Editing Classical swine fever

{{short description|Viral disease of swine}}
{{hatnote group|
{{redirect|Swine Fever|the novel|Swine Fever (novel)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[swine influenza]] (swine flu)}} }}
{{Virusbox
| name = Classical swine fever virus
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| parent = Pestivirus
| species = Pestivirus suis
| synonyms =
* Classical swine fever virus<ref name="2017.010S">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Donald B. |display-authors=etal |title=Renaming four species and creating seven new species in the genus ''Pestivirus'' |url=https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/2017.010S.A.v1.Pestivirus_7sp4spren.zip |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=21 August 2019 |language=en |date=31 May 2017 |quote=...''Classical swine fever virus'' becomes ''Pestivirus C''...}}</ref>
* Hog cholera virus<ref>[https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf ICTV 7th Report] van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego. 1162 pp.</ref>
* Hog cholera (European swine fever) virus<ref>[https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%206th%20Report.pdf ICTV 6th Report] Murphy, F. A., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Ghabrial, S. A., Jarvis, A. W. Martelli, G. P. Mayo, M. A. & Summers, M. D.(eds) (1995). Virus Taxonomy. Sixthreport of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archives of Virology Supplement 10, 590</ref>
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''Classical swine fever''' ('''CSF''') or '''hog cholera''' (also sometimes called '''pig plague''' based on the German word {{lang|de|Schweinepest}}) is a highly contagious disease of [[Suina|swine]] ([[Suidae|Old World]] and [[Peccary|New World pig]]s).<ref name=Peccary/> It has been mentioned as a potential [[biological warfare|bioweapon]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dudley |first1=Joseph P. |last2=Woodford |first2=Michael H. |title=Bioweapons, Biodiversity, and Ecocide: Potential Effects of Biological Weapons on Biological DiversityBioweapon disease outbreaks could cause the extinction of endangered wildlife species, the erosion of genetic diversity in domesticated plants and animals, the destruction of traditional human livelihoods, and the extirpation of indigenous cultures |journal=BioScience |date=1 July 2002 |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=583–592 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0583:BBAEPE]2.0.CO;2 |language=en |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Clinical signs==
Swine fever causes [[fever]], [[lesion|skin lesions]], [[convulsion]]s, splenic [[infarction]]s and usually (particularly in young animals) [[death]] within 15 days.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The disease has acute and chronic forms, and can range from severe, with high mortality, to mild or even unapparent.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In the acute form of the disease, in all age groups, there is fever, huddling of sick animals, loss of appetite, dullness, weakness, conjunctivitis, constipation followed by diarrhoea, and an unsteady gait. Several days after the onset of clinical signs, the ears, abdomen and inner thighs may show a purple discoloration. Animals with acute disease die within 1–2 weeks. Severe cases of the disease appear very similar to [[African swine fever]]. With low-virulence strains, the only expression may be poor reproductive performance and the birth of [[pig#Reproduction|piglets]] with neurologic defects such as congenital tremor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/animal-diseases/classical-swine-fever/#D|title=Classical swine fever}}</ref>

==Immunization==
A small fraction of the infected pigs may survive and are rendered immune. Artificial immunization procedures were first developed by [[Marion Dorset]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://historicmaury.com/dorsetbio.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415235707/http://historicmaury.com/dorsetbio.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-15 | title=Marion Dorset: American Biochemist/Colleen Farrell 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aghalloffame.com/hall/dorset.aspx |title=Agricultural Hall of Fame :: Hall of Fame Inductee |access-date=2015-04-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412115611/http://www.aghalloffame.com/hall/dorset.aspx |archive-date=2015-04-12 }}, Marion Dorset/National Agricultural Hall of Fame</ref>

==Epidemiology==
The disease is endemic in much of Asia, Central and South America, and parts of Europe and Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arzt |s2cid=31753926 |display-authors=etal |title=Agricultural Diseases on the Move Early in the Third Millennium|journal=Veterinary Pathology|date=2010|doi=10.1177/0300985809354350|volume=47|issue=1|pages=15–27|pmid=20080480}}</ref> It was believed to have been eradicated in the United Kingdom by 1966 (according to the [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]), but an outbreak occurred in [[East Anglia]] in 2000.  On January 31, 1978 [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] Secretary [[Bob Bergland]] declared that the United States was free of the disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/pfop-hog-cholera-ravaged-countryside-in/article_d236203b-d3cf-56d0-a84c-d307b54bdf8e.html|title=PFOP: Hog cholera ravaged countryside in 1913|publisher=[[Pantagraph]]-[[Bloomington, Illinois]]|author=Bill Kemp|date=April 17, 2016|access-date=February 9, 2020}}</ref> The appearance of CSF in Italy and Spain was traced by [[Forensic DNA analysis|in a retroactive genetic analysis]].<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003">{{cite journal | last1=Moennig | first1=V. | last2=Floegel-Niesmann | first2=G. | last3=Greiser-Wilke | first3=I. | title=Clinical Signs and Epidemiology of Classical Swine Fever: A Review of New Knowledge | journal=[[The Veterinary Journal]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=165 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=1090-0233 | doi=10.1016/s1090-0233(02)00112-0 | pages=11–20| pmid=12618065 }}</ref> Greiser-Wilke ''et al.'', 2000 traced these to shipments of [[pig#Reproduction|piglets]] from the Netherlands.<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" />

Other regions believed free of CSF include Australia, Belgium (1998), Canada (1962), Ireland, New Zealand, and Scandinavia.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Virus==
[[Image:Classical swine fever kidneys.jpg|thumb|Pinpoint hemorrhages on the kidneys are characteristic of classical swine fever.]]
The infectious agent responsible is a [[virus]] CSFV (previously called hog cholera virus) of the genus ''[[Pestivirus]]'' in the family ''[[Flaviviridae]]''.<ref name=Peccary>[http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/classical_swine_fever.pdf Classical Swine Fever], The Center for Food Security and Public Health / The Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, College of Veterinary Medicine, [[Iowa State University]], update September 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Exotic animal diseases - Classical swine fever | url=http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/health/3945.html | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030822232643/http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/health/3945.html | archive-date=August 22, 2003 }}</ref> CSFV is closely related to the ruminant pestiviruses that cause bovine viral diarrhoea <!-- (BVDV) --> and border disease<!-- (BDV) -->.<ref name=sobrino2>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|author=Rumenapf and Thiel|year=2008|chapter=Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press| isbn =978-1-904455-22-6}}</ref>

The effect of different CSFV strains varies widely, leading to a wide range of clinical signs. Highly virulent strains correlate with acute, obvious disease and high mortality, including [[neurological]] signs and [[hemorrhage]]s within the skin.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Less virulent strains can give rise to subacute or chronic infections that may escape detection, while still causing abortions and stillbirths. In these cases, herds in high-risk areas are usually serologically tested on a thorough statistical basis.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Infected [[pig#Reproduction|piglets]] born to infected but subclinical sows help maintain the disease within a population. Other signs can include lethargy, fever, immunosuppression, chronic diarrhoea, and secondary respiratory infections. The incubation period of CSF ranges from 2 to 14 days, but clinical signs may not be apparent until after 2 to 3 weeks. Preventive state regulations usually assume 21 days as the outside limit of the incubation period. Animals with an acute infection can survive 2 to 3 months before their eventual death.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Eradicating CSF is problematic. Current programmes revolve around rapid detection, diagnosis, and slaughter. This may possibly be followed by emergency vaccination ([[ATCvet]] codes: {{ATCvet|I09|AA06}} for the inactivated viral vaccine, {{ATCvet|I09|AD04}} for the live vaccine). Vaccination is only used where the virus is widespread in the domestic pig population and/or in wild or feral pigs. In the latter case, a slaughter policy alone is usually impracticable. Instead, countries within the EU have implemented hunting restrictions designed to limit the movement of infected boars, as well as using marker and emergency vaccines to inhibit the spread of infection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moennig|first1=V|last2=Floegel-Niesmann|first2=G|last3=Greiser-Wilke|first3=I|date=2003-01-01|title=Clinical Signs and Epidemiology of Classical Swine Fever: A Review of New Knowledge|journal=The Veterinary Journal|volume=165|issue=1|pages=11–20|doi=10.1016/S1090-0233(02)00112-0|pmid=12618065}}</ref> Possible sources for maintaining and introducing infection include the wide transport of pigs and pork products, as well as endemic CSF within wild boar and feral pig populations.

== Strains ==
* 1{{snd}} including 1.1,<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017">{{cite journal | last1=Blome | first1=Sandra | last2=Staubach | first2=Christoph | last3=Henke | first3=Julia | last4=Carlson | first4=Jolene | last5=Beer | first5=Martin | title=Classical Swine Fever—An Updated Review | journal=[[Viruses (journal)|Viruses]] | publisher=[[MDPI]] | volume=9 | issue=4 | date=2017-04-21 | page=86 | doi=10.3390/v9040086| pmid=28430168 | pmc=5408692 | doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|Fig. 1}}<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" /> 1.2,<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" /><ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" /> 1.3,<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" />{{rp|Fig. 1}}<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" /> 1.4,<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" />{{rp|Fig. 1}} the unassigned 1.x<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" />{{rp|Fig. 1}}
* 2{{snd}} including 2.1,<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" />{{rp|Fig. 1}}<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" /><ref name="Paton-Wilke-2003">{{cite journal | last1=Paton | first1=D.J. | last2=Greiser-Wilke | first2=I. | title=Classical swine fever – an update | journal=[[Research in Veterinary Science]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=75 | issue=3 | year=2003 | issn=0034-5288 | doi=10.1016/s0034-5288(03)00076-6 | pages=169–178| pmid=13129664 }}</ref> 2.2,<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" />{{rp|Fig. 1}}<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" /> 2.3<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" />{{rp|Fig. 1}}<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" />
* 3{{snd}} including 3.1,<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" /> 3.2,<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" />{{rp|Fig. 1}}<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" /> 3.3,<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" /> 3.4<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" />{{rp|Fig. 1}}<ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" />

== Diagnosis ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2022}}

===Standard diagnostic tests include===
* Fluorescent antibody test (FAT) {{snd}} detection of viral protein using [[Immunofluorescence|fluorescent labelled antibodies]] in tissue<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2022 |url=https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.09.03_CSF.pdf |publisher=World Organization for Animal Health |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=English |date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
* Serum Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay ([[ELISA]]){{snd}} detection of host animal antibody response in serum samples.<ref name=":0" />
* Antigen [[ELISA]]{{snd}} detection of viral protein (antigen) in serum samples.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Real-time polymerase chain reaction|RT-qPCR]] test{{snd}} detection of viral RNA in samples, especially useful to differentiate strains.<ref name=":0" /> Direct genetic typing for CSF was first developed by Greiser-Wilke ''et al.'', 2000 to trace descendants of the 1997-1998 EU [[epizootic]].<ref name="Blome-et-al-2017" /><ref name="Moennig-et-al-2003" /><ref name="Paton-Wilke-2003" />
* Virus isolation{{snd}} isolation of virus in cell culture.<ref name=":0" />

===Histopathological examination===
* Histology of the brain shows vasculoendothelial proliferation and perivascular cuffing (cuffing is highly suggestive when accompanied by other signs, but is not pathognomonic for the disease).

==See also==
* [[2007 Central Luzon hog cholera outbreak]]
* [[Animal virology|Animal viruses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Classical swine fever}}
* [http://www.pighealth.com/csf.htm CSF page of Pig Disease Information Centre (UK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307164926/http://www.pighealth.com/csf.htm |date=2012-03-07 }}
* [http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Diseaseinformation/Diseasehome Current status of Classical Swine Fever worldwide] at OIE. WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database
* [https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/Disease_cards/CLASSICAL_SWINE_FEVER.pdf Technical Disease card], World Organisation for Animal Health
* [https://ec.europa.eu/food/animals/animal-diseases/control-measures/csf_en European Commission Animal Health & Welfare on CSF]
* [https://www.gov.uk/guidance/classical-swine-fever  Classical swine fever: how to spot and report the disease], United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
* [https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/swine-disease-information/classic-swine-fever/classic-swine-fever Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Classical Swine Fever], United States Department of Agriculture
* [http://www.pantagraph.com/news/pfop-hog-cholera-ravaged-countryside-in/article_d236203b-d3cf-56d0-a84c-d307b54bdf8e.html Hog cholera ravaged countryside in 1913 – Pantagraph] (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
* [http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/disease.php?name=classical-swine-fever Center for Food Security and Public Health: Classical Swine Fever], Iowa State University
* [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/pathogens-and-diseases/classical-swine-fever Species Profile – Classical Swine Fever], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]].

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[[Category:Swine diseases]]
[[Category:Animal viral diseases]]
[[Category:Pestiviruses]]
[[Category:Biological anti-agriculture weapons]]
[[Category:Flaviviridae]]