Editing Citrus

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{About|the fruit|other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = OrangeBloss wb.jpg
| image_caption = [[orange (fruit)|Sweet orange]] (''Citrus × sinensis'' [[cultivar]])
| fossil_range = {{Geological Range|8|0|[[Tortonian]]–Present, 8–0 [[Megaannum|Ma]]|ref=<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus |journal=Nature |date=7 February 2017 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |s2cid=205263645 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>}}
| taxon = Citrus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]
| subdivision =
Ancestral species:<br />
''Citrus maxima'' – [[Pomelo]]<br />
''Citrus medica'' – [[Citron]]<br />
''Citrus reticulata'' – [[Mandarin orange]]<br />
''[[Citrus micrantha]]'' – a [[Papeda (citrus)|papeda]]<br />
''Citrus hystrix'' – [[Kaffir lime]]<br />
''Citrus cavaleriei'' – [[Citrus cavaleriei|Ichang papeda]]<br />
''Citrus japonica'' – [[Kumquat]]
----
Important hybrids:<br />
''Citrus'' × ''aurantiifolia'' – [[Key lime]]<br />
''Citrus'' × ''aurantium'' – [[Bitter orange]]<br />
''Citrus'' × ''latifolia'' – [[Persian lime]]<br />
''Citrus'' × ''limon'' – [[Lemon]]<br />
''Citrus'' × ''limonia'' – [[Rangpur (fruit)|Rangpur]]<br />
''Citrus'' × ''paradisi'' – [[Grapefruit]]<br />
''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'' – [[Orange (fruit)|Sweet orange]]<br />
''Citrus'' × ''tangerina'' – [[Tangerine]]<br />
See also [[List of citrus fruits]].
|synonyms = 
  {{Genus list
  |Aurantium|Mill.
  |Citreum|Mill.
  |×Citrofortunella|J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore
  |×Citroncirus|J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore
  |Citrophorum|Neck.
  |Eremocitrus|Swingle
  |Feroniella|Swingle
  |Fortunella|Swingle
  |Limon|Mill.
  |Microcitrus|Swingle
  |Oxanthera|Montrouz.
  |Papeda|Hassk.
  |Pleurocitrus|Tanaka
  |Poncirus|Raf.
  |Pseudaegle|Miq.
  |Sarcodactilis|C.F.Gaertn.
  }}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO_30022289-2">{{cite web |title=''Citrus'' L&period; |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30022289-2 |access-date=2021-09-10}}</ref>
}}

'''''Citrus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant|flowering]] trees and [[shrub]]s in the family [[Rutaceae]]. Plants in the genus produce '''citrus fruits''', including important [[crops]] such as [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[Mandarin orange|mandarins]], [[lemon]]s, [[grapefruit]]s, [[pomelo]]s, and [[lime (fruit)|limes]].

''Citrus'' is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, [[Melanesia]], and Australia. [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous people]] in these areas have used and domesticated various species since ancient times. Its cultivation first spread into [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]] through the [[Austronesian expansion]] ({{circa|3000}}–1500 BCE). Later, it was spread to the Middle East and the [[Mediterranean]] ({{circa|1200 BCE}}) via the [[incense trade route]], and from Europe to the Americas.

Renowned for their highly fragrant aromas and complex flavor, citrus are among the most popular fruits in cultivation. With a propensity to hybridize between species, making their taxonomy complicated, there are numerous varieties encompassing a wide range of appearance and fruit flavors.

== Evolution ==

=== Evolutionary history ===

The large citrus fruit of today evolved originally from small, edible berries over millions of years. Citrus species began to diverge from a common ancestor about 15 million years ago, at about the same time that ''[[Severinia (plant)|Severinia]]'' (such as the [[Chinese box orange]]) diverged from the same ancestor. About 7 million years ago, the ancestors of ''Citrus'' split into the main genus, ''Citrus'', and the ''Poncirus'' group (such as the [[trifoliate orange]]), which some taxonomies consider a separate genus and others include in ''Citrus''<ref name="citrus taxonomy">{{cite book |chapter=''Citrus'' taxonomy |last1=Ollitrault |first1=Patrick |last2=Curk |first2=Franck |last3=Krueger |first3=Robert |title=The Citrus Genus |editor-last1=Talon |editor-first1=Manuel |editor-last2=Caruso |editor-first2=Marco |editor-last3=Gmitter |editor-first3=Frederick G. Jr. |publisher=Elsevier |date=2020 |pages=57–81 |isbn=978-0-12-812163-4 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo4swEACAAJ&pg=PA57 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8|s2cid=242819146 }}</ref> ''Poncirus''
is closely enough related that it can still be hybridized with all other citrus and used as rootstock. These estimates are made using genetic mapping of plant [[chloroplast]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/04/05/molbev.msv082.full.pdf+html|title=A phylogenetic analysis of 34 chloroplast genomes elucidates the relationships between wild and domestic species within the genus Citrus|date=31 January 2016|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=31 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131222305/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/04/05/molbev.msv082.full.pdf+html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> A DNA study published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 2018 concludes that the genus ''Citrus'' evolved in the foothills of the [[Himalaya]]s, in the area of [[Assam]] (India), western [[Yunnan]] (China), and northern [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Briggs |first=Helen |date=8 February 2018 |title=DNA Story of when life first gave us lemons |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42960445 |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main Citrus cultivars, and selected relevant wild taxa (Fuller et al., 2017).png|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main ''Citrus'' cultivars, and selected relevant wild taxa<ref name="fuller"/>]]

The three ancestral species in the genus ''Citrus'' associated with modern ''Citrus'' cultivars are the [[mandarin orange]], [[pomelo]], and [[citron]]. Almost all of the common commercially important citrus fruits (sweet oranges, [[lemon]]s, grapefruit, limes, and so on) are hybrids between these three species, their main progenies, and other wild ''Citrus'' species within the last few thousand years.<ref name="Wu"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=A genealogy of the citrus family |first1=Riccardo |last1=Velasco |first2=Concetta |last2=Licciardello |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=640–642 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2954 |pmid=25004231 |year=2014 |s2cid=9357494 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Inglese |first1=Paolo |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science |last2=Sortino |first2=Giuseppe |chapter=Citrus History, Taxonomy, Breeding, and Fruit Quality |date=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.221 |isbn=9780199389414}}</ref>

Citrus plants are native to subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, [[Island Southeast Asia]], [[Near Oceania]], and northeastern and central Australia. Domestication of citrus species involved much hybridization and [[introgression]], leaving much uncertainty about when and where domestication first happened.<ref name="Wu">{{cite journal | last1=Wu | first1=Guohong Albert | last2=Terol | first2=Javier | last3=Ibanez | first3=Victoria | last4=López-García | first4=Antonio | last5=Pérez-Román | first5=Estela | last6=Borredá | first6=Carles | last7=Domingo | first7=Concha | last8=Tadeo | first8=Francisco R. | last9=Carbonell-Caballero | first9=Jose | last10=Alonso | first10=Roberto | last11=Curk | first11=Franck | last12=Du | first12=Dongliang | last13=Ollitrault | first13=Patrick | last14=Roose | first14=Mikeal L. | last15=Dopazo | first15=Joaquin | last16=Gmitter | first16=Frederick G. | last17=Rokhsar | first17=Daniel S. | last18=Talon | first18=Manuel |display-authors=5 | title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus | journal=Nature | volume=554 | issue=7692 | year=2018 | pages=311–316 | doi=10.1038/nature25447 | doi-access=free | pmid=29414943 | bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W | hdl=20.500.11939/5741 | hdl-access=free}}</ref> A genomic, phylogenic, and biogeographical analysis by Wu ''et al.'' (2018) has shown that the center of origin of the genus ''Citrus'' is likely the southeast foothills of the [[Himalayas]], in a region stretching from eastern [[Assam]], northern [[Myanmar]], to western [[Yunnan]]. It diverged from a common ancestor with ''[[Trifoliate orange|Poncirus trifoliata]]''. A change in climate conditions during the [[Late Miocene]] (11.63 to 5.33 [[million years ago|mya]]) resulted in a [[Evolutionary radiation|sudden speciation event]]. The species resulting from this event include the [[citron]]s (''Citrus&nbsp;medica'') of South Asia; the [[pomelo]]s (''C.&nbsp;maxima'') of [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]; the [[mandarin orange|mandarin]]s (''C.&nbsp;reticulata''), [[kumquat]]s (''C.&nbsp;japonica''), [[mangshanyegan]] (''C.&nbsp;mangshanensis''), and [[ichang papeda]]s (''C.&nbsp;cavaleriei'') of southeastern China; the [[kaffir lime]]s (''C.&nbsp;hystrix'') of [[Island Southeast Asia]]; and the [[biasong]] and [[samuyao]] (''C.&nbsp;micrantha'') of the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Wu"/><ref name="fuller"/> 

This was followed by the spread of citrus species into [[Taiwan]] and Japan in the [[Early Pliocene]] (5.33 to 3.6 [[million years ago|mya]]), resulting in the [[tachibana orange]] (''C.&nbsp;tachibana''); and beyond the [[Wallace Line]] into [[Papua New Guinea]] and Australia during the [[Early Pleistocene]] (2.5&nbsp;million to 800,000 years ago), where further speciation events created the [[Australian lime]]s.<ref name="Wu"/><ref name="fuller">{{cite book |first1=Dorian Q. |last1=Fuller |first2=Cristina |last2=Castillo |first3=Eleanor |last3=Kingwell-Banham |first4=Ling |last4=Qin |first5=Alison |last5=Weisskopf|editor1-first=Véronique |editor1-last=Zech-Matterne |editor2-first=Girolamo|editor2-last=Fiorentino |title=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean |chapter=Charred pomelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: approaches to framing the historical context of early Citrus cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |year=2017 |pages=29–48 |isbn=9782918887775 |doi=10.4000/books.pcjb.2107 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03501166/file/2017-Ruas-etal-Citrus.pdf |chapter-url =https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2173?lang=en}}</ref>

=== Fossil record ===

A [[fossil]] leaf from the [[Pliocene]] of [[Valdarno]], Italy is described as †''Citrus meletensis''.<ref>Citrus meletensis (Rutaceae), a new species from the Pliocene of Valdarno (Italy). Fischer, T.C. & Butzmann, Plant Systematics and Evolution – March 1998, Volume 210, Issue 1, pp 51–55. doi:10.1007/BF00984727</ref>
In China, fossil leaf specimens of †''Citrus linczangensis'' have been collected from late [[Miocene]] coal-bearing strata of the Bangmai Formation in [[Yunnan]] province. ''C. linczangensis'' resembles ''C. meletensis'' in having an intramarginal vein, an entire margin, and an articulated and distinctly winged [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Sanping Xie |last2=Manchester |first2=Steven R. |last3=Liu |first3=Kenan |last4=Sun |first4=Bainian |title=''Citrus linczangensis'' sp. n., a Leaf Fossil of Rutaceae from the Late Miocene of Yunnan, China |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |date=October 2013 |volume=174 |issue=8 |pages=1201–1207| doi=10.1086/671796 |bibcode=2013IJPlS.174.1201X }}</ref>

=== Taxonomy ===

{{Main|Citrus taxonomy}}

Many cultivated ''Citrus'' species are [[hybrid (biology)|natural]] or [[Hybrid speciation|artificial hybrids]] of a small number of core ancestral species, including the citron, pomelo, and mandarin. Natural and cultivated [[citrus hybrid]]s include commercially important fruit such as oranges, [[grapefruit]], lemons, limes, and some [[tangerine]]s. The multiple hybridisations have made the taxonomy of ''Citrus'' complex.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Joshua D. |volume=2 |pages=199–214 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_10 |series=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World |year=2014 |title=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East |isbn=978-94-017-9275-2 |chapter=Citron Cultivation, Production and Uses in the Mediterranean Region}}</ref><ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R. |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose |last10=Alonso |first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |display-authors=6 |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free}} and Supplement</ref>

[[File:Hybrid origins of Citrus.svg|thumb|center|upright=3|Many ''Citrus'' species are [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] of [[citron]], [[Mandarin orange|mandarin]] and [[pomelo]].<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018"/>]]

Apart from these core species, [[Australian lime]]s and the recently discovered [[mangshanyegan]] are grown. [[Kumquat]]s and ''[[Clymenia (plant)|Clymenia]]'' spp. are now generally considered to belong within the genus ''Citrus''.<ref name="AGLthesis">{{cite thesis |last=García Lor |first=Andrés |title=Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos |language=Spanish |trans-title=Organisation of the genetic diversity of the citruses |year=2013 |url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versión3.Tesis%20Andrés%20García-Lor.pdf |page=79}}</ref> The false oranges, ''[[Oxanthera]]'' from [[New Caledonia]], have been transferred to the ''Citrus'' genus on [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] evidence.<ref name=bayer>Bayer, R. J., et al. (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150331210237/http://www.amjbot.org/content/96/3/668.full A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences.] ''American Journal of Botany'' 96(3), 668–685.</ref><ref name="POWO_35867-1">{{cite web |title=''Oxanthera'' Montrouz |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:35867-1 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> A recent taxonomy reincorporates the trifoliate orange (''Poncirus'') into an enlarged ''Citrus'', but recognizes that many botanists still follow Swingle in splitting it off.<ref name="citrus taxonomy" />

== History ==

The earliest introductions of citrus species by human migrations was during the [[Austronesian expansion]] ({{circa|3000}}–1500 BCE), where ''[[Citrus hystrix]]'', ''[[Citrus macroptera]]'', and ''[[Citrus maxima]]'' were among the [[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia|canoe plants]] carried by [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] voyagers eastwards into [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]].<ref name="blench">{{cite journal |last1=Blench |first1=R.M. |title=Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo Pacific region |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |date=2005 |volume=24 |pages=31–50 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255579031}}</ref>

The citron (''[[Citrus medica]]'') was also introduced early into the Mediterranean basin from India and Southeast Asia. It was introduced via two ancient trade routes: an overland route through [[Persia]], the [[Levant]] and the Mediterranean islands; and a maritime route through the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] into North Africa. Although the exact date of the original introduction is unknown due to the sparseness of archaeobotanical remains, the earliest evidence are seeds recovered from the [[Hala Sultan Tekke]] site of [[Cyprus]], dated to around 1200 BCE. Other archaeobotanical evidence includes pollen from [[Carthage]] dating back to the 4th century BCE; and carbonized seeds from [[Pompeii]] dated to around the 3rd to 2nd century BCE. The earliest complete description of the citron was written by [[Theophrastus]], {{circa|310 BCE}}.<ref name="Zech-Matterne"/><ref name="langgut"/><ref name="langgut2"/> 

Lemons, pomelos, and sour oranges were introduced to the Mediterranean by Arab traders around the 10th century CE. Sweet oranges were brought to Europe by the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] from Asia during the 15th to 16th century. Mandarins were not introduced until the 19th century.<ref name="Zech-Matterne">{{cite book |first2=Girolamo |last2=Fiorentino |first1=Véronique |last1=Zech-Matterne |first3=Sylvie |last3=Coubray |first4=François |last4=Luro|editor1-first=Véronique |editor1-last=Zech-Matterne|editor2-first=Girolamo|editor2-last=Fiorentino |title=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean: Acclimatization, diversification, uses |chapter=Introduction |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |year=2017 |isbn=9782918887775|chapter-url =https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2240}}</ref><ref name= "langgut">{{cite journal |last1=Langgut |first1=Dafna |title=The Citrus Route Revealed: From Southeast Asia into the Mediterranean |journal=HortScience |date=June 2017 |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=814–822 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI11023-16 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="langgut2">{{cite book |first1=Dafna |last1=Langgut |editor1-first=Véronique |editor1-last=Zech-Matterne |editor2-first=Girolamo |editor2-last=Fiorentino |title=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean |chapter=The history of ''Citrus medica'' (citron) in the Near East: Botanical remains and ancient art and texts |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |year=2017 |isbn=9782918887775 |chapter-url =https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2184#text}}</ref> Oranges were introduced to Florida by Spanish colonists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/docs/f/fruit.htm |title=Exploring Florida Documents: Fruit |website=fcit.usf.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tytyga.com/History-of-the-Citrus-and-Citrus-Tree-Growing-in-America-a/381.htm |title=History of the Citrus and Citrus Tree Growing in America |website=www.tytyga.com}}</ref>  In cooler parts of Europe, citrus fruit was grown in [[orangery|orangeries]] starting in the 17th century; many were as much status symbols as functional agricultural structures.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Britz |first=Billie S. |title=Environmental Provisions for Plants in Seventeenth-Century Northern Europe |journal=The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=33 |issue=2 |date=May 1974 |pages=133–144|doi=10.2307/988906 |jstor=988906 }}</ref>

== Etymology ==

The generic name ''Citrus'' originates from [[Latin]], where it denoted either the [[citron]] (''C. medica'') or a conifer tree (''[[Thuja]]''). The Latin word is related to the [[ancient Greek]] word for the [[cedar of Lebanon]], {{lang|grc|κέδρος}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|kédros}}), perhaps from a perceived similarity of the smell of citrus leaves and fruit with that of cedar.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0-h00_-3CUC |first=Pinchas |last=Spiegel-Roy |author2=Eliezer E. Goldschmidt |title=Biology of Citrus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-33321-4 |page=4 }}</ref>

== Description ==

=== Tree ===

''Citrus'' plants are large shrubs or small to moderate-sized trees, reaching {{convert|5|–|15|m|abbr=on}} tall, with [[Spine (botany)|spiny]] shoots and alternately arranged [[evergreen]] [[leaf|leaves]] with an entire margin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://crfg.org/wp-content/uploads/CITRUS-PRUNING-Presentation.pdf |title=Citrus Pruning |last=Del Hotal |first=Tom |website=California Rare Fruit Growers}}</ref> The [[flower]]s are solitary or in small [[corymb]]s, each flower {{convert|2|–|4|cm|abbr=on}} diameter, with five (rarely four) white petals and numerous stamens; they are often very strongly scented, due to the presence of essential oil glands.<ref name="Ortiz 2002">{{cite book |last1=Ortiz |first1=Jesus M. |editor1-last=Di Giacomo |editor1-first=Angelo |editor2-last=Dugo |editor2-first=Giovanni |title=Citrus: The Genus ''Citrus'' |date=2002 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-2032-1661-3 |pages=16–35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLaykfpqSaYC&dq=Citrus+genus&pg=PP1 |chapter=Botany: taxonomy, morphology and physiology of fruits, leaves and flowers}}</ref>

=== Fruit ===

{{main list|List of citrus fruits}}

[[File:Structure of an orange.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Structure of the botanical [[hesperidium]] ]]

The fruit is a [[hesperidium]], a specialised berry with multiple [[carpel]]s, globose to elongated,<ref name="Ortiz 2002"/><ref name="janick">{{cite web |author=Janick, Jules |date=2005 |publisher=[[Purdue University]] Tropical Horticulture Lecture 32 |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_32/lec_32.html |title=Citrus|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624235046/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_32/lec_32.html|archive-date=24 June 2005}}</ref> {{convert|4|–|30|cm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|4|–|20|cm|abbr=on}} diameter, with a leathery rind or "peel" called a [[pericarp]]. The outermost layer of the pericarp is an "exocarp" called the [[flavedo]], commonly referred to as the [[Zest (ingredient)|zest]]. The middle layer of the pericarp is the mesocarp, which in citrus fruits consists of the white, spongy albedo or pith. The innermost layer of the pericarp is the endocarp. This surrounds a variable number of [[carpel]]s, shaped as radial segments. The seeds, if present, develop inside the carpels. The space inside each segment is a [[locule]] filled with [[juice vesicles]], or pulp. From the endocarp, string-like "hairs" extend into the locules, which provide nourishment to the fruit as it develops.<ref name="Ortiz 2002"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Citrus/b1241tx.html |title=Citrus fruit diagram |work=ucla.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003070722/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Citrus/b1241tx.html |archive-date=3 October 2012}}</ref> The genus is commercially important with [[cultivar]]s of many species grown for their fruit. Some cultivars have been developed to be easy to peel and seedless, meaning they are [[parthenocarpy|parthenocarpic]].<ref name=janick/>

The fragrance of citrus fruits is conferred by [[flavonoid]]s and [[limonoid]]s in the rind. The flavonoids include various [[flavanone]]s and [[flavones]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/70/1/70_178/_article |title=Flavonoid Composition of Fruit Tissues of Citrus Species |access-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528015124/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/70/1/70_178/_article |archive-date=28 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The carpels are juicy; they contain a high quantity of [[citric acid]], which with other organic acids including [[ascorbic acid]] (vitamin C) give them their characteristic sharp taste.<ref name="Abolore Tsegaye 2023">{{cite book |last1=Abolore |first1=Rasaq S. |last2=Tsegaye |first2=Bahiru |last3=Jaiswal |first3=Swarna |last4=Jaiswal |first4=Amit K. |title=Value-Addition in Beverages through Enzyme Technology |chapter=An overview of industrial enzymes in beverage production and processing |publisher=Elsevier |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-323-85683-6 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-85683-6.00013-2 |pages=1–26 (section 1.2.3.2 Citrus juice)}}</ref> ''Citrus'' fruits are diverse in size and shape, as well as in color and flavor, reflecting their biochemistry;<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2640 |title=Species list in GRIN for genus ''Citrus'' |author=GRIN |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |access-date=6 January 2011 |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120155922/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2640 |archive-date=20 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="Luro Curk 2017">{{cite book |last1=Luro |first1=François |last2=Curk |first2=Franck |last3=Froelicher |first3=Yann |last4=Ollitrault |first4=Patrick |title=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean |chapter=Recent insights on Citrus diversity and phylogeny |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |date=2017 |isbn=978-2-918887-77-5 |doi=10.4000/books.pcjb.2169}}</ref> for instance, grapefruit is made bitter-tasting by a flavanone, [[naringin]].<ref name="Abolore Tsegaye 2023"/>


<gallery mode=packed heights=130 caption="''Citrus'' fruits are diverse in size, shape, color, and flavor.">
File:Ichangfruit.jpg|[[Ichang papeda]]
File:Quinotos.jpg|[[Kumquat]], with a [[seed]] inside one of the [[carpel]]s
File:Buddhas hand 1.jpg|[[Buddha's hand]]
File:Citrus australasica red whole.jpg|Red [[finger lime]]
File:Fortpolyandra.jpg|[[Clymenia (plant)|Clymenia]]
</gallery>

== Cultivation ==

{{Further|Citrus production}}

[[File:Mandariner Citrus deliciosa.jpg|thumb|Mediterranean Mandarin (''[[Citrus × deliciosa]]'') plantation, [[Mallorca]] ]]

Most commercial citrus cultivation uses trees produced by [[grafting]] the desired fruiting [[cultivar]]s onto [[citrus rootstock|rootstocks]] selected for disease resistance and hardiness.<ref name="RHS growing guide">{{cite web |title=How to grow citrus fruit |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/fruit/citrus/grow-your-own |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> The trees are not generally [[frost]] hardy. They thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate water.<ref name="RHS growing guide"/>

The color of citrus fruits only develops in climates with a ([[Diurnal temperature variation|diurnal]]) cool winter. In tropical regions with no winter at all, citrus fruits remain green until maturity, hence the tropical "green oranges".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://plantscientist.wordpress.com/2014/12/04/why-is-my-orange-green/ |title=Why is my orange green? |last=Shailes |first=Sarah |date=4 December 2014 |website=Plant Scientist}}</ref> The terms 'ripe' and 'mature' are widely used synonymously, but they mean different things. A mature fruit is one that has completed its growth phase. [[Ripening]] is the sequence of changes within the fruit from maturity to the beginning of decay. These changes involve the conversion of starches to sugars, a decrease in acids, softening, and a change in the fruit's color.<ref name="ÖpikRolfe2005">{{cite book |first1=Helgi |last1=Öpik |first2=Stephen A. |last2=Rolfe |first3=Arthur John |last3=Willis |first4=Herbert Edward |last4=Street |title=The Physiology of Flowering Plants |year=2005 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66251-2 |pages=309– }}</ref> ''Citrus'' fruits are non-[[climacteric (botany)|climacteric]] and respiration slowly declines and the production and release of ethylene is gradual.<ref name="Spiegel-RoyGoldschmidt1996">{{cite book |first1=Pinchas |last1=Spiegel-Roy |first2=Eliezer E. |last2=Goldschmidt |title=Biology of Citrus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0-h00_-3CUC&pg=PA101 |access-date=31 July 2010 |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33321-4 |pages=101– }}</ref> 

=== Production ===

{{further|Citrus production}}

[[File:Hauptanbaugebiete-Zitrusfrüchte.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Major producing regions]]

According to the [[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], world production of all citrus fruits in 2016 was 124 million tonnes, with about half of this production as oranges.<ref name="fao16">{{cite web |title=Citrus fruit, fresh and processed: Statistical Bulletin |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i8092e.pdf |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=2016}}</ref> At US $15.2 billion equivalent in 2018, citrus trade<ref>https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/citrus?disaggregationYearSelector=tradeYear3 OEC — The Observer of Economic Complexity, Citrus</ref> makes up nearly half of the world fruit trade, which was US$32.1 billion that year.<ref>https://oec.world/en/profile/sitc/fruit OEC — The Observer of Economic Complexity, Fruit</ref> According to the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]], citrus production grew during the early 21st century mainly by the increase in [[tillage|cultivation]] areas, improvements in transportation and packaging, rising incomes and consumer [[preference]] for healthy foods.<ref name=fao16/> In 2019–20, world production of oranges was estimated to be 47.5 million tonnes, led by Brazil, Mexico, the European Union, and China as the largest producers.<ref name="usda20">{{cite web |title=Citrus: World Markets and Trade |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/citrus.pdf |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=1 January 2020}}</ref>

=== Pests and diseases ===

{{main list|List of citrus diseases}}

Among the diseases of citrus plantations are [[citrus black spot]] (a fungus), [[citrus canker]] (a bacterium), [[citrus greening]] (a bacterium, spread by an insect pest), and sweet orange scab (a fungus, ''Elsinöe australis'').<ref name="USDA 2024">{{cite web |title=Citrus diseases |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant-pests-diseases/citrus-diseases |website=U. S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service |access-date=20 October 2024 |date=22 August 2024}}</ref> Citrus plants are liable to infestation by [[ectoparasite]]s which act as [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] to plant diseases: for example, aphids transmit the damaging [[citrus tristeza virus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Richard F. |title=Chapter Five - Control of Virus Diseases of Citrus |journal=Advances in Virus Research |date=2015 |volume=92 |pages=143–173 |doi=10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.002 |pmid=25591879 }}</ref> while the aphid-like [[Diaphorina citri|Asian citrus psyllid]] can carry the bacterium which causes the serious [[citrus greening disease]].<ref name="Alquezar-et-al-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Alquézar |first1=Berta |last2=Carmona |first2=Lourdes |last3=Bennici |first3=Stefania |last4=Peña |first4=Leandro |title=Engineering of citrus to obtain huanglongbing resistance |journal=[[Current Opinion in Biotechnology]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=70 |year=2021 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.003 |pages=196–203 |s2cid=235712334 |pmid=34198205|doi-access=free |hdl=10251/189663 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="californiacitrusthreat">{{cite web |url=http://www.californiacitrusthreat.org/asian-citrus-psyllid.php |title=About the Asian Citrus Psyllid and Huanglongbing |work=californiacitrusthreat.org |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213014128/http://www.californiacitrusthreat.org/asian-citrus-psyllid.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> This threatens production in Florida,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Florida/Publications/Citrus/Citrus_Statistics/2015-16/fcs1516.pdf |title=Florida Citrus Statistics 2015–2016 |date=3 October 2017 |website=United States Department of Agriculture – National Agricultural Statistics Service|access-date=3 October 2017 |pages=62 |quote=Abandoned groves are a threat to the citrus industry and are a haven for psyllids carrying the bacterium that causes greening disease.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Diane|title=Can Science Save Citrus? Farmers, researchers try to hold off deadly citrus greening long enough to find cure |date=27 August 2019 |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/can-science-solve-citrus-greening-disease/ |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> California,<ref name="californiacitrusthreat"/> and worldwide. Citrus groves are attacked by parasitic [[Nematode]]s including citrus (''[[Tylenchulus semipenetrans]]'') and sheath nematodes (''[[Hemicycliophora]]'' spp.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nematodes / Citrus / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines / UC Statewide IPM Program |url=https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/citrus/nematodes/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=ipm.ucanr.edu}}</ref><ref>A Sheath Nematode, Hemicycliophora arenaria raski, Pathogenic to Citrus, by D. E. Stokes, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, July 1977[https://ccmedia.fdacs.gov/content/download/10832/file/nem029.pdf]</ref>

<gallery mode=packed>
File:Citrus Black Spot on Valencia orange (detail).jpg|[[Citrus black spot]] on a [[Valencia orange]]
File:CTV Leaf Chlorosis.jpg|[[Chlorosis]] caused by [[Citrus tristeza virus]]
File:Citrus canker on fruit.jpg|[[Citrus canker]], caused by the [[gammaproteobacterium]] ''Xanthomonas axonopodis''
File:Asian Citrus Psyllid adult (detail).jpg|[[Asian citrus psyllid]], [[Disease vector|vector]] of citrus greening disease
File:Huanglongbing (cropped).jpg|[[Citrus greening disease]] on [[mandarin orange]]
File:Life stages of citrus nematode.svg|Life stages of the citrus [[nematode]],''[[Tylenchulus semipenetrans]]''
</gallery>

=== Deficiency diseases ===

Citrus plants can develop the deficiency condition [[chlorosis]], characterized by yellowing leaves.<ref name="SumoGardener">Online at SumoGardener {{cite web |url=http://sumogardener.com/yellow-leaves-citrus-trees/ |title=How to Avoid Yellow Leaves on Citrus Trees |date=9 July 2016}}</ref> The condition is often caused by an excessively high [[pH]] ([[alkaline soil]]), which prevents the plant from absorbing nutrients such as iron, [[magnesium]], and [[zinc]] needed to produce [[chlorophyll]].<ref name=Mauk>{{cite web |last1=Mauk |first1=Peggy A. |last2=Shea |first2=Tom |title=Questions and Answers to Citrus Management (3rd ed.) |url=http://ucanr.edu/datastoreFiles/391-272.pdf |publisher=University of California Cooperative Extension |access-date=24 May 2014 |pages=7–8}}</ref>

== Effects on humans ==

[[File:Bergapten-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png|thumb|[[Bergapten]] (5-methoxypsoralen) is a [[furanocoumarin]] in some citrus fruits that causes skin inflammation when followed by [[ultraviolet]] light.<ref name="Dugrand-Judek et al. 2015"/>]]

Some ''Citrus'' species contain significant amounts of [[furanocoumarin]]s.<ref name="Chen">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Meng |last2=Zhou |first2=Shu-yi |last3=Fabriaga |first3=Erlinda |last4=Zhang |first4=Pian-hong |last5=Zhou |first5=Quan |title=Food-drug interactions precipitated by fruit juices other than grapefruit juice: An update review |journal=Journal of Food and Drug Analysis |volume=26 |issue=2 |year=2018 |issn=1021-9498 |pmid=29703387 |doi=10.1016/j.jfda.2018.01.009 |pages=S61–S71 |pmc=9326888 | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="hung">{{cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Wei-Lun |last2=Suh |first2=Joon Hyuk |last3=Wang |first3=Yu |title=Chemistry and health effects of furanocoumarins in grapefruit |journal=Journal of Food and Drug Analysis |volume=25 |issue=1 |year=2017 |issn=1021-9498 |doi=10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.008 |pages=71–83 |pmid=28911545 |pmc=9333421 | doi-access=free}}</ref> In humans, some of these act as strong [[photosensitizer]]s when applied topically to the skin, while others interact with medications when taken orally in the [[grapefruit-drug interactions|grapefruit juice effect]].<ref name=Chen/> Due to the photosensitizing effects of certain furanocoumarins, some ''Citrus'' species cause [[phytophotodermatitis]],<ref name="McGovern and Barkley 2000">{{cite journal |journal=The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology |url=http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot1.htm |title=Botanical Dermatology |last1=McGovern |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Barkley |first2=Theodore M. |volume=37 |issue=5 |at=Section&nbsp;[http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis] |publisher=Internet Dermatology Society |date=2000 |access-date=29 November 2018 |pmid=9620476 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x |s2cid=221810453|url-access=subscription }}</ref> a potentially severe skin inflammation resulting from contact with a light-sensitizing botanical agent followed by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] light. In ''Citrus'' species, the primary photosensitizing agent appears to be [[bergapten]],<ref name="Dugrand-Judek et al. 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Dugrand-Judek |first1=Audray |last2=Olry |first2=Alexandre |last3=Hehn |first3=Alain |last4=Costantino |first4=Gilles |last5=Ollitrault |first5=Patrick |last6=Froelicher |first6=Yann |last7=Bourgaud |first7=Frédéric |title=The Distribution of Coumarins and Furanocoumarins in ''Citrus'' Species Closely Matches ''Citrus'' Phylogeny and Reflects the Organization of Biosynthetic Pathways |journal=PLOS ONE |date=November 2015 |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=e0142757 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0142757 |pmid=26558757 |pmc=4641707 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1042757D |doi-access=free}}</ref> a linear furanocoumarin derived from [[psoralen]]. This claim has been confirmed for lime<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993">{{cite journal |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |year=1993 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=331–35 |title=Phototoxic coumarins in limes |last1=Nigg |first1=H. N. |last2=Nordby |first2=H. E. |last3=Beier |first3=R. C. |last4=Dillman |first4=A. |last5=Macias |first5=C. |last6=Hansen |first6=R. C. |pmid=8505017 |doi=10.1016/0278-6915(93)90187-4 |url=https://eurekamag.com/pdf/002/002671183.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Wagner et al. 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=A. M. |last2=Wu |first2=J. J. |last3=Hansen |first3=R. C. |last4=Nigg |first4=H. N. |last5=Beiere |first5=R. C. |title=Bullous phytophotodermatitis associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in limes |journal=Am J Contact Dermat |date=2002 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.1053/ajcd.2002.29948 |pmid=11887098 |issn=0891-5849}}</ref> and [[Bergamot orange|bergamot]]. In particular, [[bergamot essential oil]] has a higher concentration of bergapten (3–3.6 g/kg) than any other ''Citrus''-based essential oil.<ref name="DFG SKLM report 2004">{{cite web |work=The German Research Foundation (DFG) |url=https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/reden_stellungnahmen/2006/sklm_furocoumarine_en_2006.pdf |title=Toxicological Assessment of Furocoumarins in Foodstuffs |publisher=DFG Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) |date=2004 |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224130338/https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/reden_stellungnahmen/2006/sklm_furocoumarine_en_2006.pdf |url-status=dead |pages=3, 26 }}</ref>

A [[systematic review]] indicates that citrus fruit consumption is associated with a 10% reduction of risk for developing breast cancer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Jung-Kook |last2=Bae |first2=Jong-Myon |date=1 March 2013 |title=Citrus fruit intake and breast cancer risk: a quantitative systematic review |journal=Journal of Breast Cancer |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=72–76 |doi=10.4048/jbc.2013.16.1.72 |pmc=3625773 |pmid=23593085}}</ref>

== Uses ==

=== Culinary ===

{{Cookbook|Citrus}}

Many citrus fruits, such as [[Orange (fruit)|orange]]s, [[tangerine]]s, [[grapefruit]]s, and [[clementine]]s, are generally eaten fresh.<ref name=janick/> They are typically peeled and can be easily split into segments.<ref name=janick/> Grapefruit is more commonly halved and eaten out of the skin with a spoon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aihd.ku.edu/foods/grapefruit.html |title=Foods Indigenous to the Western Hemisphere: Grapefruit |publisher=Aihd.ku.edu |first=Scott |last=Sheu |website=American Indian Health and Diet Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818035403/http://www.aihd.ku.edu/foods/grapefruit.html|archive-date=18 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lemonade]] is a popular beverage prepared by diluting the juice and adding sugar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lemonade |title=Lemonade |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |access-date=October 25, 2018 |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190037/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lemonade |url-status=live}}</ref> Lemon juice is mixed in salad dressings<ref>{{cite web |title=Simple green salad with lemon dressing |url=https://www.jamieoliver.com/recipes/vegetables/simple-green-salad-with-lemon-dressing/ |publisher=[[Jamie Oliver]] |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> and squeezed over fruit salad to stop it from turning brown: its acidity suppresses [[oxidation]] by [[polyphenol oxidase]] enzymes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fruit and vegetables: enzymic browning |date=15 May 2017 |url=https://www.ifst.org/lovefoodlovescience/resources/fruit-and-vegetables-enzymic-browning |publisher=Institute of Food Science and Technology |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref>

A variety of flavors can be derived from different parts and treatments of citrus fruits.<ref name=janick/> The colorful outer skin of some citrus fruits, known as [[zest (ingredient)|zest]], is used as a flavoring in cooking.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=David |author-link=David A. Bender |title=Oxford Dictionary of Food and Nutrition | publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-923487-5 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffood00bend/page/215 215] |edition=third |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffood00bend/page/215}}</ref>
The whole of the [[bitter orange]] (and sometimes other citrus fruits) including the [[peel (fruit)|peel]] with its [[essential oil]]s is cooked with sugar to make [[marmalade]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/scotland/perth_tayside/article_2.shtml |publisher=BBC News |title=Legacies: Keiller's: Sticky Success |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed>
File:Fried chicken legs!.JPG|Fried chicken garnished with lemon and onion
File:Calamansi (sliced) - Philippines.jpg|[[Calamansi]], ubiquitous in [[Philippine condiments]]
File:Pomeranzen.jpg|[[Bitter orange]]s (''Citrus × aurantium'') are used for [[marmalade]].
File:Bottled Sunshine.jpg|Marmalade, with orange peel
File:Lemonade 2.jpg|[[Lemonade]]
</gallery>

=== As ornamental plants ===

[[File:Orangerie du château de Versailles le 11 septembre 2015 - 78.jpg|thumb|The [[Versailles Orangerie]], 1686]]

By the 17th century, [[Orangery|orangeries]] were added to great houses in Europe, both to enable the fruit to be grown locally and for prestige, as seen in the [[Versailles Orangerie]]<!-- completed in 1686-->.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thacker |first1=Christopher |author2-link=Louis XIV |last2=Louis XIV |date=1972 |title="La Manière de montrer les jardins de Versailles," by Louis XIV and others |journal=Garden History |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53, 55 <!--49–69--> |doi=10.2307/1586442 |issn=0307-1243 |jstor=1586442}}</ref> Some modern hobbyists grow dwarf citrus in containers or greenhouses in areas where the weather is too cold to grow it outdoors; ''[[Citrofortunella]]'' hybrids have good cold resistance.<ref name="Lance. 1996">{{Cite book |title=Citrus : complete guide to selecting & growing more than 100 varieties for California, Arizona, Texas, the Gulf Coast and Florida |last=Lance |first=Walheim |date=1996 |publisher=Ironwood Press |isbn=978-0-9628236-4-0 |location=Tucson, Arizona |oclc=34116821 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/citruscompletegu00walh |pages=24–28, 90–91}}</ref>

== In art and culture ==

[[File:Giovanna Garzoni (Italian) - Still Life with Bowl of Citrons - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giovanna Garzoni]]'s ''Still Life with Bowl of Citrons'', late 1640s]]

Lemons appear in paintings, pop art, and novels.<ref name="Reidy 2024"/> A wall painting in the [[tomb of Nakht]] in 15th century BC Egypt depicts a woman in a festival, holding a lemon. In the 17th century, [[Giovanna Garzoni]] painted a ''Still Life with Bowl of Citrons'', the fruits still attached to leafy flowering twigs, with a wasp on one of the fruits. The [[Impressionism|impressionist]] [[Édouard Manet|Edouard Manet]] depicted a lemon on a pewter plate. In modern art, [[Arshile Gorky]] painted ''Still Life with Lemons'' in the 1930s.<ref name="Reidy 2024">{{cite news |last=Reidy |first=Tess |title=The king of zing: lemons in art – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2024/mar/23/the-king-of-zing-lemons-in-art-in-pictures |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 March 2024}}</ref> 

Citrus fruits "were the clear status symbols of the nobility in the ancient Mediterranean", according to the [[Paleoethnobotany|paleoethnobotanist]] Dafna Langgut.<ref name="Huang 2021"/> In [[Louisa May Alcott]]'s 1868 novel ''[[Little Women]]'', the character Amy March states that "It's nothing but limes now, for everyone is sucking them in their desks in schooltime, and trading them off for pencils, bead rings, paper dolls, or something else… If one girl likes another, she gives her a lime; if she’s mad with her, she eats one before her face, and doesn’t offer even a suck."<ref name="Huang 2021">{{cite web |last=Huang |first=Jean |title=When Life Gives You Lemons, It's a Status Symbol: On the Evolving Literary and Cultural History of Citrus |url=https://lithub.com/when-life-gives-you-lemons-its-a-status-symbol-on-the-evolving-literary-and-cultural-history-of-citrus/ |website=LitHub |access-date=20 October 2024 |date=1 October 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Japanese citrus]]

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.crec.ifas.ufl.edu/ Citrus Research and Education Center] of [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] 

{{Citrus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q81513}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Citrus| ]]
[[Category:Cocktail garnishes]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Lists of foods|Citrus fruits]]
[[Category:Lists of plants]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Aurantioideae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]