Editing Christopher Langton

{{short description|American computer scientist}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2019}}
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{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Christopher Langton
|image             = Langtonsmall2.png
|image_size        = 
|caption           = Chris Langton at SFI, 1989
|birth_date        = 1948/1949
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|nationality       = American
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|alma_mater        = [[University of Michigan]]
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|notable_students  =
|known_for         = [[Artificial life]] research<br />[[Langton's loops]]<br />[[Langton's ant]]
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|influences        =
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'''Christopher Gale Langton''' (born 1948/49) is an American [[computer scientist]] and one of the founders of the field of [[artificial life]].<ref>Christopher G Langton (1998). ''Artificial life: an overview''. MIT Press. {{ISBN|0-262-62112-6}}.</ref> He coined the term in the late 1980s<ref>Mohan Matthen et al. (2007). ''Philosophy of biology''. Elsevier, 2007. {{ISBN|0-444-51543-7}}. p. 585.</ref> when he organized the first "Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems" (otherwise known as Artificial Life I) at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=0-201-09346-4 |editor=Christopher G. Langton |title=Artificial Life: The proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems, held September, 1987, in Los Alamos, New Mexico |location=Reading, MA |series=Santa Fe Institute studies in the sciences of complexity |volume=6 |year=1989 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/artificiallifepr00inte }}</ref>  Following his time at Los Alamos, Langton joined the [[Santa Fe Institute]] (SFI), to continue his research on artificial life. He left SFI in the late 1990s, and abandoned his work on artificial life, publishing no research since that time.

He was profiled extensively in chapters 6 and 8 of the book Complexity (1993), by M. Mitchell Waldrop.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waldrop |first=M.Mitchell |title=Complexity - The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1993 |isbn=0-671-87234-6}}</ref>

==Artificial life==

Langton made numerous contributions to the field of artificial life, both in terms of simulation and computational models of given problems and to philosophical issues. Early on, he identified the problems of information, computation and reproduction as intrinsically connected with complexity and its basic laws. Inspired by ideas coming from physics, particularly [[phase transition]]s, he developed several key concepts and quantitative measures for [[cellular automata]] and suggested that critical points separating order from disorder could play a very important role in shaping complex systems, particularly in biology. These ideas were also explored simultaneously, albeit with different approximations, by [[James P. Crutchfield]] and [[Per Bak]] among others.

While a graduate student at the [[University of Michigan]], Langton created the [[Langton's ant|Langton ant]] and [[Langton's loops|Langton loop]], both simple artificial life simulations, in addition to his lambda parameter, a dimensionless measure of complexity and computation potential in [[cellular automata]], given by a chosen state divided by all the possible states.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction to the Edge of Chaos|url=http://godel.hws.edu/xJava/CA/EdgeOfChaos.html|access-date=2021-02-27|website=godel.hws.edu}}</ref> For a 2-state, 1-r neighborhood, 1D cellular automata the value is close to 0.5. For a 2-state, [[Moore neighborhood]], 2D cellular automata, like [[Conways Life|Conway's Life]], the value is 0.273.

==Personal life==
Langton is the first-born son of [[Jane Langton]], author of books including the ''Homer Kelly Mysteries''. He has two adult sons: Gabe and Colin. He is an atheist.<ref>"Chris Langton". NNDB.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2024}}

==Major publications==
* Christopher G. Langton. "Artificial Life: An Overview". (Editor), MIT Press, 1995.
* Christopher G. Langton. "Artificial Life III: Proceedings of the Third Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems". (Editor), Addison-Wesley, 1993.
* Christopher G. Langton. "Life at the Edge of Chaos". in "Artificial Life II", Addison-Wesley, 1991.
* Christopher G. Langton. "Artificial Life II: Proceedings of the Second Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems". (Editor), Addison-Wesley, 1991.
* Christopher G. Langton. "Computation at the edge of chaos". ''Physica D'', '''42''', 1990.
* Christopher G. Langton. "Computation at the edge of Chaos: Phase-Transitions and Emergent Computation." Ph.D. Thesis, [[University of Michigan]] (1990).
* Christopher G. Langton. "Is There a Sharp Phase Transition for Deterministic Cellular Automata?", with W.K Wootters, ''Physica D'', '''45''', 1990.
* Christopher G. Langton. "Artificial Life: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems". (Editor), Addison-Wesley, 1988.
* Christopher G. Langton. "Studying Artificial Life with Cellular Automata". ''Physica D'', '''22''', 1986.
* Christopher G. Langton. "Self Reproduction in Cellular Automata". ''Physica  D'', '''10''', 1984.

;About Langton's work
* A. GaJardo, A. Moreira, E. Goles. "Complexity of Langton's Ant". ''Discrete Applied Mathematics'', '''117''', 2002.
* M. Boden. "The Philosophy of Artificial Life". ''Oxford University Press'', 1996.
* Stuart Kauffman. ''Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution''. Oxford University Press, 1993.
* Melanie Mitchell, Peter T. Hraber, and James P. Crutchfield. ''[https://archive.today/20000918124109/http://www.santafe.edu/projects/evca/Papers/rev-edge.html Revisiting the edge of chaos: Evolving cellular automata to perform computations]''. ''Complex Systems'', '''7''':89–130, 1993.
* Melanie Mitchell, James P. Crutchfield and Peter T. Hraber. [https://www.santafe.edu/research/results/working-papers/dynamics-computation-and-the-edge-of-chaos-a-re-ex Dynamics, Computation, and the "Edge of Chaos": A Re-Examination]''
* J. P. Crutchfield and K. Young, "Computation at the Onset of Chaos", in ''Complexity, Entropy and the Physics of Information'', W. Zurek, editor, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, VIII, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts (1990) pp.&nbsp;223–269.

==See also==
* [[Artificial life]]
* [[Langton's loops]]
* [[Langton's ant]]
* [[Cellular automata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://math.hws.edu/xJava/CA/EdgeOfChaos.html Explanation of Langton's Lambda]
*[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/cscs The Swarm development group]

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[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:Cellular automatists]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:Complex systems scientists]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Researchers of artificial life]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:Santa Fe Institute people]]