ref name=":0" /> One reason for the war was the unratified treaty and illegal enforcement, so Seattle continuously advocated for the final ratification of the treaties.<ref name="HistoryLink" /><ref name=":0" /> He also tried to stop slave murder and curtail the influence of alcohol on the [[Port Madison Indian Reservation|Port Madison Reservation]]; he continued to try to resolve disputes elsewhere.<ref name=":0" />

Seattle continued to seek relationships with American settlers, eventually gaining relationships with [[David Swinson Maynard|Doc Maynard]], William De Shaw, and George Meigs, who all helped Seattle further his goals in helping the local Native and Settler populations. Despite his friendships with the Americans, the town forced Seattle to leave the city that bore his name in 1865 after the [[Town of Seattle Ordinance No. 5]] banned all Native Americans from the town unless housed and employed by a white settler. Seattle then moved to the Suquamish Reservation, but continued to visit the city often both to visit his American friends and gather with other Native Americans in temporary waterfront campsites.<ref name=":0" />

The Suquamish people, with whom Seattle eventually settled, continued to take care of Seattle and recognized him as their leader until his death, bringing him food and water to his house.<ref name="HistoryLink" /> Seattle died June 7, 1866, on the Port Madison Reservation after suffering from a brief yet severe fever.<ref name="HistoryLink" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title = The Many Speeches of Chief Seattle (Seathl): The Manipulation of the Record on Behalf of Religious Political and Environmental Causes|last = Gifford|first = Eli|year = 2015|isbn = 978-1-5187-4949-0|pages = 38–39| publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform }}</ref> His funeral was conducted with both Catholic and Suquamish traditions, and he was buried on the Port Madison Reservation. Although he was mourned locally on the reservation and by his friend and sawmill owner George Meigs, no other pioneers of the city of Seattle attended his funeral, and no newspaper covered the event. However, years after his death, in 1890, some early Seattle historians and pioneers visited his gravesite, adding a stone marker to the grave.<ref name="HistoryLink" />

==Chief Seattle's speech==
{{wikisource|Chief Seattle's Speech}}{{main|Chief Seattle's speech}}
In 1854, Seattle gave a speech, delivered in his native language of Lushootseed, to Isaac Stevens, during a visit to the city of Seattle. A pioneer, [[Henry A. Smith]], had attended the meeting and taken notes of the speech. Thirty-three years later, in 1887, a text was reconstructed from Smith's notes and published in the ''[[The Seattle Star|Seattle Sunday Star]].'' Smith's version of the speech was "necessarily filtered", "embellished", and created from Smith's "incomplete" notes, according to historian [[Walt Crowley]]. There is no corroboration for the exact words of the speech, but Smith's reconstruction is plausible, albeit embellished. Smith's speech reconstruction has been lauded as "a powerful, bittersweet plea for respect of Native American rights and environmental values."<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Crowley |first=Walt |author-link=Walt Crowley |date=1999-06-28 |title=Chief Seattle's Speech |url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1427 |access-date=July 1, 2007 |publisher=[[HistoryLink]]}}</ref>

In 1929, Clarence C. Bagley printed a version of the speech in his ''History of King County'', adding "Dead -- I say? There is no death. Only a change of worlds" to the end of the speech. Bagley's version became popular, circulating in environmentalist pamphlets and other works. The work was further modified by William Arrowsmith and Ted Perry, who added their own text additions. These versions influenced environmentalists and Native American rights activists in the 1960s.<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
[[Image:Chief Seattle tombstone.jpg|thumb|Closeup of Chief Seattle's tombstone in Suquamish, Washington]]
[[Image:Chief Seattle gravesite.jpg|thumb|Chief Seattle's gravesite on the Port Madison Indian Reservation in Suquamish, Washington]]As Seattle was highly famous to both early pioneers and modern residents, as well as a constant figure in the mythos of Seattle's founding, Chief Seattle's legacy has been preserved in many ways. Seattle's grave site, at the Suquamish Tribal Cemetery,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.suquamish.nsn.us/
|title=Suquamish Culture
|access-date=July 1, 2007
|publisher=Suquamish Tribe}}</ref> has been turned into a monument to him and his life. In 1890, a group of Seattle pioneers led by [[Arthur A. Denny|Arthur Denny]] set up the monument over his grave, with the inscription ''"SEATTLE Chief of the Suqampsh and Allied Tribes, Died June 7, 1866. The Firm Friend of the Whites, and for Him the City of Seattle was Named by Its Founders."'' On the reverse is the inscription "''Baptismal name, Noah Sealth, Age probably 80 years."''<ref name="Denny1899" /> The site was restored, and a native sculpture was added in 1976 and again in 2011.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Several of Seattle's descendants also gained fame in their own right. Kikisoblu, also known as Angeline, was his most famous child and well-known to the residents of early Seattle, where she lived until her death in 1896. His son Jim became the leader of the Suquamish for a time, but was unpopular and was replaced in favor of a prominent leader of the Catholic Suquamish community, Jacob Wahalchu.<ref name="HistoryLink" /> A Duwamish grandniece of his, [[Rebecca Lena Graham]], is also notable for her successful inheritance claim following the Graham v. Matthias, 63 F. 523 (1894) case.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagodinsky |first=Katrina |title=Legal Codes and Talking Trees: Indigenous Women's Sovereignty in the Sonoran and Puget Sound Borderlands, 1854-1946 |date=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-22081-0 |series=The Lamar Series in Western History |location=New Haven, CT |pages=134}}</ref>

Two statues of Seattle were created in his honor by James A. Wehn. A bronze bust, located in [[Pioneer Square, Seattle|Pioneer Square]], was made in 1909, and a full statue, located in the [[Denny Triangle, Seattle|Denny Triangle]], was made in 1912.<ref name="HistoryLink" />

The city of [[Seattle]] and numerous other institutions relating to the city are named after him. Other things are named after Seattle as well, including:

* [[Chief Sealth Trail]] in southern Seattle<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Sealth Trail |url=http://www.traillink.com/trail/chief-sealth-trail.aspx |access-date=February 12, 2012 |website=TrailLink}}</ref>
* A B-17E [[Flying Fortress]], SN# 41-2656 named ''Chief Seattle'', a so-called "presentation aircraft", was funded by bonds purchased by the citizens of Seattle. Flying with the [[435th Bombardment Squadron]] out of [[Port Moresby]], it was lost with its 10-man crew on August 14, 1942.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salecker |first1=Gene E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlHUI_wWgGAC&q=435TH+BOMB+SQUADRON&pg=PA415 |title="Chief Seattle" and Crew |last2=Salecker |first2=E. |date=October 9, 2007 |publisher=Hachette Books |isbn=9780306817151 |access-date=December 27, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Gene Eric Salecker |title=Fortress Against the Sun |publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] |year=2001 |id=978-1580970495}}</ref>
* [[Chief Seattle (fireboat)|MV ''Chief Seattle'']], one of the four fireboats operated by the Seattle Fire Department
* [[MV Sealth]], an [[Issaquah-class ferry|Issaquah-class]] ferryboat operated by [[Washington State Ferries]].
* [[Camp Sealth]], a non-profit summer camp operated by the American youth organization [[Camp Fire (organization)|Camp Fire]]

Several festivals and holidays are celebrated in his honor. The Suquamish Tribe hosts a festival in the third year of August called "Chief Seattle Days."{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] commemorates the life of Seattle on June 7 in its [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Calendar of Saints]]. The [[liturgical color]] for the day is white.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2006 |title=The Church Year |url=http://www.renewingworship.org/ELW/content/PDF/ChurchYear_asm_20060119.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908112753/http://www.renewingworship.org/ELW/content/PDF/ChurchYear_asm_20060119.pdf |archive-date=September 8, 2006 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |website=Renewing Worship}}</ref>

[[Soundgarden]], a Seattle rock band, covered the [[Black Sabbath]] song, "[[Into the Void (Black Sabbath song)|Into the Void]]" replacing the lyrics with the words from what was alleged to be Chief Seattle's speech.

==See also==
* [[Duwamish people]]

* [[Duwamish Tribe]]
* [[Suquamish people]]

*[[Battle of Seattle (1856)]]
*[[History of Seattle before 1900]]
*[[Chief Sealth High School|Chief Sealth International High School]]
*[[Suquamish Museum and Cultural Center]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book |last=Cummings |first=BJ |title=The River That Made Seattle - A Human and Natural History of the Duwamish |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=9780295747439 |location=Seattle}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lane |first=Barbara |url=https://www.msaj.com/_files/ugd/aad22c_a2ba06e8150840adb06b1053ce405f98.pdf |title=Anthropological Report on the Identity and Treaty Status of the Muckleshoot Indians |year=1973}}
* {{Cite book |last=Waterman |first=T.T. |author-link=T.T. Waterman |title=sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geography |publisher=Lushootseed Press |year=2001 |isbn=979-8750945764 |editor-last=Hilbert |editor-first=Vi |editor-link=Vi Hilbert |location= |pages= |language=en |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first2=Jay |editor-link2=Jay Miller (anthropologist) |editor-last3=Zahir |editor-first3=Zalmai}}

==Further reading==
* Lakw'alas (Thomas R. Speer), The Life of Seattle, 'Chief Seattle', Duwamish Tribal Services board of directors, for the Duwamish Tribe, July 22, 2004.
* [[Murray Morgan]], ''Skid Road'', 1951, 1960, and other reprints, {{ISBN|0-295-95846-4}}.
* William C. ("Bill") Speidel, ''Doc Maynard, The Man Who Invented Seattle'', Nettle Creek Publishing Company, Seattle, 1978.
* [http://www.chiefseattle.com/history/chiefseattle/chief.htm Chief Seattle bio], Chief Seattle Arts, accessed online 2009-02-23.
*{{cite book|last=The Suquamish Museum|title=The Eyes of Chief Seattle|year=1985|publisher=Suquamish Museum|location=Suquamish, WA}}
*{{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Warren|title=The World of Chief Seattle, How Can One Sell the Air?|year=2001|publisher=Native Voices|location=Summertown, TN|isbn=1-57067-095-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofchiefseat0000jeff/page/127 127]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofchiefseat0000jeff/page/127}}
*{{cite news|last1=Fox|first1=Emily|title=A rare move by Chief Seattle changed the future of the city|url=http://kuow.org/post/rare-move-chief-seattle-changed-future-city|agency=[[KUOW-FM]]|publisher=KUOW Puget Sound Public Radio|date=December 11, 2017}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chief Seattle}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101201003911/http://suquamish.org/Museum.aspx Suquamish Museum & Cultural Center]
*[http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/buerge2.html Chief Seattle and Chief Joseph: From Indians to Icons] - University of Washington Library
*[http://www.seeattle.com/twins/usa_washington_suquamish_chiefseattlegrave.php Chief Seattle grave (The Traveling Twins videoclip)]
*{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Seattle|year=1900 |short=x |notaref=x}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Wild West}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seattle, Chief}}
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[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Native American people]]
[[Category:19th-century Native American people]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Duwamish]]
[[Category:History of Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest]]
[[Category:History of King County, Washington]]
[[Category:History of Seattle]]
[[Category:Native American environmentalists]]
[[Category:American environmentalists]]
[[Category:Native American history of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
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[[Category:Native American slave owners]]
[[Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar]]