Editing Cliveden set

{{Short description|1930s politically influential group of British people}}
[[File:Cliveden,_June_2005.JPG | thumb | right | Cliveden house]]
The '''Cliveden set''' were an [[upper-class]] group of politically influential people active in the 1930s in the [[United Kingdom]], prior to the [[Second World War]]. They were in the circle of [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor]], the first female [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] to take up her seat. The name comes from [[Cliveden]], a [[stately home]] in [[Buckinghamshire]] that was Astor's country residence. 

The "Cliveden Set" tag was [[neologism|coined]] by [[Claud Cockburn]] in his journalism for the [[communist]] newspaper ''[[The Week (1933)|The Week]]''. His notion of an upper class pro-German conspiracy was widely  accepted by opponents of [[Appeasement]] in the late 1930s. It was long accepted that the [[aristocracy (class)| aristocratic]] [[Germanophile]] [[social network]] supported friendly relations with [[Nazi Germany]] and helped create the 1930s policy of [[appeasement]]. [[John L. Spivak]], writing in 1939, devoted a chapter to the Cliveden Set.<ref>Secret Armies, (New York, Modern Age Books, 1939)</ref> 

After the [[end of World War II in Europe]], the discovery of the Nazis' [[The Black Book (list)| ''Black Book'']] in September 1945 showed that all the group's members were to be arrested as soon as Britain had been invaded by the [[Axis powers | Axis]]. Lady Astor remarked, "It is the complete answer to the terrible lie that the so-called 'Cliveden Set' was pro-Fascist."<ref>{{cite news |date=1945-09-14 |title=Nazi's black list discovered in Berlin |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,127730,00.html |access-date=2023-01-24}}</ref>  

New research shows that the Astors invited a very wide range of guests, including socialists, communists and enemies of appeasement. Scholars no longer claim there was any Cliveden conspiracy. Historian [[Andrew Roberts (historian)|Andrew Roberts]] says: "The myth of Cliveden being a nest of appeasers, let alone pro-Nazis, is exploded."<ref>Andrew Roberts, ''The Holy Fox: Biography of Lord Halifax'' (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991) p. 52.</ref>  Norman Rose's 2000 account of the group rejects the conspiracy theory of a pro-Nazi cabal. [[Carroll Quigley]] argues against the "mistaken idea" that the Cliveden group was pro-German: "They were neither anti-German in 1910 nor Pro-German in 1938, but pro-Empire all the time."<ref> Carroll Quigley, ''The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden'' (1981), p. 102.</ref>

[[Christopher Sykes (author)| Christopher Sykes]], in a sympathetic 1972 biography of Nancy Astor, argued that the entire story about the Cliveden Set had been an ideologically motivated fabrication by Cockburn that came to be generally accepted by the public, which was looking for scapegoats for the British prewar appeasement of [[Adolf Hitler]]. Some academic arguments have stated that Cockburn's account may have not have been entirely accurate, but that his main allegations cannot be easily dismissed.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3tQoAEo9Y6oC&dq=appeasement%2C+public+opinion&pg=PA114 Frank McDonough, ''Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement, and the British Road to War'' (Manchester University Press,1998), p. 96-100]
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[http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/1999/taylor.html A Reevaluation of Cockburn's Cliveden Set<!-- bot-generated title -->] at userwww.sfsu.edu {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228171849/http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/1999/taylor.html|date=28 February 2009}}</ref>

==Alleged conspirators==
* [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor]], politician and socialite
* [[Robert Brand, 1st Baron Brand|Robert Brand]], civil servant and budinessman
* [[Geoffrey Dawson]], editor of the London ''Times'' newspaper
* [[Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian|Philip Kerr (Lord Lothian)]], author and politician
* [[William Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester]], politician
* [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Edward Wood (Lord Halifax)]], politician

==In popular culture==

*''[[The Remains of the Day]]'' &ndash;  Lord Darlington, the fictional secondary protagonist in British author [[Kazuo Ishiguro|Sir Kazuo Ishiguro]]'s 1989 novel ''The Remains of the Day'' is based on an amalgamation of several of the more prominent members of the Cliveden Set, some of whom are listed above. The novel was turned into the 1993 film [[The Remains of the Day (film)|of the same name]]. The social gatherings that are held at the fictional [[The Remains of the Day (film)|Darlington Hall]] in the film between Nazis and British subjects seeking peace and being manipulated by the Nazi representatives are based on several dinner parties and other social gatherings that were held by the Cliveden Set.

*''[[Hogan's Heroes]]'' &ndash; In the fourth and fifth episodes of season six of the sitcom ''Hogan's Heroes'', the two-part episode "Lady Chitterly's Lover" (first aired on October 11 & 18, 1970) involves a plot to negotiate Britain's surrender from a fictitious member of the Cliveden Set, Sir Charles Chitterly. While this is based on no direct historical counterpart, it does incorporate – among other events – elements of the visit to Nazi Germany in the late 1930s of the former British King [[Edward VIII]] after he had [[Abdication of Edward VIII|abdicated the throne]] in 1936 and settled into exile in France.

==See also==
* [[Anglo-German Fellowship]]
* ''[[Guilty Men]]'' (1940)
* [[The Black Book (list)]]
* [[Farthing (novel)]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

'''Further reading'''
* {{cite journal |last1=Cushner |first1=Ari |title=Fighting Fire with Propaganda: Claud Cockburn's ''The Week'' and the Anti-Nazi Intrigue that Produced the 'Cliveden Set,' 1932-1939 |journal=Ex Post Facto |date=2007 |volume=XVI |pages=55–68 |url=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/epf/journal_archive/volume_XVI,_2007/cushner_a.pdf |publisher=San Francisco State University}}
* {{cite book |last1=George |first1=Margaret |title=The Hollow Men |date=1965 |publisher=Frewin |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/hollowmen0000marg}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grigg |first1=John |title=Nancy Astor: A Lady Unashamed |date=1980 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-316-32870-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/nancyastor00john}}
* {{cite book |last1=Langhorne |first1=Elizabeth Coles |title=Nancy Astor and Her Friends |date=1974 |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/nancyastorherfri00lang}}
* {{cite book |last1=Masters |first1=Anthony |title=Nancy Astor: A Biography |date=1981 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-040784-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/nancyastorbiogra00mast}}
* {{Cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/71213 |title=Cliveden set |last1=May |first1=Alex |date=25 May 2006}}
* {{cite book |last1=McDonough |first1=Frank |title=Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement, and the British Road to War |date=1998 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4832-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tQoAEo9Y6oC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Norman |title=The Cliveden Set: Portrait of an Exclusive Fraternity |date=2001 |publisher=Pimlico |location=London |isbn=9780712667425}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sykes |first1=Christopher |title=Nancy, the Life of Lady Astor |date=1972 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-014184-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/nancylifeofladya0000unse}}
* {{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=John |title=A Reevaluation of Cockburn's Cliveden Set [Essay] |url=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/1999/taylor.html |date=1999 |publisher=San Francisco State University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228171849/http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/1999/taylor.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 }}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
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[[Category:1930s in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Hogan's Heroes]]