Editing Cleveland

{{About|the city in Ohio|the metropolitan area|Greater Cleveland|other uses}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Cleveland
| settlement_type          = [[Administrative divisions of Ohio#Municipalities|City]]
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| image1                   = CLE script sign.png
| caption1                 = Cleveland script sign at [[Edgewater Park (Cleveland)|Edgewater Park]]
| image2                   = Cleveland skyline from Lakewood Park, June 2024.jpg
| caption2                 = [[Downtown Cleveland]] skyline
| image3                   = Cleveland Playhouse Square (13917560487).jpg
| caption3                 = [[Playhouse Square]]
| image4                   = Art museum and lagoon.jpg
| caption4                 = [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]
| image5                   = Garfield Monument and flag - Lake View Cemetery - 2015-04-04 (22387453266).jpg
| caption5                 = [[James A. Garfield Memorial|Garfield Memorial]]
| image6                   = Severance Hall (30706862372).jpg
| caption6                 = [[Severance Hall]]
| image7                   = Rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-sunset.jpg
| caption7                 = [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]
| image8                   = West Side Market 2023.jpg
| caption8                 = [[West Side Market]]
| image9                   = Cleveland OH Arcade (NRHP-60859).jpg
| caption9                 = [[Cleveland Arcade]] }}
| image_flag               = Flag of Cleveland, Ohio.svg
| flag_size                = 110px
| image_seal               = Seal of Cleveland, Ohio.svg
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| image_blank_emblem       =
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| nicknames                = [[The Forest City]]<ref name="forest-city">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Forest City |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History]] |date=June 5, 2020 |publisher=[[Case Western Reserve University]] |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/forest-city |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref><br />(for more, see [[Nicknames of Cleveland|full list]])
| motto                    = Progress & Prosperity<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Municipal Symbols |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/municipal-symbols |date=October 3, 2022 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>
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| map_caption              = Interactive map of Cleveland
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| coordinates              = {{Wikidatacoord|Q37320|region:US-OH_type:city(373,000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = United States
| subdivision_type1        = State
| subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Ohio]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga]]
| established_title        = Founded
| established_date         = {{start date|1796|07|22}}
| established_title2       = Incorporated ([[Village (United States)|village]])
| established_date2        = {{start date|1814|12|23}}
| established_title3       = Incorporated (city)
| established_date3        = {{start date|1836|03|05}}{{sfn|Rose|1990|p=145}}
| named_for                = [[Moses Cleaveland]]
| government_type          = [[Mayor–council government|Strong mayor / Council]]
| governing_body           = [[Cleveland City Council]]
| leader_title             = [[Mayor of Cleveland|Mayor]]
| leader_name              = [[Justin Bibb]]
| leader_party             = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]
<!-- Area -->
| unit_pref                = Imperial
| area_footnotes           = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web |title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory |url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=September 20, 2022 }}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi         = 82.48
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| area_land_sq_mi          = 77.73
| area_land_km2            = 201.33
| area_water_sq_mi         = 4.75
| area_water_km2           = 12.29
| elevation_footnotes      = <ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1066654 }}</ref>
| elevation_m              =
| elevation_ft             = 653
<!-- Population -->
| population_total         = 372624
| population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_est           = 365379
| pop_est_as_of            = 2024
| pop_est_footnotes        = <ref name="USCensusQuickFacts" />
| population_footnotes     =
| population_rank          = [[List of United States cities by population|53rd]] in the United States<br>[[List of cities in Ohio|2nd]] in Ohio
| population_density_sq_mi = 4793.52
| population_density_km2   = 1850.78
| population_urban         = 1,712,178 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|31st]])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 926.1
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,398.7
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 14, 2021 }}</ref>
| population_metro         = 2185825 (US: [[Metropolitan statistical area|33rd]])
| population_demonym       = Clevelander
| demographics_type2       = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes  = <ref name="cleveland-MSA-GDP">{{Cite web |title=Total Real Gross Domestic Product for Cleveland-Elyria, OH (MSA) |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RGMP17460 |publisher=[[Bureau of Economic Analysis|U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)]] |access-date=January 5, 2024 }}</ref>
|demographics2_title1      = Metro
|demographics2_info1       = $139.935 billion (2023)
| postal_code_type         = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code              = {{collapsible list
 |title                    = ZIP Codes<ref>{{cite web |title=ZIP Code Lookup |url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |url-status=dead |publisher=USPS |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903025217/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |archive-date=September 3, 2007 }}</ref>
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 |44101–44147, 44181, 44188, 44190–44195, 44197–44199
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| area_code                = [[Area code 216|216]]
| area_code_type           = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| timezone                 = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset               = −5
| timezone_DST             = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST           = −4
| website                  = {{URL|https://www.clevelandohio.gov/|clevelandohio.gov}}
}}

'''Cleveland'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|iː|v|l|ə|n|d}} {{respell|KLEEV|lənd}}}} is a city in the U.S. state of [[Ohio]] and the [[county seat]] of [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |archive-date=May 31, 2011 }}</ref> Located along the southern shore of [[Lake Erie]], it is situated across the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–United States maritime border]] and lies approximately {{cvt|60|mi|km}} west of [[Pennsylvania]]. Cleveland is the most populous city on Lake Erie, the [[list of cities in Ohio|second-most populous city]] in Ohio, and the [[List of United States cities by population|53rd-most populous city]] in the U.S. with a population of 372,624 in 2020.<ref name="USCensusQuickFacts">{{cite web |title=Cleveland city, Ohio |work=QuickFacts |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/clevelandcityohio |access-date=May 15, 2025 }}</ref> The city anchors the [[Greater Cleveland|Cleveland metropolitan area]], the [[Metropolitan statistical area|33rd-largest]] in the U.S. at 2.18 million residents, as well as the larger Cleveland–[[Akron, Ohio|Akron]]–[[Canton, Ohio|Canton]] [[combined statistical area]] with 3.63 million residents.<ref name="PopEstCSA">{{cite web |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010–2019 |publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division |url=https://www.census.gov/content/census/en/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html |date=March 26, 2020 |access-date=April 26, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="cle-center">{{cite web |title=Cleveland |publisher=The Center for Cleveland |url=https://www.centerforcleveland.org/cleveland |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>

Cleveland was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the [[Cuyahoga River]] as part of the [[Connecticut Western Reserve]] in modern-day [[Northeast Ohio]] by General [[Moses Cleaveland]], after whom the city was named. The city's location on the river and the lake shore allowed it to grow into a major commercial and industrial [[metropolis]] by the late 19th century, attracting large numbers of [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]] and [[Great Migration (African American)|migrants]].<ref name="immigration-migration">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Immigration and Migration |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=[[Case Western Reserve University]] |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/i/immigration-and-migration |date=February 25, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2022 }}</ref> It was among the [[Largest cities in the United States by population by decade|top 10 largest U.S. cities by population]] for much of the 20th century, a period that saw the development of the city's cultural institutions.<ref name="largest-US-cities">{{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Campbell |title=Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html |date=June 1998 |access-date=November 15, 2023 }}</ref> By the 1960s, Cleveland's economy began to slow down as [[Manufacturing in the United States|manufacturing]] declined and [[suburb]]anization occurred.

Cleveland is a [[Port of Cleveland|port city]], connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. [[Economy of Greater Cleveland|Its economy]] relies on diverse sectors that include higher education, manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedicals.<ref name="economy">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hammack |first=David C. |title=Economy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 28, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/economy |access-date=September 15, 2020 }}</ref> The city serves as the headquarters of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland]], as well as several major companies. The GDP for the Greater Cleveland MSA was US$138.3 billion in 2022.<ref name="cleveland-MSA-GDP" /> Combined with the [[Akron metropolitan area|Akron MSA]], the eight-county Cleveland–Akron metropolitan economy was $176 billion in 2022, the largest in Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Real Gross Domestic Product for Akron, OH (MSA) |website=stlouisfed.org |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RGMP10420 |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |access-date=January 5, 2024 }}</ref>

Designated as a [[global city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |website=lboro.ac.uk |department=Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=August 31, 2020 }}</ref> Cleveland is home to several major cultural institutions, including the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]], the [[Cleveland Orchestra]], the [[Cleveland Public Library]], [[Playhouse Square]], and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], as well as [[Case Western Reserve University]]. Known as "[[The Forest City]]" among many other [[Nicknames of Cleveland|nicknames]], Cleveland serves as the center of the [[Cleveland Metroparks]] nature reserve system.<ref name="forest-city" /> The city's major league [[Sports in Cleveland|professional sports teams]] include the [[Cleveland Browns]] ([[American football|football]]; [[NFL]]), the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] (basketball; [[NBA]]), and the [[Cleveland Guardians]] (baseball; [[MLB]]).

== History ==
{{main|History of Cleveland}}
{{For timeline}}

=== Establishment ===
[[File:Moses Cleaveland statue in 2021.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[James G. C. Hamilton]]'s 1888 statue of city founder General [[Moses Cleaveland]]]]
Cleveland was established on July 22, 1796, by surveyors of the [[Connecticut Land Company]] when they laid out [[Connecticut]]'s [[Connecticut Western Reserve|Western Reserve]] into townships and a capital city. They named the settlement "Cleaveland" after their leader, General [[Moses Cleaveland]], a veteran of the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="moses">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleaveland, Moses |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleaveland-moses |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=January 20, 2019 }}</ref> Cleaveland oversaw the [[New England]]–style design of the plan for what would become the modern downtown area, centered on [[Public Square, Cleveland|Public Square]], before returning to Connecticut, never again to visit Ohio.<ref name="moses" /> The town's name was often shortened to "Cleveland", even by Cleaveland's original surveyors. A common myth emerged that the spelling was altered by ''The Cleveland Advertiser'' in order to fit the name on the newspaper's [[Nameplate (publishing)|masthead]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Burton |first=Abby |title=CLE Myths: The "A" In Cleaveland |magazine=[[Cleveland Magazine]] |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/articles/cle-myths-the-a-in-cleaveland |date=November 25, 2019 |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bourne |first=Henry E. |year=1896 |title=The Story of Cleveland |magazine=New England Magazine |volume=14 |issue=6 |page=744 |quote=It was agreeable to the wishes of many of our oldest and most intelligent citizens, who are of the opinion that the 'a' is superfluous. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Og7AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Cleveland%20Advertiser%22%201831%20spelling&pg=PA744 }}</ref>

The first permanent European settler in Cleveland was [[Lorenzo Carter (settler)|Lorenzo Carter]], who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/14 14]}} The emerging community served as an important supply post for the U.S. during the [[Battle of Lake Erie]] in the [[War of 1812]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=War of 1812 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=January 20, 2019 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/war-1812 |access-date=May 29, 2020 }}</ref> Locals adopted Commodore [[Oliver Hazard Perry]] as a civic hero and erected a [[Perry Monument (Cleveland)|monument in his honor]] decades later.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Perry Monument |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/perry-monument |access-date=May 29, 2020 }}</ref> Largely through the efforts of the settlement's first lawyer [[Alfred Kelley]], the village of Cleveland was incorporated on December 23, 1814.{{sfn|Rose|1990|p=74}}

Despite the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters, the town's waterfront location proved advantageous, giving it access to Great Lakes trade. It grew rapidly after the 1832 completion of the [[Ohio and Erie Canal]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ohio and Erie Canal |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/o/ohio-and-erie-canal |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=February 7, 2019 }}</ref> This key link between the [[Ohio River]] and the [[Great Lakes]] connected Cleveland to the Atlantic Ocean via the [[Erie Canal]] and Hudson River, and later via the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]].<ref name="economy" /> The town's growth continued with added [[Rail transportation in the United States|railroad links]].{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/51 51]}} In 1836, Cleveland, then only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga, was officially incorporated as a city, and [[John W. Willey]] was elected its first mayor.<ref name="timeline">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Timeline |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=http://ech.case.edu/timeline.html |access-date=August 1, 2022 |date=April 5, 2022 }}</ref> That same year, it nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring [[Ohio City, Cleveland|Ohio City]] over a bridge connecting the two communities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Columbus Street Bridge |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/columbus-street-bridge |date=November 18, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its [[Municipal annexation in the United States|annexation]] by Cleveland in 1854.<ref name="timeline" />

A center of [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] activity,{{sfn|Keating|2022|pp=13–15}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wyatt-Brown |first=Bertram |title=Abolitionism |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 31, 2019 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/abolitionism |access-date=June 7, 2020 }}</ref> Cleveland (code-named "Station Hope") was a major stop on the [[Underground Railroad]] for escaped African American [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] en route to Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Search of the Underground Railroad |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/tours/show/44 |access-date=June 7, 2020 }}</ref> The city also served as an [[Cleveland in the American Civil War|important center]] for the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the [[American Civil War]].{{sfn|Keating|2022|p=38}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Abraham Lincoln in Cleveland: Remembering a Slain President |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/70 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> Decades later, in July 1894, the wartime contributions of those serving the Union from Cleveland and Cuyahoga County would be honored with the [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]] on Public Square.<ref name="soldiers-sailors">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/soldiers-and-sailors-monument |access-date=August 3, 2019 |date=May 22, 2018 }}</ref>

=== Growth and expansion ===
The Civil War vaulted Cleveland into the first rank of American manufacturing cities and fueled unprecedented growth.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/69 69]}} Its prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes played an important role in its development as an industrial and commercial center. In 1870, [[John D. Rockefeller]] founded [[Standard Oil]] in Cleveland,{{sfn|Rose|1990|p=937}} and in 1885, he moved its headquarters to New York City, which had become a center of finance and business.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Experience: Rockefellers Timeline |publisher=PBS |quote=1885: Standard Oil moves into new headquarters at 26 Broadway in New York. |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rockefellers-timeline/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>

[[File:Cleveland 1877.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|[[Bird's-eye view]] of Cleveland in 1877]]
Cleveland's economic growth and industrial jobs attracted large waves of immigrants from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and Eastern Europe as well as [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]].<ref name="immigration-migration" /> Urban growth was accompanied by significant strikes and labor unrest, as workers demanded [[Labor rights|better wages and working conditions]].{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|pp=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/87 87–89]}} Between 1881 and 1886, 70 to 80% of strikes were successful in improving labor conditions in Cleveland.<ref name="labor">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Harrison |first=Dennis I. |title=Labor |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/l/labor |access-date=January 29, 2021 |date=January 29, 2021 }}</ref> The [[Streetcar strikes in the United States|Cleveland Streetcar Strike of 1899]] was one of the more violent instances of labor strife in the city during this period.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Streetcar Strike of 1899 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/streetcar-strike-1899 |access-date=July 3, 2021 |date=May 22, 2018 }}</ref>

By 1910, Cleveland had become known as the "Sixth City" due to its status at the time as the sixth-largest U.S. city.<ref name="nicknames">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Nicknames and Slogans |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=February 27, 2023 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-nicknames-and-slogans |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> Its automotive companies included [[Peerless Motor Company|Peerless]], [[Chandler Motor Car|Chandler]], and [[Winton Motor Carriage Company|Winton]], maker of the first car driven across the U.S. Other manufacturing industries in Cleveland included [[steam car]]s produced by [[White Motor Company|White]] and [[electric car]]s produced by [[Baker Motor Vehicle|Baker]].{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/116 116]}} The city counted major [[Progressive Era]] politicians among its leaders, most prominently the [[Populism|populist]] Mayor [[Tom L. Johnson]], who was responsible for the development of the [[The Mall (Cleveland)|Cleveland Mall Plan]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Johnson, Tom L |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/johnson-tom-l |date=September 19, 2021 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> The era of the [[City Beautiful movement]] in Cleveland architecture saw wealthy patrons support the establishment of the city's major cultural institutions. The most prominent among them were the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], which opened in 1916,{{sfn|Turner|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/object-lessons/page/9 9]}} and the [[Cleveland Orchestra]], established in 1918.{{sfn|Rosenberg|2000|pp=43–44}}

[[File:Inviting Immigrants to Cleveland Poster (6279784636).jpg|thumb|upright|1917 multilingual poster in English, Italian, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]], [[Polish language|Polish]], and [[Yiddish]], advertising English classes for immigrants in Cleveland]]
In addition to the large immigrant population, African American migrants from the rural [[Southern United States|South]] arrived in Cleveland (among other Northeastern and Midwestern cities) as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] for jobs, constitutional rights, and relief from [[Jim Crow laws|racial discrimination]].<ref name="african-americans">{{cite encyclopedia |title=African Americans |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/african-americans |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=July 15, 2019 }}</ref> By 1920, the year in which the [[Cleveland Guardians|Cleveland Indians]] won their [[1920 World Series|first World Series championship]], Cleveland had grown into a densely-populated metropolis of 796,841, making it the fifth-largest city in the nation,<ref name="largest-US-cities" /> with a foreign-born population of 30%.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Salling |first1=Mark |last2=Cyran |first2=Ellen |title=Foreign-Born Population in Selected Ohio Cities, 1870 to 2000: A Brief Descriptive Report |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1357&context=urban_facpub |page=9 |date=January 1, 2006 |access-date=July 2, 2019 }}</ref>

At this time, Cleveland saw the rise of radical labor movements, most prominently the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW), in response to the conditions of the largely immigrant and migrant workers. In 1919, the city attracted national attention amid the [[First Red Scare]] for the [[May Day riots of 1919|Cleveland May Day Riots]], in which local [[socialism|socialist]] and IWW demonstrators clashed with anti-socialists.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=May Day Riots |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/may-day-riots |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=May 19, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=May Day Riot |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/28 |access-date=July 22, 2019 }}</ref> The riots occurred during the broader [[US Strike wave of 1919|strike wave]] that swept the U.S. that year.{{sfn|Brecher|2020|p=[https://archive.org/details/strike0000brec_t8h1/page/110 110]}}

Cleveland's population continued to grow throughout the [[Roaring Twenties]].{{sfn|Condon|1979|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandprodigy0000cond/page/99 99]}} The decade saw the establishment of the city's [[Playhouse Square]],<ref name="playhouse">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Playhouse Square |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/playhouse-square |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=May 31, 2019 }}</ref> and the rise of the risqué [[Downtown Cleveland#Short Vincent|Short Vincent]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Short Vincent |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/short-vincent |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=May 22, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Marilyn |title=Short Vincent: A Walk on Cleveland's Historic Wild Side |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/64 |access-date=June 5, 2023 }}</ref> The Bal-Masque balls of the avant-garde [[Kokoon Arts Club]] scandalized the city.{{sfn|Adams|Waldman|2011|pp=85–87}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kokoon Arts Klub |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/851 |access-date=August 9, 2019 }}</ref> [[Jazz]] came to prominence in Cleveland during this period.<ref>{{cite news |last=Theiss |first=Evelyn |title=In Cleveland's 'second downtown,' jazz once filled the air: Elegant Cleveland |newspaper=[[The Plain Dealer]] |url=https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2012/02/in_clevelands_second_downtown.html |date=February 5, 2012 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }}</ref>{{sfn|Mosbrook|2013|p=10}} [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] first took effect in Ohio in May 1919 (although it was not well-enforced in Cleveland), became law with the [[Volstead Act]] in 1920, and was eventually [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution|repealed]] nationally by [[United States Congress|Congress]] in 1933.<ref name="prohibition">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Prohibition Amendment |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/prohibition-amendment |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=June 18, 2018 }}</ref> The ban on alcohol led to the rise of [[Speakeasy|speakeasies]] throughout the city and organized crime gangs, such as the [[Mayfield Road Mob]], who smuggled bootleg liquor across [[Lake Erie]] from Canada into Cleveland.<ref name="prohibition" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Kelly |first=Ralph |title=Murder in Cleveland: The Prohibition Toll. Chapter 3—Rise of the Rum Kings; the 'Bloody Corner |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |pages=1, 5 |date=December 28, 1933 }}</ref>

[[File:Euclid Avenue 1918 CP06293 - DPLA - c71a7b0702bca63a585bd2365a66f7c6.jpg|thumb|left|[[Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)|Euclid Avenue]] and East 9th Street with the Hickox Building in 1918]]
The era of the [[flapper]] marked the beginning of the golden age in Downtown Cleveland retail, centered on major department stores [[Higbee's]], Bailey's, the [[May Company Ohio|May Company]], [[William Taylor & Son|Taylor's]], [[Halle Brothers Co.|Halle's]], and [[Sterling-Lindner Co.|Sterling Lindner Davis]], which collectively represented one of the largest and most fashionable shopping districts in the country, often compared to New York's [[Fifth Avenue]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Downtown Department Stores: Cleveland's Fifth Avenue |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/23#.Vd5BjZed6jg |access-date=June 5, 2023 }}</ref> In 1929, Cleveland hosted the first of many [[National Air Races]], and [[Amelia Earhart]] flew to the city from [[Santa Monica, California]] in the [[Women's Air Derby]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland National Air Races |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/151 |access-date=July 15, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Guerrieri |first=Vince |title=The Rise and Fall of the Cleveland Air Races |publisher=Ohio Magazine |url=https://www.ohiomagazine.com/ohio-life/article/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-cleveland-air-races |date=July 2021 |access-date=January 4, 2024 }}</ref> The [[Van Sweringen brothers]] commenced construction of the [[Terminal Tower]] skyscraper in 1926 and oversaw it to completion in 1927.{{sfn|Harwood|2003|pp=134–135}} By the time the building was dedicated as part of [[Cleveland Union Terminal]] in 1930, the city had a population of over 900,000.<ref name="timeline" />

Cleveland was hit hard by the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] and the subsequent [[Great Depression]].{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/146 146]|loc="Industrialist [[Cyrus S. Eaton|Cyrus Eaton]] would later say that Cleveland was hurt more by the Depression than any other city in the United States"}} A center of [[Labor unions in the United States|union activity]], the city saw significant [[Labor history of the United States|labor struggles]] in this period, including strikes by workers against [[Fisher Body]] in 1936 and against [[Republic Steel]] in 1937.<ref name="labor" /> The city was also aided by major federal works projects sponsored by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]].{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|pp=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/136 136–139]}} In commemoration of the centennial of Cleveland's incorporation as a city, the [[Great Lakes Exposition]] debuted in June 1936 at the city's [[North Coast Harbor]], along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown.{{sfn|Porter|1976|pp=106–107}} Conceived by Cleveland's business leaders as a way to revitalize the city during the Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Great Lakes Exposition |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/great-lakes-exposition |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=March 21, 2019 }}</ref>

[[File:Aeroplane View of Union Terminal Group and Public Square (NBY 1512).jpg|thumb|upright|Postcard of [[Public Square (Cleveland)|Public Square]] and the then-new [[Cleveland Union Terminal]] in 1930]]
On December 7, 1941, Imperial Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]] and [[Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire|declared war]] on the U.S. Two of the victims of the attack were Cleveland natives – Rear Admiral [[Isaac C. Kidd]] and ensign William Halloran.{{sfn|Albrecht|Banks|2015|p=8}} The attack signaled America's entry into [[World War II]]. A major hub of the "[[Arsenal of Democracy]]", Cleveland under Mayor [[Frank Lausche]] contributed massively to the [[United States home front during World War II|U.S. war effort]] as the fifth largest manufacturing center in the nation.{{sfn|Albrecht|Banks|2015|p=54}} During his tenure, Lausche also oversaw the establishment of the Cleveland Transit System, the predecessor to the [[Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority]].<ref name="RTA-history">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/greater-cleveland-regional-transit-authority |access-date=July 22, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref>

=== Late 20th and early 21st centuries ===
After the war, Cleveland initially experienced an [[Business cycle|economic boom]], and businesses declared the city to be the "best location in the nation".<ref name="nicknames" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-electric-illuminating-co |access-date=July 22, 2019 |date=April 4, 2019 }}</ref> In 1949, the city was named an [[All-America City Award|All-America City]] for the first time, and in 1950, its population reached 914,808.<ref name="timeline" /> In sports, the Indians won the [[1948 World Series]], the hockey team, the [[Cleveland Barons (1937–1973)|Barons]], became champions of the American Hockey League, and the [[Cleveland Browns|Browns]] dominated professional [[National Football League|football]] in the 1950s. As a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was declared the "City of Champions" in sports at this time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Russell |title=Those Championship Seasons: Cleveland's Rich Sports History |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |page=206 |quote=Once upon a time, Cleveland was known as the 'City of Champions.' |date=November 3, 1991 }}</ref> Additionally, the 1950s saw the rising popularity of a new music genre that local [[WKNR|WJW (AM)]] disc jockey [[Alan Freed]] dubbed "[[rock and roll]]".<ref name="freed">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Freed, Alan |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 11, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/freed-alan |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>

[[Image:Fountain of Eternal Life (34552871444).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Key Tower]] and the ''[[Fountain of Eternal Life]]'' by [[Marshall Fredericks]]]]
However, by the 1960s, Cleveland's economy began to slow down, and residents increasingly sought new housing in the suburbs, reflecting the national trends of suburban growth following federally subsidized highways.<ref name="suburbs">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Suburbs |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 14, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/suburbs |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> [[Deindustrialization|Industrial restructuring]], particularly in the steel and automotive industries, resulted in the loss of numerous jobs in Cleveland and the region, and the city suffered economically.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/183 183]}} The [[burning of the Cuyahoga River]] in June 1969 brought national attention to the issue of [[Pollution|industrial pollution]] in Cleveland and served as a catalyst for the [[Environmental movement in the United States|American environmental movement]].<ref name="NYT-cuyahoga">{{cite news |last=Maag |first=Christopher |title=From the Ashes of '69, Cleveland's Cuyahoga River Is Reborn |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/us/21river.html |date=June 20, 2009 |access-date=July 25, 2019 }}</ref>

[[Housing discrimination in the United States|Housing discrimination]] and [[redlining]] against African Americans led to racial unrest in Cleveland and numerous other Northern U.S. cities.{{sfn|Rothstein|2017|p=14}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Eddings |first=Amy |title=Divided by Design: Tracking Neighborhood Racial Segregation in Cleveland |publisher=[[Ideastream]] |url=https://www.ideastream.org/news/divided-by-design-tracking-neighborhood-racial-segregation-in-cleveland |date=November 14, 2017 |access-date=July 3, 2019 }}</ref> In Cleveland, the [[Hough riots]] erupted from July 18 to 24, 1966,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hough Riots |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hough-riots |access-date=January 4, 2024 |date=November 11, 2020 }}</ref> and the [[Glenville Shootout]] took place on July 23, 1968.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Glenville Shootout |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/glenville-shootout |access-date=January 4, 2024 |date=July 1, 2020 }}</ref> In November 1967, Cleveland became the first major American city to elect an African American mayor, [[Carl Stokes|Carl B. Stokes]], who served from 1968 to 1971 and played an instrumental role in restoring the Cuyahoga River.{{sfn|Stokes|1973|p=[https://archive.org/details/promisesofpowerp00stok/page/42 42]}}<ref name="stokes-cuyahoga">{{cite web |title=Carl B. Stokes and the 1969 River Fire |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/carl-stokes-and-the-river-fire.htm |access-date=May 30, 2020 }}</ref>

During the 1970s, Cleveland became known as "Bomb City U.S.A." due to several bombings that shook the city, mostly due to organized crime rivalries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Polansky |first1=Rachel |last2=Trexler |first2=Phil |title=Bomb City U.S.A.: The untold story of Cleveland's mobster dynasty |publisher=[[WKYC]] |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/investigations/bomb-city-usa-cleveland-mobster-dynasty/95-ff184a7c-f95e-478b-986b-c4469c69ad9a |date=May 6, 2021 |access-date=May 23, 2024 }}</ref> In December 1978, during the turbulent tenure of [[Dennis Kucinich]] as mayor, Cleveland became the first major American city since the Great Depression to enter into a [[Default (finance)|financial default]] on federal loans.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mayoral Administration of Dennis J. Kucinich |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/mayoral-administration-dennis-j-kucinich |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}</ref> The [[Early 1980s recession in the United States|national recession]] of the early 1980s "further eroded the city's traditional economic base."{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/183 183]}} While unemployment during the period peaked in 1983, Cleveland's rate of 13.8% was higher than the national average due to the closure of several steel production centers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fobes |first=Jon |title=Unemployment hits nearly every area in Ohio, analysis of new claims finds |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://blog.cleveland.com/openers/2009/02/unemployment_hits_nearly_every.html |date=February 8, 2009 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Fisher Body Division of General Motors Corp |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=February 10, 2020 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/fisher-body-division-general-motors-corp |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}</ref>

The city began a gradual economic recovery under Mayor [[George Voinovich|George V. Voinovich]] in the 1980s. Downtown saw the construction of the [[Key Tower]] and [[200 Public Square]] skyscrapers, as well as the development of the [[Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex]] – consisting of [[Progressive Field]] and [[Rocket Arena]] – and North Coast Harbor, including the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], [[Cleveland Browns Stadium]], and the [[Great Lakes Science Center]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mayoral Administration of George V. Voinovich |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/mayoral-administration-george-v-voinovich |access-date=August 3, 2019 |date=February 21, 2019 }}</ref> Although the city emerged from default in 1987,<ref name="timeline" /> it later suffered from the impact of the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] and the [[Great Recession in the United States|Great Recession]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotlowitz |first=Alex |title=All Boarded Up: How Cleveland is Dealing With Mass Foreclosure |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/magazine/08Foreclosure-t.html |date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=December 1, 2023 }}</ref>

Nevertheless, by the turn of the 21st century, Cleveland succeeded in developing a more diversified economy and gained a national reputation as a center for healthcare and the arts.<ref name="smithsonian">{{cite magazine |last=Michener |first=Charles |title=Cleveland's Signs of Renewal |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/clevelands-signs-of-renewal-817906/ |date=April 2011 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> The city's downtown and several neighborhoods have experienced significant population growth since 2010, while overall population decline has slowed.<ref name="2020census">{{cite web |title=Census 2020 in Cleveland |url=https://planning.clevelandohio.gov/census2020/index.html |publisher=Cleveland City Planning Commission |access-date=July 11, 2022 }}</ref> Challenges remain for the city, with improvement of city schools,<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Conor |title=Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb announces five picks for CMSD Board of Education |publisher=Ideastream |url=https://www.ideastream.org/education/2023-06-27/cleveland-mayor-justin-bibb-announces-five-picks-for-cmsd-board-of-education |date=June 27, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> economic development of neighborhoods, and continued efforts to tackle poverty, [[Homelessness in Ohio|homelessness]], and urban blight being top municipal priorities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Buckley |first=Bri |title=Cleveland homeless shelters near capacity |publisher=[[WKYC]] |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/cleveland/cleveland-shelters-near-capacity-as-homeless-encampments-remain-in-bitter-cold-snow/95-4340bb8a-bf18-49ce-a3ef-94892bbf83ae |date=November 28, 2023 |access-date=December 20, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Daprile |first=Lucas |title=Cleveland poised to move forward with plans to demolish blighted buildings, but will $15 million be enough? |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2022/06/cleveland-poised-to-move-forward-with-plans-to-demolish-blighted-buildings-but-will-15-million-be-enough-stimulus-watch.html |date=June 4, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:ISS-34 Night view of Cleveland, Ohio.jpg|thumb|[[NASA]] satellite photograph of Cleveland at night]]

According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|82.47|sqmi|km2|2}}, of which {{convert|77.70|sqmi|km2|2}} is land and {{convert|4.77|sqmi|km2|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2010_place_list_39.txt |access-date=June 6, 2016 }}</ref> The shore of Lake Erie is {{convert|569|ft|m}} above [[Above mean sea level|sea level]]; however, the city lies on a series of irregular bluffs lying roughly parallel to the lake. In Cleveland these bluffs are cut principally by the [[Cuyahoga River]], Big Creek, and [[Euclid Creek]].

The land rises quickly from the lake shore elevation of 569 feet. Public Square, less than {{Convert|1|mi|km|spell=in}} inland, sits at an elevation of {{convert|650|ft|m|0}}, and Hopkins Airport, {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} inland from the lake, is at an elevation of {{convert|791|ft|m|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport |publisher=AirNav |url=http://www.airnav.com/airport/KCLE |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>

Cleveland borders several [[Inner suburb|inner-ring]] and [[streetcar suburb]]s.<ref name="suburbs" /> To the west, it borders [[Lakewood, Ohio|Lakewood]], [[Rocky River, Ohio|Rocky River]], and [[Fairview Park, Ohio|Fairview Park]], and to the east, it borders [[Shaker Heights, Ohio|Shaker Heights]], [[Cleveland Heights, Ohio|Cleveland Heights]], [[South Euclid, Ohio|South Euclid]], and [[East Cleveland, Ohio|East Cleveland]]. To the southwest, it borders [[Linndale, Ohio|Linndale]], [[Brooklyn, Ohio|Brooklyn]], [[Parma, Ohio|Parma]], and [[Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park]]. To the south, the city borders [[Newburgh Heights, Ohio|Newburgh Heights]], [[Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio|Cuyahoga Heights]], and [[Brooklyn Heights, Ohio|Brooklyn Heights]] and to the southeast, it borders [[Warrensville Heights, Ohio|Warrensville Heights]], [[Maple Heights, Ohio|Maple Heights]], and [[Garfield Heights, Ohio|Garfield Heights]]. To the northeast, along the shore of Lake Erie, Cleveland borders [[Bratenahl, Ohio|Bratenahl]] and [[Euclid, Ohio|Euclid]].

=== Cityscape ===
{{Wide image|Cleveland Skyline 2015.png|1000px|align-cap=center|Skyline of Cleveland from [[University Circle]] at daylight (2015).|alt=Skyline of Cleveland from University Circle at daylight (2015).}}
{{Wide image|Cle Skyline December 2020.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Skyline of Cleveland at night, with [[Key Tower]], [[200 Public Square]], and the [[Terminal Tower]] at the center}}
{{Wide image|Clewinter.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Downtown Cleveland from [[Lake Erie]], January 2022}}

=== Architecture ===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Cleveland|National Register of Historic Places listings in Cleveland}}
[[File:Euclid facades.jpg|thumb|upright|Facades of buildings along Euclid Avenue]]
Cleveland's downtown architecture is diverse. Many of the city's government and civic buildings, including [[Cleveland City Hall|City Hall]], the [[Cuyahoga County Courthouse]], the [[Cleveland Public Library]], and [[Public Auditorium]], are clustered around the open Cleveland Mall and share a common [[neoclassical architecture]]. They were built in the early 20th century as the result of the 1903 Group Plan. They constitute one of the most complete examples of City Beautiful design in the U.S.{{sfn|Lawrence|1980|pp=20–25}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mall |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/mall |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=May 22, 2018 }}</ref>

Completed in 1927 and dedicated in 1930 as part of the [[Tower City Center|Cleveland Union Terminal]] complex, the Terminal Tower was the tallest building in North America outside New York City until 1964 and the tallest in the city until 1991.{{sfn|Toman|Cook|2005|p=76}} It is a prototypical [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] skyscraper. The two other major skyscrapers on Public Square, Key Tower (the tallest building in Ohio) and 200 Public Square, combine elements of [[Art Deco]] architecture with [[postmodern architecture|postmodern]] designs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Raponi |first=Richard |title=Key Tower: Cesar Pelli's Nod to Art Deco-Era Manhattan |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/961 |access-date=February 1, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Raponi |first=Richard |title=200 Public Square |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/306 |access-date=February 1, 2024 }}</ref>

Running east from Public Square through University Circle is [[Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)|Euclid Avenue]], which was known as "Millionaires' Row" for its prestige and elegance as a residential street.{{sfn|Cigliano|1991|pp=1–2}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Rose |first=Danielle |title=Millionaires' Row: Cleveland's Famous Euclid Avenue |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/10 |access-date=June 5, 2023 }}</ref> In the late 1880s, writer [[Bayard Taylor]] described it as "the most beautiful street in the world".{{sfn|Upton|1910|p=507}}

Nicknamed Cleveland's "Crystal Palace", the five-story [[Cleveland Arcade]] (also known as the Old Arcade) was built in 1890 and renovated in 2001 as a [[Hyatt]] Regency Hotel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Florence |first=Cheyenne |title=The Arcade: Cleveland's Crystal Palace |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/24 |access-date=June 5, 2023 }}</ref> Another major architectural landmark, the [[Cleveland Trust Company Building]], was completed in 1907 and renovated in 2015 as a downtown [[Heinen's Fine Foods|Heinen's]] supermarket.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toledo |first1=Charlotte Nicole |last2=Roy |first2=Chris |title=Cleveland Trust Company Building |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/761 |access-date=August 21, 2019 }}</ref> Cleveland's historic [[ecclesiastical architecture]] includes the Presbyterian [[Old Stone Church (Cleveland)|Old Stone Church]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Raponi |first=Richard |title=Old Stone Church |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/165 |access-date=August 8, 2019 }}</ref> the [[onion dome]]d [[St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rotman |first1=Michael |last2=Dubelko |first2=Jim |title=St. Theodosius Cathedral |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/92 |access-date=August 8, 2019 }}</ref> and the Roman Catholic [[Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist (Cleveland, Ohio)|Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist]] along with several other ethnically inspired Catholic churches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Sacred Landmarks |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=http://www.clevelandmemory.org/sacredlandmarks/index-old.shtml |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:Arcade (48249762776).jpg|[[Cleveland Arcade]], 1890
File:Cleveland Trust Company Building, Euclid Avenue and East 9th Street, Cleveland, OH.jpg|[[Cleveland Trust Company Building]], 1907
File:Palace lobby.jpg|[[Connor Palace|Connor Palace Theatre]], 1922
File:Cleveland Skyline (26381354620).jpg|[[Terminal Tower]] from Euclid Avenue
File:Grand Foyer, Severance Hall, University Circle, Cleveland, OH - 52992001701.jpg|Grand foyer of [[Severance Hall]], 1931
</gallery>

=== Neighborhoods ===
{{main|Neighborhoods in Cleveland}}
[[File:Illuminated West Side Market.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Ohio City, Cleveland|Ohio City]] neighborhood at night]]
The Cleveland City Planning Commission has officially designated 34 neighborhoods in Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Tree Canopy Assessment Update: Cleveland Neighborhoods |publisher=Cuyahoga County Planning Commission |url=https://www.countyplanning.us/projects/urban-tree-canopy-assessment-update/urban-tree-canopy-assessment-update-cleveland-neighborhoods/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 }}</ref> Centered on Public Square, [[Downtown Cleveland]] is the city's central business district, encompassing a wide range of subdistricts, such as the [[Nine-Twelve District]], the [[Campus District]], the [[Civic Center (Cleveland)|Civic Center]], [[East 4th Street (Cleveland)|East 4th Street]], and [[Playhouse Square]]. It also historically included the lively [[Downtown Cleveland#Short Vincent|Short Vincent]] entertainment district.<ref>{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Chris |title=The Theatrical Grill |work=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/906 |access-date=June 22, 2022 }}</ref>{{sfn|Dutka|2012|p=37}} Mixed-use areas, such as the [[Warehouse District, Cleveland|Warehouse District]] and the [[Downtown Cleveland#Superior Arts District|Superior Arts District]], are occupied by industrial and office buildings as well as restaurants, cafes, and bars.<ref name="smithsonian" /> The number of [[Condominium (living space)|condominium]]s, [[loft apartment|lofts]], and apartments has been on the increase since 2000 and especially 2010, reflecting downtown's growing population.<ref>{{cite news |last=Exner |first=Rich |title=How downtown Cleveland is changing: by the numbers |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/2016/05/how_downtown_cleveland_is_chan.html |date=May 13, 2016 |access-date=July 10, 2019 }}</ref>

[[File:Cleveland City Neighborhoods with Names.png|thumb|upright=1|Neighborhoods of Cleveland]]
Clevelanders geographically define themselves in terms of whether they live on the east or west side of the Cuyahoga River.{{sfn|Condon|1967|p=[https://archive.org/details/cleveland0000geor/page/9/mode/2up 9]|loc="For all practical purposes, though – and hang the technicalities – everything east of the [Cuyahoga] river constitutes the East Side. Everything west of the river can be considered the West Side. That is the realistic view taken by Clevelanders. When two Clevelanders meet for the first time, they fence conversationally until the vital question of East or West is answered. Knowing which side of town a new acquaintance comes from makes a subtle difference"}} The East Side includes the neighborhoods of [[Buckeye–Shaker]], [[Buckeye–Woodhill]], [[Central, Cleveland|Central]], [[Collinwood]] (including [[Nottingham, Ohio|Nottingham]]), [[Euclid–Green]], [[Fairfax, Cleveland|Fairfax]], [[Glenville, Cleveland|Glenville]], [[Goodrich–Kirtland Park]] (including [[Asiatown, Cleveland|Asiatown]]), [[Hough, Cleveland|Hough]], [[Kinsman, Cleveland|Kinsman]], [[Lee–Miles]] (including Lee–Harvard and Lee–Seville), [[Mount Pleasant, Cleveland|Mount Pleasant]], [[St. Clair–Superior]], [[Union–Miles Park]], and [[University Circle]] (including [[Little Italy, Cleveland|Little Italy]]).<ref>{{cite news |last=Exner |first=Rich |title=Get to know Cleveland's East Side |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/11/get-to-know-clevelands-east-side-12-neighborhood-profiles.html |date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=November 15, 2023 }}</ref> The West Side includes the neighborhoods of [[Brooklyn Centre]], [[Clark–Fulton]], [[Cudell, Cleveland|Cudell]], [[Detroit–Shoreway]], [[Edgewater, Cleveland|Edgewater]], [[Ohio City, Cleveland|Ohio City]], [[Old Brooklyn]], [[Stockyards, Cleveland|Stockyards]], [[Tremont, Cleveland|Tremont]] (including [[Tremont, Cleveland#Duck Island|Duck Island]]), [[West Boulevard]], and the four neighborhoods colloquially known as [[West Park, Cleveland|West Park]]: [[Kamm's Corners]], [[Jefferson, Cleveland|Jefferson]], [[Bellaire–Puritas, Cleveland|Bellaire–Puritas]], and [[Hopkins, Cleveland|Hopkins]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Exner |first=Rich |title=Get to know Cleveland's West Side |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/11/get-to-know-clevelands-west-side-8-neighborhood-profiles.html |date=November 1, 2023 |access-date=November 15, 2023 }}</ref> The [[Cuyahoga Valley, Cleveland|Cuyahoga Valley]] neighborhood (including [[Whiskey Island (Cleveland)|Whiskey Island]] and [[the Flats]]) is situated between the East and West Sides, while [[Broadway–Slavic Village]] is sometimes referred to as the South Side.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nalewicki |first=Jennifer |title=Vibrant Art Installations Infuse New Life into Abandoned Houses in This Cleveland Neighborhood |magazine=Smithsonian |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/one-weekend-art-infuses-new-life-cleveland-neighborhood-180969771/ |date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |quote=A symphony of hammers, saws and chisels pierce the early-morning silence that had blanketed Slavic Village, a neighborhood tucked away on Cleveland's south side. }}</ref>

Several neighborhoods have begun to attract the return of the middle class that left the city for the suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s. These neighborhoods are on both the West Side (Ohio City, Tremont, Detroit–Shoreway, and Edgewater) and the East Side (Collinwood, Hough, Fairfax, and Little Italy). Much of the growth has been spurred on by attracting [[creative class]] members, which has facilitated new residential development and the transformation of old industrial buildings into loft spaces for artists.<ref name="smithsonian" /><ref name="CLE-hustles">{{cite news |last=Glusac |first=Elaine |title=A Cleveland Arts District Hustles and Rebounds |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/15/travel/cleveland-gordon-square-arts-district.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/15/travel/cleveland-gordon-square-arts-district.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=November 15, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2019}}{{cbignore }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{climate chart
 | Cleveland
 | 22.3|35.8|2.99
 | 23.5|38.5|2.49
 | 30.7|47.1|3.06
 | 40.8|60.1|3.75
 | 51.4|71.1|3.79
 | 61.1|79.8|3.83
 | 65.8|83.7|3.67
 | 63.9|82.0|3.56
 | 57.1|75.6|3.93
 | 46.5|63.7|3.60
 | 36.7|51.3|3.37
 | 28.2|40.4|2.99
 | units = imperial
 | float = right
 | clear = both
}}
Typical of the [[Great Lakes region]], Cleveland exhibits a [[continental climate]] with four distinct seasons, which lies in the [[humid continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfa'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kottek |first1=Marcus |last2=Greiser |first2=Jürgen |last3=Beck |first3=Christoph |last4=Rudolf |first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel |first5=Franz |display-authors=2 |title=World Map of Köppen – Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=261 |date=June 2006 |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |issn=0941-2948 }}</ref> zone. The climate is transitional with the ''Cfa'' [[humid subtropical climate]]. Summers are hot and humid, while winters are cold and snowy. East of the mouth of the Cuyahoga, the land elevation rises rapidly in the south. Together with the prevailing winds off Lake Erie, this feature is the principal contributor to the [[lake-effect snow]] that is typical in Cleveland (especially on the city's East Side) from mid-November until the surface of the lake freezes, usually in late January or early February. The lake effect causes a relative differential in geographical snowfall totals across the city. On the city's far West Side, the Hopkins neighborhood only reached {{convert|100|in|cm|0}} of snowfall in a season three times since record-keeping for snow began in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Snowfall Statistics |publisher=[[National Weather Service]] |url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/cle/climate/cle/records/cletop10snow.html |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> By contrast, seasonal totals approaching or exceeding {{convert|100|in|cm|0}} are not uncommon as the city ascends into the Heights on the east, where the region known as the "[[Snowbelt|Snow Belt]]" begins. Extending from the city's East Side and its suburbs, the Snow Belt reaches up the Lake Erie shore as far as [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Mark |title=Where is Northern Ohio's Snow Belt? |website=[[WEWS-TV]] |url=http://www.newsnet5.com/dpp/weather/weather_news/where-is-northern-ohio's-snow-belt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922040750/http://www.newsnet5.com/dpp/weather/weather_news/where-is-northern-ohio%27s-snow-belt |access-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-date=September 22, 2013 }}</ref>

The all-time record high in Cleveland of {{convert|104|°F|0}} was established on June 25, 1988,<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Susan |title=Akron, State Blanketed in 3-Digit Heat |newspaper=[[Akron Beacon Journal]] |quote=The high of 104 degrees at Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport was the highest recorded in Cleveland since official weather record -keeping began in 1871, weather service officials said. |page=A1 |date=June 26, 1988 }}</ref> and the all-time record low of {{convert|-20|°F|0}} was set on January 19, 1994.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mio |first=Lou |title=Stopped Cold: All-Time Lows Shiver Ohio, But Forecast's for 'Warming' |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |quote=It was 20 below Tuesday night, breaking Cleveland's all-time record of 19 below set Jan. 24, 1963, a few weeks after Browns owner Art Modell fired head coach Paul Brown during a newspaper strike. |page=1A |date=January 20, 1994 }}</ref> On average, July is the warmest month with a mean temperature of {{convert|74.5|°F|1}}, and January, with a mean temperature of {{convert|29.1|°F|1}}, is the coldest. Normal yearly [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] based on the 30-year average from 1991 to 2020 is {{convert|41.03|in}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=National Weather Service |url=http://www.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=cle |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> The least precipitation occurs on the western side and directly along the lake, and the most occurs in the eastern suburbs. Parts of [[Geauga County, Ohio|Geauga County]] to the east receive over {{convert|44|in}} of liquid precipitation annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=Precipitation: Annual Climatology (1971–2000) |publisher=PRISM Climate Group, [[Oregon State University]] |url=http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/products/viewer.phtml?file=/pub/prism/us_30s/graphics/ppt/Normals/us_ppt_1971_2000.14.png&year=1971_2000&vartype=ppt&month=14&status=final |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922033447/http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/products/viewer.phtml?file=/pub/prism/us_30s/graphics/ppt/Normals/us_ppt_1971_2000.14.png&year=1971_2000&vartype=ppt&month=14&status=final |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 22, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Cleveland ([[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport|Hopkins Airport]]), 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1871–present{{efn|Official records for Cleveland kept at downtown from January 1871 to May 1941, and at Hopkins Airport since June 1941. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org ThreadEx].}}
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 73
| Feb record high F = 77
| Mar record high F = 83
| Apr record high F = 88
| May record high F = 93
| Jun record high F = 104
| Jul record high F = 103
| Aug record high F = 102
| Sep record high F = 101
| Oct record high F = 93
| Nov record high F = 82
| Dec record high F = 77
| year record high F = 104
| Jan avg record high F = 58.9
| Feb avg record high F = 60.8
| Mar avg record high F = 70.8
| Apr avg record high F = 80.3
| May avg record high F = 86.7
| Jun avg record high F = 91.8
| Jul avg record high F = 92.7
| Aug avg record high F = 91.3
| Sep avg record high F = 88.8
| Oct avg record high F = 80.5
| Nov avg record high F = 68.9
| Dec avg record high F = 60.0
| year avg record high F = 93.9
| Jan high F = 35.8
| Feb high F = 38.5
| Mar high F = 47.1
| Apr high F = 60.1
| May high F = 71.1
| Jun high F = 79.8
| Jul high F = 83.7
| Aug high F = 82.0
| Sep high F = 75.6
| Oct high F = 63.7
| Nov high F = 51.3
| Dec high F = 40.4
| year high F = 60.8
| Jan mean F = 29.1
| Feb mean F = 31.1
| Mar mean F = 38.9
| Apr mean F = 50.4
| May mean F = 61.2
| Jun mean F = 70.4
| Jul mean F = 74.5
| Aug mean F = 73.0
| Sep mean F = 66.4
| Oct mean F = 55.1
| Nov mean F = 44.0
| Dec mean F = 34.3
| year mean F = 52.4
| Jan low F = 22.3
| Feb low F = 23.7
| Mar low F = 30.7
| Apr low F = 40.8
| May low F = 51.4
| Jun low F = 61.1
| Jul low F = 65.3
| Aug low F = 63.9
| Sep low F = 57.1
| Oct low F = 46.5
| Nov low F = 36.7
| Dec low F = 28.2
| year low F = 44.0
| Jan avg record low F = 1.3
| Feb avg record low F = 4.0
| Mar avg record low F = 12.2
| Apr avg record low F = 25.9
| May avg record low F = 36.2
| Jun avg record low F = 45.9
| Jul avg record low F = 53.3
| Aug avg record low F = 51.6
| Sep avg record low F = 43.0
| Oct avg record low F = 32.1
| Nov avg record low F = 20.8
| Dec avg record low F = 9.8
| year avg record low F = −2.2
| Jan record low F = −20
| Feb record low F = −17
| Mar record low F = −5
| Apr record low F = 10
| May record low F = 25
| Jun record low F = 31
| Jul record low F = 41
| Aug record low F = 38
| Sep record low F = 32
| Oct record low F = 19
| Nov record low F = 0
| Dec record low F = −15
| year record low F = -20
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 2.99
| Feb precipitation inch = 2.49
| Mar precipitation inch = 3.06
| Apr precipitation inch = 3.75
| May precipitation inch = 3.79
| Jun precipitation inch = 3.83
| Jul precipitation inch = 3.67
| Aug precipitation inch = 3.56
| Sep precipitation inch = 3.93
| Oct precipitation inch = 3.60
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.37
| Dec precipitation inch = 2.99
| year precipitation inch = 41.03
| Jan snow inch = 18.4
| Feb snow inch = 15.1
| Mar snow inch = 10.8
| Apr snow inch = 2.7
| May snow inch = 0.0
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.1
| Nov snow inch = 4.5
| Dec snow inch = 12.2
| year snow inch = 63.8
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 17.7
| Feb precipitation days = 14.6
| Mar precipitation days = 14.6
| Apr precipitation days = 14.8
| May precipitation days = 13.4
| Jun precipitation days = 11.5
| Jul precipitation days = 10.7
| Aug precipitation days = 10.3
| Sep precipitation days = 10.1
| Oct precipitation days = 12.1
| Nov precipitation days = 13.1
| Dec precipitation days = 15.6
| year precipitation days = 158.5
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 13.5
| Feb snow days = 10.5
| Mar snow days = 7.2
| Apr snow days = 2.1
| May snow days = 0.1
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.2
| Nov snow days = 3.8
| Dec snow days = 8.4
| year snow days = 45.8
| Jan snow depth inch = 7.5
| Feb snow depth inch = 7.5
| Mar snow depth inch = 5.3
| Apr snow depth inch = 1.1
| May snow depth inch = 0.0
| Jun snow depth inch = 0.0
| Jul snow depth inch = 0.0
| Aug snow depth inch = 0.0
| Sep snow depth inch = 0.0
| Oct snow depth inch = 0.0
| Nov snow depth inch = 1.5
| Dec snow depth inch = 4.5
| year snow depth inch = 10.8
| Jan humidity = 73.3
| Feb humidity = 73.0
| Mar humidity = 70.4
| Apr humidity = 66.1
| May humidity = 67.3
| Jun humidity = 69.0
| Jul humidity = 69.8
| Aug humidity = 73.1
| Sep humidity = 73.7
| Oct humidity = 70.8
| Nov humidity = 71.9
| Dec humidity = 74.1
| year humidity = 71.0
| Jan sun = 101.0
| Feb sun = 122.3
| Mar sun = 167.0
| Apr sun = 216.0
| May sun = 263.6
| Jun sun = 294.6
| Jul sun = 307.2
| Aug sun = 262.2
| Sep sun = 219.0
| Oct sun = 169.5
| Nov sun = 89.8
| Dec sun = 67.8
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 34
| Feb percentsun = 41
| Mar percentsun = 45
| Apr percentsun = 54
| May percentsun = 59
| Jun percentsun = 65
| Jul percentsun = 67
| Aug percentsun = 61
| Sep percentsun = 59
| Oct percentsun = 49
| Nov percentsun = 30
| Dec percentsun = 24
| year percentsun = 51
| Jan uv = 2
| Feb uv = 2
| Mar uv = 4
| Apr uv = 6
| May uv = 7
| Jun uv = 9
| Jul uv = 9
| Aug uv = 8
| Sep uv = 6
| Oct uv = 4
| Nov uv = 2
| Dec uv = 1
| source 1 = [[NOAA]] (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=cle |access-date=May 10, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Station: Cleveland, OH |work=U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014820&format=pdf |access-date=May 9, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=NOAAsun>{{cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for CLEVELAND/HOPKINS INTL AP, OH 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72524.TXT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726031644/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72524.TXT |archive-date=2021-07-26 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 10, 2014 }}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |title=Cleveland, Ohio, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/ohio-usa/cleveland-climate |access-date=July 4, 2019 }}</ref> (sunshine data)
}}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|-
! colspan="14" |Climate data for Cleveland
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
! style="border-left-width:medium" |Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °F (°C)
| style="background:#1010FF;color:#FFFFFF;" |34.0<br />(1.1)
| style="background:#0909FF;color:#FFFFFF;" |33.2<br />(0.6)
| style="background:#0C0CFF;color:#FFFFFF;" |33.5<br />(0.8)
| style="background:#4848FF;color:#FFFFFF;" |40.6<br />(4.8)
| style="background:#9A9AFF;color:#000000;" |50.5<br />(10.3)
| style="background:#FFD344;color:#000000;" |66.5<br />(19.2)
| style="background:#FF6B00;color:#000000;" |76.2<br />(24.5)
| style="background:#FF6900;color:#000000;" |76.3<br />(24.6)
| style="background:#FFA000;color:#000000;" |71.2<br />(21.8)
| style="background:#FAFAFF;color:#000000;" |62.0<br />(16.7)
| style="background:#9A9AFF;color:#000000;" |50.5<br />(10.3)
| style="background:#3D3DFF;color:#FFFFFF;" |39.3<br />(4.1)
| style="background:#ADADFF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium" |52.8<br />(11.6)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
| style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;" |10.0
| style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;" |11.0
| style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;" |12.0
| style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;" |13.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" |15.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" |15.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" |15.0
| style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;" |14.0
| style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;" |12.0
| style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;" |11.0
| style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;" |10.0
| style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;" |9.0
| style="background:#FFFF37;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium" |12.3
|-
! colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;" |Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas" />
|}

=== Environment ===
{{See also|Sustainable Cleveland}}
[[File:Bridge in Cleveland, Ohio.jpg|thumb|The west bank of [[the Flats]] and the [[Cuyahoga River]] in Downtown Cleveland, with [[Jacobs Pavilion]], Cleveland's [[amphitheater]]]]
With its extensive cleanup of its Lake Erie shore and the Cuyahoga River, Cleveland has been recognized by national media as an environmental success story and a national leader in environmental protection.<ref name="NYT-cuyahoga" /> Since the city's industrialization, the Cuyahoga River had become so affected by industrial pollution that it "caught fire" a total of 13 times beginning in 1868.<ref name="burning-river">{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Julie |date=April 21, 2017 |title=How a Burning River Helped Create the Clean Water Act |url=https://www.alleghenyfront.org/how-a-burning-river-helped-create-the-clean-water-act/ |access-date=February 22, 2020 |website=The Allegheny Front }}</ref> It was the river fire of June 1969 that spurred the city to action under Mayor Carl B. Stokes, and played a key role in the passage of the [[Clean Water Act]] in 1972 and the [[National Environmental Policy Act]] later that year.<ref name="stokes-cuyahoga" /><ref name="burning-river" /> Since that time, the Cuyahoga has been extensively cleaned up through the efforts of the city and the [[Ohio Environmental Protection Agency]] (OEPA).<ref name="NYT-cuyahoga" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Piepenburg |first=Erik |date=June 7, 2019 |title=A Cleveland River Once Oozed and Burned. It's Now a Hot Spot. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/07/travel/cleveland-cuyahoga-river-pollution.html |access-date=August 8, 2023 |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

In addition to continued efforts to improve freshwater and air quality, Cleveland is now exploring renewable energy. The city's two main electrical utilities are [[FirstEnergy]] and [[Cleveland Public Power]]. Its [[List of climate change initiatives|climate action plan]], updated in December 2018, has a 2050 target of 100% [[Renewable energy|renewable power]], along with reduction of [[Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States|greenhouse gases]] to 80% below the 2010 level.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gearino |first=Dan |date=September 22, 2018 |title=100% Renewable Energy: Cleveland Sets a Big Goal as It Sheds Its Fossil Fuel Past |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21092018/cleveland-100-percent-renewable-energy-cities-map-climate-change-plan-industrial-history |access-date=January 26, 2019 |website=InsideClimate News }}</ref> In recent decades, Cleveland has been working to address the issue of [[harmful algal bloom]]s on Lake Erie, fed primarily by agricultural runoff, which have presented new environmental challenges for the city and for northern Ohio.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vandenberge |first=Jordan |date=August 10, 2020 |title=Local company developing antidote to Lake Erie algal blooms |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/local-company-developing-antidote-to-lake-erie-algal-blooms |access-date=December 30, 2020 |publisher=WEWS-TV }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Cleveland}}
{{US Census population
|1820= 606
|1830= 1075
|1840= 6071
|1850= 17034
|1860= 43417
|1870= 92829
|1880= 160146
|1890= 261353
|1900= 381768
|1910= 560663
|1920= 796841
|1930= 900429
|1940= 878336
|1950= 914808
|1960= 876050
|1970= 750903
|1980= 573822
|1990= 505616
|2000= 478403
|2010= 396815
|2020= 372624
|estyear=2024
|estimate=365379
|estref=<ref name="USCensusQuickFacts" />
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="largest-US-cities" /><ref name="2010census">{{cite web |title=Cleveland |work=QuickFacts (2010) |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3916000.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218233419/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3916000.html |archive-date=February 18, 2014 }}</ref>
}}

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Historical racial/ethnic composition
! Race/ethnicity !! 2020<ref name="2020census" />!! 2010<ref name="2010census" /> !! 1990<ref name="pop">{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref> !! 1970<ref name="pop" /> !! 1940<ref name="pop" />
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic Whites|White]] (non-Hispanic) ||32.1% ||33.4% ||47.8% ||59.4%{{efn|name=15%|From 15% sample}} ||90.2%
|-
|[[African Americans|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic) ||47.5% ||52.4% ||46.6% ||38.3% ||9.6%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] ||13.1% ||10.0% ||4.6% ||1.9%{{efn|name=15%}} ||0.1%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] (non-Hispanic){{Efn|Included [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islanders]] until the year 2000}} ||2.8% ||1.8% ||1.0%||0.6%||-
|-
|Native American (non-Hispanic) ||0.2% ||0.2% ||0.3% ||0.2% ||–
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]] (non-Hispanic) ||3.8% ||1.8% ||– ||– ||–
|}

At the 2020 census, there were 372,624 people and 170,549 households in Cleveland. The population density was {{convert|4901.51|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. The median household income was $30,907 and the per capita income was $21,223. 32.7% of the population was living below the poverty line. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 17.5% held a bachelor's degree or higher, and 80.8% had a high school diploma or equivalent.<ref name="USCensusQuickFacts" /> The median age was 36.6 years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Zachary |title=Every Ohio city ranked for median age, youth, seniors – new census estimates |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/data/2022/03/every-ohio-city-ranked-for-median-age-youth-seniors-new-census-estimates.html |date=March 31, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref>

{{As of|2020}}, the racial and ethnic composition of the city was 47.5% African American, 32.1% [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic white]], 13.1% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]], 2.8% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]], 0.2% Native American, and 3.8% from [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]].<ref name="2020census" /> 85.3% of Clevelanders age five and older spoke only English at home, while 14.7% spoke a language other than English, including [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], [[Arabic language in the United States|Arabic]], [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], and various [[Slavic languages]] ([[Russian language in the United States|Russian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], and [[Slovene language|Slovene]]).<ref name="USCensusQuickFacts" /> The city's [[North American English regional phonology|spoken accent]] is an advanced form of [[Inland Northern American English]], similar to other Great Lakes cities, but distinctive from the rest of Ohio.<ref>{{cite news |last=Polk |first=Mike Jr. |author-link=Mike Polk |title=Mike Polk Jr. investigates the 'Cleveland Accent' |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/television/programs/whats-new/mike-polk-jr-investigates-the-cleveland-accent/95-56345205-fe40-490b-8f7c-8bc05c95edf7 |date=October 22, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |quote=Cleveland is very distinctive from the rest of Ohio in its accent [with] that backwards 'A' and that that long drawn out 'O.' }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McIntyre |first=Michael K. |title=Clevelanders probably think they don't have an accent, but we do, and so do others in the Midwest |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/tipoff/2017/01/clevelanders_probably_think_th.html |date=January 13, 2017 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |quote=[The accent is] nasal and marked by a raised 'a' that makes 'cat' sound like 'cayat,' a fronted 'o' that makes 'box' sound like 'bahx.' }}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
{{multiple image
 |align = right
 |direction = vertical
 |image1 = Shiloh Baptist Church Cleveland Ohio.jpg
 |caption1 = Originally built in 1905 as the Jewish Temple B'nai Jeshurun, this building on Cleveland's East Side, today known as the [[Shiloh Baptist Church (Cleveland, Ohio)|Shiloh Baptist Church]], now serves an African American congregation.
 |image2 = Saint Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral (Cleveland, Ohio) - exterior photographed from A Christmas Story House property.jpg
 |caption2 = [[St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral]] in [[Tremont, Cleveland|Tremont]]
}}

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Cleveland saw a massive influx of immigrants from Ireland, [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], and the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]], [[German Empire|German]], [[Russian Empire|Russian]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] empires, most of whom were attracted by manufacturing jobs.<ref name="immigration-migration" /> As a result, Cleveland and Cuyahoga County today have substantial communities of [[Irish Americans|Irish]] (especially in West Park), [[Italian Americans|Italians]] (especially in Little Italy), [[German Americans|Germans]], and several [[Central Europe|Central]]-Eastern European ethnicities, including [[Czech American|Czechs]], [[Hungarian Americans|Hungarians]], [[Lithuanian American|Lithuanians]], [[Polish Americans|Poles]], [[Romanian American|Romanians]], [[Russian Americans|Russians]], [[Rusyn Americans|Rusyns]], [[Slovak American|Slovaks]], [[Ukrainian American|Ukrainians]], and ex-[[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] groups, such as [[Slovene Americans|Slovenes]], [[Croatian American|Croats]] and [[Serbian American|Serbs]].<ref name="immigration-migration" /> The presence of [[Hungarian Ohioans#Hungarians in Cleveland|Hungarians within Cleveland proper]] was, at one time, so great that the city boasted the highest concentration of Hungarians in the world outside of [[Budapest]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hungarians |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hungarians |access-date=July 8, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> Cleveland has a long-established [[Jews and Judaism in Greater Cleveland|Jewish community]], historically centered on the East Side neighborhoods of Glenville and Kinsman, but now mostly concentrated in East Side suburbs such as Cleveland Heights and [[Beachwood, Ohio|Beachwood]], location of the [[Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jews & Judaism |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews-judaism |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref>

The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the South. Between 1910 and 1970, the black population of Cleveland, largely concentrated on the city's East Side, increased significantly as a result of the First and [[Second Great Migration (African American)|Second Great Migrations]].<ref name="african-americans" /> Cleveland's Latino community consists primarily of [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Ricans]], as well as smaller numbers of immigrants from Mexico, [[Cuba]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[South America|South]] and Central America, and Spain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hispanic Community |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hispanic-community |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> The city's Asian community, centered on historical Asiatown, consists of [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]], [[Korean Americans|Koreans]], [[Vietnamese Americans|Vietnamese]], and other groups.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Asiatown |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/asiatown |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> Additionally, the city and the county have significant communities of [[Albanian Americans|Albanians]],<ref name="albanians">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Albanians |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/albanians |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> [[Arab American|Arabs]] (especially [[Lebanese Americans|Lebanese]], [[Syrian Americans|Syrians]], and [[Palestinian Americans|Palestinians]]),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Arab Americans |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/arab-americans |access-date=August 9, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> [[Armenian Americans|Armenians]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Armenians |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/armenians |date=January 10, 2021 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> [[French American|French]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=French |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/french |access-date=August 9, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> [[Greek American|Greeks]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Greeks |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/greeks |access-date=August 9, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> [[Iranian Americans|Iranians]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Vandenberge |first=Jordan |title=Iranian-Americans in Cleveland keeping close eye on rising tensions between US, Iran |publisher=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/iranian-americans-in-cleveland-keeping-close-eye-on-rising-tensions-between-us-iran |date=January 3, 2020 |access-date=June 21, 2020 }}</ref> [[Scottish Americans|Scots]],<ref name="immigration-migration" /> [[Turkish Americans|Turks]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Turks in Cleveland |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/t/turks-cleveland |date=October 2, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> and [[West Indian American|West Indians]].<ref name="immigration-migration" /> A 2020 analysis found Cleveland to be the most ethnically and racially diverse major city in Ohio.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mosby |first=Chris |title=3 Ohio Cities Among Nation's Most Diverse: U.S. News |website=[[Patch (website)|Patch]] |url=https://patch.com/ohio/cleveland/3-ohio-cities-among-nation-s-most-diverse-u-s-news |date=January 23, 2020 |access-date=May 24, 2020 }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
The influx of immigrants in the 19th and early 20th centuries drastically transformed Cleveland's religious landscape. From a homogeneous settlement of New England [[Protestants]], it evolved into a city with a diverse religious composition. The predominant faith among Clevelanders today is Christianity ([[Catholic Church|Catholic]], Protestant, and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]]), with Jewish, [[Muslim]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] minorities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Religion |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/religion |access-date=July 31, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}</ref>

=== Immigration ===
Within Cleveland, the neighborhoods with the highest foreign-born populations are Asiatown/Goodrich–Kirtland Park (32.7%), Clark–Fulton (26.7%), West Boulevard (18.5%), Brooklyn Centre (17.3%), Downtown (17.2%), University Circle (15.9%, with 20% in Little Italy), and Jefferson (14.3%).<ref>{{cite web |title=National Origin in Cleveland, Ohio |publisher=Statistical Atlas |url=https://statisticalatlas.com/place/Ohio/Cleveland/National-Origin |access-date=May 24, 2020 }}</ref> Recent waves of immigration have brought new groups to Cleveland, including [[Ethiopian Americans|Ethiopians]] and [[South Asian Americans|South Asians]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Drown |first=Hannah |title=New Ethiopian Cultural Garden first in Cleveland to represent an African nation |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2019/08/ethiopian-cultural-garden-marks-first-cultural-garden-in-cleveland-to-represent-an-african-nation.html |publisher=[[The Plain Dealer]] |date=August 26, 2019 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Indians (Asian) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/i/indians-asian |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=February 21, 2019 }}</ref> as well as immigrants from Russia and the [[Post-Soviet states|former USSR]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Russians |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/russians |date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Soviet and Post-Soviet Immigration |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/soviet-and-post-soviet-immigration |date=October 7, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> Southeast Europe (especially [[Albania]]),<ref name="albanians" /> the Middle East, East Asia, and Latin America.<ref name="immigration-migration" /> In the 2010s, the immigrant population of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County began to see significant growth.<ref>{{cite news |last=Exner |first=Rich |title=Among counties, Cuyahoga near top in Midwest for attracting immigrants |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/2018/04/among_counties_cuyahoga_near_t.html |date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=July 8, 2019 }}</ref> A 2019 study found Cleveland to be the city with the shortest average processing time in the nation for immigrants to become [[Citizenship of the United States|U.S. citizens]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Cho |first=Janet H. |title=Cleveland is the No. 1 city for immigrants to become U.S. citizens, study says |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2019/02/cleveland-is-the-no-1-city-for-immigrants-to-become-us-citizens-study-says.html |date=February 7, 2019 |access-date=July 2, 2019 }}</ref> The city's annual One World Day in Rockefeller Park includes a naturalization ceremony of new immigrants.<ref name="culturalgardens">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Cultural Gardens |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-cultural-gardens |date=January 10, 2022 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Greater Cleveland}}
[[File:Federal Reserve Bank, Cleveland, Ohio LCCN2010630382.jpg|thumb|left|Entrance of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland]] on East 6th Street]]
Cleveland's location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie has been key to its growth as a major commercial center.<ref name="economy" /> Steel and many other manufactured goods emerged as leading industries.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Stapleton |first=Darwin H. |title=Industry |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/i/industry |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref><ref name="labor" /> The city has since diversified its economy in addition to its manufacturing sector.<ref name="economy" />

Established in 1914, the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland]] is one of 12 U.S. [[Federal Reserve Bank]]s.<ref name="fed">{{cite web |title=About Us |date=June 29, 2023 |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/about-us/ |access-date=July 7, 2023 }}</ref> Its downtown building, located on East 6th Street and [[Superior Avenue]], was completed in 1923 by the Cleveland architectural firm [[Walker and Weeks]].{{sfn|Johannesen|1999|p=41}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/federal-reserve-bank-cleveland |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 31, 2019 }}</ref> The headquarters of the Federal Reserve System's Fourth District, the bank employs 1,000 people and maintains branch offices in [[Cincinnati]] and [[Pittsburgh]].<ref name="fed" />

[[File:Commerce by Daniel Chester French, 1912 - Cleveland, Ohio - DSC07918.JPG|thumb|upright|''Commerce'' by [[Daniel Chester French]] at the [[Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse|Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse]] on [[Superior Avenue]]]]
Cleveland and Cuyahoga County are home to ''[[Fortune 500]]'' companies [[Cleveland-Cliffs]], [[Progressive Corporation|Progressive]], [[Sherwin-Williams Company|Sherwin-Williams]], [[Parker-Hannifin]], [[Key Bank|KeyCorp]], and [[Travel Centers of America]]. Other large companies based in the city and the county include [[Aleris]], [[American Greetings]], [[Applied Industrial Technologies]], [[Eaton Corporation|Eaton]], [[Forest City Realty Trust]], Heinen's Fine Foods, [[Hyster-Yale Materials Handling]], [[Lincoln Electric]], [[Medical Mutual of Ohio]], [[Moen Incorporated]], [[NACCO Industries]], [[Nordson Corporation]], [[OM Group]], [[Swagelok]], [[Kirby Company]], [[Things Remembered]], [[Third Federal S&L]], [[TransDigm Group]], and [[Vitamix]]. [[NASA]] maintains the [[Glenn Research Center]] in Cleveland. [[Jones Day]], one of the largest law firms in the U.S., was founded in Cleveland in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |title=Firm History |publisher=Jones Day |url=https://www.jonesday.com/en/firm?tab=history |access-date=August 7, 2022 }}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
Healthcare plays a major role in Cleveland's economy. The city's "Big Three" hospital systems are the [[Cleveland Clinic]], [[University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center|University Hospitals]], and [[MetroHealth]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Jonathan |title=Comparing prices at the big 3 local hospitals: Are you getting the best rates and what do the prices really mean? |publisher=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/e-team/comparing-prices-at-the-big-3-local-hospitals-are-you-getting-the-best-rates-and-what-do-the-prices-really-mean |date=February 1, 2019 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> The Cleveland Clinic is the largest private employer in the state of Ohio, with a workforce of over 55,000 {{As of|2022|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite report |title=Ohio Major Employers |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |url=https://devresearch.ohio.gov/files/research/B2001.pdf |page=4 |date=December 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref> It carries the distinction of being one of the best hospital systems in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Washington |first=Julie |title=Cleveland Clinic is No. 2 in world after Mayo Clinic |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2024/03/cleveland-clinic-is-no-2-in-world-after-mayo-clinic-in-newsweeks-2024-hospital-rankings.html |date=March 1, 2024 |access-date=May 1, 2024 }}</ref> The clinic is led by Croatian-born president and CEO Tomislav Mihaljevic and it is affiliated with [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Segall |first=Grant |title=New Cleveland Clinic chief Dr. Tomislav Mihaljevic perplexed friends by leaving Harvard for the North Coast: My Cleveland |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/mycleveland/2018/04/new_cleveland_clinic_chief_dr_tomislav_mihaljevic_perplexed_friends_by_leaving_harvard_for_the_north_coast_my_cleveland_photos.html |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=June 21, 2020 }}</ref>

University Hospitals includes the University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and its [[Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital]]. Cliff Megerian serves as that system's CEO.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Mukesh |title=Academic Life & Leadership: A Dialogue with Cliff A. Megerian, MD, FACS |newspaper=[[University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center|University Hospitals]] |url=https://www.uhhospitals.org/for-clinicians/articles-and-news/articles/2021/03/academic-life-leadership-a-dialogue-with-cliff-a-megerian-md-facs |date=March 29, 2021 |access-date=May 13, 2021 }}</ref> MetroHealth on the city's west side is led by president and CEO Christine Alexander-Rager.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wizner |first=Taylor |title=MetroHealth appoints longtime exec Dr. Christine Alexander-Rager as new CEO |publisher=Ideastream |url=https://www.ideastream.org/health/2024-10-08/metrohealth-appoints-longtime-exec-dr-christine-alexander-rager-as-new-ceo |date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }}</ref> Formerly known as City Hospital, it operates one of two Level I trauma centers in the city, and has various locations throughout Greater Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Shannon |title=Metro Health Medical Center |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/584 |access-date=July 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Casey |title=Level 1 trauma: How University Hospitals' new facility has impacted MetroHealth, delivery of care citywide |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/2016/04/level_1_trauma_how_university_hospitals_new_facility_has_impacted_metrohealth_delivery_of_care_citywide.html |date=April 29, 2016 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref>

In 2013, Cleveland's [[Global Center for Health Innovation]] opened with {{convert|235000|sqft|m2}} of display space for healthcare companies across the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Suchetka |first=Diane |title=After years of hurdles, Cleveland's medical mart officially opens with an Oct. 8 ribbon-cutting |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/business/2013/10/after_years_of_hurdles_clevela.html |date=October 2, 2013 |access-date=May 14, 2021 }}</ref> To take advantage of the proximity of universities and other medical centers in Cleveland, the [[Veterans Administration]] moved the region's VA hospital from suburban [[Brecksville]] to a new facility in University Circle.<ref>{{cite news |title=V.A. and Military Hospitals of Greater Cleveland |website=Cleveland Memory Project |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=http://www.clevelandmemory.org/va/index.html |access-date=May 14, 2021 }}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| align             = center
| perrow            = 3
| total_width       = 750
| image1            = Cleveland Clinic Miller Family Pavilion.jpg
| image2            = University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center.png
| image3            = MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland.jpg
| footer            = Cleveland's "Big Three" hospitals – The [[Cleveland Clinic]], [[University Hospitals of Cleveland|University Hospitals]], and [[MetroHealth]]
}}

== Arts and culture ==
{{See also|Category:Culture of Cleveland|Cleveland School (arts community)}}

=== Theater and performing arts ===
[[File:Playhouse Square at dusk.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Playhouse Square]]]]
Cleveland's Playhouse Square is the second largest performing arts center in the U.S. behind New York City's [[Lincoln Center]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Playhouse Square |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/61 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |quote=By the turn of the twenty-first century, all of the original theaters were again hosting performances, constituting the nation's second largest performing arts complex after New York's Lincoln Center. }}</ref> It includes the [[State Theatre (Cleveland)|State]], [[Connor Palace|Palace]], [[Allen Theatre|Allen]], [[Hanna Theatre|Hanna]], and [[Ohio Theatre (Cleveland)|Ohio]] theaters.<ref name="playhouse" /> The theaters host [[musical theatre|Broadway musicals]], special concerts, speaking engagements, and other events throughout the year. Playhouse Square's resident performing arts companies include [[Cleveland Ballet (founded 2014)|Cleveland Ballet]], the [[Cleveland International Film Festival]], the [[Cleveland Play House]], Cleveland State University Department of Theatre and Dance, DANCECleveland, the [[Great Lakes Theater Festival]], and the Tri-C Jazz Fest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resident Companies |publisher=Playhouse Square Center |url=http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/resident-companies |access-date=June 7, 2020 }}</ref> A city with strong traditions in theater and [[vaudeville]], Cleveland has produced many renowned performers, most prominently comedian [[Bob Hope]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bob Hope and the American Variety: Early Life |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bobhope/early.html |access-date=August 3, 2012 |date=May 10, 2000 }}</ref>

Outside Playhouse Square is [[Karamu House]], the oldest African American theater in the nation, established in 1915.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Karamu House |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/k/karamu-house |access-date=May 11, 2021 |date=April 5, 2021 }}</ref> On the West Side, the Gordon Square Arts District in the Detroit–Shoreway neighborhood is the location of the Capitol Theatre, the [[Near West Theatre]], and an [[Off-Off-Broadway]] playhouse, the [[Cleveland Public Theatre]].<ref name="CLE-hustles" /> The [[Dobama Theatre]] and the [[Beck Center for the Arts]] are based in Cleveland's streetcar suburbs of Cleveland Heights and Lakewood respectively.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mansfield |first=Herbert |title=Theater |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/t/theater |access-date=August 1, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}</ref>

=== Music ===
[[File:Franz Welser-Möst 2.jpg|thumb|Conductor [[Franz Welser-Möst]] leading the [[Cleveland Orchestra]]]]
The Cleveland Orchestra is widely considered one of the world's finest orchestras, and often referred to as the finest in the nation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=David |title=The Cleveland Orchestra, America's Finest, Restarts Recording |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/09/arts/music/cleveland-orchestra-classical-music.html |access-date=June 19, 2023 |date=October 9, 2020 |quote=The Cleveland Orchestra is America's finest, still. }}</ref> It is one of the "[[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five]]" major orchestras in the U.S.{{sfn|Rosenberg|2000|p=522}} The orchestra plays at [[Severance Hall]] in University Circle during the winter and at [[Blossom Music Center]] in [[Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio|Cuyahoga Falls]] during the summer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission & History |publisher=The Cleveland Orchestra |url=https://www.clevelandorchestra.com/about/mission-and-history/ |access-date=August 9, 2019 }}</ref> The city is also home to the [[Cleveland Pops Orchestra]], [[Apollo's Fire]] Baroque Orchestra, the [[Cleveland Orchestra Youth Orchestra|Cleveland Youth Orchestra]], the [[Contemporary Youth Orchestra]], the [[Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony]], and the biennial [[Cleveland International Piano Competition]] which has, in the past, often featured the Cleveland Orchestra.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |publisher=Piano Cleveland |url=https://www.pianocleveland.org/about/ |access-date=June 4, 2023 }}</ref>

One Playhouse Square, now the headquarters for Cleveland's [[public broadcasting|public broadcasters]], was initially used as the broadcast studios of WJW (AM), where disc jockey Alan Freed first popularized the term "rock and roll".<ref name="freed" /> Beginning in the 1950s, Cleveland gained a strong reputation as a key breakout market for rock music.<ref name="rock-n-roll">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Rock 'n' Roll |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 13, 2023 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/rock-n-roll |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> Its popularity in the city was so great that Billy Bass, the program director at the [[WMMS]] radio station, referred to Cleveland as "The Rock and Roll Capital of the World".<ref name="rock-n-roll" /> The [[Agora Theatre and Ballroom|Cleveland Agora Theatre and Ballroom]] has served as a major venue for rock concerts in the city since the 1960s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Agora/Agora Ballroom |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=February 19, 2020 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/agoraagora-ballroom |access-date=June 1, 2021 }}</ref> From 1974 through 1980, the city hosted the [[World Series of Rock]] at [[Cleveland Stadium|Cleveland Municipal Stadium]].{{sfn|Toman|1997|pp=64–65}}

Jazz and R&B have a long history in Cleveland. Many major figures in jazz performed in the city, including [[Louis Armstrong]], [[Cab Calloway]], [[Duke Ellington]], [[Ella Fitzgerald]], [[Dizzy Gillespie]], and [[Billie Holiday]].<ref name="CLEjazz">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jazz |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jazz |access-date=June 14, 2019 |date=June 29, 2018 }}</ref>{{sfn|Mosbrook|2013|pp=32–33, 59, 126}} Legendary pianist [[Art Tatum]] regularly played in Cleveland clubs in the 1930s,<ref name="CLEjazz" /> and [[gypsy jazz]] guitarist [[Django Reinhardt]] gave his U.S. debut performance in Cleveland in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |last=Meiksins |first=Robin |title=Django Reinhardt at the Music Hall |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/525 |access-date=August 5, 2019 }}</ref> Prominent jazz artist [[Noble Sissle]] was a graduate of [[Central High School (Cleveland, Ohio)|Cleveland Central High School]], and [[Artie Shaw]] worked and performed in Cleveland early in his career.<ref name="CLEjazz" /> The Tri-C Jazz Fest has been held annually in Cleveland at Playhouse Square since 1980, and the Cleveland Jazz Orchestra was established in 1984.{{sfn|Mosbrook|2013|p=193}}

The city has a history of [[polka]] music being popular both past and present and is the location of the [[Polka Hall of Fame]]. There is even a subgenre called [[Slovenian-style polka|Cleveland-style polka]], named after the city. The music's popularity is due in part to the success of [[Frankie Yankovic]], a Cleveland native who was considered "America's Polka King".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Valencic |first=Joseph |title=Polkas |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/polkas |access-date=July 1, 2023 }}</ref>

There is a significant [[hip hop music]] scene in Cleveland. In 1997, the Cleveland hip hop group [[Bone Thugs-n-Harmony]] won a [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group|Grammy]] for their song "[[Tha Crossroads]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bone Thugs-N-Harmony {{!}} Biography & History |website=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bone-thugs-n-harmony-mn0000081316/biography |access-date=October 20, 2015 }}</ref>

=== Film and television ===
{{See also|Category:Films set in Cleveland|Category:Films shot in Cleveland}}
[[File:Cleveland Fire Department, 1900.ogg|thumb|''Cleveland Fire Department'' (1900) by the [[Edison Manufacturing Company|Edison Company]], one of the first films made in Cleveland]]
The first film shot in Cleveland was in 1897 by the [[Edison Manufacturing Company|company]] of Ohioan [[Thomas Edison]].<ref name="Cle-Enc-Film">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland on Film |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-film |date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> Before [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] became the center for [[Cinema of the United States|American cinema]], filmmaker Samuel Brodsky and playwright Robert McLaughlin operated a film studio at the [[Samuel Andrews (chemist)|Andrews]] mansion on Euclid Avenue (now the [[WEWS-TV]] studio).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Andrews's Folly |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/andrewss-folly |date=July 2, 2021 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> There they produced major [[silent film|silent-era]] features, such as ''[[Dangerous Toys (film)|Dangerous Toys]]'' (1921), which are now considered [[lost film|lost]]. Brodsky also directed the weekly ''Plain Dealer Screen Magazine'' that ran in theaters in Cleveland and Ohio from 1917 to 1924.<ref name="Cle-Enc-Film" /> In addition, Cleveland hosted over a dozen [[sponsored film]] studios, including [[Cinécraft Productions]], which still operates in Ohio City.<ref name="Cle-Enc-Film" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Cinecraft Productions: The Historic Film Company produced by a Love Story |last=Dubelko |first=Jim |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/999 |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}</ref>

In the "[[sound film|talkie]]" era, Cleveland featured in several [[Major film studio|major studio]] films, such as [[Michael Curtiz]]'s [[Pre-Code Hollywood|pre-Code]] classic ''[[Goodbye Again (1933 film)|Goodbye Again]]'' (1933) with [[Warren William]] and [[Joan Blondell]]. Players from the [[1948 Cleveland Indians season|1948 Cleveland Indians]] appeared in ''[[The Kid from Cleveland]]'' (1949). [[Billy Wilder]]'s ''[[The Fortune Cookie]]'' (1966) was set and filmed in the city and marked the first onscreen pairing of [[Walter Matthau]] and [[Jack Lemmon]]. Labor struggles in Cleveland were depicted in ''[[Native Land]]'' (1942), narrated by [[Paul Robeson]], and in [[Norman Jewison]]'s ''[[F.I.S.T. (film)|F.I.S.T.]]'' (1978) with [[Sylvester Stallone]]. Clevelander [[Jim Jarmusch]]'s ''[[Stranger Than Paradise]]'' (1984) – a [[deadpan]] comedy about two New Yorkers who travel to Florida by way of Cleveland – was a favorite of the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. ''[[Major League (film)|Major League]]'' (1989) reflected the [[Cleveland Guardians#1960–1993: The 33-year slump|perennial struggles]] of the Cleveland Indians, while ''[[American Splendor (film)|American Splendor]]'' (2003) reflected the life of Cleveland graphic novelist [[Harvey Pekar]]. ''[[Kill the Irishman]]'' (2011) depicted the 1970s turf war between [[Danny Greene]] and the Cleveland crime family.<ref name="Cle-Enc-Film" />

Cleveland has doubled for other locations in films. The wedding and reception scenes in ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' (1978), while set in suburban Pittsburgh, were shot in Cleveland's Tremont neighborhood. ''[[A Christmas Story]]'' (1983) was set in [[Indiana]], but drew many external shots from Cleveland. The opening shots of ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' (1997) were filmed in and above Severance Hall, and ''[[Judas and the Black Messiah]]'' (2021) was filmed in Cleveland, although set in Chicago. Downtown Cleveland doubled for [[Manhattan]] in ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007), ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012), and ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'' (2017), and for [[Metropolis (comics)|Metropolis]] in [[James Gunn]]'s ''[[Superman (2025 film)|Superman]]'' (2025). Future productions are handled by the [[Greater Cleveland Film Commission]] at the [[Leader Building]] on Superior Avenue.<ref name="Cle-Enc-Film" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Morona |first=Joey |date=June 24, 2024 |title=It's a bird! It's a plane! No, it's Superman strolling the streets of Cleveland |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2024/06/its-a-bird-its-a-plane-no-its-superman-strolling-the-streets-of-cleveland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624204118/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2024/06/its-a-bird-its-a-plane-no-its-superman-strolling-the-streets-of-cleveland.html |archive-date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=June 24, 2024 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer }}</ref>

In television, the city is the setting for the popular network sitcom ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]'', starring Cleveland native [[Drew Carey]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Stanley |first=Alessandra |title=Stay. Eat. Make Yourself at Home. Maybe Find a Man |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/arts/television/16hot.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/arts/television/16hot.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=June 15, 2010 |access-date=July 7, 2010}}{{cbignore }}</ref> ''[[Hot in Cleveland]]'', a comedy that aired on [[TV Land]], premiered on June 16, 2010, and ran for six seasons until its finale on June 3, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rice |first=Lynette |title='Hot in Cleveland' attracts record ratings for TV Land |newspaper=Hollywood Insider |url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/06/17/hot-in-cleveland-attracts-record-ratings-for-tv-land/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619005240/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/06/17/hot-in-cleveland-attracts-record-ratings-for-tv-land/ |date=June 17, 2010 |access-date=July 7, 2010 |archive-date=June 19, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title='Hot In Cleveland' To End Run After Six Seasons On TV Land |newspaper=Deadline Hollywood |url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/hot-in-cleveland-cancelled-six-seasons-tv-land-1201287034/ |date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> ''[[Cleveland Hustles]]'', the [[CNBC]] reality show co-created by [[LeBron James]], was filmed in the city.<ref name="CLE-hustles" />

=== Literature ===
[[File:Langston Hughes cph.3a43849.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Jazz poetry|Jazz poet]] and resident Clevelander [[Langston Hughes]]]]
Cleveland has a thriving literary and poetry community, with regular poetry readings at bookstores, coffee shops, and various other venues.<ref>A calendar of Cleveland area poetry events can be found at {{cite web |title=Cleveland Poetics |url=http://clevelandpoetics.blogspot.com/ |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}</ref> In 1925, [[Russian Futurism|Russian Futurist]] poet [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]] came to Cleveland and gave a poetry [[recitation]] to the city's ethnic working class, as part of his trip to America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayakovsky in Cleveland: A Fiery Futurist's Discovery of the Forest City |last=Shakarian |first=Pietro A. |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/1001 |access-date=April 27, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Through the Brooklyn Bridge. Here Stood Mayakovsky |publisher=[[Harriman Institute]] ([[Columbia University]]) |url=https://harriman.columbia.edu/event/through-the-brooklyn-bridge-here-stood-mayakovsky/ |date=January 18, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2022 }}</ref> The [[Cleveland State University Poetry Center]] serves as an academic center for poetry in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission |publisher=[[Cleveland State University Poetry Center]] |url=http://www.csupoetrycenter.com/mission |access-date=May 28, 2023 }}</ref>

[[Langston Hughes]], preeminent poet of the [[Harlem Renaissance]] and child of an itinerant couple, lived in Cleveland as a teenager and attended Central High School in Cleveland in the 1910s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hughes, (James) Langston |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hughes-james-langston |date=February 14, 2022 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> At Central High, the young writer was taught by [[Helen Maria Chesnutt]], daughter of Cleveland-born African American novelist [[Charles W. Chesnutt]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ronnick |first=Michele Valerie |title=Within CAMWS Territory: Helen M. Chesnutt (1880–1969), Black Latinist |publisher=[[Classical Association of the Middle West and South|CAMWS]] |url=https://camws.org/meeting/2005/abstracts2005/ronnick.html |access-date=February 1, 2019 }}</ref> Hughes authored some of his earliest poems, plays, and short stories in Cleveland and contributed to the school newspaper.<ref>{{cite news |last=Perkovic |first=John |title=Cleveland home of literary great Langston Hughes on the market for $85,000 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2013/10/cleveland_home_of_literary_gre.html |date=October 24, 2013 |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}</ref> The African American avant-garde poet [[Russell Atkins]] lived in the city as well.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Gibans |first1=Nina |last2=Shelley |first2=James |title=Literature |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/l/literature |date=May 11, 2018 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref>

The American modernist poet [[Hart Crane]] was born in nearby [[Garrettsville, Ohio]] in 1899. His adolescence was divided between Cleveland and Akron before he moved to New York City in 1916. Aside from factory work during [[World War I]], he served as a reporter to ''[[The Plain Dealer]]'' for a short period, before achieving recognition in the [[Modernist]] literary scene.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Crane, Hart |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/crane-hart |date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> On the Case Western Reserve University campus, a statue of Crane, designed by sculptor [[William McVey (sculptor)|William McVey]], stands behind the Kelvin Smith Library.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hart Crane Memorial |work=Ohio Outdoor Sculpture |url=http://www.sculpturecenter.org/oosi/items/show/130 |access-date=June 7, 2020 }}</ref>

Cleveland was the home of [[Joe Shuster]] and [[Jerry Siegel]], who created the comic book character [[Superman]] in 1932.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Superman |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/superman |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}</ref> Both attended [[Glenville High School]], and their early collaborations resulted in the creation of "The Man of Steel".{{sfn|Ricca|2013|p=[https://archive.org/details/superboysamazing0000ricc/page/100 100]}} [[Harlan Ellison]], noted author of [[speculative fiction]], was born in Cleveland in 1934; his family subsequently moved to nearby [[Painesville, Ohio|Painesville]], though Ellison moved back to Cleveland in 1949. As a young man, he published a series of short stories appearing in the ''[[Cleveland News]]'', and performed in a number of productions for the Cleveland Play House.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dawidziak |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Dawidziak |title=Harlan Ellison, fiery and brilliant writer from Cleveland, dead at 84 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/tv-blog/2018/06/harlan_ellison_fiery_and_brilliant_writer_from_cleveland_dead_at_84.html |date=June 28, 2018 |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}</ref>

Cleveland is the site of the [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]], established by poet and philanthropist [[Edith Anisfield Wolf]] in 1935, which recognizes books that have made important contributions to the understanding of racism and human diversity.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |publisher=[[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]] |url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/about/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> Presented by the [[The Cleveland Foundation|Cleveland Foundation]], it remains the only American book prize focusing on works that address racism and diversity.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Marino |first=Jacqueline |title=The Biggest Little-Known Book Award |magazine=[[Belt Magazine]] |url=http://beltmag.com/the-biggest-little-known-book-award/ |date=September 9, 2013 |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Museums and galleries ===
{{See also|List of museums in Cleveland}}
{{multiple image
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 |direction = vertical
 |image1 = Cleveland Museum of Art (8687300870).jpg
 |caption1 = The [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] lies at the edge of Wade Lagoon in [[University Circle]].
 |image2 = Cleveland August 2015 47 (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum).jpg
 |caption2 = The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] on the shores of Lake Erie
}}
Cleveland has two main [[art museum]]s. The [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] is a major American art museum, with a collection that includes more than 60,000 works of art ranging from [[ancient art|ancient masterpieces]] to [[contemporary art|contemporary pieces]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Collection Online Guide and FAQs |publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/educators/collection-online-guide-and-faqs |date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }}</ref> The [[Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland]] showcases established and emerging artists, particularly from the Cleveland area, through hosting and producing temporary exhibitions.<ref name="MOCA-Cle">{{cite web |title=About MOCA Cleveland: The Art + Ideas of Our Time |publisher=Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland |url=https://www.mocacleveland.org/about |access-date=July 22, 2019 }}</ref> Both museums offer free admission to visitors, with the Cleveland Museum of Art declaring their museum free and open "for the benefit of all the people forever."<ref>{{cite web |title=Museum History |publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |url=http://www.clevelandart.org/about/about-the-museum/history-and-mission |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=October 5, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="MOCA-Cle" />

The two museums are part of Cleveland's [[University Circle]], a {{convert|550|acre|km2|adj=on}} concentration of cultural, educational, and medical institutions located {{Convert|5|mi}} east of downtown. In addition to the art museums, the neighborhood includes the [[Cleveland Botanical Garden]], Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals, [[Severance Hall]], the [[Maltz Performing Arts Center]], the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]], and the [[Western Reserve Historical Society]]. Also located at University Circle is the [[Cleveland Cinematheque]] at the Cleveland Institute of Art.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Cinematheque |publisher=[[Cleveland Institute of Art]] |url=https://www.cia.edu/cinematheque |access-date=August 9, 2019 }}</ref>

The [[I. M. Pei]]-designed [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] is located on Cleveland's Lake Erie waterfront at North Coast Harbor downtown. Neighboring attractions include [[Cleveland Browns Stadium]], the [[Great Lakes Science Center]], the [[SS William G. Mather (1925)|Steamship Mather Museum]], the [[International Women's Air & Space Museum]], and the {{USS|Cod|SS-224|6}}, a World War II [[Gato-class submarine|submarine]]. Designed by architect [[Levi Scofield|Levi T. Scofield]], the [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]] at Public Square is Cleveland's major Civil War memorial and a major attraction in the city.<ref name="soldiers-sailors" /> Other city attractions include [[Grays Armory]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Fearing |first=Heidi K. |title=Grays Armory |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/298 |access-date=July 16, 2023 }}</ref> the [[Cleveland Masonic Temple]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Masonic Temple |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/9 |access-date=November 11, 2024 }}</ref> and the [[Children's Museum of Cleveland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Museum History, Vision & Mission |website=Children's Museum of Cleveland |url=https://cmcleveland.org/history/ |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> A Cleveland holiday attraction, especially for fans of [[Jean Shepherd]]'s ''A Christmas Story'', is the [[A Christmas Story House|Christmas Story House and Museum]] in Tremont.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |publisher=A Christmas Story House and Museum |url=https://www.achristmasstoryhouse.com/ |access-date=August 5, 2019 }}</ref>

=== Annual events ===
[[File:Feast of the Assumption in Little Italy Cleveland (36388057482).jpg|thumb|The [[Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival|Feast of the Assumption]] in Cleveland's [[University Circle#Little Italy|Little Italy]]]]
Cleveland hosts the WinterLand holiday display lighting festival annually at Public Square.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |publisher=WinterLand CLE |url=https://winterlandcle.com/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> The [[Cleveland International Film Festival]] has been held in the city since 1977,<ref>{{cite web |title=History |publisher=[[Cleveland International Film Festival]] |url=https://www.clevelandfilm.org/about/history |access-date=August 3, 2019 }}</ref> and the Cleveland Silent Film Festival has been held since 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=McLaughlin |first=Kevin |title=Cleveland Silent Film Festival partners with Cleveland Public Library |newspaper=The Land |url=https://thelandcle.org/stories/cleveland-silent-film-festival-partners-with-cleveland-public-library/ |date=March 11, 2025 |access-date=March 31, 2025 }}</ref> The [[Cleveland National Air Show]], an indirect successor to the National Air Races, has been held at the city's [[Burke Lakefront Airport]] since 1964.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Air Show |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-air-show |access-date=August 9, 2019 |date=March 21, 2019 }}</ref> The Great Lakes Burning River Fest, a two-night music and beer festival at Whiskey Island, has been sponsored by the Great Lakes Brewing Company since 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |publisher=[[Great Lakes Brewing Company]] |url=https://www.greatlakesbrewing.com/our-history |access-date=August 10, 2019 }}</ref>

Many ethnic festivals are held in Cleveland throughout the year. These include the annual [[Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival|Feast of the Assumption]] in Little Italy,<ref>{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Litt |title=Is Cleveland's Little Italy in danger of being loved to death? |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2024/07/is-clevelands-little-italy-in-danger-of-being-loved-to-death.html |work=The Plain Dealer |date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=August 21, 2024 }}</ref> Russian [[Maslenitsa]] in Rockefeller Park,<ref>{{cite news |last=DeMarco |first=Laura |title=Russian Maslenitsa Festival in Rockefeller Park celebrates end of winter |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2018/02/russian_maslenitsa_festival_in.html |date=February 14, 2018 |access-date=January 17, 2024 }}</ref> the Puerto Rican Parade and Cultural Festival in Clark–Fulton,<ref>{{cite web |title=Puerto Rican Parade & Cultural Festival |publisher=Destination Cleveland |url=https://www.thisiscleveland.com/events/event-calendar/puerto-rican-parade-cultural-festival |access-date=June 4, 2023 }}</ref> the Cleveland Asian Festival in Asiatown,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Asian Festival |publisher=Destination Cleveland |url=https://www.thisiscleveland.com/events/annual-events/cleveland-asian-festival |access-date=June 4, 2023 }}</ref> the Tremont Greek Fest,<ref>{{cite news |last=Abusada |first=Abusada |title=Tremont's Greek Fest is officially back |publisher=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/tremonts-greek-fest-is-officially-back |date=May 28, 2022 |access-date=June 4, 2023 }}</ref> and the St. Mary Romanian Festival in West Park.<ref>{{cite news |last=Valentic |first=Stefanie |title=West Park Romanian festival celebrates 14 years of tradition |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2019/08/west-park-romanian-festival-celebrates-14-years-of-tradition.html |date=August 19, 2019 |access-date=June 4, 2023 }}</ref> Cleveland also hosts annual Polish [[Śmigus-dyngus|Dyngus Day]] and Slovene [[Kurentovanje]] celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |publisher=Cleveland Dyngus Day |url=https://clevelanddyngus.com/history/ |access-date=February 18, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |publisher=Cleveland Kurentovanje |url=https://www.clevelandkurentovanje.com/about |access-date=August 1, 2022 }}</ref> The city's annual [[Saint Patrick's Day]] parade brings hundreds of thousands to the streets of Downtown.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |publisher=Cleveland St. Patrick's Day Parade |url=http://www.stpatricksdaycleveland.com/p/about-us.html |access-date=July 22, 2021 }}</ref> The [[Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival]] held each spring at Cleveland State University is the largest Indian classical music and dance festival in the world outside of India.<ref>{{cite news |last=DeJong |first=Lisa |title=Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2016/03/cleveland_thyagaraja_festival.html |date=March 30, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }}</ref> Since 1946, the city has annually marked One World Day in the [[Cleveland Cultural Gardens]] in Rockefeller Park, celebrating all of its ethnic communities.<ref name="culturalgardens" />

=== Cuisine ===
[[File:West Side Market Cleveland.jpg|thumb|The historic [[West Side Market]] in Cleveland's [[Ohio City, Cleveland|Ohio City]] neighborhood]]
Cleveland's mosaic of ethnic communities and their various culinary traditions have long played an important role in defining the city's cuisine. Local mainstays include an abundance of Slavic, Hungarian, and Central-Eastern European contributions, such as [[kielbasa]], [[stuffed cabbage]], [[pierogi]]es, [[goulash]], and [[chicken paprikash]].{{sfn|Taxel|2009|pp=133-135}} [[Italian-American cuisine|Italian]], [[German cuisine|German]], [[Irish cuisine|Irish]], and [[American Jewish cuisine|Jewish]] cuisines are also prominent in Cleveland, as are [[Lebanese cuisine|Lebanese]], [[Greek-American cuisine|Greek]], [[American Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Puerto Rican cuisine|Puerto Rican]], [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]], and numerous other ethnic cuisines. Vendors at the [[West Side Market]] in Ohio City offer many ethnic foods for sale.<ref>{{cite news |last=Snook |first=Debbi |title=Cleveland's West Side Market feeds bellies and our souls with its rich ethnic heritage |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/west-side-market/2012/05/clevelands_west_side_market_fe.html |date=May 27, 2012 |access-date=August 1, 2022 }}</ref> In addition, the city boasts a vibrant [[Barbecue in the United States|barbecue]] and [[soul food]] scene.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cain |first1=Brenda |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Yadi |title=Top 20 Soul Food Restaurants in Greater Cleveland according to Yelp |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2020/02/top-21-soul-food-restaurants-in-greater-cleveland-according-to-yelp.html |date=February 3, 2020 |access-date=May 1, 2023 }}</ref>

Slyman's Deli on Cleveland's near East Side is notable for its [[corned beef]] sandwich, with patrons including former US Presidents [[George W. Bush]] and [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Goodrich |first=Barry |title=Classic Cleveland Restaurants: Slyman's Restaurants |magazine=Cleveland Magazine |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/food-drink/articles/classic-cleveland-restaurants-slyman's-restaurants |date=January 22, 2020 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> Another celebrated sandwich, the [[Polish Boy]], is a popular [[street food]] and Cleveland original frequently sold at downtown [[hot dog cart]]s and stadium concession stands.<ref>{{cite news |last=Axelrod |first=Ben |title=Cleveland's Polish Boy named one of world's 10 best hot dogs |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/cleveland/cleveland-polish-boy-named-10-best-hot-dogs-in-the-world/95-a1d44b3c-9a02-4441-a741-472193621d97 |date=April 11, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> Brown [[Stadium Mustard|stadium mustard]] is synonymous with Cleveland, especially [[Bertman Original Ballpark Mustard]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakerian |first=Peter |title=No hot-doggin' it, we definitely 'cut the mustard' in The Land |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2024/03/no-hot-doggin-it-we-definitely-cut-the-mustard-in-the-land-classic-cle-eats-drinks.html |date=March 22, 2024 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }}</ref> Another notable local food item with Depression-era roots is [[city chicken]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Frederick |first=Missy |title=What Is City Chicken, Really?: How a Depression-era dish conquered Cleveland |magazine=[[Eater (website)|Eater]] |url=https://www.eater.com/2017/5/5/15551870/city-chicken-cleveland-pittsburgh |date=May 5, 2017 |access-date=January 1, 2025 }}</ref>

With its [[Blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] roots well intact, and plenty of Lake Erie [[Yellow perch|perch]] and [[walleye]] available, the tradition of Friday night [[fish fry|fish fries]] remains alive and thriving in Cleveland, particularly in ethnic parish-based settings, especially during the season of [[Lent]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=2023 Cleveland Fish Fry Guide |magazine=Cleveland Magazine |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/food-drink/fish-fries |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> [[Clambake]]s are likewise embedded into the city's culinary culture.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Trattner |first=Douglas |title=How Cleveland Became a Clambake Capital of America |magazine=[[Cleveland Scene]] |url=https://www.clevescene.com/food-drink/how-cleveland-became-a-clambake-capital-of-america-45236210 |date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=January 1, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Zaleski |first=Annie |title=How Did the Cleveland Clambake Even Become a Thing? |magazine=[[Thrillist]] |url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/cleveland/cleveland-ohio-clambake-history |date=September 28, 2016 |access-date=January 1, 2025 }}</ref> For dessert, the Cleveland [[Cassata#United States|Cassata Cake]] is a unique treat invented in the local Italian community and served in Italian establishments throughout the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Paris |title=Cleveland Cassata Cake is a local invention |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2023/03/cleveland-cassata-cake-is-a-local-invention.html |date=March 10, 2023 |access-date=May 1, 2023 }}</ref> Another popular dessert, the locally crafted Russian Tea Biscuit, is common in many Jewish bakeries in Cleveland.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bania-Dobyns |first=Sarah |title=If you want this delectable Jewish pastry, you'll have to go to Cleveland |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/food-recipes/if-you-want-this-delectable-jewish-pastry-youll-have-to-go-to-cleveland-670162 |date=September 22, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2023 }}</ref>

Cleveland is noted in the world of celebrity food culture. Famous local figures include chef [[Michael Symon]] and food writer [[Michael Ruhlman]], both of whom achieved local and national attention for their contributions to the culinary world. In 2007, Symon helped gain the spotlight when he was named "[[The Next Iron Chef]]" on the [[Food Network]]. That same year, Ruhlman collaborated with [[Anthony Bourdain]], to do an episode of his ''[[Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations]]'' focusing on Cleveland's restaurant scene.<ref>{{cite news |last=Eng |first=Monica |title=Hot new dining city: Cleveland?! |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |quote=By the time I hit Cleveland for the grand culinary tour, Ruhlman had the routine down. Earlier in the year, his chef/writer pal Anthony Bourdain had filmed a whole episode of his Travel Channel show "No Reservations" in Cleveland. |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/la-trw-trvmain3-wk3-story.html |date=January 29, 2008 |access-date=July 7, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Breweries ===
Ohio produces the fifth most beer in the U.S., with its largest brewery being Cleveland's [[Great Lakes Brewing Company]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ohio craft-beer production ranks 5th in U.S.; 3 breweries in top 50 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/04/ohio-craft-beer-production-ranks-5th-in-us-3-breweries-in-top-50.html |date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }}</ref> Cleveland has had a long history of brewing, tied to many of its ethnic immigrants, and has reemerged as a regional leader in production.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vintage pictures of Cleveland's historic breweries |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2017/08/vintage_pictures_of_clevelands.html |date=August 17, 2017 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }}</ref> Dozens of breweries exist in the city limits, including large producers such as [[Market Garden Brewery]] and [[Platform Beer Company]].

Breweries can be found throughout the city, but the highest concentration is in the Ohio City neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Breweries with outdoor seating in and around Ohio City |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/04/10-breweries-with-outdoor-seating-in-and-around-ohio-city.html |date=April 6, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }}</ref> Cleveland hosts expansions from other countries as well, including the Scottish [[BrewDog]] and German [[Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München#Franchises|Hofbrauhaus]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hofbrauhaus Cleveland set to reopen next week |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/02/hofbrauhaus-cleveland-set-to-reopen-next-week.html |date=February 26, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BrewDog confirms Cleveland expansion |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/04/brewdog-confirms-cleveland-expansion.html |date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{main|Sports in Cleveland}}
{{multiple image
 |align = right
 |direction = vertical
 |image1 = Progressive Field, June 2019 (5).jpg
 |caption1 = [[Progressive Field]] has served as home to the [[Cleveland Guardians]] since 1994.
 |image2 = FirstEnergy Stadium 2014.jpg
 |caption2 = [[Cleveland Browns]] games attract large crowds to [[Huntington Bank Field]].
 |image3 = Cavs Opener 6512.jpg
 |caption3 = [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] pregame festivities at [[Rocket Arena]]
}}
Cleveland's major professional sports teams are the [[Cleveland Guardians]] ([[Major League Baseball]]), the [[Cleveland Browns]] ([[National Football League]]), and the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] ([[National Basketball Association]]). Other professional teams include the [[Cleveland Monsters]] ([[American Hockey League]]), the [[Cleveland Charge]] ([[NBA G League]]), the [[Cleveland Crunch]] ([[Major League Indoor Soccer (2022-present)|Major League Indoor Soccer]]), [[Cleveland SC]] ([[National Premier Soccer League]]), and the [[Cleveland Fusion]] ([[Women's Football Alliance]]). Local sporting venues include [[Progressive Field]], [[Huntington Bank Field]], [[Rocket Arena]], the [[Wolstein Center]], and the [[Public Auditorium]].

=== Professional ===
'''Major League'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue
!Est. in CLE
!Championships<br>{{small|(in Cleveland)}}
|-
| [[Cleveland Browns]]
| [[American football|Football]]
| [[National Football League]]
| [[Huntington Bank Field]]
| 1946
| 8<br>{{small|(4 [[All-America Football Conference|AAFC]], 4 [[NFL]])}}
|-
| [[Cleveland Cavaliers]]
| Basketball
| [[National Basketball Association]]
| [[Rocket Arena]]
| 1970
| 1
|-
| [[Cleveland Guardians]]
| Baseball
| [[Major League Baseball]]
| [[Progressive Field]]
| 1901
| 2
|}

'''Minor League'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue
!Est. in CLE
!Championships<br>{{small|(in Cleveland)}}
|-
| [[Cleveland Charge]]
| Basketball
| [[NBA G League]]
| [[Public Auditorium]]
| 2021
| 0
|-
| [[Cleveland Monsters]]
| [[Ice hockey]]
| [[American Hockey League]]
| Rocket Arena
| 2007
| 1
|-
|[[Cleveland Crunch]]
|[[Indoor Soccer]]
|[[Major League Indoor Soccer (2022-present)|Major League Indoor Soccer]]
|Soccer Sportsplex<br>([[North Olmsted, Ohio]])
|1989
|5<br>{{small|(3 [[National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001)|NPSL]], 1 [[Major Arena Soccer League 2|M2]], 1 [[Major League Indoor Soccer (2022-present)|MLIS]])}}
|-
|[[Cleveland Pro Soccer]]
|Soccer
|[[MLS Next Pro]]
|TBA
|2022
|0
|}
The Cleveland Guardians – known as the Indians from 1915 to 2021 – won the [[World Series]] in [[1920 World Series|1920]] and [[1948 World Series|1948]]. They also won the [[American League]] pennant, making the World Series in the [[1954 World Series|1954]], [[1995 World Series|1995]], [[1997 World Series|1997]], and [[2016 World Series|2016 season]]s. Between [[1995 MLB season|1995]] and [[2001 MLB season|2001]], Jacobs Field (now known as Progressive Field) sold out 455 consecutive games, a Major League Baseball record until it was broken in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last=Burt |first=Bill |title=Sellouts! Record 456 and counting for Sox |newspaper=Eagle Tribune |url=http://www.eagletribune.com/pusports/local_story_253023720.html?keyword=topstory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903230045/http://www.eagletribune.com/pusports/local_story_253023720.html?keyword=topstory |date=September 9, 2008 |access-date=September 10, 2008 |archive-date=September 3, 2012 }}</ref>

Historically, the Browns have been among the most successful franchises in [[American football]] history, winning eight titles during a short period of time – [[1946 Cleveland Browns season|1946]], [[1947 Cleveland Browns season|1947]], [[1948 Cleveland Browns season|1948]], [[1949 Cleveland Browns season|1949]], [[1950 NFL Championship Game|1950]], [[1954 NFL Championship Game|1954]], [[1955 NFL Championship Game|1955]], and [[1964 NFL Championship Game|1964]]. The Browns have never played in a [[Super Bowl]], getting close five times by making it to the [[History of the National Football League championship#AFL Championship Game and NFL Championship Game (1966–1969)|NFL]]/[[AFC Championship Game]] in [[1968 NFL Championship Game|1968]], [[1969 NFL Championship Game|1969]], [[1986–87 NFL playoffs#Conference championships|1986]], [[1987–88 NFL playoffs#AFC Championship: Denver Broncos 38, Cleveland Browns 33|1987]], and [[1989–90 NFL playoffs#AFC Championship: Denver Broncos 37, Cleveland Browns 21|1989]]. Former owner [[Art Modell]]'s [[Cleveland Browns relocation controversy|relocation of the Browns]] after the [[1995 NFL season|1995 season]] (to [[Baltimore]] creating the [[Baltimore Ravens|Ravens]]), caused tremendous heartbreak and resentment among local fans.<ref>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=James |title=Take your pick recap: LeBron vs. Modell |publisher=[[ESPN]] |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/afcnorth/post/_/id/14793/take-your-pick-recap-lebron-vs-modell |date=July 13, 2010 |access-date=July 27, 2010 }}</ref> Cleveland mayor [[Michael R. White (politician)|Michael R. White]] worked with the NFL and Commissioner [[Paul Tagliabue]] to bring back the Browns beginning in the [[1999 NFL season|1999 season]], retaining all team history.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kroll |first=John |title=When Art Modell moved his Cleveland Browns team to Baltimore: How The Plain Dealer reported it |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/browns/index.ssf/2012/09/when_art_modell_moved_his_clev.html |date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=June 26, 2016 }}</ref> In Cleveland's earlier football history, the [[Cleveland Bulldogs]] won the [[NFL Championship]] in [[1924 NFL season|1924]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Bulldogs |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-bulldogs |date=May 11, 2018 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref> and the [[History of the Cleveland Rams|Cleveland Rams]] won the NFL Championship in [[1945 NFL season|1945]] before relocating to Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Rams |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-rams |date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref>

The Cavaliers won the [[Eastern Conference (NBA)|Eastern Conference]] in [[2006–07 NBA season|2007]], [[2014–15 NBA season|2015]], [[2015–16 NBA season|2016]], [[2016–17 NBA season|2017]] and [[2017–18 NBA season|2018]] but were defeated in the [[2007 NBA Finals|NBA Finals]] by the [[San Antonio Spurs]] and [[2015 NBA Finals|then by]] the Golden State Warriors, respectively. The Cavs won the Conference again in 2016 and won their first NBA Championship coming back from a 3–1 deficit, finally defeating the [[Golden State Warriors]]. Afterwards, over 1.3 million people attended a parade held in the Cavs' honor on June 22, 2016, in downtown Cleveland.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoppert |first=Melissa |title=Cavaliers Parade Caps Off Cleveland Victory Party |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/sports/basketball/cleveland-cavaliers-parade-nba-champions.html |date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2023 }}</ref> Previously, the [[Cleveland Rosenblums]] dominated the original [[American Basketball League (1925–55)|American Basketball League]],{{sfn|Condon|1979|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandprodigy0000cond/page/145 145]}} and the [[Cleveland Pipers]], owned by [[George Steinbrenner]], won the [[American Basketball League (1961–63)|American Basketball League]] championship in 1962.{{sfn|Livingston|2015|pp=176–178}}

The [[Cleveland Monsters]] of the [[American Hockey League]] won the [[2016 Calder Cup playoffs|2016 Calder Cup]]. They were the first Cleveland AHL team to do so since the [[1963–64 AHL season|1964]] Barons.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=Branson |title=Lake Erie Monsters win Calder Cup title with 1–0 OT victory over Hershey |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/monsters/index.ssf/2016/06/lake_erie_monsters_and_hershey.html |date=June 11, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2016 }}</ref>

=== College ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue
|-
|[[Cleveland State Vikings]]
|19 Varsity<br>(8 men's, 10 women's, 1 co-ed)
||[[NCAA Division I]]<br>([[Horizon League]])
|various – including:<br />[[Krenzler Field]] (soccer)<br />[[Wolstein Center]] ([[Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball|men's]] and [[Cleveland State Vikings women's basketball|women's]] basketball)<br />[[Woodling Gym]] (wrestling and volleyball)
|-
|[[Case Western Reserve Spartans]]
|17 Varsity<br>(9 men's, 8 women's)
||[[NCAA Division III]]<br>([[University Athletic Association]])
|various – including:<br />[[DiSanto Field]] ([[Case Western Reserve Spartans football|football]], soccer)<br />Veale Athletic Center (men's and women's basketball)
|-
|}

Collegiately, NCAA Division I [[Cleveland State Vikings]] have 19 varsity sports, nationally known for their [[Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball]] team.<ref>{{cite web |title=Athletics |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://www.csuvikings.com/landing/index |date=August 2, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> NCAA Division III [[Case Western Reserve Spartans]] have 17 varsity sports, most known for their [[Case Western Reserve Spartans football]] team.<ref>{{cite web |title=CWRU Athletics |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://athletics.case.edu/ |date=May 20, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> The headquarters of the [[Mid-American Conference]] (MAC) are in Cleveland. The conference stages both its [[Mid-American Conference men's basketball tournament|men's]] and [[Mid-American Conference women's basketball tournament|women's]] basketball tournaments at Rocket Arena.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://getsomemaction.com/sports/2014/5/29/MACHistory.aspx?path=general |title=History of the MAC |website=[[Mid-American Conference]] |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Annual and special events ===
The [[Cleveland Marathon]] has been hosted annually since 1978,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Rite Aid Cleveland Marathon and 10K |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 22, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/rite-aid-cleveland-marathon-and-10k |access-date=June 7, 2020 }}</ref> and a monument commemorating one of Cleveland's most prominent track and field athletes, [[Jesse Owens]], stands at the city's Fort Huntington Park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jesse Owens: The Cleveland Years |last=Dubelko |first=Jim |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/1003 |access-date=January 4, 2024 }}</ref> The second [[American Chess Congress]], a predecessor to the [[US Chess Championship|U.S. Championship]], was held in Cleveland in 1871, and won by [[George Henry Mackenzie]].<ref>{{cite web |title=George Henry Mackenzie |publisher=[[World Chess Hall of Fame]] |url=https://worldchesshof.org/hof-inductee/george-henry-mackenzie |date=April 7, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> The 1921 and 1957 [[U.S. Open Chess Championship]]s took place in the city, and were won by [[Edward Lasker]] and [[Bobby Fischer]], respectively. The [[Cleveland Open (chess)|Cleveland Open]] is held annually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hanken |first=Jerry |title=Big Time chess returns to Cleveland |publisher=The United States Chess Federation |url=https://www.uschess.org/content/view/8498/463/ |date=June 13, 2008 |access-date=June 7, 2020 }}</ref> In 2014, Cleveland hosted the ninth official [[2014 Gay Games|Gay Games]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federation of Gay Games – Gay Games IX – Cleveland |url=https://gaygames.org/Gay-Games-IX |access-date=May 13, 2022 |website=gaygames.org }}</ref> In July 2024, the city hosted the [[Pan American Masters Games]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bona |first=Marc |title=Pan-American Masters Games choose Cleveland as 1st U.S. competition site |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/sports/2022/08/pan-american-masters-games-choose-cleveland-as-1st-us-competition-site.html |date=August 30, 2022 |access-date=August 1, 2024 }}</ref>

== Parks and recreation ==
{{See also|Cleveland Metroparks|Cleveland Public Parks District}}
[[File:Downtown Cleveland - Cleveland Sunrise (47288342872).jpg|thumb|right|Cleveland and [[Lake Erie]] in winter from Edgewater Park]]
Known locally as the "Emerald Necklace", the [[Frederick Law Olmsted|Olmsted]]-inspired [[Cleveland Metroparks]] encircle Cleveland and Cuyahoga County. The city proper encompasses the Metroparks' Brookside and Lakefront Reservations, as well as significant parts of the Rocky River, Washington, and Euclid Creek Reservations. The Lakefront Reservation, which provides public access to Lake Erie, consists of four parks: Edgewater Park, Whiskey Island–Wendy Park, East 55th Street Marina, and [[Gordon Park, Cleveland|Gordon Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lakefront Reservation |publisher=Cleveland Metroparks |url=https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/parks/visit/parks/lakefront-reservation |access-date=August 3, 2019 }}</ref>

Three more parks fall under the jurisdiction of the Euclid Creek Reservation: Euclid Beach, Villa Angela, and Wildwood Marina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Euclid Creek Reservation |publisher=Cleveland Metroparks |url=https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/parks/visit/parks/euclid-creek-reservation |access-date=August 3, 2019 }}</ref> Further south, bike and hiking trails in the [[Brecksville Reservation|Brecksville]] and Bedford Reservations, along with Garfield Park, provide access to trails in the [[Cuyahoga Valley National Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain Biking |publisher=Cleveland Metroparks |url=https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/parks/visit/activities/activity-types/mountain-biking |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> Also included in the Metroparks system is the [[Cleveland Metroparks Zoo]], established in 1882. Located in Big Creek Valley, the zoo has one of the largest collections of [[primate]]s in North America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Metroparks Zoo |publisher=[[Destination Cleveland]] |url=https://www.thisiscleveland.com/things-to-do/major-attractions/cleveland-metroparks-zoo |access-date=August 3, 2019 }}</ref>

In addition to the Metroparks, the [[Cleveland Public Parks District]] oversees the city's neighborhood parks, the largest of which is the historic [[Rockefeller Park]]. The latter is notable for its late 19th century landmark bridges, the Rockefeller Park Greenhouse, and the [[Cleveland Cultural Gardens]], which celebrate the city's ethnic diversity.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Rockefeller Park |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/rockefeller-park |date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="culturalgardens" /> Just outside of Rockefeller Park, the [[Cleveland Botanical Garden]] in University Circle, established in 1930, is the oldest civic garden center in the nation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Botanical Garden |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-botanical-garden |date=May 26, 2022 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> In addition, the [[Greater Cleveland Aquarium]], located in the historic FirstEnergy Powerhouse in the Flats, is the only independent, free-standing aquarium in the state of Ohio.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ondrey |first=Thomas |title=Underwater wonders among the newcomers in Northeast Ohio |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/travel/2012/05/underwater_wonders_among_the_n.html |date=May 19, 2012 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{See also|Mayor of Cleveland|Cleveland City Council}}
[[File:Cleveland City Hall rotunda.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cleveland City Hall]]]]

=== Government and courts ===
Cleveland operates on a [[Strong-mayor|mayor–council (strong mayor)]] form of government, in which the mayor is the [[executive (government)|chief executive]] and the city council serves as the legislative branch. City council members are elected from 17 [[ward (politics)|ward]]s to four-year terms. From 1924 to 1931, the city briefly experimented with a [[council–manager government]] under [[William R. Hopkins]] and [[Daniel E. Morgan]] before returning to the mayor–council system.<ref name="politics">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Richardson |first=James F. |title=Politics |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/politics |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=June 18, 2018 }}</ref>

Cleveland is served by Cleveland Municipal Court, the first municipal court in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court History |publisher=Cleveland Municipal Court |url=https://clevelandmunicipalcourt.org/court-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303072100/https://clevelandmunicipalcourt.org/court-history |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> The city also anchors the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio|U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio]], based at the [[Carl B. Stokes United States Courthouse|Carl B. Stokes U.S. Courthouse]] and the historic [[Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse|Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse]]. The Chief Judge for the Northern District is [[Sara Elizabeth Lioi]] and the Clerk of Court is Sandy Opacich.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=U.S. District Judge Sara Lioi Sworn In as Chief Judge |date=June 7, 2023 |publisher=United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio |url=https://www.ohnd.uscourts.gov/news/us-district-judge-sara-lioi-sworn-chief-judge |access-date=June 9, 2023 }}</ref> The U.S. Attorney is Carol Skutnik and the U.S. Marshal is Peter Elliott.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferrise |first=Adam |title=New interim federal prosecutor in northern Ohio takes over |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/court-justice/2025/01/new-interim-federal-prosecutor-in-northern-ohio-takes-over.html |date=January 6, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Northern District of Ohio United States Marshal – Peter J. Elliott |date=October 2020 |publisher=U.S. Marshals Service |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/who-we-are/about-us/marshals-biography/peter-j-elliott |access-date=August 7, 2022 }}</ref>

=== Politics ===
The office of the mayor has been held by [[Justin Bibb]] since 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Castele |first=Nick |title=Justin Bibb sworn in as Cleveland's new mayor |publisher=Ideastream |url=https://www.ideastream.org/news/government-politics/2022-01-03/justin-bibb-sworn-in-as-clevelands-new-mayor |date=January 3, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> Previous mayors include progressive Democrat Tom L. Johnson, [[World War I]]-era [[United States Secretary of War|War Secretary]] and [[BakerHostetler]] founder [[Newton D. Baker]], [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] Justice [[Harold Hitz Burton]], two-term Ohio Governor and Senator [[Frank J. Lausche]], former U.S. Health, Education, and Welfare Secretary [[Anthony J. Celebrezze]], two-term Ohio Governor and Senator George V. Voinovich, former U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich, and [[Carl B. Stokes]], the first African American mayor of a major U.S. city. [[Frank G. Jackson]] was the city's longest-serving mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vosburgh |first=Mark |title=Frank Jackson: Man, mayor and mystery |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2021/12/cleveland-mayor-frank-jackson-will-soon-leave-office-after-16-years-but-how-well-do-we-know-clevelands-longest-serving-leader.html |date=December 13, 2021 |access-date=July 16, 2023 }}</ref>

The President of Cleveland City Council is Blaine Griffin, the council [[Majority leader|Majority Leader]] is Kerry McCormack, and the [[Whip (politics)|Majority Whip]] is [[Jasmin Santana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Leadership |publisher=Cleveland City Council |url=https://www.clevelandcitycouncil.org/council/leadership |access-date=June 17, 2022 }}</ref> Patricia Britt serves as the Clerk of Council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clerk of Council |publisher=Cleveland City Council |url=https://www.clevelandcitycouncil.org/council/clerk-council |access-date=June 17, 2022 }}</ref>

Historically, from the Civil War era to the 1940s, Cleveland had been dominated by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], with the notable exceptions of the Johnson and Baker mayoral administrations.<ref name="politics" /> Businessman and Senator [[Mark Hanna]] was among Cleveland's most influential Republican figures, both locally and nationally.{{sfn|Horner|2010|p=33}} Another nationally prominent Ohio Republican, former U.S. President [[James A. Garfield]], was born in Cuyahoga County's [[Defunct townships of Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Orange Township]] (today the Cleveland suburb of [[Moreland Hills, Ohio|Moreland Hills]]). His resting place is the [[James A. Garfield Memorial]] in Cleveland's [[Lake View Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hardison |first=Ashley |title=James A. Garfield Memorial |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/400 |access-date=August 10, 2019 }}</ref>

Today Cleveland is a major stronghold for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in Ohio. Although local elections are nonpartisan, Democrats still dominate every level of government.<ref name="politics" /> Politically, Cleveland and several of its neighboring suburbs comprise [[Ohio's congressional districts|Ohio]]'s [[Ohio's 11th congressional district|11th congressional district]]. The district is represented by [[Shontel Brown]], one of five Democrats representing the state of Ohio in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Eaton |first=Sabrina |title=U.S. Rep. Shontel Brown wins reelection in 11th congressional district |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2022/11/us-rep-shontel-brown-wins-reelection-in-11th-congressional-district.html |date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref>

Cleveland has hosted three Republican [[United States presidential nominating convention|national conventions]], in [[1924 Republican National Convention|1924]], [[1936 Republican National Convention|1936]], and [[2016 Republican National Convention|2016]].<ref>{{cite news |title=2016 Republican Convention in Cleveland: 5 Things to Know |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/2966830/2016-republican-convention-cleveland/ |date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=August 7, 2019 }}</ref> Additionally, the city hosted the [[Radical Democratic Party (United States)#Cleveland convention|1864 Radical Democratic National Convention]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Convention |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-convention |access-date=August 7, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> Although Cleveland has not hosted a national convention for the Democrats, it has hosted several national election debates, including the [[1980 United States presidential debates#Second presidential debate (Music Hall)|second 1980 U.S. presidential debate]], the [[2004 United States presidential debates#October 5: Vice presidential debate (Case Western Reserve University)|2004 U.S. vice presidential debate]], one [[2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums#February 26, 2008 - MSNBC 9:00pm EST - Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland State University|2008 Democratic primary debate]], and the [[2020 United States presidential debates#September 29 presidential debate (Case Western Reserve University)|first 2020 U.S. presidential debate]].<ref name="debates">{{cite news |last=Bamforth |first=Emily |title=First 2020 presidential debate will be in Cleveland |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2020/07/first-2020-presidential-debate-will-be-in-cleveland-cleveland-clinic-and-case-western-reserve-university-to-host.html |date=July 27, 2020 |access-date=July 28, 2020 }}</ref> Founded in 1912, the [[City Club of Cleveland]] provides a platform for national and local debates and discussions. Known as Cleveland's "Citadel of Free Speech", it is one of the oldest continuous independent free speech and debate forums in the country.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=City Club of Cleveland |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/city-club-cleveland |date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mission & Vision |publisher=[[City Club of Cleveland]] |url=https://www.cityclub.org/about |access-date=August 8, 2019 }}</ref>

== Public safety ==
{{multiple image
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 |image1 = Cleveland Division of Police Ford PIU No. 254.jpg
 |caption1 = Cleveland Police utility vehicle
 |image2 = Cleveland Fire Department Rosenbauer Ladder 7 (17695818112).jpg
 |caption2 = [[Cleveland Division of Fire]] ladder truck
 |image3 = Clevelandmedic4atnight.jpg
 |caption3 = Cleveland EMS ambulance
}}

=== Police and law enforcement{{anchor|Crime}} ===
{{main|Cleveland Division of Police}}
Like in other major American cities, crime in Cleveland is concentrated in areas with higher rates of poverty and lower access to jobs.<ref name="HUD">{{cite web |title=Neighborhoods and Violent Crime |publisher=[[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/summer16/highlight2.html |access-date=August 7, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wells |first=Michael V. |title=Crime |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/crime |access-date=August 7, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> In recent decades, the rate of crime in the city, although higher than the national average, experienced a significant decline, following a nationwide trend in falling crime rates.<ref name="HUD" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Higgs |first=Robert |title=Cleveland's rates for nearly all violent crimes, property crimes dropped again in 2018 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/cityhall/2019/01/clevelands-rates-for-nearly-all-violent-crimes-property-crimes-dropped-again-in-2018.html |date=January 30, 2019 |access-date=July 10, 2019 }}</ref> However, as in other major U.S. cities, crime in Cleveland saw an abrupt rise in 2020–21.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Shannon |title=Cleveland's rise in violent crime makes national headlines, city leaders react |newspaper=[[WOIO]] |url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2021/01/04/clevelands-rise-violent-crime-makes-national-headlines-city-leaders-react/ |date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=June 17, 2022 }}</ref>

Cleveland's law enforcement agency is the Cleveland Division of Police, established in 1866.<ref name="CLEpolice">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Police Department |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-police-department |access-date=August 7, 2019 |date=May 31, 2019 }}</ref> The division had roughly 1,100 sworn officers as of 2024, covering five police districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Police Districts |publisher=City of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/PublicSafety/Police/Police_Districts |date=2019 |access-date=August 7, 2019 }}</ref> The district system was introduced in the 1930s by Cleveland Public Safety Director [[Eliot Ness]] (of the [[Untouchables (law enforcement)|Untouchables]]), who later [[1947 Cleveland mayoral election|ran for mayor of Cleveland]] in 1947.<ref name="CLEpolice" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Eliot Ness and his role in Cleveland history |publisher=Cleveland Police Museum |url=https://www.clevelandpolicemuseum.org/collections/eliot-ness/ |access-date=August 7, 2019 }}</ref> The [[chief of police|Chief of Police]] is Dorothy A. Todd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Division of Police |publisher=City of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/city-hall/departments/public-safety/divisions/police |access-date=March 17, 2024 }}</ref> In addition, the [[Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office]] is based in Downtown Cleveland at the [[Justice Center Complex]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sheriff.cuyahogacounty.us/en-US/About-Us.aspx |title=About Us |website=[[Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office]] |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Fire department ===
{{main|Cleveland Division of Fire}}
Cleveland is served by the [[firefighter]]s of the Cleveland Division of Fire, established in 1863.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Fire Department |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-fire-department |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=May 22, 2018 }}</ref> The fire department operates out of 22 active fire stations throughout the city in five battalions. Each Battalion is commanded by a Battalion Chief, who reports to an on-duty Assistant Chief.<ref>{{cite web |title=Division of Fire |publisher=City of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/PublicSafety/Fire |access-date=August 21, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Fire Stations |publisher=City of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/PublicSafety/Fire/Fire_Stations |access-date=August 21, 2019 }}</ref>

The Division of Fire operates a [[fire apparatus]] fleet of twenty-two engine companies, eight ladder companies, three tower companies, two task force [[rescue squad]] companies, hazardous materials ("haz-mat") unit, and numerous other special, support, and reserve units. The [[fire chief|Chief of Department]] is Anthony Luke.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anthony P. Luke sworn in as Cleveland's new fire chief |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/cleveland/anthony-p-luke-sworn-in-cleveland-new-fire-chief/95-bc4fe544-7772-44ba-8854-5bb6240d4ae1 |date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Emergency medical services ===
{{main|Cleveland EMS}}
Cleveland EMS is operated by the city as its own municipal third-service EMS division. Cleveland EMS is the primary provider of [[Advanced Life Support]] and ambulance transport within the city of Cleveland, while Cleveland Fire assists by providing fire response medical care.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland EMS History |publisher=Cleveland Association of Rescue Employees |url=https://www.care1975.com/history/ |access-date=January 22, 2019 }}</ref> Although a merger between the fire and EMS departments was proposed in the past, the idea was subsequently abandoned.<ref>{{cite news |last=Atassi |first=Leila |title=Cuyahoga Prosecutor says former Cleveland Fire Chief Paul Stubbs ignored payroll abuses; Mayor has remained steadfast in defense |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/cityhall/index.ssf/2014/04/cuyahoga_prosecutor_says_forme.html |access-date=January 22, 2019 |date=April 13, 2014 }}</ref>

=== Military ===
Cleveland serves as headquarters to [[Coast Guard District 9]] and is responsible for all [[U.S. Coast Guard]] operations on the five Great Lakes, the Saint Lawrence Seaway, and surrounding states accumulating 6,700 miles of shoreline and 1,500 miles of international shoreline with Canada. It reports up through the [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]]. Station Cleveland Harbor, located in North Coast Harbor, has a responsibility covering about 550 square miles of the federally navigable waters of Lake Erie, including the Cuyahoga and [[Rocky River (Ohio)|Rocky]] rivers, as well as a number of their tributaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlanticarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-9/Ninth-District-Units/Sector-Buffalo/Units/Cleveland-Harbor/ |title=Station Cleveland Harbor |website=USCG District 9 |access-date=January 31, 2023 }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{See also|Education in Ohio}}
{{multiple image
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 |image1 = Adelbert Hall.jpg
 |caption1 = [[Adelbert Hall]] on the campus of [[Case Western Reserve University]]
 |image2 = Cleveland Public Library (16287504700).jpg
 |caption2 = Interior of the 1925 main building of the [[Cleveland Public Library]]
}}

=== Primary and secondary ===
Cleveland is served by the [[Cleveland Metropolitan School District]]. It is the only [[K–12 education|K–12]] district in Ohio under the direct control of the mayor, who appoints a [[board of education|school board]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Public Schools |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-public-schools |access-date=May 19, 2023 |date=November 11, 2020 }}</ref> Approximately {{convert|1|sqmi|km2}} of Cleveland's Buckeye–Shaker neighborhood is part of the [[Shaker Heights City School District]]. The area, which has been a part of the Shaker school district since the 1920s, permits these Cleveland residents to pay the same school taxes as the Shaker residents, as well as vote in the Shaker school board elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaker Heights City School District |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/04/shaker_heights_city_school_dis.html |date=April 25, 2010 |access-date=August 7, 2022 }}</ref>

There are several private and parochial schools in Cleveland.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Education |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/education |access-date=August 7, 2022 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> These include [[Benedictine High School (Cleveland, Ohio)|Benedictine High School]], [[Cleveland Central Catholic High School]], [[Eleanor Gerson School]], [[Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)|St. Ignatius High School]], [[Saint Joseph Academy (Cleveland, Ohio)|St. Joseph Academy]], [[Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School]], and [[St. Martin de Porres High School (Cleveland)|St. Martin de Porres]].

=== Colleges and universities ===
Cleveland is home to a number of colleges and universities. Most prominent among them is [[Case Western Reserve University]] (CWRU), a widely recognized research and teaching institution based in [[University Circle]] with several major graduate programs.<ref name="higher-ed">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Higher Education |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/higher-education |access-date=May 16, 2024 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref>

University Circle also contains the [[Cleveland Institute of Art]] and the [[Cleveland Institute of Music]]. Downtown Cleveland is home to [[Cleveland State University]], a public research university with eight constituent colleges, and the metropolitan campus of [[Cuyahoga Community College]].<ref name="higher-ed" /> [[Ohio Technical College]] is also based in Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio Technical College School History |publisher=[[Ohio Technical College]] |url=https://ohiotech.edu/about |date=June 26, 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2023 }}</ref> Cleveland's suburban universities and colleges include [[Baldwin Wallace University]] in [[Berea, Ohio|Berea]], [[John Carroll University]] in [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]], and [[Ursuline College]] in [[Pepper Pike, Ohio|Pepper Pike]].<ref name="higher-ed" />

=== Public library system ===
{{main|Cleveland Public Library}}
Established in 1869,{{sfn|Cramer|1972|pp=[https://archive.org/details/openshelvesopenm0000cram/page/14 14–15]}} the Cleveland Public Library is one of the [[List of the largest libraries in the United States|largest public libraries]] in the nation with a collection of over 13 million materials in 2023.<ref>{{cite report |title=2023 CPL Annual Report |publisher=[[Cleveland Public Library]] |url=https://cpl.org/wp-content/uploads/2023-annual_report.pdf |page=46 |date=2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> It holds the Northeast Ohio Broadcast Archives,<ref>{{cite web |title=Northeast Ohio Broadcast Archives: Library Seeks a Sustainable Path Forward |publisher=Cleveland Public Library |url=https://cpl.org/northeast-ohio-broadcast-archives-library-seeks-a-sustainable-path-forward/ |access-date=February 9, 2025 |date=December 19, 2024 }}</ref> and the [[John Griswold White|John G. White]] Special Collection, with the largest [[chess libraries|chess library]] in the world and a rare collection of [[folklore]] and books on the Middle East and [[Eurasia]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bash |first=Homa |title=Did you know? Cleveland is home to the world's largest chess collection |website=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/did-you-know-cleveland-is-home-to-the-worlds-largest-chess-collection |date=June 12, 2019 |access-date=August 8, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=White, John Griswold |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/white-john-griswold |access-date=August 8, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}</ref> The library's main building was designed by [[Walker and Weeks]] and dedicated in 1925,{{sfn|Johannesen|1999|pp=68–69}} under head librarian [[Linda Eastman]], the first woman to lead a major library system in the U.S.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Eastman, Linda Anne |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/eastman-linda-anne |access-date=January 5, 2024 |date=April 3, 2020 }}</ref> Between 1904 and 1920, 15 [[Carnegie library|libraries]] built with funds from [[Andrew Carnegie]] were opened in the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bamforth |first1=Emily |last2=Petkiewicz |first2=David |title=Cleveland had 15 Carnegie libraries: See them then and now |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/g66l-2019/07/b1757ad91c2440/cleveland-had-15-carnegie-libraries-see-them-then-and-now-.html |date=July 8, 2019 |access-date=May 30, 2020 }}</ref> Known as the "People's University", the library presently maintains 27 branches.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Public Library |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-public-library |date=November 18, 2019 |access-date=January 5, 2024 }}</ref> It serves as the headquarters for the [[CLEVNET]] library consortium, which includes 47 public library systems in Northeast Ohio.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is CLEVNET? |publisher=[[CLEVNET]] |url=https://www.clevnet.org/what-is-clevnet/ |date=March 28, 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2023 }}</ref>

== Media ==
{{See also|List of mass media in Cleveland}}

=== Print ===
Cleveland's primary daily newspaper is ''[[The Plain Dealer]]'' and its associated online publication, ''Cleveland.com''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Plain Dealer |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=November 18, 2019 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/plain-dealer |access-date=June 26, 2020 }}</ref> Defunct major newspapers include the ''[[Cleveland Press]]'' and the ''[[Cleveland News]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Press |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-press |date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland News |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-news |date=March 9, 2021 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> Additional publications include ''[[Cleveland Magazine]]'', a regional culture magazine published monthly;<ref>{{cite magazine |title=About Us |magazine=Cleveland Magazine |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/home/about-us |access-date=June 26, 2020 }}</ref> ''[[Crain Communications|Crain's Cleveland Business]]'', a weekly business newspaper;<ref>{{cite web |title=Crain's Cleveland Business |publisher=Crain's Cleveland Business |url=https://www.crainscleveland.com/ |access-date=June 26, 2020 }}</ref> and ''[[Cleveland Scene]]'', a free [[Alternative newspaper|alternative weekly]] paper which absorbed its competitor, the ''[[Cleveland Free Times]]'', in 2008.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Scene |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/scene |access-date=August 7, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}</ref> The digital ''[[Belt Magazine]]'' was founded in Cleveland in 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=About Us |magazine=Belt Magazine |url=https://beltmag.com/about-us/ |access-date=August 5, 2019 }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine was published in Cleveland from 1925 to 1927.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Time |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/t/time |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}</ref>

{{multiple image
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 |image1 = WOIO WUAB (3422960432).jpg
 |caption1 = The [[Reserve Square]] building in Downtown Cleveland, home to the studios of Cleveland [[CBS]] affiliate [[WOIO]] and [[The CW|CW]] affiliate [[WUAB]]
 |image2 = RNC Cleveland 2016 (28219246801).jpg
 |caption2 = The [[William Taylor & Son|Six Six Eight Building]] on Euclid Avenue – home base of [[iHeart Media]]'s Cleveland radio stations, including [[WTAM]], [[WARF]], [[WAKS]], [[WGAR-FM|WGAR]], [[WMMS]], [[WMJI]], and [[WHLK]]
}}
Several ethnic publications are based in Cleveland. These include the ''[[Call and Post]]'', a weekly newspaper that primarily serves the city's African American community;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Call & Post |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 22, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-call-post |access-date=June 26, 2020 }}</ref> the ''[[Cleveland Jewish News]]'', a weekly [[Jewish newspaper]];<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Jewish News |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-jewish-news |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref> the bi-weekly [[Russian-language]] ''Cleveland Russian Magazine'';<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Russian Magazine |magazine=Cleveland Russian Magazine |url=https://www.clevelandrussianmagazine.com/ |access-date=June 26, 2020 }}</ref> the [[Chinese language|Mandarin]] ''Erie Chinese Journal'';<ref>{{cite magazine |title=About |magazine=Erie Chinese Journal |url=https://www.ecjnews.com/ABOUT_PAGE.htm |lang=zh |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}</ref> ''La Gazzetta Italiana'' in English and Italian;<ref>{{cite news |title=About Us |newspaper=La Gazzetta Italiana |url=https://www.lagazzettaitaliana.com/about-us |access-date=June 26, 2020 }}</ref> the ''Ohio Irish American News'';<ref>{{cite news |title=Ohio Irish American News |newspaper=Ohio Irish American News |url=https://ohioirishamericannews.com/ |access-date=June 26, 2020 }}</ref> and the Spanish language ''Vocero Latino News''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vocero Latino News |newspaper=Vocero Latino News |url=http://vocerolatinonews.com/ |access-date=June 26, 2020 }}</ref>

=== TV ===
The Cleveland-area [[television market]] is served by 11 full power stations, including [[WKYC]] ([[NBC]]), [[WEWS-TV]] ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[WJW (TV)|WJW]] ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]), [[WDLI-TV]] ([[Bounce TV|Bounce]]), [[WOIO]] ([[CBS]]), [[WVPX-TV]] ([[Ion Television|Ion]]), [[WVIZ]] ([[PBS]]), [[WUAB]] ([[The CW|CW]]/[[Rock Entertainment Sports Network|RESN]]), [[WRLM (TV)|WRLM]] ([[Tri-State Christian Television|TCT]]), [[WBNX-TV]] (independent), and [[WQHS-DT]] ([[Univision]]). {{As of|2021|post=,}} the market, which includes the [[Akron]] and [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]] areas, was the 19th-largest in the country, as measured by [[Nielsen Media Research]].<ref>{{cite report |author1=Out of Home Advertising Association of America |author1-link=Out of Home Advertising Association of America |title=2021 Neilsen DMA Ratings |url=https://oaaa.org/Portals/0/Public%20PDFs/OAAA%202021%20NIELSEN%20DMA%20Rankings%20Report.pdf |website=OAAA |publisher=Out-of-Home Advertising Association of America |access-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023142631/https://oaaa.org/Portals/0/Public%20PDFs/OAAA%202021%20NIELSEN%20DMA%20Rankings%20Report.pdf |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |page=1 |date=2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''[[The Mike Douglas Show]]'', a nationally [[Broadcast syndication|syndicated]] daytime talk show, began in Cleveland in 1961 on KYW-TV (now WKYC),<ref>{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Tim |title=Mike Douglas, TV Host and Pop Singer, Dies at 81 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/12/arts/television/12douglas.html |date=August 12, 2006 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> while ''[[The Morning Exchange]]'' on WEWS-TV served as the model for ''[[Good Morning America]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Livingston |first=Tommy |title=Fred Griffith, former host of The Morning Exchange, dies at 90 |publisher=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/fred-griffith-former-host-of-the-morning-exchange-dies-at-90 |date=July 19, 2019 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> [[Tim Conway]] and [[Ernie Anderson]] first established themselves in Cleveland while working together at KYW-TV and later WJW-TV (now WJW). Anderson both created and performed as the immensely popular Cleveland horror host [[Ghoulardi]] on WJW-TV's ''Shock Theater'', and was later succeeded by the long-running [[Late night television|late night]] duo [[Big Chuck and Lil' John]].{{sfn|Feran|Heldenfels|1997|pp=135–136}} Another Anderson protégé – [[Ron Sweed]] – would become a popular Cleveland late night movie host in his own right as "The Ghoul".<ref>{{cite news |last=DeNatale |first=Dave "Dino" |title=Legendary Cleveland television personality Ron 'The Ghoul' Sweed passes away |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/legendary-cleveland-television-personality-ron-the-ghoul-sweed-passes-away/95-11d2ab9d-6553-4772-a44c-40ca1ddbcfb0 |date=April 2, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2022 }}</ref>

=== Radio ===
Cleveland is directly served by 29 full power [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and [[FM broadcasting|FM]] radio stations, 21 of which are licensed to the city. Music [[radio broadcasting|stations]] – which are frequently the highest-rated in the market – include [[WQAL]] ([[hot adult contemporary]]), [[WDOK]] ([[Adult contemporary music|adult contemporary]]), [[WKLV-FM]] ([[Christian contemporary]] - [[K-Love]]), [[WAKS]] ([[contemporary hit radio|contemporary hits]]), [[WHLK]] ([[adult hits]]), [[WMJI]] ([[classic hits]]), [[WMMS]] ([[active rock]]/[[hot talk]]), [[WNCX]] ([[classic rock]]), [[WNWV]] ([[alternative rock]]), [[WGAR-FM]] ([[Country music|country]]), [[WZAK]] ([[urban adult contemporary]]), [[WENZ]] ([[mainstream urban]]), [[WCLV]] (classical), and [[WJMO]] ([[Latin music|Spanish]]/[[Tropical music|Tropical]]).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Classical Pick: Radio Days |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/goingson/2010/07/quick-pick-15.html |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=March 14, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="radio">{{cite web |title=Cleveland Radio Stations |publisher=Radio Station World |url=http://radiostationworld.com/locations/united_states_of_america/ohio/cleveland/radio_stations/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ratings: #34 Cleveland |publisher=Radio Online |year=2019 |url=https://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb019 |access-date=August 7, 2019 }}</ref> WMMS also serves as the FM flagship for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] and the [[Cleveland Guardians]], while WNCX is an FM flagship for the [[Cleveland Browns]].

[[All-news radio|News]]/[[Talk radio|talk]] stations include [[WHK (AM)|WHK]], [[WTAM]], and [[WERE]]. During the [[Golden Age of Radio]], WHK was the first radio station to broadcast in Ohio, and one of the first in the country.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=WHK |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 22, 2021 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/whk |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of the Pioneer Broadcast Service Stations |publisher=United States Early Radio History |url=https://earlyradiohistory.us/pion622.htm#list |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}</ref> WTAM is the AM [[Flagship (broadcasting)|flagship]] for both the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Cleveland Guardians.<ref>{{cite web |title=Broadcast |work=Cleveland Cavaliers |publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC |year=2023 |url=https://www.nba.com/cavaliers/broadcast |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guardians Radio Affiliates |work=Cleveland Guardians |publisher=MLB Advanced Media, LP |year=2023 |url=https://www.mlb.com/guardians/fans/radio-affiliates |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> Sports stations include [[WKNR]] ([[ESPN Radio|ESPN]]), [[WARF]] ([[Fox Sports Radio|Fox]]) and [[WKRK-FM]] ([[Infinity Sports Network|Infinity]]), with WKNR and WKRK-FM serving as co-flagship stations for the Cleveland Browns, and WARF airing the Cleveland Monsters and – though primarily an English language station – Spanish broadcasts of Cleveland Guardians home games.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yarborough |first=Chuck |title=WKRK FM/92.3 The Fan replaces rock with sports talk |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2011/09/wkrk_fm923_the_fan_replaces_ro.html |date=September 2, 2011 |access-date=September 17, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Grossi |first=Tony |title=ESPN 850 WKNR is the new radio home of the Cleveland Browns |work=ESPNCleveland.com |publisher=ESPN |url=http://espncleveland.com/common/more.php?m=49&action=blog&r=17&post_id=15161 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510235931/http://espncleveland.com/common/more.php?m=49&action=blog&r=17&post_id=15161 |date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=March 28, 2013 |archive-date=May 10, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Press Release |title=Browns Enter into Groundbreaking Radio Partnership With ESPN 850 WKNR And CBS Radio's 92.3 The Fan And 98.5 WNCX |work=Cleveland.CBSLocal.com |publisher=[[CBS Radio]] |url=http://cleveland.cbslocal.com/2013/03/28/browns-enter-into-groundbreaking-radio-partnership-with-espn-850-wknr-and-cbs-radios-92-3-the-fan-and-98-5-wncx/ |date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=March 28, 2013 }}</ref> [[Religious broadcasting|Religious]] stations include [[WCCD]], [[WHKW]], [[WCCR (AM)|WCCR]], and [[WCRF-FM|WCRF]].

As the regional [[NPR]] affiliate, [[WKSU]] serves all of Northeast Ohio (including both the Cleveland and Akron markets).<ref>{{cite news |title=Northeast Ohio NPR programming shifts from WCPN to WKSU, classical music now on 90.3 FM |newspaper=Akron Beacon Journal |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/2022/03/28/monday-northeast-ohio-npr-programming-shifts-wcpn-wksu/7195070001/ |date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> [[Campus radio|College]] stations include [[WBWC]] ([[Baldwin Wallace]]), [[WCSB (FM)|WCSB]] (Cleveland State), [[WJCU]] ([[John Carroll University|John Carroll]]), and [[WRUW-FM]] (Case Western Reserve).<ref name="radio" />

== Transportation ==
{{main|Transportation in Cleveland}}

=== Transit ===
{{See also|Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority|Streetcars in Cleveland}}
[[File:RTA Green Line train.png|thumb|An [[RTA Rapid Transit|RTA]] train approaches [[Settlers Landing station]] on the [[Waterfront Line]]]]
Cleveland has a bus and rail [[public transport|mass transit]] system operated by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA). The [[urban rail transit|rail]] portion is officially called the [[RTA Rapid Transit]], but local residents refer to it as ''The Rapid''. It consists of three [[rapid transit|light rail]] lines, known as the [[Blue Line (Cleveland)|Blue]], [[Green Line (Cleveland)|Green]], and [[Waterfront Line]]s, and a [[heavy rail]] line, the [[Red Line (Cleveland)|Red Line]]. In 2008, RTA completed the [[HealthLine]], a [[bus rapid transit]] line, for which naming rights were purchased by the Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals. It runs along Euclid Avenue from downtown through University Circle, ending at the [[Louis Stokes Station at Windermere]] in East Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web |title=RTA HealthLine: About |publisher=[[Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority]] |url=http://www.riderta.com/healthline/about |access-date=June 1, 2023 }}</ref> In 1968, Cleveland became the first city in the nation to have a direct rail transit connection linking the city's downtown to its major airport.<ref name="RTA-history" />

=== Walkability ===
In 2021, [[Walk Score]] ranked Cleveland the 17th most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the U.S., with a Walk Score of 57, a Transit Score of 45, and a Bike Score of 55 (out of a maximum of 100). Cleveland's most walkable areas can be found in the Downtown, Ohio City, Detroit–Shoreway, University Circle, and Buckeye–Shaker neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Living in Cleveland |publisher=Walk Score |url=http://www.walkscore.com/OH/Cleveland |access-date=April 26, 2021 }}</ref> Like other major cities, the urban density of Cleveland reduces the need for private vehicle ownership. In 2016, 23.7% of Cleveland households lacked a car, while the national average was 8.7%. Cleveland averaged 1.19 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<ref>{{cite web |title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map |date=December 9, 2014 |publisher=Governing |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |access-date=May 4, 2018 }}</ref>

=== Roads ===
[[File:Guardians of Traffic (30137077771).jpg|thumb|One of the "Guardians of Traffic" at the [[Hope Memorial Bridge]]]]
Cleveland's road system consists of numbered streets running roughly north–south, and named avenues, which run roughly east–west. The numbered streets are designated "east" or "west", depending on where they lie in relation to Ontario Street, which bisects Public Square.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Street Names |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 29, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/street-names |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}</ref> The two downtown avenues which span the Cuyahoga change names on the west side of the river. Superior Avenue becomes Detroit Avenue on the West Side, and Carnegie Avenue becomes Lorain Avenue. The bridges that make these connections are the [[Hope Memorial Bridge|Hope Memorial (Lorain–Carnegie) Bridge]] and the [[Detroit–Superior Bridge|Veterans Memorial (Detroit–Superior) Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rotman |first=Michael |title=Lorain-Carnegie Bridge: Home of the Guardians |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/73 |access-date=July 21, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Grady |first1=F. X. |last2=Rotman |first2=Michael |title=Detroit-Superior Bridge: The City's First High-Level Bridge |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/53 |access-date=July 21, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Freeways ===
Cleveland is served by three two-digit [[Interstate Highway System|interstate highways]] – [[Interstate 71]], [[Interstate 77]], and [[Interstate 90]] – and by two three-digit interstates – [[Interstate 480 (Ohio)|Interstate 480]] and [[Interstate 490 (Ohio)|Interstate 490]]. <!-- Please do not add I-271 here, since it does not run through the City of Cleveland. Instead, please include any relevant information in the Greater Cleveland article. --> Running due east–west through the West Side suburbs, I-90 turns northeast at the junction with I-490, and is known as the Cleveland Inner Belt.<ref name="innerbelt">{{cite web |last=Lanese |first=Jim |title=The Cleveland Inner Belt: Future Interstate Highways Merge in the City |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/939 |access-date=July 7, 2023 }}</ref> The [[Cleveland Memorial Shoreway]] carries [[Ohio State Route 2]] along its length, and at varying points carries [[U.S. Route 6|US 6]], [[U.S. Route 20|US 20]] and I-90.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Memorial Shoreway |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 11, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/memorial-shoreway |access-date=July 21, 2023 }}</ref> At the junction with the Shoreway, I-90 makes a 90-degree turn in the area known as [[Dead Man's Curve]], then continues northeast.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dorwart |first=Laura |title=Why This Cleveland Roadway Is Known as 'Dead Man's Curve' |website=Culture Trip |date=May 29, 2018 |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/ohio/articles/why-this-cleveland-roadway-is-known-as-dead-mans-curve/ |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> The Jennings Freeway ([[Ohio State Route 176|State Route 176]]) connects I-71 just south of I-90 to I-480.<ref name="innerbelt" /> A third highway, the Berea Freeway ([[Ohio State Route 237|State Route 237]] in part), connects I-71 to the airport and forms part of the boundary between Brook Park and Cleveland's Hopkins neighborhood.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Roy |first=Christopher |title=Hopkins Neighborhood |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=March 12, 2022 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hopkins-neighborhood |access-date=July 21, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Airports ===
Cleveland is a major North American air market, serving 4.93 million people.<ref name="cle-center" /> [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]] is the city's primary major airport and an [[international airport]] that serves the broader region. Originally known as Cleveland Municipal Airport, it was the first municipally owned airport in the country.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Culley |first=Jim |title=Cleveland Hopkins International Airport |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=[[Case Western Reserve University]] |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-hopkins-international-airport |date=May 10, 2022 |access-date=May 28, 2023 }}</ref> Cleveland Hopkins is a significant regional air freight hub hosting [[FedEx Express]], [[UPS Airlines]], [[U.S. Postal Service]], and major commercial freight carriers. In addition to Hopkins, Cleveland is served by [[Burke Lakefront Airport]], on the north shore of downtown between Lake Erie and the Shoreway. Burke is primarily a commuter and business airport.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Burke Lakefront Airport |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 25, 2020 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/b/burke-lakefront-airport |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Seaport ===
{{main|Port of Cleveland}}
[[File:2022 Cleveland Air Show (52340170867).jpg|thumb|Shipping containers at the [[Port of Cleveland]] as seen from Lake Erie]]
The [[Port of Cleveland]], at the Cuyahoga River's mouth, is a major bulk freight and container terminal on Lake Erie, receiving much of the raw materials used by the region's manufacturing industries.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |publisher=[[Port of Cleveland]] |url=https://www.portofcleveland.com/about/ |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}</ref> The Port of Cleveland is the only container port on the Great Lakes with bi-weekly container service between Cleveland and the [[Port of Antwerp]] in Belgium on a Dutch service called the Cleveland-Europe Express.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland-Europe Express |publisher=Port of Cleveland |url=http://www.portofcleveland.com/maritime-logistics/cleveland-europe-express/ |access-date=January 5, 2020 }}</ref> In addition to freight, the Port of Cleveland welcomes regional and international tourists who pass through the city on [[Great Lakes passenger steamers|Great Lakes cruises]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Lakes Cruising |publisher=Port of Cleveland |url=https://www.portofcleveland.com/great-lakes-cruising/ |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Intercity rail and bus ===
Cleveland has a long [[Cleveland railroad history|history]] as a major railroad hub in North America. Today, [[Amtrak]] provides service to Cleveland, via the ''[[Capitol Limited (Amtrak)|Capitol Limited]]'' and ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'' routes, which stop at [[Cleveland Lakefront Station]]. Additionally, Cleveland hosts several inter-modal freight railroad terminals, for Norfolk Southern, CSX and several smaller companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=CSX Intermodal Terminal Details |publisher=[[CSX]] |url=https://www.intermodal.com/index.cfm/channel-partners/locations-served/terminal-details/?terminal_id=13&Core=true |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland, OH: Terminals & Schedules |publisher=[[Norfolk Southern]] |url=http://www.nscorp.com/content/nscorp/en/shipping-options/intermodal/terminals-and-schedules/cleveland-ohio.html |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref>

National [[intercity bus]] service is provided by [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Getting to Cleveland |publisher=Destination Cleveland |url=https://www.thisiscleveland.com/planning-tools/visitor-services/getting-to-cleveland |access-date=June 4, 2023 }}</ref> [[METRO RTA|Akron Metro]], [[Brunswick Transit Alternative]], [[Laketran]], [[Lorain County Transit]], and [[Medina County Transit]] provide connecting bus service to the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. [[Geauga County Transit]] and [[Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority|Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority (PARTA)]] also offer connecting bus service in their neighboring areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Out-of-County Transfers |publisher=Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority |url=https://www.riderta.com/fact-sheet-out-county-transfers |access-date=June 4, 2023 }}</ref>

== International relations ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-73763-0004, Leipzig, Cyrus S. Eaton im Haus der Wissenschaft.jpg|thumb|[[Cyrus S. Eaton]] and his wife Anne in [[Leipzig]], [[East Germany]] in 1960]]
Cleveland maintains cultural, economic, and educational ties with 28 [[sister city|sister cities]] around the world. It concluded its first sister city partnership with [[Lima]], Peru, in 1964.<ref name="CLEsisters">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Sister City Partnerships |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/cleveland-sister-city-partnerships |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=January 4, 2024 }}</ref> In addition, Cleveland hosts the [[List of diplomatic missions of Slovenia|Consulate General]] of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]], which, until Slovene independence in 1991, served as an official consulate for [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]]'s [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Slovenes |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 11, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/slovenes |access-date=May 24, 2020 }}</ref> The Cleveland Clinic operates the [[Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi]] hospital, two outpatient clinics in [[Toronto]], and a hospital campus in London.<ref>{{cite news |last=Coutré |first=Lydia |title=Cleveland Clinic London to open second outpatient building this fall |newspaper=Crain's Cleveland Business |url=https://www.crainscleveland.com/health-care/cleveland-clinics-second-outpatient-facility-london-will-open-fall |date=February 15, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 }}</ref> The Cleveland Council on World Affairs was established in 1923.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Council on World Affairs |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 11, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-council-world-affairs |access-date=June 21, 2020 }}</ref>

Historically, Cleveland industrialist [[Cyrus S. Eaton]], an apprentice of [[John D. Rockefeller]], played a significant role in promoting dialogue between the U.S. and the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Eaton, Cyrus Stephen |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/eaton-cyrus-stephen |access-date=November 10, 2019 |date=July 30, 2019 }}</ref> In October 1915 at Cleveland's [[Bohemian National Hall (Cleveland, Ohio)|Bohemian National Hall]], Czech American and Slovak American representatives signed the [[Cleveland Agreement]], calling for the formation of a [[Czechoslovakia|joint Czech and Slovak state]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Burik |first=Paul |title=Cleveland Agreement of 1915 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-agreement-1915 |date=October 3, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible" width="100%"
!Sister cities of Cleveland<ref name="CLEsisters" />
|-
|{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Alexandria]] (Egypt) ''1977''
* {{flagicon|ETH}} [[Bahir Dar]] (Ethiopia) ''2004''
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bangalore]] (India) ''1975''
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Beit She'an]] (Israel) ''2019''
* {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Brașov]] (Romania) ''1973''
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava]] (Slovakia) ''1990''
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Bursa]] (Turkey) ''2023''
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Cape Town]] (South Africa) ''2023''
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Cleveland (county)|Cleveland]] (United Kingdom) ''1977''
* {{flagicon|GIN}} [[Conakry]] (Guinea) ''1991''
* {{flagicon|ALB}} [[Fier]] (Albania) ''2006''
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Gdańsk]] (Poland) ''1990''
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Heidenheim an der Brenz]] (Germany) ''1977''
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Holon]] (Israel) ''1977''
* {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ibadan]] (Nigeria) ''1974''
* {{flagicon|RWA}} [[Kigali]] (Rwanda) ''2023''
* {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Klaipėda]] (Lithuania) ''1992''
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]] (Peru) ''1964''
* {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Ljubljana]] (Slovenia) ''1975''
* {{flagicon|IRL}} [[County Mayo|Mayo]] (Ireland) ''2003''
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Miskolc]] (Hungary) ''1995''
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Novi Sad]] (Serbia) ''2023''
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rouen]] (France) ''2008''
* {{flagicon|SLV}} [[Segundo Montes, Morazán|Segundo Montes]] (El Salvador) ''1991''
* {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taipei]] (Taiwan) ''1975''
* {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Tema]] (Ghana) ''2023''
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Vicenza]] (Italy) ''2009''
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Volgograd]] (Russia) ''1990''
{{div col end}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Cleveland]]
* [[List of references to Cleveland in popular culture]]
* [[USS Cleveland|USS ''Cleveland'']], 4 ships

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Henry |last2=Waldman |first2=Lawrence |year=2011 |title=Out of the Kokoon |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Public Library and Cleveland Artists Foundation |isbn=978-0615534008}}
* {{cite book |last1=Albrecht |first1=Brian |last2=Banks |first2=James |year=2015 |title=Cleveland in World War II |location=Charleston |publisher=The History Press (Arcadia) |isbn=978-1-62619-882-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Brecher |first=Jeremy |date=2020 |title=Strike! |location=Oakland, CA |publisher=PM Press |url=http://archive.org/details/strike0000brec_t8h1 |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-62963-808-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Cigliano |first=Jan |year=1991 |title=Showplace of America: Cleveland's Euclid Avenue, 1850–1910 |location=Kent, OH |publisher=[[Kent State University Press]] |isbn=978-0873384452}}
* {{cite book |last=Condon |first=George E. |author-link=George E. Condon |year=1967 |title=Cleveland: The Best Kept Secret |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-1-936323-08-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/cleveland0000geor |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Condon |first=George E. |year=1979 |title=Cleveland: Prodigy of the Western Reserve |location=Tulsa |publisher=Continental Heritage Press |isbn=978-0932986061 |url=https://archive.org/details/clevelandprodigy0000cond |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Cramer |first=C. H. |year=1972 |title=Open Shelves and Open Minds: A History of the Cleveland Public Library |location=Cleveland |publisher=The Press of Case Western Reserve University |isbn=978-0829502190 |url=https://archive.org/details/openshelvesopenm0000cram |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Dutka |first=Alan F. |year=2012 |title=Cleveland's Short Vincent: The Theatrical Grill and Its Notorious Neighbors |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Landmarks Press |isbn=978-0936760322}}
* {{cite book |last1=Feran |first1=Tom |last2=Heldenfels |first2=R. D. |year=1997 |title=Ghoulardi: Inside Cleveland TV's Wildest Ride |location=Cleveland |publisher=Gray & Co |isbn=978-1886228184}}
* {{cite book |last=Harwood |first=Herbert H. Jr. |date=2003 |title=Invisible Giants: The Empires of Cleveland's Van Sweringen Brothers |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-34163-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Horner |first=William T. |date=2010 |title=Ohio's Kingmaker: Mark Hanna, Man and Myth |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, OH |isbn=978-0-8214-1894-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Johannesen |first=Eric |date=1999 |title=A Cleveland Legacy: The Architecture of Walker and Weeks |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=0-87338-589-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Keating |first=W. Dennis |year=2022 |title=Cleveland and the Civil War |location=Charleston |publisher=The History Press (Arcadia) |isbn=978-1467147736}}
* {{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Michael |year=1980 |title=Make No Little Plans |publisher=[[Western Reserve Historical Society]] |location=Cleveland |isbn=0-911704-24-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Livingston |first=Bill |year=2015 |title=George Steinbrenner's Pipe Dream: The ABL Champion Cleveland Pipers |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Black Squirrel Books |isbn=978-1-60635-261-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Carol Poh |last2=Wheeler |first2=Robert A. |year=1997 |title=Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796–1996 |edition=2nd |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253211477 |url=https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Mosbrook |first=Joe |year=2013 |title=Cleveland Jazz History |edition=2nd |orig-year=Originally published in 2003 by Northeast Ohio Jazz Society |location=Cleveland |publisher=MSL Academic Endeavors (Cleveland State University) |isbn=978-1-936323-41-8 |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/scholbks/135/}}
* {{cite book |last=Porter |first=Philip |year=1976 |title=Cleveland: Confused City on a Seesaw |location=Columbus, OH |publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]] |isbn=978-0814202647 |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevmembks/52/}}
* {{cite book |last=Ricca |first=Brad |year=2013 |title=Super Boys: The Amazing Adventures of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster – the Creators of Superman |location=New York |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |isbn=978-0312643805 |url=https://archive.org/details/superboysamazing0000ricc |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Rose |first=William Ganson |date=1990 |title=Cleveland: The Making of a City |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0873384285}}
* {{cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Donald |year=2000 |title=Second to None: The Cleveland Orchestra Story |location=Cleveland |publisher=Gray & Company |isbn=978-1886228245}}
* {{cite book |last=Rothstein |first=Richard |year=2017 |title=[[The Color of Law|The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America]] |publisher=Liveright (W. W. Norton & Company) |location=New York |isbn=978-1631492853}}
* {{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Carl B. |author-link=Carl Stokes |year=1973 |title=Promises of Power |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0671216023 |url=https://archive.org/details/promisesofpowerp00stok |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book| last=Taxel | first=Laura | title= Cleveland Ethnic Eats | publisher= Gray & Company | year=2009 | isbn= 978-1598510539}}
* {{cite book |last=Toman |first=James |year=1997 |title=Cleveland Stadium: The Last Chapter |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Landmarks Press |isbn=978-0936760100}}
* {{cite book |last1=Toman |first1=James |last2=Cook |first2=Daniel |year=2005 |title=Cleveland's Towering Treasure |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Landmarks Press |isbn=978-0936760209}}
* {{cite book |last=Turner |first=Evan H. |date=1991 |title=Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |isbn=978-0940717107 |url=https://archive.org/details/object-lessons |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Upton |first=Harriet Taylor |year=1910 |title=History of the Western Reserve |location=Chicago and New York |publisher=The Lewis Publishing Company |url=https://archive.org/details/historywesternr01cutlgoog |via=Internet Archive}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Main list|Bibliography of Cleveland}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Condon |first=George E. |year=2006 |title=West of the Cuyahoga |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0873388542}}
* {{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Edmund H. |year=1981 |title=Cleveland: Village to Metropolis |location=Cleveland |publisher=Western Reserve Historical Society |isbn=978-091170429-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Johannesen |first=Eric |year=1979 |title=Cleveland Architecture, 1876–1976 |location=Cleveland |publisher=Western Reserve Historical Society |isbn=978-091170421-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Grabowski |first=John J. |date=2019 |title=Cleveland A to Z: An Essential Compendium for Visitors and Residents Alike |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-1606353905}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grabowski |first1=John J. |last2=Grabowski |first2=Diane Ewart |date=2000 |title=Cleveland: A History in Motion |location=Carlsbad, CA |publisher=Heritage Media |isbn=978-1886483385}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |collapsible=collapsed |voy=Cleveland|Cleveland}}
* {{Official website|www.clevelandohio.gov/}}{{bots|deny=InternetArchiveBot}}
* [http://www.thisiscleveland.com/ Destination Cleveland, official tourism website]
* [https://www.gcpartnership.com/ Greater Cleveland Partnership]
* [http://ech.cwru.edu/ The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History] at [[Case Western Reserve University]]
* [https://clevelandhistorical.org/ Cleveland Historical] at [[Cleveland State University]]
* [http://www.clevelandmemory.org Cleveland Memory Project] at Cleveland State University

{{Cleveland}}

{{navboxes
| title = Nearby cities
| state = collapsed
| list1 =
; Throughout the regional area
{{Geographic location|Centre=Cleveland|North=''[[Lake Erie]]''<br />[[Chatham-Kent]], Ontario {{flagicon|Canada}}|Northeast=[[Erie]]|East=[[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]]|Southeast=[[Pittsburgh]]|South=[[Akron]]|Southwest=[[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]]|West=[[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]|Northwest=[[Put-In-Bay]]}}

; Throughout Cuyahoga County
{{Geographic location|Centre=Downtown Cleveland|North=''[[Lake Erie]]''|Northeast=[[Bratenahl, Ohio|Bratenahl]]<br />[[Euclid, Ohio|Euclid]]|East=[[South Euclid, Ohio|South Euclid]]<br />[[East Cleveland, Ohio|East Cleveland]]<br />[[Cleveland Heights, Ohio|Cleveland Heights]]<br />[[Shaker Heights, Ohio|Shaker Heights]]|Southeast=[[Warrensville Heights, Ohio|Warrensville Heights]]<br />[[Maple Heights, Ohio|Maple Heights]]<br />[[Garfield Heights, Ohio|Garfield Heights]]|South=[[Newburgh Heights, Ohio|Newburgh Heights]]<br />[[Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio|Cuyahoga Heights]]<br />[[Brooklyn Heights, Ohio|Brooklyn Heights]]|Southwest=[[Linndale, Ohio|Linndale]]<br />[[Brooklyn, Ohio|Brooklyn]]<br />[[Parma, Ohio|Parma]]<br />[[Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park]]|West=[[Lakewood, Ohio|Lakewood]]<br />[[Rocky River, Ohio|Rocky River]]<br />[[Fairview Park, Ohio|Fairview Park]]}}

; Throughout North America
{{Geographic location|Centre=Cleveland|North=[[Toronto]] {{flagicon|Canada}}|Northeast=[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]|East=New York City|Southeast=[[Pittsburgh]]|South=[[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]|Southwest=[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]|West=Chicago|Northwest=Detroit}}
}}

{{Cuyahoga County, Ohio}}
{{Ohio}}
{{All-American City Award Hall of Fame}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}
{{Ohio county seats}}
{{USPopulousCities}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Geography|North America|United States|Ohio|Cities}}

[[Category:Cleveland| ]]
[[Category:1796 establishments in the Northwest Territory]]
[[Category:Cities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]
[[Category:County seats in Ohio]]
[[Category:Inland port cities and towns in Ohio]]
[[Category:Ohio populated places on Lake Erie]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1796]]