Editing Climate of the Alps

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
[[File:Altitudinal zones of Alps mountains-extended diagram.svg|thumb|right|upright=2.2|Life zones of the Alps]]
The '''climate of the Alps''' is the [[climate]], or average [[weather]] conditions over a long period of time, of the exact middle [[Alps|Alpine]] region of [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Climate change in the European alps : adapting winter tourism and natural hazards management|last=Agrawala, Shardul.|date=2007|publisher=OECD, Organisation for economic co-operation and development|isbn=978-9264031685|oclc=729351518}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Elsasser|first1=H|last2=Bürki|first2=R|date=2002|title=Climate change as a threat to tourism in the Alps|url=https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/cr/v20/n3/p253-257/|journal=Climate Research|language=en|volume=20|issue=3|pages=253–257|doi=10.3354/cr020253|issn=0936-577X|doi-access=free}}</ref> As air rises from [[sea level]] to the upper regions of the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] the [[temperature]] [[adiabatic lapse rate|decreases]]. The effect of [[mountain]] topography on prevailing [[wind]]s is to force warm air from the lower region into an upper zone where it expands in [[volume]] at the cost of a proportionate loss of [[heat]], often accompanied by the [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] of moisture in the form of [[snow]], [[rain]] or [[hail]].

==Climate as a function of elevation==
{{see also|Life zones of central Europe|Lapse rate}}
Because air cools as it rises, the climate of the Alps is strongly dependent on the elevation. The Alps contain a number of different kinds of climate zones, by elevation. These zones can be described by the [[Köppen climate classification]], and also correspond to the [[altitudinal zonation|biotic zones]] of the Alps.<ref name=Rubel>{{cite journal|journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift|volume=26|number=2|pages=115–125|date=January 24, 2017|title=The climate of the European Alps: Shift of very high resolution Köppen-Geiger climate zones 1800–2100|first1=Franz|last1=Rubel|first2=Katharina|last2=Brugger|first3=Klaus|last3=Haslinger|first4=Ingeborg|last4=Auer|doi=10.1127/metz/2016/0816 }}</ref>

Up to approximately {{convert|1050|m|ft}} of elevation, the climate is classified as [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] or Cfb under the Köppen system.<ref name=Rubel/> Like much of lowland northern Europe, the summers are mild and the winters are cool, but not cold. The climate is moderated by proximity to the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The climate creates the [[colline zone|colline biotic zone]] in the lowlands, which is characterized by the [[deciduous forest]]<ref name=Rubel/> of the [[Western European broadleaf forests]] ecoregion.
{{Weather box
|location = Buchs/Aarau (1991–2020), at {{convert|387|m|ft}}, {{Coord|47.38|N|8.08|E|region:CH-AG_type:landmark|name=Buchs, Aargau}} 
|collapsed = yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 3.9
| Feb high C = 5.9
| Mar high C = 11.1
| Apr high C = 15.6
| May high C = 19.6
| Jun high C = 23.5
| Jul high C = 25.6
| Aug high C = 25.0
| Sep high C = 20.2
| Oct high C = 14.5
| Nov high C = 8.0
| Dec high C = 4.3
| year high C = 14.8 
| Jan mean C = 1.2
| Feb mean C = 1.9
| Mar mean C = 5.9
| Apr mean C = 9.9
| May mean C = 14.0
| Jun mean C = 17.7
| Jul mean C = 19.4
| Aug mean C = 18.8
| Sep mean C = 14.6
| Oct mean C = 10.1
| Nov mean C = 5.0
| Dec mean C = 1.9
| year mean C = 10.0
| Jan low C = −1.5
| Feb low C = −1.7
| Mar low C = 1.2
| Apr low C = 4.3
| May low C = 8.5
| Jun low C = 12.1
| Jul low C = 13.6
| Aug low C = 13.5
| Sep low C = 9.8
| Oct low C = 6.5
| Nov low C = 2.3
| Dec low C = -0.5
| year low C = 5.7
|precipitation colour = green   
| Jan precipitation mm = 63
| Feb precipitation mm = 53
| Mar precipitation mm = 61
| Apr precipitation mm = 63
| May precipitation mm = 98
| Jun precipitation mm = 92
| Jul precipitation mm = 98
| Aug precipitation mm = 98
| Sep precipitation mm = 70
| Oct precipitation mm = 72
| Nov precipitation mm = 69
| Dec precipitation mm = 81
| year precipitation mm = 920
| Jan snow cm = 8
| Feb snow cm = 9
| Mar snow cm = 3
| Apr snow cm = 0.
| May snow cm = 0
| Jun snow cm = 0
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 0
| Oct snow cm = 0
| Nov snow cm = 2
| Dec snow cm = 10
| year snow cm = 32
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 9.6
| Feb precipitation days = 8.6
| Mar precipitation days = 9.5
| Apr precipitation days = 10.2
| May precipitation days = 11.6
| Jun precipitation days = 11.3
| Jul precipitation days = 10.9
| Aug precipitation days = 11.2
| Sep precipitation days = 8.5
| Oct precipitation days = 10.1
| Nov precipitation days = 9.8
| Dec precipitation days = 11.6
| year precipitation days = 122.9
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
| Jan snow days = 2.8
| Feb snow days = 2.5
| Mar snow days = 1.1
| Apr snow days = 0.1
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 0.7
| Dec snow days = 2.4
| year snow days = 9.7
|source 1 = MeteoSwiss <ref name=MeteoSwiss1>{{cite web
 |url=https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/BUS/climsheet_BUS_np9120_e.pdf
 |title=Climate normals Buchs / Aarau
 |work=Climate diagrams and normals from Swiss measuring stations
 |publisher=Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)
 |accessdate=11 September 2022
 |archive-date=7 July 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707103416/https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/BUS/climsheet_BUS_np9120_e.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
|date=16 December 2021
}}

Between approximately {{convert|1050|to|1390|m}}, the climate changes to either a [[humid continental climate]] (Dfb under the Köppen system), or a [[subpolar oceanic climate]] (Cfc), depending on location.<ref name=Rubel/> As elevation increases, the winters become colder and the summers become shorter. A mixture of [[conifer]] and [[deciduous]] trees occupy this [[montane zone]],<ref name=Rubel/> leading to a change in ecoregion to [[Alps conifer and mixed forests]].

{{Weather box
|location = Scuol (1991–2020), {{convert|1304|m|ft}}, {{coord|46.79|N|10.28|E|region:CH_type:city}}
|collapsed = yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan high C =  0.0
| Feb high C = 2.9
| Mar high C = 8.7 
| Apr high C = 13.0
| May high C = 17.1
| Jun high C = 21.1
| Jul high C = 23.1
| Aug high C = 22.6
| Sep high C = 18.1
| Oct high C = 13.2
| Nov high C = 5.8
| Dec high C = 0.3
| year high C = 12.2
| Jan mean C = −4.3
| Feb mean C = −2.7 
| Mar mean C = 1.8
| Apr mean C = 6.0
| May mean C = 10.3
| Jun mean C = 13.8 
| Jul mean C = 15.5
| Aug mean C = 15.0
| Sep mean C = 11.0
| Oct mean C = 6.5
| Nov mean C = 0.9
| Dec mean C = −3.3
| year mean C = 5.9
| Jan low C = −8.0
| Feb low C = −7.3
| Mar low C = −3.5 
| Apr low C = 0.1
| May low C = 4.3
| Jun low C = 7.6
| Jul low C = 9.3
| Aug low C = 9.3
| Sep low C = 5.6
| Oct low C = 1.8
| Nov low C = −2.8 
| Dec low C = −6.7
| year low C = 0.8
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 38
| Feb precipitation mm = 27
| Mar precipitation mm = 34 
| Apr precipitation mm = 35 
| May precipitation mm = 53 
| Jun precipitation mm = 80
| Jul precipitation mm = 88 
| Aug precipitation mm = 109
| Sep precipitation mm = 65
| Oct precipitation mm = 69
| Nov precipitation mm = 63
| Dec precipitation mm = 47
| year precipitation mm = 708
| Jan snow cm = 51
| Feb snow cm = 39
| Mar snow cm = 20
| Apr snow cm = 7
| May snow cm = 1
| Jun snow cm = 0
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 0
| Oct snow cm = 6
| Nov snow cm = 24
| Dec snow cm = 49
| year snow cm = 197
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 5.9 
| Feb precipitation days = 4.9
| Mar precipitation days = 5.2 
| Apr precipitation days = 6.0
| May precipitation days = 9.1
| Jun precipitation days = 10.6
| Jul precipitation days = 11.0
| Aug precipitation days = 11.8
| Sep precipitation days = 8.0
| Oct precipitation days = 8.0 
| Nov precipitation days = 7.2 
| Dec precipitation days = 6.8
| year precipitation days = 94.5
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
| Jan snow days = 7.8
| Feb snow days = 6.3
| Mar snow days = 4.0
| Apr snow days = 1.8
| May snow days = 0.2
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0.6
| Nov snow days = 4.3
| Dec snow days = 7.4
| year snow days = 32.4
|source 1 = MeteoSwiss <ref name=MeteoSwiss2>{{cite web
 |url          = https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/SCU/climsheet_SCU_np9120_e.pdf
 |title        = Climate normals Scoul
 |work         = Climate diagrams and normals from Swiss measuring stations
 |publisher    = Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)
 |access-date  = 11 September 2022
 |archive-date = 15 January 2022
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043244/https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/SCU/climsheet_SCU_np9120_e.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
}} The weather station elevation is 1303 meters above sea level.</ref>
|date=16 December 2021
}}

Between approximately {{convert|1390|to|1880|m}}, the climate becomes [[subarctic climate|subarctic]] (Dfc under the Köppen system), with even shorter summers.<ref name=Rubel/> The shorter growing season shifts the [[subalpine forest|forest]] to be purely coniferous.

{{Weather box
|location = Samedan (1991–2020), {{convert|1709|m|ft}}, {{coord|46.53|N|9.88|E|region:CH_type:city}}
|collapsed = yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes 
| Jan high C = −1.3 
| Feb high C = 0.5
| Mar high C = 4.0
| Apr high C = 7.9
| May high C = 12.9
| Jun high C = 17.0
| Jul high C = 19.3
| Aug high C = 18.8 
| Sep high C = 14.6
| Oct high C = 10.5
| Nov high C = 4.1
| Dec high C = −0.7
| year high C = 9.0 
| Jan mean C = −8.4
| Feb mean C = −7.1
| Mar mean C = −2.4
| Apr mean C = 1.9
| May mean C = 6.7
| Jun mean C = 10.5
| Jul mean C = 12.3
| Aug mean C = 11.8
| Sep mean C = 7.9
| Oct mean C = 3.6
| Nov mean C = −2.1
| Dec mean C = −7.0
| year mean C = 2.3
| Jan low C = −15.8 
| Feb low C = −15.6 
| Mar low C = −9.6
| Apr low C = −4.3
| May low C = 0.1 
| Jun low C = 3.2
| Jul low C = 4.7
| Aug low C = 4.7
| Sep low C = 1.3
| Oct low C = −2.6
| Nov low C = −7.8
| Dec low C = −13.4
| year low C = −4.6
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 29
| Feb precipitation mm = 19
| Mar precipitation mm = 24 
| Apr precipitation mm = 37
| May precipitation mm = 67 
| Jun precipitation mm = 91 
| Jul precipitation mm = 87
| Aug precipitation mm = 100
| Sep precipitation mm = 73
| Oct precipitation mm = 77
| Nov precipitation mm = 70
| Dec precipitation mm = 37
| year precipitation mm = 710
| Jan snow cm = 51
| Feb snow cm = 42
| Mar snow cm = 30
| Apr snow cm = 21
| May snow cm = 4
| Jun snow cm = 0
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 2
| Oct snow cm = 12
| Nov snow cm = 40
| Dec snow cm = 52
| year snow cm = 254
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 5.2 
| Feb precipitation days = 4.2
| Mar precipitation days = 4.3 
| Apr precipitation days = 6.0
| May precipitation days = 9.2
| Jun precipitation days = 11.0
| Jul precipitation days = 10.6
| Aug precipitation days = 11.0
| Sep precipitation days = 8.0
| Oct precipitation days = 8.1 
| Nov precipitation days = 7.9
| Dec precipitation days = 6.1
| year precipitation days = 91.6
| unit snow days = 1.0 cm
| Jan snow days = 8.8
| Feb snow days = 8.0
| Mar snow days = 6.9
| Apr snow days = 5.1
| May snow days = 1.1
| Jun snow days = 0.2
| Jul snow days = 0.1
| Aug snow days = 0.0 
| Sep snow days = 0.5
| Oct snow days = 2.6
| Nov snow days = 6.7
| Dec snow days = 9.5
| year snow days = 49.5
|source 1 = MeteoSwiss <ref name=MeteoSwiss3>{{cite web
 |url          = https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/SAM/climsheet_SAM_np9120_e.pdf
 |title        = Climate normals Samedan
 |work         = Climate diagrams and normals from Swiss measuring stations
 |publisher    = Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)
 |access-date  = 11 September 2022
 |archive-date = 14 January 2022
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20220114041926/https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/SAM/climsheet_SAM_np9120_e.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
}} The weather station elevation is 1708 meters above sea level.</ref>
|date=16 December 2021
}}

At about {{convert|1880|m|ft}}, the climate becomes too cold to support trees, and is classified as an [[alpine climate]] (ET under the Köppen system).<ref name=Rubel/> The summers become cool and only grasses and low plants are adapted to grow. This alpine climate extends to approximately {{convert|3250|m|ft}}.

{{Weather box
|location = Weissfluhjoch (1991–2020), {{convert|2690|m|ft}}, {{Coord|46.833|N|9.806|E|region:CH-GR_type:mountain|name=Weissfluhjoch}} 
|collapsed=yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan high C = −5.3 
| Feb high C = −5.9
| Mar high C = −4.1
| Apr high C = −1.5
| May high C = 2.7
| Jun high C = 7.3
| Jul high C = 10.2
| Aug high C = 10.6
| Sep high C = 6.5
| Oct high C = 3.4
| Nov high C = −1.7
| Dec high C = −4.3
| year high C = 1.5
| Jan mean C = −7.8
| Feb mean C = −8.5 
| Mar mean C = −6.6
| Apr mean C = −4.0
| May mean C = 0.1
| Jun mean C = 3.9
| Jul mean C = 6.2
| Aug mean C = 6.6 
| Sep mean C = 3.0
| Oct mean C = 0.3
| Nov mean C = −4.2
| Dec mean C = −6.9
| year mean C = −1.5 
| Jan low C = −10.4 
| Feb low C = −11.2
| Mar low C = −9.3 
| Apr low C = −6.5
| May low C = −2.3
| Jun low C = 1.3
| Jul low C = 3.2 
| Aug low C = 3.7
| Sep low C = 0.5 
| Oct low C = −2.2
| Nov low C = −6.7 
| Dec low C = −9.6
| year low C = −4.1
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 108
| Feb precipitation mm = 80
| Mar precipitation mm = 96
| Apr precipitation mm = 79 
| May precipitation mm = 116
| Jun precipitation mm = 166 
| Jul precipitation mm = 181
| Aug precipitation mm = 198
| Sep precipitation mm = 123 
| Oct precipitation mm = 97
| Nov precipitation mm = 92
| Dec precipitation mm = 103
| year precipitation mm = 1439
| Jan snow cm = 131
| Feb snow cm = 117 
| Mar snow cm = 123 
| Apr snow cm = 91
| May snow cm = 63
| Jun snow cm = 36 
| Jul snow cm = 14
| Aug snow cm = 12
| Sep snow cm = 35
| Oct snow cm = 63
| Nov snow cm = 118
| Dec snow cm = 136
| year snow cm = 939
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.5
| Feb precipitation days = 9.6
| Mar precipitation days = 12.0
| Apr precipitation days = 11.6
| May precipitation days = 14.2
| Jun precipitation days = 15.4
| Jul precipitation days = 15.2
| Aug precipitation days = 15.0
| Sep precipitation days = 12.1
| Oct precipitation days = 10.0
| Nov precipitation days = 10.9
| Dec precipitation days = 11.0
| year precipitation days = 147.5
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
| Jan snow days = 12.9
| Feb snow days = 11.8
| Mar snow days = 14.3 
| Apr snow days = 12.7
| May snow days = 10.
| Jun snow days = 5.5
| Jul snow days = 2.5
| Aug snow days = 2.0
| Sep snow days = 5.8
| Oct snow days = 8.1
| Nov snow days = 12.9
| Dec snow days = 14.3
| year snow days = 113.-0
|source 1 = MeteoSwiss <ref name=MeteoSwiss4>{{cite web
| url = https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/WFJ/climsheet_WFJ_np9120_e.pdf
| title = Climate normals Weissfluhjoch
| work = Climate diagrams and normals from Swiss measuring stations
| publisher = Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)
| accessdate = 11 September 2022
| archive-date = 29 January 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220129221807/https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/WFJ/climsheet_WFJ_np9120_e.pdf
| url-status = dead
}} The weather station elevation is 2690 meters above sea level.</ref>
|date=16 December 2021
}}
Above approximately {{convert|3250|m|ft}}, the climate transitions to an [[ice cap climate]], where the mean temperature from 1976-2000 was always below {{convert|0|C|F}}. At these altitudes, no plants can grow and the ground is either rock or ice.<ref name=Rubel/> At 3571m and from 1991 through 2020, Jungfraujoch had an ET climate, with an August mean temperature of {{convert|0.6|C|F|0}}.<ref name=MeteoSwiss5/> Glaciers, such as the [[Aletsch Glacier]], still surround [[Jungfrau]], but are starting to melt due to [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite journal|
last1=Jouvet|first1=G|last2=Huss|first2=M|title=Future retreat of Great Aletsch Glacier|journal=Journal of Glaciology|year=2019|volume=65|issue=253|pages=869–872|doi=10.1017/jog.2019.52|hdl=20.500.11850/370494|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Jungfraujoch, elevation: {{convert|3571|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–present, {{Coord|46.548|N|7.987|E|region:CH-GR_type:mountain|name=Jungfraujoch}}
|collapsed = yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 4.2
|Feb record high C = 2.9
|Mar record high C = 8.2
|Apr record high C = 4.9
|May record high C = 10.0
|Jun record high C = 13.1
|Jul record high C = 14.3
|Aug record high C = 12.8
|Sep record high C = 11.6
|Oct record high C = 10.0
|Nov record high C = 4.5
|Dec record high C = 7.1
|Jan high C = -9.5
|Feb high C = -10.2
|Mar high C = -8.6
|Apr high C = -6.3
|May high C = -2.1
|Jun high C = 1.7
|Jul high C = 3.4
|Aug high C = 3.5
|Sep high C = 0.5
|Oct high C = -2.2
|Nov high C = -6.5
|Dec high C = -8.7
|year high C = -3.8
|Jan mean C = -12.5
|Feb mean C = -13.3
|Mar mean C = -11.6
|Apr mean C = -9.4
|May mean C = -5.2
|Jun mean C = -1.5
|Jul mean C = 0.4
|Aug mean C = 0.6
|Sep mean C = -2.4
|Oct mean C = -4.9
|Nov mean C = -9.2
|Dec mean C = -11.7
|year mean C = -6.7
|Jan low C = -15.5
|Feb low C = -16.3
|Mar low C = -14.4
|Apr low C = -12.0
|May low C = -7.8
|Jun low C = -4.0
|Jul low C = -2.1
|Aug low C = -1.7
|Sep low C = -4.7
|Oct low C = -7.4
|Nov low C = -11.8
|Dec low C = -14.5
|year low C = -9.4
|Jan record low C = -34.2
|Feb record low C = -35.4
|Mar record low C = -28.9
|Apr record low C = -25.2
|May record low C = -22.0
|Jun record low C = -16.4
|Jul record low C = -14.0
|Aug record low C = -13.0
|Sep record low C = -16.0
|Oct record low C = -21.7
|Nov record low C = -30.0
|Dec record low C = -30.7
|Jan humidity = 63
|Feb humidity = 65
|Mar humidity = 67
|Apr humidity = 72
|May humidity = 78
|Jun humidity = 77
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 74
|Sep humidity = 71
|Oct humidity = 66
|Nov humidity = 68
|Dec humidity = 65
|year humidity = 70
|Jan sun = 117
|Feb sun = 122
|Mar sun = 161
|Apr sun = 160
|May sun = 152
|Jun sun = 170
|Jul sun = 181
|Aug sun = 183
|Sep sun = 175
|Oct sun = 145
|Nov sun = 106
|Dec sun = 101
|year sun = 1773
|Jan percentsun = 49
|Feb percentsun = 51
|Mar percentsun = 48
|Apr percentsun = 44
|May percentsun = 37
|Jun percentsun = 40
|Jul percentsun = 43
|Aug percentsun = 48
|Sep percentsun = 50
|Oct percentsun = 53
|Nov percentsun = 44
|Dec percentsun = 45
|year percentsun = 45
|source 1 = [[MeteoSwiss]]<ref name=MeteoSwiss5>{{cite web
| url = https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/JUN/climsheet_JUN_np9120_e.pdf
| title = Climate Normals Jungfraujoch (Reference period 1991−2020) 
| publisher = Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss 
| archive-date = 28 January 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220128001744/https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/JUN/climsheet_JUN_np9120_e.pdf
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 27 January 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (extremes)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/jungfraujoch/valeurs/06730.html|title=Normales et records climatologiques 1981-2010 à Jungfraujoch - Infoclimat|website=www.infoclimat.fr|access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref>

}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Climate of the Alps| ]]
[[Category:Climate by mountain range|Alps]]
[[Category:Alps]]
[[Category:Ecology of the Alps]]