Editing Civil Air Transport

{{Short description|1946–1968 CIA-owned airline of the Republic of China used for covert operations}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Civil Air Transport
| image = <!-- logo -->
| caption = <!-- Caption for the image -->
| IATA = CT
| ICAO = CAT
| callsign = MANDARIN
| founded = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}<br />[[City]], [[State/Province]], [[Country]] -->
| commenced = {{start date|1946|||df=yes}}
| ceased = {{end date|1968|02|16|df=yes}}
| bases = <!-- {{plainlist|*[[Airport Name1]] }} -->
| fleet_size = See [[#Fleet|Fleet]] below
| destinations = See [[#Destinations|Destinations]] below
| parent = CAT, Inc.
| headquarters = [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
| key_people = {{ubl|class=nowrap
  | [[Claire Chennault]]
  | [[Whiting Willauer]]}}
}}
{{Chinese
| t = 民航空運公司
| s = 民航空运公司
| p = Mínháng Kōngyùn Gōngsī
}}

'''Civil Air Transport''' ('''CAT''') {{airline codes|CT|CAT|Mandarin|}} was a [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Nationalist Chinese]] airline, later owned by the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), that supported the [[United States]]' [[covert operation]]s throughout [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. During the [[Cold War]], missions consisted in assistance to "[[Free World]]" allies according to the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act]] of 1949.

==Origins==
[[File:Willauer box. LOC gsc.5a20322.jpg|thumb|The Willauer Box]]
CAT was created by [[Claire Chennault]] and [[Whiting Willauer]] in 1946 as Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (CNRRA) Air Transport. Using surplus [[World War II]] aircraft such as the [[C-47 Dakota]] and the [[C-46 Commando]], CAT airlifted supplies and food into war-ravaged China. It was soon pressed into service to support [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his [[Kuomintang]] forces in the civil war between them and the communists under [[Mao Zedong]]. Many of its first pilots were veterans of Chennault's World War II combat groups, popularly known as [[Flying Tigers]]. (Other of Chennault's veterans went on to form another air transport company, the [[Flying Tiger Line]]. This was a completely separate operation from Civil Air Transport and the follow-on [[Air America (airline)|Air America]].)

By 1950, following the defeat of Chiang's forces and their retreat to [[Taiwan]], the airline faced financial difficulties. The CIA formed a private [[Delaware corporation]] called [[Airdale Corporation]], which formed a subsidiary called CAT, Inc. The subsidiary corporation purchased nominal shares of Civil Air Transport.  CAT maintained a civilian appearance by flying scheduled passenger flights while simultaneously using other aircraft in its fleet to fly covert missions.

With the spread of communism throughout [[Southeast Asia]], CAT's mission changed.

==Military operations==
===Chinese Civil War===
During the [[Chinese Civil War]], under contract with the Chinese Nationalist government and later the CIA, CAT flew supplies and ammunition into China to assist [[Kuomintang]] forces on the Chinese mainland, primarily using C-47 and C-46 aircraft. With the defeat of the Kuomintang in 1949, CAT helped to evacuate thousands of Chinese to [[Taiwan]].

===Korean War===
During the [[Korean War]], CAT airlifted thousands of tons of war materials to supply United States military operations, including support of Kuomintang holdouts based in Burma (Operation PAPER<ref>{{cite web|last=Best|first=Martin|title=The CIA's Airlines: Logistic Air Support of the War in Laos 1954 to 1975|url=http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/airamerica/best/|accessdate=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719082255/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/airamerica/best/|archive-date=2013-07-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>). On 29 November 1952, a CAT C-47 left Seoul on a mission to collect an anti-Communist Chinese agent in the foothills of [[northeastern China]], using a "pole and line" technique. The mission was apparently compromised and Chinese forces were waiting for them. Approaching low over the ground, it was attacked by small-arms fire, and crash-landed near the town of Antu in China's [[Jilin]] province.  The pilots, [[Robert Snoddy]] and [[Norman Schwartz]] were killed during the crash and subsequent fire, and were buried nearby. The two CIA officers, [[John T. Downey]] and [[Richard G. Fecteau]] survived and were immediately taken prisoner by Chinese forces, who were waiting for the flight. Downey and Fecteau were held by China and regularly interrogated for nearly twenty years. Fecteau was released unexpectedly following Nixon's visit to China in 1972, but Downey was released only after Washington publicly acknowledged their spy mission in 1973.

At the time the families of the pilots were told, in order to keep the CIA's covert actions in China secret, that they had crashed into the Sea of Japan on a routine flight to Tokyo. In 2001, China allowed the US Defense Department's [[Prisoner of War]] and [[Missing in Action]] (POW/MIA) office to conduct a recovery effort for the bodies of the pilots. In 2005 the POW/MIA office announced that it had identified the remains of Robert Snoddy using DNA analysis. Schwartz's remains have not been recovered.

The 1952-1953 edition of ''[[Jane's All The World's Aircraft]]'' lists the head office address as Suite 309, Kass Building, 711 14th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., with the footnote that the company had reregistered in the U.S. The president is given as Whiting Willauer, and the fleet listed as 23 Curtiss C-46 Commando and 4 Douglas DC-3 aircraft.

===First Indochina War===
[[Image:Dien bien phu castor or siege deinterlaced.png|190px|thumb|CAT pilots flying [[Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar|C-119]] during the siege of Dien Bien Phu in May 1954]]
On May 1, 1953, ''Operation Squaw'' began, calling for CAT to airdrop supplies to French troops besieged at Na Sam, [[Laos]]. This operation was the first U.S. involvement in what became the [[First Indochina War]].<ref name="CAT Association">{{cite web|url=https://www.catassociation.org/history/cat-historical-milestones/|title=A Chronological Summary of Some CAT Historical Milestones|publisher=CAT Association|accessdate=May 19, 2021}}</ref> CAT transported supplies and troops for French operations during ''[[Operation Castor]]'' in November 1953.<ref name="ambafrance-us.org">{{Cite web |url=http://ambafrance-us.org/IMG/pdf/nff/NFF0502.pdf |title=French Embassy in the USA, February 25, 2005 |access-date=February 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811102754/http://ambafrance-us.org/IMG/pdf/nff/NFF0502.pdf |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

CAT assisted the French government at various times during its Indochina wars, flying supplies and equipment into [[Hanoi]]'s [[Gia Lam airport]] and other fields using C-46 and C-47 transport planes.

''Operation Squaw-II'' was approved on January 29, 1954, and, after negotiations with the French, a contract was signed on March 3 for CAT to supply 24 pilots to operate 12 C-119s.{{sfn|Leary|2006|p=181}} At the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]], CAT supplied the French garrison by parachuting troops and supplies with covert USAF [[C-119]] inscribed with French Air Force insignia. Two CAT pilots [[James B. McGovern Jr.]] and Wallace Buford were killed in action during the siege of Dien Bien Phu in May 1954.<ref name="CAT Association" />{{sfn|Leary|2006|p=191}} They were the first American casualties of what was later termed the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="ambafrance-us.org"/> McGovern's remains were recovered in 2002 and identified in 2006.<ref name="CAT Association" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/earthquake-mcgoons-final-flight.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805091122/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/earthquake-mcgoons-final-flight.html|archivedate=August 5, 2009|title=A Look Back&nbsp;... Earthquake McGoon's Final Flight |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=July 16, 2009 |accessdate=October 10, 2012}}</ref> Seven surviving CAT pilots out of the thirty-seven involved in the battle received the French [[Legion of Honor]] in February 2005 during a special ceremony at the French embassy in Washington.<ref name="ambafrance-us.org"/>

The 1956-1957 edition of ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft'' lists the head office address as 46 Chung Shan Road, North, 2nd Section, Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa). The president and general manager is given as Hugh L. Grundy, with C.J. Rosbert listed as vice-president and assistant general manager. The fleet is listed as 2 Douglas DC-4, 22 Curtiss Commando, 2 Douglas DC-3, 3 Douglas C-47, and 2 Convair Catalina.

In the 1958-1959 edition of Jane's, the last year in which the "Airlines of the World" section was carried, the home office address in Taiwan remained the same, but no company officers are listed. The fleet is given as 3 Douglas DC-4, 25 Curtiss C-46, 5 Douglas DC-3, 2 Convair Catalina, with 2 Douglas DC-6B on order.

[[File:C-46 of Civil Air Transport (CIA) in Indochina.jpg|thumb|A CAT [[Curtiss C-46 Commando|C-46D]] in Indochina]]

===PRRI/Permesta movement in Indonesia===
{{See also|CIA activities in Indonesia}}
In 1958 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' reported that 20 CAT aircraft were supplying the [[Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia|PRRI]]/[[Permesta]] movement against President [[Sukarno]]'s government of Indonesia, which the [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower administration]] feared had communist sympathies.<ref name="Time1">{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,868491,00.html |title=Indonesia: The Man from Florida |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 9, 1958}}</ref><ref name=Time>{{cite news |title=Indonesia: The Mystery Pilots |newspaper=Time |url=http://search.time.com/results.html?N=55&Nty=1&Ns=p_date_range%7C1&Ntt=San+Flaviano&from_month=03&from_day=01&from_year=1958&to_month=06&to_day=01&to_year=1958&x=45&y=14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209043505/http://search.time.com/results.html?N=55&Nty=1&Ns=p_date_range%7C1&Ntt=San+Flaviano&from_month=03&from_day=01&from_year=1958&to_month=06&to_day=01&to_year=1958&x=45&y=14 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-09 |date=1958-05-12 |accessdate=2011-11-21 }}</ref> In April 1958 two CAT pilots flew combat missions for Permesta's ''Angkatan Udara Revolusioner'' ("Revolutionary Air Force") or AUREV. [[William H. Beale]]{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=99}} and [[Allen Lawrence Pope|Allen Pope]]{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=100}} flew CIA [[Douglas A-26 Invader|Douglas B-26 Invaders]] for AUREV. In May, Beale withdrew from the operation,{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=125}} by which time a third CAT pilot, Connie W Seigrist, had joined flying a CIA [[Consolidated PBY Catalina]].{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=123}} The CIA directed Beale and Pope to target not only Indonesian armed forces but also unarmed foreign merchant ships, in order to frighten overseas trade away from Indonesian waters, thereby weakening the Indonesian economy and undermining Sukarno's government.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=115}} On April 28, 1958, Beale attacked the [[Royal Dutch Shell]] terminal at [[Balikpapan]] in [[East Kalimantan]], sinking the British tanker {{MV|San Flaviano}},{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=116}} while Pope off the port of Donggala near [[Palu]] in [[Central Sulawesi]] sank merchant ships from Greece, Italy and Panama.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=115}}

On May 18 west of [[Ambon Island]], Pope attacked one of a pair of Indonesian merchant ships that were carrying government troops for a counter-offensive against Permesta.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=137}} An [[Indonesian Air Force]] [[North American P-51 Mustang|P-51]] and anti-aircraft fire from the ships shot down the B-26,{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=138–139}} and Pope and his Indonesian radio operator were captured.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=142}} The CIA had ordered the CAT pilots to fly "sterile", i.e. with no documents that could either identify them or link them with the US government.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=132}} However, Pope was carrying about 30 documents{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=133}} including his detailed flight log,{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=133}}{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=161}} secret orders for temporary deployment in Indonesia,{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=161}} military separation file{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=133}} and CAT identity card.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=133}} Pope's capture with these documents immediately exposed the level of CIA support for the Permesta rebellion.<ref name="Time1"/> Embarrassed, the Eisenhower administration quickly ended CIA support for Permesta and withdrew its agents and remaining aircraft from AUREV.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=143}}

Early in 1960 an Indonesian military court tried Pope; in April it convicted him and sentenced him to death.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=161}} However, in 1962 [[Robert F. Kennedy]] negotiated with President Sukarno, and in August that year the Indonesian authorities released Pope and returned him to the US.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=165}}

===Vietnam War===
In 1959, CAT was reorganized as [[Air America (airline)|Air America]], which supported covert operations throughout [[Indochina]] during the Vietnam War (also known as the "Second Indochina War"), particularly in [[Laos]].  For further information see {{section link|Air America (airline)|Early history: Civil Air Transport (CAT)}}.

===Post Vietnam War===
After pulling out of South Vietnam in 1975, there was an attempt to keep a company presence in Thailand. After this fell through, [[Air America (airline)|Air America]] officially disbanded on June 30, 1976.

==Civil operations==
[[File:Ldsungshan27a.jpg|thumb|300px|right|1966 photo of a CAT [[Convair 880]] at [[Taipei Songshan Airport]]]]
CAT started to operate scheduled passenger services, beginning with international flights to Hong Kong, then to Japan, South Korea, the Philippines and Thailand, as well as domestic routes within Taiwan.  The granddaughter of [[Sun Yatsen]], [[Nora Sun]], became the youngest flight attendant to work for CAT.

The first flights were carried out with [[C-46]], then [[C-54 Skymaster]] aircraft.  In 1958, CAT inaugurated [[Douglas DC-6|DC-6]]B services. In 1961, CAT started to operate a [[Convair 880]]M, becoming the first airline to operate pure jet scheduled passenger services on regional routes in the Far East.<ref>{{citation | title = Civil Air Transport | url = http://www.civilairtransport.com/ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110207140225/http://civilairtransport.com/ | archive-date = 2011-02-07 }}.</ref>  The Convair 880M was replaced by a [[Boeing 727]] in January 1968.  On 16 February 1968 the 727, flying from Hong Kong to Taipei, crashed near [[Linkou, Taiwan|Linkou]] in northern Taiwan, ending 23 years of operations.   The remnants of the cargo operation became Flying Tiger. Flying Tiger International merged to [[FedEx]].

==Accidents and incidents==
;17 October 1947: A [[Douglas DC-3]] crashed near Hopei AFB (30&nbsp;mi SW of [[Baoding]]), killing the three crew. The aircraft was operating a [[Shijiazhuang]]-[[Beijing|Peiping]] cargo flight and was loaded with cotton.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19471017-0|title=}}</ref>
;29 July 1948: [[Curtiss C-46|Curtiss C-46D]] XT-822 crashed at [[Qingdao Liuting International Airport|Qingdao Airport]] after reportedly entering a spin at {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} after takeoff, killing all 19 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19480729-0|title=XT-822}}</ref>
;8 November 1949: [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas C-47B]] XT-805 crashed 75&nbsp;mi from [[Mengzi City|Mengzi]] while en route to [[Haiphong]], Vietnam.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19491108-0|title=XT-805}}</ref>
;9 December 1949: Curtiss C-46D XT-820 struck a mountain near [[Lanzhou]] en route from Beijing, killing all 38 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19491209-0|title=XT-820}}</ref>
;10 December 1949: Curtiss C-46D XT-814 crashed at [[Haikou]] while on an evacuation flight from [[Chengdu]] to Haikou during the [[Chinese Civil War]], killing 17 of 40 on board. Chengdu was under siege at the time.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19491210-0|title=XT-814}}</ref>
;8 December 1950: Curtiss C-46 XT-44 crashed on landing at [[Yonpo Airfield]], North Korea, killing a passenger.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19501208-0|title=XT-44}}</ref>
;9 December 1950: Curtiss C-46F XT-852 struck the side of [[Mount Fuji]] at 8000 feet while en route to Korea, killing the three crew.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19501209-0|title=XT-852}}</ref>
;29 November 1952: A Douglas C-47 was shot down and crashed in [[Jilin Province]], killing two of four crew on board. The aircraft was on a mission to pick up a secret agent in China.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19521129-0|title=|type=Criminal}}</ref>
;6 May 1954: [[Fairchild C-119]]C ''149'' (ex ''49-0149'') crashed near Ban Sot, Laos, killing five of six crew, including pilot John P. McGovern and co-pilot Wallace A. Buford, the first American combat casualties in Vietnam. The aircraft was delivering an artillery piece to French troops at Dien Bien Phu when it was struck by Vietminh ground fire; one engine was lost to flak. The pilot managed to fly the aircraft 75 miles south into Laos and radioed another C-119 pilot for help in finding level ground. The crippled C-119 could hold out no longer, and it cartwheeled and crashed into a hillside near the Sang Ma River in [[Houaphanh Province]]. McGovern's remains were located in 2002 and identified in 2006.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19540506-0|title=149|type=Criminal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/CAT-149_McGoon.htm|title=The Shootdown of "Earthquake McGoon"|website=Check Six}}</ref>
;20 October 1954: Douglas C-47A B-811 crashed in the [[Gulf of Thailand|Gulf of Siam]] off [[Hua Hin District|Hua Hin]], Thailand, killing six of seven on board. The aircraft, chartered by Sea Supply (a CIA operation) was practicing paratroop drops when a wingtip dipped.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19541020-0|title=B-811}}</ref>
;20 June 1964: [[Civil Air Transport Flight 106|Flight 106]], a [[Curtiss C-46 Commando|Curtiss C-46]],<ref name=pcicicz>[http://www.planecrashinfo.com/Airline/AL%20Ci-Cz.htm "Ci - Cz"] Airplane Crash Info.</ref> crashed near the village of [[Shengang District|Shengang]] in [[Taichung]] City, killing all 57 people aboard. Among the dead were 20 Americans, one Briton and members of the Malaysian delegation to the 11th Film Festival in Asia, including businessman [[Loke Wan Tho]] and his wife Mavis.<ref name=mg22june1964>{{cite news |title= Villagers see blast as 57 die in crash |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OJotAAAAIBAJ&pg=7113,4202246&hl=en |newspaper= The Montreal Gazette |date=22 June 1964 |accessdate=1 June 2011}}</ref> The pilot lost control while turning to return to the airport following a problem with the number one engine.
;16 February 1968:[[Civil Air Transport Flight 10|Flight 010]], a [[Boeing 727]]-92C (B-1018),<ref name="pcicicz"/> flew from Hong Kong to Taipei. Coming in to land at Taipei Songshan Airport, the plane failed to capture an [[Instrument landing system|ILS signal]] from the airport, and crashed near [[Linkou District|Linkou]], killing 21 out of 52 passengers and crew, and one person on the ground.<ref>{{citation | title = ''ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-92C B-1018 Taipei'' | url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19680216-1}}.</ref>

==Fleet==
*[[Curtiss C-46 Commando]]
*[[List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants#B-17G|Boeing B-17G Fortress]]
*[[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]]
*[[Douglas DC-4]]
*[[Douglas DC-6]]
*[[Convair 880]]
*[[Boeing 727]]

==Destinations==
*{{flag|Hong Kong|1959}}
**[[Kai Tak Airport]]
*{{flag|Japan}}
**[[Naha]] – [[Naha Airport]]
**[[Osaka]] – [[Itami Airport]]
**[[Tokyo]] – [[Haneda Airport]]
*{{flag|Philippines}}
**[[Manila]] – [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]]
*{{flag|South Korea}}
**[[Seoul]] – [[Gimpo International Airport]]
*{{flag|Taiwan}}
**[[Taichung]] – [[Taichung Shuinan Airport]]
**[[Tainan]] – [[Tainan Airport]]
**[[Taipei]] – [[Songshan Airport]]
*{{flag|Thailand}}
**[[Bangkok]] – [[Don Mueang International Airport]]

==See also==
*[[Pacific Corporation]]
*[[Southern Air Transport]]
*[[Evergreen International Aviation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Conboy |first1=Kenneth |last2=Morrison |first2=James |year=1999 |title=Feet to the Fire CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957–1958 |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]] |isbn=1-55750-193-9 }}
* {{cite book | last=Leary | first=W.M. | authorlink=William M. Leary | title=Perilous Missions: Civil Air Transport and CIA Covert Operations in Asia | publisher=University of Alabama Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8173-5340-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miaJBgAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060914232450/http://www.utdallas.edu/library/collections/speccoll/hac/cataam/cataa.html The CAT / Air America Archive]
* {{cite web|url=https://www.catassociation.org/history/|title=Civil Air Transport ... the world's most shot at airline|website=catassociation.org|accessdate=May 14, 2022}} ([http://catassociation.org CAT Association])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060914232450/http://www.utdallas.edu/library/collections/speccoll/hac/cataam/cataa.html The CAT / Air America Archive]
* [http://www.air-america.org/ Air America web site]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2116368.stm BBC News: Search for 'spy' pilots in China]
* [http://www.pow-miafamilies.org/ National League of POW/MIA Families]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070214084642/https://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/vol50no4/html_files/prisnors.html Two CIA Prisoners in China, 1952–73]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070425142600/http://www.ambafrance-us.org/news/statmnts/2005/levitte_cat-022405.asp Presentation of the Insignia of Knights of the Legion of Honor to seven CAT pilots at Dien Bien Phu] (French embassy in the United States web site)
* [http://www.warbirdforum.com/avg.htm Annals of the Flying Tigers]
* [http://www.souvenirfrancais-issy.com/article-mcgovern-et-buford-deux-pilotes-americains-abattus-au-dessus-de-dien-bien-phu-par-le-general-icha-89102456.html Mc Govern et Buford deux pilotes americains (CAT) abattus au dessus de Dien Bien Phu, par le général Ichac (in French ).]
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{{Authority control}}
{{Airlines of Taiwan}}

[[Category:Civil Air Transport]]
[[Category:Korean War]]
[[Category:Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency front organizations]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of China]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1946]]
[[Category:Chinese companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:1968 disestablishments in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Military history of Taiwan]]