Editing Clog

{{Short description|Footwear made in part or completely of wood}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Klompen (Dutch Clogs), Wooden Shoes Museum in Drenthe.jpg|thumb|[[Klomp]]en from the Netherlands]]

'''Clogs''' are a type of [[footwear]] that has a thick, rigid sole typically made of [[wood]], although in [[American English]], shoes with rigid soles made of other materials are also called clogs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/clog |title=Clog |website=[[Collins Dictionary]] |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/clog |title=Clog |website=[[Cambridge Dictionary]] |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> 

[[Tradition]]al clogs remain in use as [[protective clothing|protective footwear]] in [[agriculture]] and in some [[factory|factories]] and [[Mining|mine]]s. Although they are sometimes negatively associated with cheap and folkloric footwear of [[farmer]]s and the [[working class]], some types are considered [[fashion]] wear today, such as Swedish [[träskor]] or Japanese [[Geta (footwear)|geta]].

Clogs are also used in several different styles of [[clogging|dance]], where an important feature is the sound they produce against the floor. Clog dancing is one of the fundamental roots of [[tap dancing]], but with tap shoes the taps are free to click against each other and produce a different sound from clogs.

== Typology ==
[[File:Red Lancashire clogs (side view).jpg|thumb|Wooden soled type [[clog (British)|English clogs]]]]
[[File:Fraumünster Mittelalter Spectaculum 2011-05-20 14-37-32.JPG|thumb|Overshoes type of clogs ([[pattens]]) with leather [[turnshoes]] (German), reconstruction of the Middle Ages]]

The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines a clog as a "thick piece of wood", and later as a "wooden soled overshoe" and a "shoe with a thick wooden sole".{{sfn|OED-clog}}

Welsh traditional clog maker Trefor Owen identified three main varieties of clogs: wooden upper, wooden soled and overshoes.{{sfn|Owen: CPRW|2012}}
* Wooden upper clogs; are made by hollowing out a lump of solid wood to make a combined upper and lower. Two main variants can be seen:
** whole foot clogs; where the wooden upper covers the whole of the foot to near the ankle, such as the Dutch [[klomp]]. They are also known as "wooden shoes".  Whole foot clogs can give sufficient protection to be used as [[safety boot|safety footwear]] without additional reinforcements.
** half open clogs; where the wooden upper extends over the toes or slightly further, such as the Belgian [[Sabot (shoe)|sabots]]. The upper is similar in outline to a [[court shoe]]. Half open clogs may have additional covering or securing straps in some sort of fabric or leather.
* Wooden soled clogs; use wood for the sole only. Wooden soled clogs come with a variety of uppers:
** complete uppers made from leather or similar material, such as [[clog (British)|English clogs]]. For more protection, they may have steel toecaps and/or steel reinforcing inserts in the undersides of the soles
** open sandal type fitting. For example, Japanese [[Geta (footwear)|geta]]
** toe peg styles. For example, Indian [[paduka]]
* Overshoes; are wooden soles with straps designed to be worn over other footwear for protection, commonly known as [[Patten (shoe)|pattens]]. Patten style clogs are not used anymore. However the derivative [[galoshes]] are common worldwide.
These divisions are not fixed: some overshoes look more like whole foot clogs, like Spanish [[albarca]], whilst other wooden soled clogs raise and protect clothing in the way that overshoes do, such as Japanese [[Geta (footwear)|geta]].

The type of upper determines how the clogs are worn. Whole foot clogs need to be close fitting and can be secured by curling the toes. In contrast wooden soled clogs are fastened by laces or buckles on the welt and therefore the toes are relaxed as in shoes. Half open clogs may either be secured like whole foot clogs, or have an additional strap over the top of the foot. Some sandal types, and in particular toe peg styles, are worn more like "[[flip-flops]]" and rely on the grip between the big and next toe.

==Flexing the foot==
As they are primarily made from wood, clogs cannot flex under the ball of the foot as softer shoes do. To allow the foot to roll forward most clogs have the bottom of the toe curved up, known as the cast.<ref>Note that some thick-soled women's shoes (stilleto or wedge), which while not wooden soled, are as rigid as clogs. They likewise have to have a noticeable cast.</ref> Some styles of clogs have "feet", such as Spanish [[albarca]]. The clog rotates around the front edge of the front "feet". Some Japanese and Indian clogs have "teeth" or very high pegs attached to the soles. The clog can rotate around the front edge of the front "tooth" as the wearer strides forward. Some medieval pattens were in two pieces, heel through to ball and ball to toes. Joining the two was a leather strip forming a hinge, thus allowing the shoe above to flex.{{sfn|Grew|De_Neergaard|2004|loc=chapter on pattens}}  Klompen may have a carefully placed [[Ease (sewing)|ease]] (space left around the foot), which allows the foot to bend, and the heel to lift within or out of the clog. Thick, springy wool socks provide flexibility in the fit.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Dupre large-258 (cropped) cowherd.jpg|This cowherd appears to be wearing thick white wool socks and black leather [[turnshoes]] under her wooden overshoes, which are eased.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 194-0097-02, Holtwick, Mädchen auf dem Schulweg.jpg|Here the rearmost portion of the vamp is elastic leather, and the shoe rotates using the cast of the toe.
File:Albarcas-Cantabria.jpg|Albarcas have three feet
File:Cloggie Display.jpg|Some clogs rotate around the front clog-feet, located under the ball of the human foot.
File:Japan - Awa Bon Odori - Geta (footwear).jpg|Geta rotate around the front tooth, which must be placed under the ball of the foot.
File:一本歯下駄 (17305606464).jpg|[[Geta (footwear)|Tengu]] geta have only one tooth.
File:Walraversijde83.jpg|These wooden pattens are hinged at the ball of the foot.
</gallery>

{{anchor|Origins|Origins and history}}

==History==
[[File:Benedetto Ghirlandaio Natividad (cropped) clogs.jpg|thumb|Clogs in a 1400s painting <!--can you find an earlier image?-->]]
[[File:Fritz von Uhde Leierkastenmann.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|In this 1883 painting by [[Fritz von Uhde]] painted in the Dutch town of [[Zandvoort]], clogs are shown to be the 19th century townspeople's normal footwear.|left]]
The use and prevalence of wooden [[footwear]] in [[prehistory|prehistoric]] and [[classical antiquity|ancient times]] is uncertain, owing both to the ambiguity of surviving records and the difficulty of both preserving and recognizing its remains. Used clogs also tended to be repurposed as [[firewood]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Some [[ancient Greeks]] apparently wore ''kroúpezai'' ({{lang|grc|κρούπεζαι}}) made of wood. These were known to the [[ancient Romans|Romans]] as {{lang|la|sculponeae}}.<ref name=marindin>{{citation |last=Marindin|first=George Eden |author-link= |date=1870 |editor-last=William |editor-first=Smith |editor-link=William Smith (antiquary) |display-editors=0 |contribution=Solea |contribution-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dsolea-cn |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities |location=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] }}.</ref> Both the Greeks and Romans also made [[sandal]]s by attaching leather straps to wooden soles in various ways.<ref name=marindin/>

The [[ancient China|ancient Chinese]] wore wooden ''jī'' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|屐}}}}) by at least the [[Han dynasty|Han]] [[list of Chinese dynasties|dynasty]], when a form decorated with colorful ribbons and designs was used by women [[Marriage in China|on their wedding days]]. Under the [[Sima Jin dynasty|Jin]], a different style shaped the entire shoe from a single piece of wood and, after the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], the southern Chinese wore "boot clogs" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|靴|屐}}}}, ''xuējī'').<!--cites at [[Hanfu footwear]]-->

The oldest wooden footwear so far recovered in Europe was found at [[Amsterdam]] and [[Rotterdam]] in the [[Netherlands]]. These date from {{c.|1230}} and {{c.|1280}}{{sfn|Wiedijk|2000|p=2}} and looked very similar to the wooden shoes still worn in the area.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} By about this era, wooden [[patten (shoe)|pattens]] were being used as overshoes to protect the wearer's hose and indoor shoes when walking outside, particularly in inclement weather. Some shoes then began directly incorporating the wooden platform into their soles, like the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] [[chopine]]s.

==Manufacture==

Since wooden footwear was a hand-made product, the shape of the footwear, as well as its production process showed great local and regional diversity in style. At the beginning of the 20th century machine-made wooden footwear was introduced. After [[WW2]], in particular, wooden shoes became uncommon. They were replaced by more fashionable all-leather and synthetic footwear. At present, only the so-called Swedish clogs (wooden bottom and leather top) is still seen as a trendy fashion item, often as ladies' high-heeled boots. Nevertheless, traditional wooden footwear is still popular in several regions in Europe and in some occupations, for its practical use. Some historic local variations have recently been replaced by uniform national models.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

More information on the various methods of manufacture can be found from the gallery below.

==Gallery==
Presented below are typical clogs from the countries where they are found. Like many folk items, the boundaries of manufacture and use are regional and therefore do not always exactly follow those of modern states. So, in some countries two or more different types can be found. It is also possible that one type can be found in bordering countries. For example, Danish, German, Dutch, Belgian and clogs from Northwest France look quite similar. The links provide access to pages dealing with the different types of clog, their design, origin and manufacture.

===Traditional European clogs===
<gallery>
File:0 Binche - Au Floche - La boutique du gille (1).jpg|[[Sabot (Belgian)|Belgian sabot]] from [[Belgium]]
File:Danishclogs.JPG|[[:da:Træsko|Træsko]] from [[Denmark]]
File:Fabrication d'un sabot en bois - étape 5.JPG|[[Sabot (shoe)|Sabot]] from [[France]]
File:Muensterlaender-holzklumpen.jpg|[[:de:Holzschuh|Holzschuh]] from [[Germany]]
File:Woodenshoewater.jpg|Clogs of the [[North Sea]] coasts in surf; they are waterproof.
File:(Venice) Calcagnetti - Correr Museum.jpg|These Venetian [[chopine]] models dating from 1500 to 1600 are on display at the [[Museo Correr]] Venice.
File:Clogs Itay 01.JPG|[[:it:Zoccolo (calzatura)|Zoccolo]] from [[Italy]]
File:Lithunianclogs.JPG|[[:lt:Klumpė|Klumpės]] from [[Lithuania]]
File:Dutchclogs.jpg|[[Klomp]] from the [[Netherlands]]
File:Portugueseclogs.JPG|[[:pt:Tamanco|Tamanco]] from [[Portugal]]
File:Madrenia acabada.jpg|[[Cantabrian albarcas|Asturian madreñas]] from Spain
File:Albarcas cantabras.jpg|[[Cantabrian albarcas]] from [[Spain]]
File:Clog-Berkemann-white.jpg|[[Träskor]] from [[Sweden]]
File:Swissclogs.JPG|[[Zoggeli]] from [[Switzerland]]
File:Red Lancashire clogs (side view).jpg|[[Clog (British)|English clog]] from the [[United Kingdom]]
File:Galician clogs - Zocas galegas.jpg | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galician]] ''zocas''
</gallery>

===Traditional Asian clogs===
<gallery>
File:Tai-PingBoots.jpg|Tai-Ping boots from [[China]]
File:Geta Unearthed from the Tomb of Zhu Ran 2012-05.JPG|[[Ji(Clog)|Ji]] from [[China]]
File:Indianclogs.JPG|[[Paduka]] from [[India]]
File:Indonesianclogs2.JPG|{{Interlanguage link|Bakiak|id}} from [[Indonesia]]
File:Geta.JPG|[[Geta (footwear)|Geta]] from [[Japan]]
File:Okobo.JPG|[[Okobo]] from [[Japan]]
File:Koreanclogs.JPG|[[Namaksin]] from [[Korea]]
File:Malaysianclogs.JPG|[[Terompah]] from [[Malaysia]]
File:Piled Bakya.png|[[Bakya]] from the [[Philippines]]
File:Turkish shoes02.jpg|[[Turkish clogs|Nalin]] from [[Turkey]]
</gallery>

== Fashion clogs ==
[[File:Platform Sandal wood Buffalo brown-bright.jpg|thumb|Platform-sandal clog, with cork insole and rubber sole]]
In the 1970s and 1980s, Swedish clogs became popular fashion accessories for both sexes. They were usually worn without socks and were considered suitable [[attire]] for the ''[[avant-garde]]'' man.

In the 1980s and 1990s, clogs based on Swedish clogs returned in fashion for women. Platform clogs or sandals, often raised as high as 6 or even 8&nbsp;inches right through between sole and insole, were worn in many western countries. The large mid layer was often made of solid cork, although some were merely of plastic with a cork covering. The sole, more often than not, was made of a light sandy-colored rubber.

In 2007, Dutch designers [[Viktor & Rolf]] introduced high heeled Dutch clogs on the catwalk, with their winter collection of 2007/08.{{sfn|De_Greef|2007}}{{sfn|Cochran|2010}}  In 2010, Swedish clogs for women returned again in [[Chanel|Chanel's]] and [[Louis Vuitton|Louis Vuitton's]] Spring / Summer 2010 collection.{{sfn|Dykes}}

== Museums ==
[[File:Klomp Enter.jpg|thumb|World's biggest clog from one piece of wood, in [[Enter, Netherlands|Enter (Netherlands)]]]]
* [[Bata Shoe Museum]], Canada
* [[International Wooden Shoe Museum Eelde]], Netherlands
* [[Scherjon's Klompenmakerij en Museum]], Netherlands
* [[Bai Mi Wooden Clog Village]], Taiwan{{sfn|Trip Advisor|2020}}
* [[Clitheroe Castle Museum]], Lancashire, UK

==See also==
* [[List of shoe styles]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation
  | last = De Boer-Olij
  | first = T.
  | title = European Wooden Shoes. Their History and Diversity
  | year = 2002
  | publisher = Stichting Klompenmuseum Gebr. Wietzes
 | isbn = 90-901544-7-7
  }}
* {{citation
  | last = De Greef
  | first = J.
  | title = Hollands glorie bij Viktor & Rolf
  | date = 27 February 2007
  | url = http://www.elsevier.nl/web/10113842/Dossiers/Alle-blogs-op-een-rij/Op-de-catwalk/Hollands-Glorie-bij-Viktor-Rolf.htm
  | access-date = 6 June 2012
  }}
* {{citation
  | first = D. P.
  | last = Dykes
  | title = Clogs: women's shoe trend
  | url = http://www.fashionising.com/trends/b--clogs-4532.html
  | access-date = 6 June 2012
  | archive-date = 27 December 2019
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191227035249/http://www.fashionising.com/trends/b--clogs-4532.html
  | url-status = dead
  }}
* {{citation
  | last = Cochran
  | first = Lindsey
  | website = Every Clog has its Day
  | title = Before Chanel Clogs...There Was Viktor and Rolf
  | date = 28 March 2010
  | url = http://everycloghasitsday.typepad.com/every-clog-has-its-day/2010/03/before-chanel-clogsthere-was-viktor-and-rolf.html
  | access-date = 5 January 2020
  | archive-date = 22 January 2013
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130122030809/http://everycloghasitsday.typepad.com/every-clog-has-its-day/2010/03/before-chanel-clogsthere-was-viktor-and-rolf.html
  | url-status = dead
  }}
* {{citation
  | last1 = Grew
  | first1 = F.
  | last2 = De Neergaard
  | first2 =  M.
  | title = Shoes and Pattens: Finds from Medieval Excavations in London
  | year = 2004
  | publisher = Boydell & Brewer
 | isbn = 0-85115-838-2
  }}
* {{Cite OED
  | term = clog
  | ref = {{harvid|OED-clog}}
  }}
* {{citation
  | last = Owen
  | first = Trefor
  | title = CPRW article
  | url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0cmVmb3Jvd2VuY2xvZ21ha2VyfGd4OjU0MzcyMDA0YmNhODQxYjI
  | date = 21 April 2012 
  | access-date = 20 June 2012
  | ref={{sfnRef|Owen: CPRW|2012}}
  }}
* {{cite web
  | url = https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g13806903-d6553477-Reviews-Baimi_Clogs_Village-Su_ao_Yilan.html
  | access-date = 5 January 2020
  | title = Baimi Clogs Village
  | website = Trip Advisor
  | ref = {{harvid|Trip Advisor|2020}}
}}
* {{citation
  | last = Wiedijk
  | first = F.
  | title = Wooden Shoes of Holland
  | year = 2000
  | isbn = 90-71816-12-5
  }}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Clogs}}

{{footwear}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clog (Shoe)}}
[[Category:Clogs (shoes)| ]]
[[Category:1970s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Footwear]]
[[Category:Folk footwear]]
[[Category:Safety clothing]]
[[Category:Shoes]]
[[Category:Sandals]]
[[Category:Dance shoes]]