Editing Choroid plexus cyst

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| name            = Choroid plexus cyst
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| caption         = Prenatal ultrasound showing a well defined hypoechoic lesion corresponding to a choroid plexus cyst
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| field           = [[Neurosurgery]]
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'''Choroid plexus cysts''' ('''CPCs''') are [[cyst]]s that occur within [[choroid plexus]] of the brain. They are the most common type of intraventricular cyst,<ref name="Pappalado">{{cite journal |last1=Pappalardo |first1=Elisa Maria |last2=Militello |first2=Mariapia |last3=Rapisarda |first3=Giusi |last4=Imbruglia |first4=Laura |last5=Recupero |first5=Stefania |last6=Ermito |first6=Santina |last7=Dinatale |first7=Angela |last8=Carrara |first8=Sabina |last9=Cavaliere |first9=Alessandro |title=Fetal intracranial cysts: prenatal diagnosis and outcome |journal=Journal of Prenatal Medicine |date=2009 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=28–30 |pmid=22439038 |pmc=3279101 }}</ref> occurring in 1% of all pregnancies.<ref name="pmid19098176">{{cite journal |vauthors=Naeini RM, Yoo JH, Hunter JV |title=Spectrum of choroid plexus lesions in children |journal=AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology |volume=192 |issue=1 |pages=32–40 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19098176 |doi=10.2214/ajr.08.1128 |url=}}</ref>

It is believed that many adults have one or more tiny CPCs.<ref name="pmid15832013">{{cite journal |last1=Jeon |first1=Jin Ho |last2=Lee |first2=Sang Weon |last3=Ko |first3=Jun Kyeong |last4=Choi |first4=Byeong Gwan |last5=Cha |first5=Seung Heon |last6=Song |first6=Geun Seong |last7=Choi |first7=Chang Hwa |title=Neuroendoscopic Removal of Large Choroid Plexus Cyst: A Case Report |journal=Journal of Korean Medical Science |date=2005 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=335–9 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2005.20.2.335 |pmid=15832013 |pmc=2808618 }}</ref> The fetal brain may create these cysts as a normal part of development. They are temporary and usually are gone by the 32nd week of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Benacerraf |first1=Beryl R. |last2=Laboda |first2=Lane A. |title=Cyst of the fetal choroid plexus: A normal variant? |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |date=February 1989 |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=319–321 |doi=10.1016/0002-9378(89)90434-1 |pmid=2644832 |s2cid=21224368 }}</ref>

CPCs are a rare cause of intermittent [[hydrocephalus]]. This is caused by a blockage of foramina within the ventricular drainage system of the [[central nervous system]] (CNS), which can lead to expansion of the ventricles, compressing the brain (the cranial cavity cannot expand to accommodate the increase in fluid volume) and possibly causing damage.<ref name="pmid9297582">{{cite journal |last1=Büttner |first1=A. |last2=Winkler |first2=P. A. |last3=Eisenmenger |first3=W. |last4=Weis |first4=S. |s2cid=41162320 |title=Colloid cysts of the third ventricle with fatal outcome: a report of two cases and review of the literature |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |date=10 August 1997 |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=260–266 |doi=10.1007/s004140050082 |pmid=9297582 }}</ref>

==Pathology==
The brain contains pockets or spaces called [[ventricular system|ventricles]] with a spongy layer of cells and blood vessels called the [[choroid plexus]]. This is in the middle of the fetal brain. The choroid plexus has the important function of producing [[cerebrospinal fluid]]. The fluid produced by the cells of the choroid plexus fills the ventricles and then flows around the brain and the spinal cord to provide a cushion of fluid around these structures.{{fact|date=June 2020}}

CPCs can form within this structure and come from fluid trapped within this spongy layer of cells, much like a soap bubble or a blister. CPCs are often called "soft signs" or fetal ultrasound "markers" because some studies have found a weak association between CPCs and fetal chromosome abnormalities.{{fact|date=June 2020}}

Choroid plexus cysts are usually asymptomatic and disappears by 26 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. However, large cysts can cause [[hydrocephalus]].<ref name="pmid19098176"/>

==Genetic causes==
There is a possible association between ultrasound-detected fetal CPCs and [[Trisomy 18]].<ref name="pmid17357350">{{cite journal |last1=Hurt |first1=K |last2=Sottner |first2=O |last3=Záhumenský |first3=J |last4=Halaska |first4=M |last5=Krcmár |first5=M |last6=Driák |first6=D |last7=Zmrhalová |first7=B |last8=Rakovicová |first8=I |title=Cysty chorioidálního plexu a riziko trizomie 18. Modifikace ke vztahu k věku a markerům |trans-title=Choroid plexus cysts and risk of trisomy 18. Modifications regarding maternal age and markers |language=Czech |journal=Česká Gynekologie |date=January 2007 |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=49–52 |pmid=17357350 |url=https://www.cs-gynekologie.cz/casopisy/ceska-gynekologie/2007-1/cysty-choroidalniho-plexu-a-riziko-trizomie-18-modifikace-ve-vztahu-k-veku-a-markerum-3505 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17206726">{{cite journal |last1=Papp |first1=Csaba |last2=Ban |first2=Zoltan |last3=Szigeti |first3=Zsanett |last4=Csaba |first4=Akos |last5=Beke |first5=Artur |last6=Papp |first6=Zoltan |title=Role of second trimester sonography in detecting trisomy 18: A review of 70 cases |journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound |date=February 2007 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=68–72 |doi=10.1002/jcu.20290 |pmid=17206726 |s2cid=23836946 }}</ref>  It is not correlated to the presence of Trisomy 21 ([[Down syndrome]]).<ref name="pmid18085527">{{cite journal |last1=Dagklis |first1=T. |last2=Plasencia |first2=W. |last3=Maiz |first3=N. |last4=Duarte |first4=L. |last5=Nicolaides |first5=K. H. |title=Choroid plexus cyst, intracardiac echogenic focus, hyperechogenic bowel and hydronephrosis in screening for trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology |date=February 2008 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=132–135 |doi=10.1002/uog.5224 |pmid=18085527 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bromley |first1=B. |last2=Lieberman |first2=E. |last3=Benacerraf |first3=B. R. |title=Choroid plexus cysts: not associated with Down syndrome |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology |date=1 October 1996 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=232–235 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-0705.1996.08040232.x |pmid=8916374 |s2cid=10202905 }}</ref> Therefore, [[genetic counseling]] is often recommended to provide more information about fetal CPCs, to answer questions and concerns, and to outline available options such as [[amniocentesis]] or a blood test from the mother.<ref name="pmid17357350"/>

Generally the risks are very low if there are no other risk factors. If no additional abnormalities are detected by a thorough "level II" ultrasound, the likelihood the fetus has trisomy 18 is very low.{{fact|date=June 2020}}

A meta-analysis of 8 studies between 1990 and 2000 with choroid plexus cysts that were identified in second-trimester (an incidence of 1.2%). The incidence of the cysts in women younger than 35 was 1% (n=1017). The study found no cases of trisomy 18 in fetuses with cysts whose mother was younger than 35. The study concluded that "there is no evidence that detection of isolated choroid plexus cyst in women who are <35 years of age increases the risk of trisomy 18".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Demasio |first1=Kafui |last2=Canterino |first2=Joseph |last3=Ananth |first3=Cande |last4=Fernandez |first4=Carlos |last5=Smulian |first5=John |last6=Vintzileos |first6=Anthony |title=Isolated choroid plexus cyst in low-risk women less than 35 years old |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |date=November 2002 |volume=187 |issue=5 |pages=1246–1249 |doi=10.1067/mob.2002.127463 |pmid=12439513 }}</ref>

Other factors which may have a bearing on the baby's chances of developing chromosome problems include:{{fact|date=June 2020}}
* mother's age at the expected date of delivery
* the results of serum screening; XAFP [[triple test]]ing or quad screening
* evidence of other "fetal findings" seen at the time of the ultrasound that may suggest a chromosome problem

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Lun |first1=Melody P. |last2=Monuki |first2=Edwin S. |last3=Lehtinen |first3=Maria K. |title=Development and functions of the choroid plexus–cerebrospinal fluid system |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |date=2015 |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=445–457 |doi=10.1038/nrn3921 |pmid=26174708 |pmc=4629451 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rochon |first1=Meredith |last2=Eddleman |first2=Keith |title=Controversial ultrasound findings |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |date=March 2004 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=61–99 |doi=10.1016/S0889-8545(03)00123-2 |pmid=15062448 }}
*{{cite book |last1=McKinney |first1=Alexander M. |title=Atlas of Normal Imaging Variations of the Brain, Skull, and Craniocervical Vasculature |date=2017 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-39790-0 |pages=177–237 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-39790-0_11 |chapter=Choroid Plexus: Normal Locations and Appearances }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Aktürk |first1=Erhan |last2=Güler |first2=Aşkın Evren |title=Review of fetal choroid plexus cysts: A cross-sectional study on 9244 pregnant women |journal=Journal of Surgery and Medicine |date=26 March 2020 |doi=10.28982/josam.706887 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=DeRoo |first1=TR |last2=Harris |first2=RD |last3=Sargent |first3=SK |last4=Denholm |first4=TA |last5=Crow |first5=HC |title=Fetal choroid plexus cysts: prevalence, clinical significance, and sonographic appearance |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |date=December 1988 |volume=151 |issue=6 |pages=1179–1181 |doi=10.2214/ajr.151.6.1179 |pmid=3055893 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Chitkara |first1=Usha |last2=Cogswell |first2=Carolyn |last3=Norton |first3=Karen |last4=Wilkins |first4=Isabelle A. |last5=Mehalek |first5=Karen |last6=Berkowitz |first6=Richard L. |title=Choroid Plexus Cysts in the Fetus: A Benign Anatomic Variant or Pathologic Entity? Report of 41 Cases and Review of the Literature |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |date=August 1988 |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=185–189 |pmid=3292976 |url=https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/abstract/1988/08000/choroid_plexus_cysts_in_the_fetus__a_benign.9.aspx }}

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|  ICD9            = {{ICD9|348.0}}  
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[[Category:Central nervous system disorders]]