Editing Close-mid back rounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨o⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=o
|ipa number=307
|decimal=111
|x-sampa=o
|braille=o
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x006F.svg
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

[[File:Spectrogram of close-mid back rounded vowel (IPA o).png|thumb|Spectrogram of {{IPA|[o]}}]]

The '''close-mid back rounded vowel''', or '''high-mid back rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound used in some spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|o}}.

==Close-mid back protruded vowel==
The '''close-mid back protruded vowel''' is the most common variant of the close-mid back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|o}}, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for protrusion in the IPA, the symbol for the close-mid back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;̫}}, can be used as an ''ad hoc'' symbol {{angbr IPA|o̫}} for the close-mid back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|oʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɤʷ}} (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

In English, the symbol {{angbr IPA|o}} is typically associated with the vowel in the "goat", but in [[Received Pronunciation]] and [[General American]], that vowel is a [[diphthong]] whose starting point may be unrounded and more centered than {{IPA|[o]}}.

For the '''close-mid near-back protruded vowel''' that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʊ}}, see [[near-close back protruded vowel]]. If the usual symbol is {{angbr IPA|o}}, the vowel is listed here.

===Features===
{{close-mid vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{protruded vowel}}

===Occurrence===
Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded mid-high back vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}}"}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|b'''o'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[bok]}} || 'goat' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔ}}. The height varies between close-mid {{IPA|[o]}} and mid {{IPAblink|ɔ̝}}.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded mid-high back vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}}"}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] || [[Amstetten dialect]]<ref name="tm82">{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=October 2014}} || || || Contrasts close {{IPAblink|u}}, near-close {{IPAblink|o̝}}, close-mid {{IPA|[o]}} and open-mid {{IPAblink|ɔ}} back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref name="tm82"/> Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔ}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian language|'''у'''ста]]}}/usta ||{{IPA|[os̪ˈt̪a]}} || 'mouth' || Unstressed allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}}.{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|s'''ó'''c]]}} || {{IPA|[sok]}}|| 'I am'|| See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]] || Bohemian{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''o'''k'''o''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈoko]}} || 'eye' || Backness varies between back and near-back; may be realized as mid {{IPAblink|o̞}} instead.{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}} See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Johnson|2010|p=227}} || {{lang|da|[[Dano-Norwegian alphabet|k'''o'''ne]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰoːnə]}} || 'wife' || Also described as near-close {{IPAblink|o̝ː}}.{{sfnp|Uldall|1933|p=?}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=47}} See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard [[Belgian Dutch|Belgian]]{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|k'''oo'''l]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nl-kool.ogg|[koːɫ]}} || 'cabbage' || In the Netherlands often diphthongized to {{IPA|[oʊ]}}. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[English language|English]] || [[Estuary English|Estuary]] || rowspan="4" | ''[[English orthography|y'''aw'''n]]'' || rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[joːn]}} || rowspan="4" | 'yawn' || rowspan="2" | May be {{IPA|[oʊ]}} or {{IPA|[o̞ː]}} instead.
|-
|-
|[[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=310}}
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Roach|2004|p=242}} || Typically transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ɔː}}. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} || General and Broad varieties. Cultivated SAE has a more open vowel. See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| [[Indian English|General Indian]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=626}} ||rowspan="3" | [[English orthography|''g'''o''''']] ||rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɡoː]}}||rowspan="3" | 'go' ||
|-
| [[Pakistani English|General Pakistani]]{{sfnp|Mahboob|Ahmar|2004|p=1009}} || Varies between {{IPA|[oː ~ əʊ ~ ʊ]}}.
|-
| [[Singapore English|Singaporean]]{{sfnp|Deterding|2000}} ||
|-
| [[Brummie dialect|Birmingham]] and the [[Black Country dialect|Black Country]] ||rowspan="1" | [[English orthography|''c'''u'''t'']] ||rowspan="1" | {{IPA|[koʔ]}}||rowspan="1" | 'cut' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in other dialects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Urszula |title=West Midlands English: Birmingham and the Black Country |date=2013 |page=1005 |jstor=10.3366/j.ctt5hh397 |isbn=9780748641697 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt5hh397}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|t'''oo'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[toːlʲ]}} || 'chair' || See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Faroese language|Faroese]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 74–75}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|t'''o'''la]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtʰoːla]}} || 'to endure' || May be a diphthong {{IPA|[oɔː ~ oəː]}} instead.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 75}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|rés'''eau''']]}} || {{audio-IPA|Fr-Réseau-fr-Paris.ogg|[ʁezo]}} || 'network' || See [[French phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=90, 107}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''o'''der]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-oder.ogg|[ˈoːdɐ]}} || 'or' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=237}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|sond'''er'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsɞ̝nd̥oˤn]}} || 'except' || Pharyngealized; corresponds to {{IPAblink|ɐ}} in Northern Standard German. The example word is from the [[Chemnitz dialect]].{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=237}}
|-
| [[Modern Greek|Greek]] || [[Varieties of Modern Greek|Sfakian]]{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|pp=83–84}} || {{lang|el|μεταφράζ'''ω'''}} / {{Lang|el-Latn|metafrázō}}
| [metafrázo]
| 'translate'|| Corresponds to mid {{IPAblink|o̞}} in Modern Standard Greek.{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}} See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
|सोमवार
|[soːm.ʋɑːr]
|'Monday'
|See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=94}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|k'''ó'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[koːr]}} || 'disease' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''o'''mbra]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈombrä]}}|| 'shade'|| See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} || align="center" | pipo
|{{IPA|[pɪˈpo]}}|| 'toad' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ម៉ូលេគុល]]}} / {{Transliteration|km|m'''o'''lékŭl}} || {{IPA|[moːleːkul]}} || 'molecule' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|노래]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|n'''o'''rae]]}} || {{IPA|[noɾε]}} || 'song' || See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]{{sfnp|Thackston|2006a|p=1}}{{sfnp|Khan|Lescot|1970|pp=8-16}}
|[[Kurmanji|Kurmanji (Northern)]]
|r'''o'''j
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[roːʒ]}}
| rowspan="2" |'day'
| rowspan="2" |See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
|[[Sorani|Sorani (Central)]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|ر'''ۆ'''ژ]]}}/r'''o'''j
|-
| [[Latin language|Latin]] || Classical{{Sfnp|Wheelock's Latin|1956}} || {{lang|la|[[Latin orthography|s'''o'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[soːl]}} || 'sun' || 
|-
| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || Most dialects{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}} || {{lang|li|h'''oo'''f}} || {{IPA|[ɦoːf]}} || 'garden' || The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}} || {{lang|dsb|w'''o'''cy}} || {{IPA|[ˈβ̞ot̪͡s̪ɪ]}} || '(two) eyes' || Diphthongized to {{IPA|[u̯ɔ]}} in slow speech.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|S'''o'''nn}} || {{IPA|[zon]}} || 'sun' || Sometimes realized as open-mid {{IPAblink|ɔ}}.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]
|''mamp'''u'''s''
|{{IPA|[mam.pos]}}
|'die'
|Allophone of /u/ in closed-final syllables. May be [{{IPA link|ʊ}}] or [{{IPA link|o̞}}] depending on the speaker. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|'''ഒ'''ന്ന്
|{{IPA|[on̪ːɨ̆]}}
|'one'
|See [[Malayalam phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|दोन 
|[doːn]
|'two'
|See [[Marathi phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
|''sad'''o'''''
|{{IPA|[sädoː]}}
|'all'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mpade language|Mpade]]{{sfnp|Allison|2006}} || {{lang|mpi|sk'''o'''}} || {{IPA|[sko]}} || 'field' ||
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || Most dialects{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp|Popperwell|2010|p=26}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|l'''o'''v]]}} || {{IPA|[loːʋ]}} || 'law' || The quality varies among dialects; in [[Urban East Norwegian]], it has been variously described as close-mid back {{IPA|[oː]}}{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}} and mid {{IPAblink|o̞ː}},{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}{{sfnp|Popperwell|2010|p=26}} in [[Stavangersk]] it is a close-mid near-back {{IPA|[o̟ː]}},{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=17}} whereas in Telemark it is a back open-mid vowel {{IPAblink|ɔː}}.{{sfnp|Popperwell|2010|p=26}} In some dialects it is replaced by the diphthong {{IPA|[ɑʊ]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]] ||لاک‌پشت/lakpošt ||{{IPA|[lɒkˈpoʃt]}} ||'turtle'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|d'''o'''d'''ô''']]}}||{{IPA|[doˈdo]}}|| '[[dodo]]'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Polish language|Polish]]
|[[Polish orthography|''wi'''o'''śnie'']]
|[ˈvʲoɕɲɛ]
|'spring'
|Allophone of /ɔ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|[[Romanian orthography|''ac'''o'''l'''o''''']]
|[aˈkolo]
|'there'
|See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}} || {{lang|stq|d'''oa'''lje}} || {{IPA|[ˈdo̟ːljə]}} || 'to calm' || Near-back; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔː}}. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to {{IPA|/ʊ/}} ({{IPAblink|ʊ|ʊ̞}}). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|oː}} is actually near-close {{IPAblink|o̝ː}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Shiwiar language|Shiwiar]]{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}} || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}}.{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || Some speakers{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=92}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|telef'''ó'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɛ̝lɛ̝foːn]}} || 'telephone' || Realization of {{IPA|/ɔː/}} reported to occur in dialects spoken near the river [[Ipeľ]], as well as - under Hungarian influence - in some other speakers. Corresponds to mid {{IPAblink|ɔ̝ː}} in standard Slovak.{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=92}} See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]] || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|m'''o'''j]]}} || {{IPA|[mòːj]}} || 'my' || See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sotho language|Sotho]]{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} || {{lang|st|[[Sotho orthography|p'''o'''ntsho]]}} || {{IPA|[pʼon̩t͡sʰɔ]}} || 'proof' || Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} See [[Sotho phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || {{lang|es|cami'''ó'''n}} || {{IPA|[kaˈmjon]}} || 'truck' || See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''å'''ka]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|sv-åka.ogg|[²oːkä]}} || 'travel' || Often diphthongized to {{IPA|[oə̯]}}. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|мол'''о'''дь]]}}/molod' || [ˈmɔlodʲ] || 'youth'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=20}} || {{lang|hsb|B'''ó'''h}} || {{IPA|[box]}} || 'god' || Diphthongized to {{IPA|[u̯ɔ]}} in slow speech.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=32–33}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|n'''o'''s
|[noːs]
|'night'
|See [[Welsh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]{{sfnp|Tiersma|1999|p=10}} || {{lang|fy|b'''o'''k}} || {{IPA|[bok]}} || 'billy-goat' || See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
| [[Wu Chinese]] || [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || [[wiktionary:瓜#Pronunciation|瓜]]/kò ||{{IPA|[ko˩]}} || 'melon' || Specifically in Shanghainese. Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}} || ''egba mi '''o''''' || [egba mi o]
| 'help'||
|}

==Close-mid back compressed vowel==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Close-mid back compressed vowel
|ipa symbol = o͍
|ipa symbol2 = ɤᵝ
|ipa symbol3 = o̜
|ipa symbol4 = ɤ̹
}}

There is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|ɤ͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɤ]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|ɤᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɤ]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;͍ }} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angbr IPA|o͍}} as an ''ad hoc'' symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Only [[Wu Chinese]] is known to contrast it with the more typical ''protruded'' (endolabial) close-mid back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}

===Features===
{{close-mid vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{compressed vowel}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Wu Chinese]]|| [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || [[wiktionary:都#Etymology 1|都]]/tè ||{{IPA|[tɤᵝ˩]}} || 'capital' || Specifically in Shanghainese. Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|o}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Close-mid vowels]]
[[Category:Back vowels]]
[[Category:Rounded vowels]]