Editing Chinstrap penguin

{{short description|Species of penguin}}
{{other uses of|Chinstrap}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Chinstrap penguin
| image = South Shetland-2016-Deception Island–Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 04.jpg
| image_caption = [[Deception Island]], [[South Shetland Islands]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=''Pygoscelis antarcticus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697761A184807209 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697761A184807209.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Pygoscelis
| species = antarcticus
| authority = ([[Johann Reinhold Forster|Forster]], 1781)
| synonyms =
* ''Aptenodytes antarctica'' <small>Forster, 1781</small>
* ''Pygoscelis antarctica'' <small>[[Graham Turbott|Turbott]], 1990</small>

| range_map = Pygoscelis antarcticus map.svg

}}

The '''chinstrap penguin''' ('''''Pygoscelis antarcticus''''') is a species of [[penguin]] that inhabits a variety of islands and shores in the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Oceans. Its name stems from the narrow black band under its head, which makes it appear as if it were wearing a black helmet.<ref name="nationalgeographic">{{cite news |title=Chinstrap Penguin Facts |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/c/chinstrap-penguin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218141819/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/c/chinstrap-penguin/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 18, 2019 |access-date=17 February 2019 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> Other common names include '''ringed penguin''', '''bearded penguin''', and '''stonecracker penguin''', due to its loud, harsh call.<ref name="ultimate">{{cite book |last1=De Roy |first1=Tui |last2=Jones |first2=Mark |last3=Cornthwaite |first3=Julie |title=Penguins: The Ultimate Guide |year= 2014 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0691162997 |pages=206–207 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=489wCQAAQBAJ |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
This species was originally given the [[binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] ''Aptenodytes antarctica'' by [[Johann Reinhold Forster]] in 1781, thereby placing it in the same [[genus]] as the [[King penguin|king]] and [[emperor penguin|emperor]] penguins. In 1990, [[Graham Turbott]] transferred this species into the genus ''Pygoscelis'', together with the [[Adélie penguin|Adélie]] and [[gentoo penguin|gentoo]] penguins. This gave it the new name ''P. antarctica''. However, this is an orthographic error due to the disagreement in Latin grammar between ''antarctica'' and its assigned genus. The corrected form, ''P. antarcticus'', is the currently accepted name for this species.<ref>''Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis'' 3 (1780): [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=186 134], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=193 141], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=205 pl.4].</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Pygoscelis antarctica trying to get to iceberg.wmv.OGG|thumb|Video showing various behaviours, Antarctica]]
The chinstrap penguin grows to a length of {{convert|68|–|76|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a weight of {{convert|3.2|–|5.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, with the weight varying with the time of year.<ref name="ultimate"/> Males are [[sexual dimorphism|greater in weight and height than females]].<ref name="antarctica">{{cite web |title=Chinstrap penguins |url=http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/penguins/chinstrap-penguins |website=Australian Antarctic Division |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>

The adult chinstrap's flippers are black with a white edge; the inner sides of the flippers are white. The face is white extending behind the eyes, which are reddish brown; the chin and throat are white, as well, while the short bill is black. The strong legs and the webbed feet are pink. Its short, stumpy legs give it a distinct waddle when it walks. The chinstrap penguin's black back and white underside provide camouflage in the form of [[countershading]] when viewed from above or below, helping to avoid detection by its predators.<ref name ="LPZChinstrapPenguin"/>

== Distribution ==
Chinstrap penguins have a circumpolar distribution. They breed in [[Antarctica]], [[Argentina]], [[Bouvet Island]], [[Chile]], the [[French Southern Territories]], and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]. Vagrant individuals have been found in [[New Zealand]], the islands of [[Saint Helena]] and Tristan da Cunha, and South Africa.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />

== Ecology ==
The diet of the chinstrap penguin consists of small [[fish]], [[krill]], [[shrimp]], and [[squid]], which they swim up to {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} offshore each day to obtain. The chinstrap penguin's tightly packed feathers provide a waterproof coat, enabling it to swim in freezing waters. Additionally, thick [[blubber]] deposits and intricate [[blood vessel]]s in the flippers and legs assist in the preservation of heat.<ref name="LPZChinstrapPenguin">{{cite web |url=http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/chinstrap-penguin |publisher=Lincoln Park Zoo |title=Chinstrap Penguin Fact Sheet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322204906/http://www.lpzoo.org/animal/chinstrap-penguin |archive-date=2016-03-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The main predator of the chinstrap penguin at sea is the [[leopard seal]] (''Hydrurga leptonyx''). Every year, the leopard seal causes the chinstrap's population to decrease by about 5% to 20%. On land, the [[brown skua]] (''Stercorarius antarcticus''), [[south polar skua]] (''Stercorarius maccormicki''), and [[southern giant petrel]] (''Macronectes giganteus'') are the primary predators of the penguin. These three species most often prey on eggs and young chinstrap penguins. The [[Antarctic fur seal]] is also known to occasionally kill chinstrap penguins.<ref name="natural">{{cite book |last1=Borboroglu |first1=Pablo Garcia |last2=Boersma |first2=P. D. |title=Penguins: Natural History and Conservation |year= 2015 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0295999067 |pages=52–72 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aX-0CgAAQBAJ |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>

== Behaviour ==
[[File:OrneHarbor40.JPG|thumb|Chinstrap penguin colony near [[Orne Harbor]], [[Antarctic Peninsula]]]]
[[File:Manchot 01.jpg|thumb|Adult with juveniles]]
On land, they build circular nests from stones, and lay two eggs, which are incubated by both the male and the female for shifts  around 6 days each. The chicks hatch after around 37 days, and have fluffy grey backs and white fronts. The chicks stay in the nest for 20–30 days before they go to join other chicks in a [[Crèche (zoology)|crèche]]. Around 50–60 days old, they moult, gaining their adult feathers and go to sea.<ref name="newzealand" />

Chinstrap penguins are generally considered to be the most aggressive and ill-tempered species of penguin.<ref name="newzealand">{{cite web |last1=Ellenbroek |first1=B. |title=Chinstrap penguin |url=http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/chinstrap-penguin#bird-photos |website=New Zealand Birds Online |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>

Chinstrap penguins microsleep over 10,000 times a day and accomplish this in 4 second bouts of sleep. The sleep can be both bihemispheric and unihemispheric [[slow-wave sleep]]. The penguins accumulate over 11 hours of sleep for each hemisphere daily.<ref name="chinstrap sleep">{{cite journal |last1=Libourel |first1=P.-A. |last2=Lee |first2=W. Y. |last3=Achin |first3=I. |last4=Chung |first4=H. |last5=Kim |first5=J. |last6=Massot |first6=B. |last7=Rattenborg |first7=N. C. |title=Nesting chinstrap penguins accrue large quantities of sleep through seconds-long microsleeps |journal=Science |date=December 2023 |volume=382 |issue=6674 |pages=1026–1031 |doi=10.1126/science.adh0771 |doi-access=free |pmid=38033080 |bibcode=2023Sci...382.1026L }}</ref>

=== Roy and Silo ===
{{Main|Roy and Silo}}
In 2004, two male chinstrap penguins named [[Roy and Silo]] in [[Central Park Zoo]], [[New York City]], formed a [[pair bond]] and took turns trying to "hatch" a rock, for which a keeper eventually substituted a fertile egg, and the pair subsequently hatched and raised the chick.<ref>{{cite news|last=Driscoll|first=Emily V.|title=Bisexual Species: Unorthodox Sex in the Animal Kingdom|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bisexual-species&sc=rss|access-date=22 April 2012|newspaper=Scientific American|date=10 July 2008}}</ref> Penguins by nature hatch eggs and are social creatures. The children's book ''[[And Tango Makes Three]]'' was written based on this event.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1799196,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103180449/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1799196,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 3, 2006 |title=Gay icon causes a flap by picking up a female |publisher=Times Online |first=James |last=Bone |date=27 September 2005 |access-date=31 March 2009}}</ref>

== Conservation status ==
In 2018, the IUCN estimated that the population of chinstrap penguins was around 8 million specimens. Although it is believed to be decreasing overall, its population is not severely fragmented and in many sites it is increasing or stable. The species is classified as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] as of 2016, due to its large range and population, following five previous assessments of the same status from 2004 to 2012 and three assessments as "unknown" from 1988 to 2000.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />

The chinstrap penguin is primarily threatened by [[climate change]]. In several parts of its range, climate change decreases the abundance of krill, which likely makes reproduction less successful. For instance, a 2019 expedition to breeding grounds on [[Elephant Island]] showed a fifty percent population decline in just under fifty years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.audubon.org/news/antarcticas-most-numerous-penguin-has-suffered-huge-declines-expedition-finds|title=Antarctica's Most Numerous Penguin Has Suffered Huge Declines, Expedition Finds|last=Stryker|first=Noah|date=2020-02-10|website=Audubon|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-11/number-of-chinstrap-penguins-in-antarctica-has-fallen-sharply/11955300|title=Chinstrap penguin colonies in Antarctica suffer '77pc decline since last survey'|date=2020-02-11|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> Other potential threats include volcanic events<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liversage |first=Sian |date=June 27, 2020 |title=Chinstrap Penguins: Risking Their Lives on Zavodovski Island |url=https://www.penguinsinternational.org/2020/06/27/chinstrap-penguins-risking-their-lives-on-zavodovski-island/}}</ref> and the fishing of krill by humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Strycker |first1=Noah |last2=Wethington |first2=Michael |last3=Borowicz |first3=Alex |last4=Forrest |first4=Steve |last5=Witharana |first5=Chandi |last6=Hart |first6=Tom |last7=Lynch |first7=Heather J. |date=2020-11-10 |title=A global population assessment of the Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19474 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7655846 |pmid=33173126|bibcode=2020NatSR..1019474S }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pygoscelis antarcticus}}
{{Wikispecies|Pygoscelis antarcticus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070328224818/http://www.70south.com/resources/antarctic-animals/antarctic-penguins/chinstrappenguin 70south.com: information on chinstrap penguins]
* [http://www.thomasoneil.com/species2.php?n=63 Chinstrap penguin images]
* [http://www.penguinworld.com/types/chinstrap.html Penguin World: chinstrap penguins]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114535/http://www.animalsandearth.com/tag/Chinstrap+Penguin Animals and Earth – photos for conservation, science, education and you – chinstrap penguin photos]

{{Penguins}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q126643}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Penguins|Chinstrap]]
[[Category:Pygoscelis|Chinstrap penguin]]
[[Category:Birds of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Birds of the Southern Ocean]]
[[Category:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Birds of subantarctic islands]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1781|Chinstrap penguin]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]