Editing Choco languages

{{Short description|Language family of Colombia and Panama}}
{{distinguish|Xocó language}}
{{Infobox language family
| name          = Chocoan
| region        = [[Colombia]] and [[Panama]]
| familycolor   = American
| family        = One of the world's primary [[language family|language families]]
| glotto        = choc1280
| glottorefname = Chocoan
| child1        = [[Emberá languages|Emberá]]
| child2        = ''[[Wounaan language|Waunana]]''
| map           = Choco languages.png
| mapcaption    = 
}}
[[File:EduardoCoteLamusRioSanJuan1958.jpg|thumb|230px|Poet and politician Eduardo Cote Lamus on his journey in [[San Juan River (Colombia)|Río San Juan]] (Choco, Colombia) in 1958 with some of the people speaking Choco languages]]

The '''Choco languages''' (also '''Chocoan''', '''Chocó''', '''Chokó''') are a small family of [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous languages]] spread across [[Colombia]] and [[Panama]].

==Family division==
Choco consists of six known branches, all but two of which are extinct.

*The [[Emberá languages]] (also known as Chocó proper, Cholo)
* [[Noanamá language|Noanamá]] (also known as Waunana, Woun Meu)
* [[Sinúfana language|Sinúfana]] (Cenufara) {{extinct}} ?
* [[Anserma language|Anserma]] {{extinct}}
* [[Caramanta language|Caramanta]] {{extinct}} 
* ? [[Arma language|Arma]] {{extinct}} (unattested)

At least Anserma, Arma, and Caramant are [[extinct language|extinct]].

The Emberá group consists of two languages mainly in Colombia with over 60,000 speakers that lie within a fairly [[mutually intelligible]] [[dialect continuum]]. [[Ethnologue]] divides this into six languages. Kaufman (1994) considers the term ''Cholo'' to be vague and condescending. Noanamá has some 6,000 speakers on the Panama-Colombia border.

===Jolkesky (2016)===
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas]''. Ph.D. dissertation, [[University of Brasília]].</ref>

({{extinct}} = extinct)

{{tree list}}
* '''Choko'''
** ''[[Waunana language|Waunana]]''
** Embera
*** Southern
**** ''[[Baudo language|Embera Baudo]]''
**** ''[[Chami language|Embera Chami]]''
**** ''[[Eperara language|Epena]]''
*** Northern
**** ''[[Katio language|Embera Katio]]''
**** ''[[Northern Embera language|Embera Darien]]''
{{tree list/end}}

==Language contact==
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the [[Guahibo languages|Guahibo]], [[Kamsa language|Kamsa]], [[Paez language|Paez]], [[Tukano languages|Tukano]], [[Witoto-Okaina languages|Witoto-Okaina]], [[Yaruro language|Yaruro]], [[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]], and [[Bora-Muinane languages|Bora-Muinane]] language families due to contact.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016"/>

Genetic links between Choco and Chibchan had been proposed by Lehmann (1920).<ref>Lehmann, W. (1920). Zentral-Amerika. Teil I. ''Die Sprachen Zentral-Amerikas in ihren Beziehungen zueinander sowie zu Süd-Amerika und Mexico''. Berlin: Reimer.</ref> However, similarities are few, some of which may be related to the adoption of maize cultivation from neighbors.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016"/>{{rp|324}}

==Genetic relations==
Choco has been included in a number of hypothetical phylum relationships:

* within [[Morris Swadesh]]'s [[Macro-Leco]]
* [[Antonio Tovar]], [[Jorge A. Suárez]], and Robert Gunn: related to [[Cariban]]
* [[Čestmír Loukotka]] (1944): Southern Emberá may be related to [[Paezan]], Noanamá to [[Arawakan]]
* within [[Paul Rivet]] and Loukotka's (1950) Cariban
* Constenla Umaña and Margery Peña: may be related to [[Chibchan]]
* within [[Joseph Greenberg]]'s [[Nuclear Paezan]], most closely related to [[Paezan languages|Paezan]] and [[Barbacoan languages|Barbacoan]]
* with [[Yaruro language|Yaruro]] according to Pache (2016)<ref>Pache, Matthias J. 2016. Pumé (Yaruro) and Chocoan: Evidence for a New Genealogical Link in Northern South America. ''Language Dynamics and Change 6'' (2016) 99–155. {{doi|10.1163/22105832-00601001}}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chocó languages.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
! gloss !! Sambú !! Chocó Pr. !! Citara !! Baudo !! Waunana !! Tadó !! Saixa !! Chamí !! Ándagueda !! Catio !! Tukurá !! N'Gvera
|-
! one
| haba || abá ||  ||  || aba || aba || haba || aba || abbá || abba || abá || 
|-
! two
| ome || ume ||  ||  || dáonomi || umé || homé || umé || ómay || tea || unmé || 
|-
! three
| ompea || umpia ||  ||  || dáonatup || kimaris || hompé || umpea || ompayá || umbea || unpia || 
|-
! head
| poro || poro ||  || achiporo || púro || boró || tachi-púro || boró || bóro || buru || porú || 
|-
! eye
| tau || tau || tabú || tau || dága || tau || tau || dáu || tow || dabu || tabú || tapü
|-
! tooth
|  || kida ||  || kida || kida || kidá || xidá || kidá ||  || chida ||  || chida
|-
! man
| amoxina || mukira || umakira ||  || emokoida || mukira || mukína || mugira || mohuná || mukira ||  || 
|-
! water
| pañia || paniá || pania || pania || dó || pania || panía || banía || puneá || panea || pánia || 
|-
! fire
|  || tibua ||  || tibuá || xemkavai || tupuk ||  || tupu || tubechuá || tübü ||  || 
|-
! sun
| pisia || pisiá || umantago || vesea || edau || vesea || áxonihino || umata || emwaiton || humandayo || ahumautu || 
|-
! moon
| edexo || édexo || hidexo || xedeko || xedego || edekoː || átoní || edexo || heydaho || xedeko || xedéko || hedeko
|-
! maize
| pe || pe || paga ||  || pedeu || pe || pe || bé ||  || pe ||  || 
|-
! jaguar
| imama || ibamá || ibamá || imama || kumá || pimamá || imama || imamá ||  || imamá ||  || 
|-
! arrow
| enatruma || halomá || halomá || sia || chókiera || umatruma || sía || ukida ||  || enentiera ||  || 
|}

==Proto-language==
For reconstructions of Proto-Chocó and Proto-Emberá by Constenla and Margery (1991),<ref>Constenla Umaña, Adolfo; Margery Peña, Enrique. (1991). Elementos de fonología comparada Chocó. ''Filología y lingüística'', ''17'', 137-191.</ref> see the corresponding [[:es:Lenguas chocó#Protolengua|Spanish article]].

==See also==
* [[Embera-Wounaan]], who speak the Choco languages, Embera and Wounaan
* [[Quimbaya language]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
* Constenla Umaña, Adolfo; & Margery Peña, Enrique. (1991). Elementos de fonología comparada Chocó. ''Filología y lingüística'', ''17'', 137-191.
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). ''Language in the Americas''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Gunn, Robert D. (Ed.). (1980). ''Claificación de los idiomas indígenas de Panamá, con un vocabulario comparativo de los mismos''. Lenguas de Panamá (No. 7). Panama: Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.
* Loewen, Jacob. (1963). Choco I & Choco II.  ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''29''.
* Licht, Daniel Aguirre. (1999). ''Embera''. Languages of the world/materials 208. LINCOM.
* Mortensen, Charles A. (1999). ''A reference grammar of the Northern Embera languages''. Studies in the languages of Colombia (No.7); SIL publications in linguistics (No. 134). SIL.
*Pinto García, C. (1974/1978). Los indios katíos: su cultura - su lengua. Medellín: Editorial Gran-América.
*Rendón G., G. (2011). La lengua Umbra: Descubrimiento - Endolingüística - Arqueolingüística. Manizales: Zapata.
* Rivet, Paul; & Loukotka, Cestmír. (1950). Langues d'Amêrique du sud et des Antilles. In A. Meillet & M. Cohen (Eds.), ''Les langues du monde'' (Vol. 2). Paris: Champion.
*Sara, S. I. (2002). A tri-lingual dictionary of Emberá-English-Spanish. (Languages of the World/Dictionaries, 38). Munich: Lincom Europa.
* Suárez, Jorge. (1974). South American Indian languages. ''The new Encyclopædia Britannica'' (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
* Swadesh, Morris. (1959). ''Mapas de clasificación lingüística de México y las Américas''. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
* Tovar, Antonio; & Larrucea de Tovar, Consuelo. (1984). ''Catálogo de las lenguas de América del Sur'' (nueva ed.). Madrid: Editorial Gedos. {{ISBN|84-249-0957-7}}.

==External links==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a list of reconstructed forms at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Choco reconstructions|Appendix:Proto-Choco reconstructions]]'''''}}
* Proel: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/choco.htm Familia Chocó]

{{Choco languages}}
{{language families}}
{{South American languages}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Choco languages| ]]
[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Central America]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Northwest]]