Editing Chiroxiphia

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Prachtpipra (Chiroxiphia pareola) 02.jpg 
| image_caption = [[Blue-backed manakin]] (''Chiroxiphia pareola'')
| taxon = Chiroxiphia
| authority = [[Jean Cabanis|Cabanis]], 1847
| type_species = ''[[Blue manakin|Pipra caudata]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=104 |title= Pipridae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-24}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = Shaw, 1793
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
*''[[Chiroxiphia galeata]]''
*''[[Chiroxiphia bokermanni]]''
*''[[Chiroxiphia lanceolata]]''
*''[[Chiroxiphia linearis]]''
*''[[Chiroxiphia pareola]]''
*''[[Chiroxiphia boliviana]]''
*''[[Chiroxiphia caudata]]''
}}

'''''Chiroxiphia''''' is one of several [[genus|genera]] of [[manakin]]s, small song birds of [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]].

The male [[plumage]] is a striking combination of black and bright blue. The crown is red, except in the yellow-crowned ''C. pareola regina''. Females are comparably dull olive-greenish overall. Juveniles of both sexes resemble the adult female. As the male plumage takes several years to complete, individuals showing a level of intermediacy between full adult male and female-like juveniles are commonly seen (in particular female-plumaged birds with red, or yellow in ''C. pareola regina'', crowns).

Manakins of the genus ''Chiroxiphia'' have an unusual [[mating system]], based on female [[mate choice]]. In order to mate successfully, males have to form partnerships with another male.  The two males co-operate in an elaborate courtship dance, and sing a joint [[bird song|song]] (called a ''duet'') at one of many traditionally fixed mating sites; the area where mating takes place can be described as an exploded [[lek (animal behavior)|lek]]. In some species such as the [[blue manakin]], these partnerships typically consist of three males. Females attend a number of these courtship sites, observing the male displays and eventually allow a male at one of the sites to mate.

The males can typically be designated alpha and beta, since there is a clear [[dominance hierarchy|dominance]] relationship between them. There is only ever one alpha male, but, depending on species, there may be one or two beta males. Beta males are sometimes sub-adults - easily recognized, as their plumage retain female-like characters. Only the alpha male is ever seen to mate with the female.

As in other manakins, males play no part in the care of the young.

Another genus, ''Antilophia'' was introduced in 1850 by the German naturalist [[Ludwig Reichenbach]] to accommodate the [[helmeted manakin]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Reichenbach | first=Ludwig | author-link=Ludwig Reichenbach | year=1850 | title=Avium Systema Naturale | publisher=Expedition Vollständigsten Naturgeschichte | language=German | location=Dresden and Leipzig | at=Plate LXIII | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47618489 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Traylor | editor-first=Melvin A. Jr | author-link=Melvin Alvah Traylor Jr. | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=8 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology  | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=254 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14501031}}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ''antios'' meaning "different" with ''lophoeis'' meaning "crested".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=50 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n50/mode/1up }}</ref> Until the discovery of the [[Araripe manakin]], the helmeted manakin was the only known member of the genus ''[[Antilophia]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Freitas Marçal|first=Bráulio|date=2019|title=Non-monogamous mating system and evidence of lekking behaviour in the helmeted manakin (Aves: Pipridae)|journal=Journal of Natural History|volume=53|issue=39–40|pages=2479–2488|doi=10.1080/00222933.2019.1704899|bibcode=2019JNatH..53.2479M |s2cid=213294370}}</ref> In the taxonomic revision to create monotypic genera, all two species of ''Antilophia'' was reclassified to ''Chiroxiphia''.<ref name=ioc/> They are the only two species of manakin with dichromatic (two-coloured) male plumage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Freitas Marçal|first1=Bráulio|last2=Esteves Lopes|first2=Leonardo|date=2019|title=Breeding biology of the Helmeted Manakin ''Antilophia galeata'' in an ecotone between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado|journal=Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia|volume=27|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1007/BF03544440|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Species==
The genus contains the following seven species:<ref name=ioc>{{IOC birdlist|14.1}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common Name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Antilophia galeata -Reserva Ambiental, Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brasil -male-8 (1).jpg|120px]] || ''Chiroxiphia galeata''  || [[Helmeted manakin]] ||  Brazil; also northeast Paraguay, and a border region of northeast Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Araripe Manakin (2).jpg|120px]] || ''Chiroxiphia bokermanni''  || [[Araripe manakin]]|| Brazil
|-
|[[File:Lance-tailed Manakin (14700946111).jpg|120px]] || ''Chiroxiphia lanceolata'' || [[Lance-tailed manakin]] ||  from Costa Rica to northern Venezuela.
|-
|[[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Long-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis).jpg|120px]] || ''Chiroxiphia linearis''|| [[Long-tailed manakin]] ||  Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua
|-
|[[File:Prachtpipra (Chiroxiphia pareola) 02.jpg|120px]] ||''Chiroxiphia pareola'' || [[Blue-backed manakin]]||  southern Colombia, eastern Venezuela, the Guyanas, northeast Brazil, the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru; and in Tobago.
|-
|[[File:Yungas Manakin (Chiroxiphia boliviana).jpg|120px]] || ''Chiroxiphia boliviana'' || [[Yungas manakin]] ||  Yungas of southeastern Peru and Bolivia.  
|-
|[[File:Chiroxiphia caudata-2.jpg|120px]] || ''Chiroxiphia caudata'' || [[Blue manakin]] ||  south-eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and far north-eastern Argentina. 
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Trainer, J. M., McDonald, D. B., & Learn, W. A. (2002).  The development of coordinated singing in cooperatively displaying long-tailed manakins.  ''Behavioral Ecology, 13'', 65–69.

{{Passeriformes|T.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q691241}}

[[Category:Chiroxiphia| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jean Cabanis]]


{{pipridae-stub}}