Editing Close-in weapon system

{{short description|Type of point-defense weapon system}}
[[File:Кортик на корвете Стерегущий.jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|[[Kashtan CIWS]]]]
A '''close-in weapon system''' ('''CIWS''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|w|ɪ|z}} {{respell|SEE|wiz}})<ref>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Norman|title=The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapons systems, 1991/92|date=1991|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=0870212885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-cdAQAACAAJ|access-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214102024/https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Naval_Institute_Guide_to_World_Naval.html?id=1-cdAQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|archive-date=14 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[point-defense]] [[weapon system]] for detecting and destroying short-range incoming [[missile]]s and enemy aircraft which have penetrated the outer defenses, typically mounted on a [[Navy|naval]] ship. Nearly all classes of larger modern [[warship]]s are equipped with some kind of CIWS device.

There are two types of CIWS systems. A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of [[radar]]s, computers, and rapid-firing [[multiple-barrel]] [[rotary cannon]]s placed on a rotating [[gun turret|turret]].  Missile-based CIWSs use either [[infra-red]], [[passive radar]]/[[electronic support measures|ESM]], or [[semi-active radar homing|semi-active radar]] [[terminal guidance]] to guide missiles to the targeted enemy aircraft or other threats.  In some cases, CIWS are used on land to protect military bases.  In this case, the CIWS can also protect the base from shell and rocket fire.

==Gun systems==
[[File:A Phalanx CIWS and ASELSAN STOP on the fore-starboard side of TCG Anadolu.jpg|thumb|[[Phalanx CIWS]] and [[Aselsan STOP]] aboard the [[Turkish Navy|TCG]] ship [[TCG Anadolu|''Anadolu'']]]]

A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers and [[rotary cannon|rotary]] or [[revolver cannon|revolver]] cannon placed on a rotating, automatically aimed gun mount. Examples of gun-based CIWS products in operation are:
* [[AK-630]], [[AK-630#AK-630M|630M]], [[AK-630#AK-306|306]], [[AK-630#AK-630M1-2|630M1-2]], and [[AK-630#AK-630M2|630M2]]  - 30×165mm caliber
* [[Aselsan GOKDENIZ]] and [[Aselsan GOKDENIZ#Variant|GOKDENIZ ER]] - 35×228mm
* [[DARDO]] and [[DARDO#Other versions|Fast Forty]] - 40×365mmR
* [[Denel 35mm Dual Purpose Gun]] - 35×228mm
* [[Goalkeeper CIWS]] - 30×173mm
* [[Kashtan CIWS]] and [[Kashtan CIWS#Variants|M variant]] - 30×165mm
* [[Mauser BK-27]] - 27×145mm
* [[Meroka CIWS]] - 20×128mm
* [[Myriad CIWS]] - 25×184mm
* [[OSU-35K|PIT-Radwar OSU-35K]] - 35×228mm
* [[Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/index.php?lang%3D3%26fid%3D2177 |title=Archived copy - Rm-general-news-2008|access-date=2008-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923222023/http://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/index.php?lang=3 |archive-date=2008-09-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rheinmetall-detec.de/index.php?fid%3D1570%26lang%3D3%26pdb%3D1 |title=Millennium, 35 mm Naval Gun System (GDM-008) |access-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222418/http://www.rheinmetall-detec.de/index.php?fid=1570&lang=3&pdb=1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> - 35×228mm
* [[Rheinmetall Sea Snake 30 mm]] - 30×173mm
* [[Phalanx CIWS]] Block 0, 1, 1A, and 1B - 20×102mm
* [[Sea Zenith]] - 25×184mm
* [[H/PJ-76A]] - 37×240mm
* [[Type 730 CIWS|Type 730]] and [[Type 1130]] CIWS - 30×165mm
* [[Pantsir-M]] - 30×165mm

===Limitations of gun systems===
CIWS systems are short range: the maximum effective range of gun systems is about {{convert|5000|m}}; systems with lighter projectiles have even shorter range. The expected real-world kill-distance of an incoming anti-ship missile is about {{convert |500|m| abbr = on}} or less,<ref>{{citation | url = http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/3526/1/DSTO-TN-0565.pdf | title = Limitations of Guns as a Defence against Manoeuvring Air Weapons | date = June 2004 | first1 = Christian | last1 = Wachsberger | first2 = Michael | last2 = Lucas | first3 = Alexander | last3 = Krstic | publisher = DSTO Systems Sciences Laboratory | page = 36 | access-date = 2012-07-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120323141253/http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/3526/1/DSTO-TN-0565.pdf | archive-date = 2012-03-23 | url-status = dead }}</ref> still close enough to cause damage to the ship's sensor or communication arrays, or to wound or kill exposed personnel. Thus some CIWS like Russian [[Kashtan CIWS|Kashtan]] and Pantsir systems are augmented by installing the close range [[surface-to-air missile]]s on the same mounting for increased tactical flexibility.

They have a limited kill probability compared to other antiair guns.  Even if the missile is hit and damaged, this may not be enough to destroy it entirely or to alter its course. Even in the case of a direct hit, the missile or fragments from it may still impact the intended target, particularly if the final interception distance is short. This is especially true if the gun fires [[Kinetic projectile|kinetic-energy]]-only projectiles.<ref>Discovery Channel  Discovery Channel Science Top 10 Weapon: Fire Power</ref>

===Comparison table===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" summary="Characteristics of modern CIWS"
|+ Comparison
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid #999; "
!
! style="text-align:center;" | [[DARDO]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Tony DiGiulian |url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNIT_4cm-70_Breda.htm |title=Italy 40 mm/70 (1.57") Breda |publisher=Navweaps.com |access-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102044034/http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNIT_4cm-70_Breda.htm |archive-date=2015-01-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Goalkeeper CIWS|Goalkeeper]]
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Kashtan CIWS|Kashtan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/east-european-navies-vessels-ships-equipment/russian-navy-vessels-ships-equipment/weapons-a-systems/123-kashtan-kashtan-m-kashtan-lr-cads-n-1-close-in-weapon-system-ciws-.html|access-date=2020-07-10|website=www.navyrecognition.com|title=Kashtan Kashtan-M Kashtan Кортик экспортное наименование "Каштан" CADS-N-1 Palma Palash Пальма close in weapon system CIWS Russian Navy Technology datasheet pictures photos video specifications|archive-date=2011-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011192439/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/east-european-navies-vessels-ships-equipment/russian-navy-vessels-ships-equipment/weapons-a-systems/123-kashtan-kashtan-m-kashtan-lr-cads-n-1-close-in-weapon-system-ciws-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun|Millennium]]{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Phalanx CIWS|Phalanx]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Dan Petty |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=800&ct=2 |title=The US Navy - Fact File |publisher=Navy.mil |access-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104081016/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=800&ct=2 |archive-date=2014-11-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Type 730 CIWS|Type 730]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web|script-title=zh:偶军航母上的蜂窝制造者是国产11管近防炮,射速可达每分钟1万发......偶早在2009年就知道鸟 - 飞扬军事 - 信息资讯 - 军事主题 - 骑鲸蹈海|url=http://www.fyjs.cn/viewarticle.php?id=335595|website=兄弟|access-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112012413/http://www.fyjs.cn/viewarticle.php?id=335595|archive-date=12 November 2013|language=zh|date=May 18, 2011}}</ref>
![[Aselsan GOKDENIZ|Gökdeniz]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOKDENIZ CIWS |url=https://www.aselsan.com.tr/GOKDENIZ_CloseIn_Weapon_System_1178.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidency of Defence Industries |url=https://www.ssb.gov.tr/urunkatalog/en/106/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |archive-date=2019-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122030313/https://www.ssb.gov.tr/urunkatalog/en/106/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
![[OSU-35K]]
|-
!Origin
|Italy
|Netherlands
|Russia
|Switzerland
|United States
|China
|Turkey
|Poland
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Image
| [[File:2014.3.19 해군 2함대 천안함 4주기 해상기동 훈련 Republic of Korea Navy 2nd Fleet Command (13370378983).jpg|frameless|100px]] 
| [[File:Goalkeeper CIWS Gun Opens Fire During Exercise at Sea MOD 45151583.jpg|frameless|100px]]
| [[File:Кортик_на_корвете_Стерегущий.jpg|frameless|100px]]
| [[File:Oerlikon_Millennium_35_mm_Naval_Revolver_Gun_Systems_on_HDMS_Absalon_(L16).jpg|frameless|100px]]
| [[File:Phalanx_CIWS_-_ID_060817-N-8547M-014.jpg|frameless|100px]]
| [[File:Handan (579) Frigate - Type 1130 CIWS - Side View.jpg|frameless|100px]]
| [[File:2022-04-27 Gokdeniz 001.jpg|frameless|100px]]
| [[File:OSU-35K MSPO 2023.png|frameless|100px]]

|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Weight
| {{convert|5500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|9902|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|15500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3300|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|6200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|9800|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| ?
|{{convert|3300|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Armament 
| {{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on}} 2 barreled [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|Bofors 40 mm]]
| {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} 7 barreled [[GAU-8]] Gatling Gun
| x2 {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} 6 barreled [[GSh-6-30]] rotary auto cannon
8 × [[9K22 Tunguska#Missiles|9M311K]] + 32 missiles
| {{convert|35|mm|in|abbr=on}} 1 barreled [[Oerlikon Millennium 35 mm Naval Revolver Gun System]]
| {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} 6 barreled [[M61 Vulcan]] Gatling Gun
| {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} 7 barreled Gatling Gun
|{{convert|35|mm|in|abbr=on}} 2 barreled [[Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon]]
|{{convert|35|mm|in|abbr=on}} 1 barreled Oerlikon KDA autocannon
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Rate of fire
| 600/900 rounds per minute
| 4,200 rounds per minute
| 10,000 rounds per minute (5,000 per gun)
1–2 (salvo) missiles per 3–4 sec
| 200/1000 rounds per minute
| 4,500 rounds per minute
| 5,800 rounds per minute
|1,100 rounds per minute (550 per gun)
|550 rounds per minute
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | (effective/ flat-trajectory) Range
| {{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3500|m|ft|abbr=on}} 
| Missiles: 1,500–10,000 m (4,900–32,800&nbsp;ft)<br/>Guns: 300–5,000 m (980–16,400&nbsp;ft)
| {{convert|3500|m|ft|abbr=on}} 
| {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|ATOM 35mm:<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATOM 35mm Airbusrt Ammunition |url=https://aselsan.com.tr/en/capabilities/land-and-weapon-systems/smart-munition-and-active-protection-systems/atom-35mm-airburst-ammunition }}</ref> 4,000 metres (13,000&nbsp;ft)
|FAPDS: {{convert|5000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
ABM:
{{convert|3500|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Ammunition storage 
| 736 rounds
| 1,190 rounds
| 2 × 2,000 rounds
| 252 rounds
| 1,550 rounds
| 640 or 2 × 500 rounds (depending on model)
| ?
|2 × 100 rounds
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Muzzle velocity 
| {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second 
| {{convert|1109|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second 
| 960–1100&nbsp;m/s (3,150-3,610&nbsp;ft/s)
| {{convert|1050|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second / {{convert|1175|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second 
| {{convert|1100|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second
| {{convert|1100|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second
|1,020&nbsp;m/s (3,300&nbsp;ft/s)
|FAPDS: {{convert|1440|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
ABM:
{{convert|1050|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Elevation
| −13 to +85 degrees
| −25 to +85 degrees 
| ?
| −15 to +85 degrees
| −25 to +85 degrees 
| −25 to +85 degrees
| ?
|−10 to +85 degrees
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Speed in elevation
| 60 degrees per second
| 100 degrees per second
| 50 degrees per second
| 70 degrees per second
| 115 degrees per second
| 100 degrees per second
| ?
|?
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Traverse
| 360 °  
| 360 °  
| 360 ° 
| 360 °
| 360 °
| 360 °
|360 °
|360 °
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | Speed in traverse
| 90 degrees per second
| 100 degrees per second
| 70 degrees per second
| 120 degrees per second
| 115 degrees per second
| 100 degrees per second
| ?
|?
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | In service
| ?
| 1980
| 1989
| 2003
| 1980
| 2007
|2019
|2022
|}

==Missile systems==
[[File:Palma-SU CIWS on Vietnamese Gepard 3.9 frigate Trần Hưng Đạo.jpg|thumb|Similar to [[Kashtan CIWS]] and [[Pantsir-M]], the Russian-designed Palma CIWS is also a combination of rapid-firing rotary cannons and short-range surface-to-air missiles such as the [[9M337 Sosna-R]].]]
A missile-based CIWS comprises a combination of radars and computers connected to either a rotating, automatically aimed launcher mount or [[vertical launching system]]. Examples of missile-based CIWS in operational service are:

* [[9M337 Sosna-R]]
* [[HQ-10|HQ-10 / FL-3000N]]
* [[Pantsir-M|Pantsir-M missile system]]
* [[RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile]]
* [[Sea Oryx]]
* [[Tor missile system]]

==Land-based==
CIWS are also used on land in the form of [[Pantsir missile system|Pantsir]] and [[Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar|C-RAM]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usi-inc.net/23.html |title=Home - a Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) |access-date=2009-12-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042707/http://www.usi-inc.net/23.html |archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> On a smaller scale, ''[[active protection system]]s'' are used in some [[tank]]s (to destroy [[rocket propelled grenade]]s (RPGs), and several are in development. The [[Drozd]] system was deployed on [[Soviet Naval Infantry]] tanks in the early 1980s, but later replaced by [[explosive reactive armour]]. Other systems that are available or under development are the Russian [[Arena (active countermeasures system)|Arena]], Israeli [[TROPHY Active Protection System|Trophy]], American [[Quick Kill active protection system|Quick Kill]] and South African-Swedish [[LEDS-150]].

==Laser systems==
[[Laser Weapon System|Laser-based CIWS]] systems are being researched. In August 2014 an operational prototype was deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard {{USS|Ponce|LPD-15|6}}.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-14/u-s-navy-deploys-its-first-laser-weapon-in-the-persian-gulf.html?hootPostID=94e130e1e7fc30541915dec039384948 U.S. Navy Deploys Its First Laser Weapon in the Persian Gulf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129014658/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-14/u-s-navy-deploys-its-first-laser-weapon-in-the-persian-gulf.html?hootPostID=94e130e1e7fc30541915dec039384948 |date=2014-11-29 }} - Bloomberg.com, 14 November 2014</ref> The [[Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey]] ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu'', TÜBİTAK) is the second organisation after the US to have developed and tested a High Power Laser CIWS prototype System which is intended to be used on the [[TF-2000 class frigate]] and on Turkish airborne systems.<ref>{{cite news|last=Insinna |first=Valerie |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/warfare/2015/02/14/turkey-laser-weapon-indigenous-tubitak-test/23291513/ |title=turkey-laser-weapon-indigenous-tubitak-test |publisher=Defensenews.com |date=2015-02-14 |access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://times.am/?p=107408&l=en |title=Turkey creates laser weapon |date=19 January 2015 |publisher=Times.am |access-date=2016-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220032233/http://times.am/?p=107408&l=en |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/headlines/153303/turkey-aims-to-second-us-in-using-laser-as-military-weapon |title=Turkey aims to second US in using laser as military weapon &#124; General &#124; Worldbulletin News |publisher=Worldbulletin.net |date=2015-01-19 |access-date=2016-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213120345/http://www.worldbulletin.net/headlines/153303/turkey-aims-to-second-us-in-using-laser-as-military-weapon |archive-date=2016-12-13 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{commons category|Close-in weapon system}}

[[Category:Close-in weapon systems|*]]
[[Category:Anti-aircraft guns]]
[[Category:Naval anti-aircraft guns]]
[[Category:Naval surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Weapons countermeasures]]