Editing Cleopatra V

{{Short description|Ptolemaic Queen of Egypt}}
{{About|Cleopatra V Tryphaena|Cleopatra V Selene|Cleopatra Selene of Syria}}
{{Infobox pharaoh
| name = Cleopatra V of Egypt
| alt_name = Cleopatra V Tryphaena
| image = Ra80-HDD-b.jpg
| caption = A likely sculpture of Cleopatra V Tryphaena,{{efn|name=same|Cleopatra V and Cleopatra VI may have been the same person.}} 1st century BC, from Lower Egypt, now in the [[Musée Saint-Raymond]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Portrait féminin (mère de Cléopâtre ?)|url=https://saintraymond.toulouse.fr/Portrait-feminin-mere-de-Cleopatre_a629.html|access-date=29 July 2021|website=|language=French|publisher=[[Musée Saint-Raymond]]|archive-date=2015-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920032651/http://www.saintraymond.toulouse.fr/Portrait-feminin-mere-de-Cleopatre_a629.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| role = [[Basileus|Queen]] of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] 
| reign = 79–69 BC with [[Ptolemy XII]]{{efn|name=ruled|If Cleopatra V and Cleopatra VI were the same person, Cleopatra V also co-ruled with [[Berenice IV]] in 58–57 BC}}
| predecessor = [[Ptolemy XII]]
| successor = Ptolemy XII
| spouse = [[Ptolemy XII]]
| children =  Known:<br/>Berenice IV<br/>Probably:<br/>[[Cleopatra VII]]<br/>Possibly:<br/>[[Cleopatra VI]]{{efn|name=same}}<br/>[[Arsinoe IV]]<br/>[[Ptolemy XIII]]<br/>[[Ptolemy XIV]]
| father = Uncertain:<br/>[[Ptolemy IX Lathyros|Ptolemy IX]]<br/> or [[Ptolemy X Alexander I|Ptolemy X]]
| mother = Uncertain:<br/> [[Cleopatra IV]] or [[Berenice III]]
| birth_date = {{circa|100/95 BC}}<ref>[https://archive.today/20130205111401/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_v_fr.htm Christopher Bennett: ''Cleopatra V.''].</ref> 
| death_date = {{circa|69–68 BC}}{{efn|name=died}}
|Dynasty=Ptolemaic dynasty}}
'''Cleopatra V''' ({{langx|el|Κλεοπάτρα Τρύφαινα}}; died {{circa|69–68 BC}}{{efn|name=died|If Cleopatra V and Cleopatra VI were the same person, Cleopatra V died in 57 BC, the same year Cleopatra VI died.}}) was a [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] Queen of [[Egypt]]. She is the only surely attested wife of [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]]. Her only known child is [[Berenice IV]], but she was also possibly the mother of [[Cleopatra VII]]. It is unclear if she died around the time of Cleopatra VII's birth in 69 BC. If she did not die in c. 69 BC, she may be the same person as the co-ruler of Berenice IV, known as [[Cleopatra VI]]. No written records about Cleopatra VI exist after 57 BC. Berenice IV was overthrown by Ptolemy XII in 55 BC, when his throne was restored with [[Gabiniani|Roman military aid]].

==Descent and marriage==
Because of the poor body of source material Cleopatra V is a very obscure member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, only a few ascertained facts about her are known and many aspects of her life are the subject to controversy.<ref>Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones: ''Cleopatra VI Tryphaina.'' In: Roger S. Bagnall et al.: ''The Encyclopedia of Ancient History.'' Wiley-Blackwell, Malden (MA) 2013, {{ISBN|9781405179355}}, vol. 3, p. 1568.</ref> In all known ancient sources she is given the byname ''Tryphaena''. She may have borne this name before accession to the throne when she assumed the traditional royal name ''Cleopatra''.<ref>[http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_v_fr.htm Christopher Bennett: ''Cleopatra V.'', note 1].</ref> In some modern specialist literature Cleopatra Tryphaena, wife of [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]], is referred to as ''Cleopatra&nbsp;VI.''<ref>Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. {{ISBN|0-500-05128-3}}</ref> The historian [[Werner Huß]] refers to her as ''Cleopatra VII Tryphaena''.<ref>Werner Huß, ''Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit'' (''Egypt in Hellenistic times''). C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, {{ISBN|3-406-47154-4}}, p. 674 and passim.</ref>

The parentage of Cleopatra V is not recorded. She may have been a legitimate or illegitimate daughter of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;IX]]{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=4}}<ref>Werner Huß, ''Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit'', p. 674-675 with note 16 (who considers it probable, that Cleopatra V was the full sister of Ptolemy XII).</ref>{{sfnp|Watterson|2020|p=40}} or the legitimate daughter of [[Ptolemy X Alexander I|Ptolemy&nbsp;X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_v_fr.htm|title=Ptolemaic Dynasty – Cleopatra V Tryphaena|website=www.tyndalehouse.com}}</ref> Porphyry mentions that Ptolemy X Alexander fled Egypt with his wife [[Berenice III]] and a daughter in 88 BC. Cleopatra Tryphaena might be this unspecified daughter.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130205111401/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_v_fr.htm Christopher Bennett: ''Cleopatra V.'', note 5]. {{deadlink|date=June 2024}}</ref> 

Cleopatra V is first mentioned in 79&nbsp;BC in two [[papyri]]. One of these papyri dates from January 17, 79 BC.<ref>[[Friedrich Preisigke]], [[Wilhelm Spiegelberg]]: ''Prinz Joachim-Ostraka.'' Nr. 1 (= ''Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten'' (SB). Bd. 3, Nr. 6027).</ref> In that year she married Ptolemy&nbsp;XII, king of Egypt. They received divine worship as ''theoí Philopátores kai Philádelphoi'' (''father-, brother- and sister-loving gods'').<ref>Whitehorne, pp. 177–178; W. Huß, p. 674-675</ref> Cleopatra’s Egyptian titles, found primarily at [[Edfu]] and [[Philae]], include ''Daughter of [[Re (Egyptian religion)|Re]]'', ''Female Ruler'', and ''Mistress of Two Lands''.<ref>Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones: ''Cleopatra VI Tryphaina.'' In: Roger S. Bagnall et al.: ''The Encyclopedia of Ancient History'', vol. 3, p. 1569.</ref>

==Death and identity==
It is unclear how long Cleopatra&nbsp;V lived, and with which mentions of Cleopatra Tryphaena in the historical record she should be identified, as the numbering used to distinguish the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies]] is a modern invention. Cleopatra Tryphaena&nbsp;V vanishes around the time [[Cleopatra VII]] was born (69&nbsp;BC): her name begins to disappear from monuments and [[Papyrus|papyri]], and there is a papyrus of Ptolemy&nbsp;XII from 69&nbsp;BC that does not mention her but would be expected to do so had she still been alive.<ref> She is lastly mentioned in a monument dated on August&nbsp;8, 69 BC ([[Wilhelm Dittenberger]] In: ''[https://archive.org/details/orientisgraeciin01dittuoft Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae].'' (OGIS) I 185), but her name is already missing in a record dated on November 1, 69 BC ([http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_v_fr.htm Christopher Bennett: ''Cleopatra V.'', note 11]).</ref>

There is some indication that Cleopatra may have died in 69&nbsp;BC — she may have died in childbirth or was possibly murdered. Should she really have died that early, then the Cleopatra Tryphaena who is mentioned — after the expulsion of Ptolemy&nbsp;XII — as co-ruler of Egypt (together with [[Berenice IV of Egypt|Berenice&nbsp;IV]]) in 58 and 57&nbsp;BC, and died around 57&nbsp;BC, must be her daughter, numbered by some historians as [[Cleopatra&nbsp;VI Tryphaena]]. This is also supported by [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]].<ref>[[Felix Jacoby]], ''[[Fragmente der griechischen Historiker]]'', no. 260 F 2, 14</ref><ref name="Whitehorne182">Whitehorne, p. 182</ref>

On the other hand, there is a dedication on the [[Temple of Edfu]] from December 5, 57&nbsp;BC that inscribes Cleopatra Tryphaena's name alongside Ptolemy&nbsp;XII's (who however was not present in Egypt at that time), which would have meant the king's wife rather than daughter and would be unlikely had Ptolemy&nbsp;XII's wife really died already twelve years earlier. Thus some, though not all, modern historians<ref>e. g. W. Huß, ''Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit'' (''Egypt in Hellenistic times''). C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 679</ref> consider Cleopatra&nbsp;V to be identical with the purported Cleopatra&nbsp;VI Tryphaena, and have her living to c.&nbsp;57&nbsp;BC. This would comport with the account by Strabo,<ref>''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geographica]]'' 17.1.11, p. 796</ref> who reports Ptolemy&nbsp;XII to have had only three daughters; these can reliably be identified as Berenice&nbsp;IV, Cleopatra&nbsp;VII, and [[Arsinoe IV of Egypt|Arsinoe&nbsp;IV]] as the king's daughters, so that there would not be left any room for a Cleopatra&nbsp;VI.<ref name="Whitehorne182" /> Werner Huss assumes, that quarrels erupted between Cleopatra V and Ptolemy XII in 69 BC and that as a result of these disputes Cleopatra V fell in disgrace and was compelled to resign.<ref>Werner Huß, ''Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit'', p. 679.</ref>

Cleopatra V was probably the mother of Cleopatra VII.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=4}}{{sfnp|Preston|2009|p=22}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|p=xiii}}{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=28}}{{sfnp|Tyldesley|2008|p=40, 235-236}}{{sfnp|Kleiner|2005|p=22}}{{sfnp|Meadows|2001|p=23}}{{sfn|Bennett|1997|p=60-63}}{{sfnp|Bianchi|2005}} [[Michael Grant (classicist)|Michael Grant]] comes to the conclusion that "on the whole" it seems most likely Cleopatra V was the mother of Cleopatra VII, noting that had Cleopatra VII been illegitimate, her "numerous Roman enemies would have revealed this to the world." He continues that we should rule out the hypothesis Cleopatra VII was conceived by Ptolemy XII's second wife-to-be while Cleopatra V was on the scene, and that if this unknown second wife had been Cleopatra VII's mother and had later become a legitimized queen, Cleopatra VII would still have been considered a bastard and "her Roman foes would not have missed the hint."{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=4}} [[Duane W. Roller]] speculates that Cleopatra could have been the daughter of a theoretical half-Macedonian-Greek, half-Egyptian woman belonging to a family of priests dedicated to [[Ptah]] and was "only technically illegitimate" (however, he contends that whatever Cleopatra's ancestry, she valued her Greek Ptolemaic heritage the most), but notes that if this unknown woman was not Cleopatra's mother, then Cleopatra V would be her mother.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15, 18, 166}} Part of his argument is based on Strabo's mention of Ptolemy XII's having only three daughters, Berenice being the only legitimate one.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15, 18, 166}} But as Grant notes that, of all the attacks on Cleopatra VII, her being illegitimate is not among them, and it is only mentioned in a casual statement by Strabo.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=4}}

Most scholars agree that Berenice IV was a daughter of Cleopatra V. A different wife of Ptolemy XII may have been the mother of the younger siblings of Cleopatra VII: Arsinoe IV, [[Ptolemy XIII]] and [[Ptolemy XIV]].<ref>Thus, e. g. Christoph Schäfer:  ''Kleopatra''. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2006, {{ISBN|3-534-15418-5}}, p. 18</ref> However, Christopher Bennett thinks that Cleopatra V was the mother of all known children of Ptolemy XII.<ref>[http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_v_fr.htm Christopher Bennett: ''Cleopatra V.'', note 17 and 18].</ref> In 55 BC, upon his return to Egypt from exile with Roman military aid, Ptolemy XII had his rival daughter Berenice IV executed for usurping his throne.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}} 

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=Christopher J. |date=1997  |title=Cleopatra&nbsp;V Tryphæna and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies |journal= Ancient Society |volume= 28 |pages=39–66 |doi= 10.2143/AS.28.0.630068|issn=0066-1619|jstor=44079777 }} {{registration required|nolink=1}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleopatra VII |encyclopedia=[[The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt]] |year=2005 |last=Bianchi |first=Steven |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*{{citation|last=Grant|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Grant (classicist)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cleopatra0000gran/page/4 4, 5]|title=Cleopatra|year=1972|location=Edison, NJ|publisher=Barnes and Noble Books|isbn=978-0880297257|url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatra0000gran/page/4}}.
*{{Citation|last=Jones |first=Prudence J. |title=Cleopatra: a sourcebook |year=2006 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=9780806137414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQZB28EegT4C |postscript=.}}
*{{citation|last=Kleiner|first=Diana E. E.|year=2005|title=Cleopatra and Rome|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674019058}}.
*{{Citation|last1=Meadows|first1=Andrew|editor-surname1=Walker|editor-given1=Susan|editor-surname2=Higgs|editor-given2=Peter|title=Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth|location=Princeton, NJ|chapter=Sins of the fathers; the inheritance of Cleopatra, last queen of Egypt|publisher=British Museum Press)|year=2001|pages=14–31|isbn=978-0714119434}}
*{{Citation|last=Preston|first=Diana |author-link=Diana Preston| title=Cleopatra and Antony |year=2009 |publisher=Walker & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0802710598}}.
*{{Citation |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |author-link=Duane W. Roller |title=Cleopatra: a biography |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195365535 |url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatrabiograp00roll_0 |postscript=. }}
*{{Citation|last=Schiff |first=Stacy |author-link=Stacy Schiff | title=Cleopatra: A Life |year=2011 |publisher=Random House |location=UK |isbn=978-0316001946 }}.
*{{Citation | first=Joyce |last=Tyldesley |author-link=Joyce Tyldesley |title=Cleopatra, Last Queen of Egypt |publisher=Profile Books Ltd |year=2008}}
*{{cite book|last=Watterson|first=Barbara|title=Cleopatra: Fact and Fiction|publisher=Amberley Publishing|year=2020|isbn=978-1-445-66965-6}}
*{{cite book | author = Whitehorne, John | title = Cleopatras | publisher = Routledge | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-415-05806-6}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/genealogy.htm Genealogy of Ptolemaic Dynasty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204004502/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/genealogy.htm |date=2011-02-04 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ptolemaic dynasty]]||ca. 95 BC||ca. 69/68-57 BC}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ptolemy XII]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Pharaohs#Ptolemaic Dynasty|Pharaoh of Egypt]]|years=79 BC–68 BC
|regent1='''[[Ptolemy XII]]'''}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ptolemy XII]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hellenistic rulers}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{Queens of Ancient Egypt}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1st-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:1st-century BC queens regnant]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Egyptian women]]
[[Category:60s BC deaths]]
[[Category:90s BC births]]
[[Category:Female pharaohs]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty]]
[[Category:Ptolemaic princesses]]