Editing Close-mid back unrounded vowel

{{For|the Cyrillic letter that looks similar|Uk (Cyrillic)}}
{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɤ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɤ
|ipa number=315
|decimal=612
|xsampa=7
|kirshenbaum=o-
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0264.svg
|imagesize=150px
|braille=256
|braille2=o
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

[[File:Spectrogram of close-mid back unrounded vowel (IPA ɤ).png|thumb|Spectrogram of {{IPA|[ɤ]}}]]

The '''close-mid back unrounded vowel''', or '''high-mid back unrounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some spoken [[language]]s. Its symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is {{angbr IPA|ɤ}}, called "ram's horn." This symbol is distinct from the symbol for the [[voiced velar fricative]], {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}, which has a [[descender]], but some texts<ref>Such as {{Harvcoltxt|Booij|1999}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Nowikow|2012}}.</ref> use this symbol for the voiced velar fricative.

Before the [[1989 IPA Convention]], the symbol for the close-mid back unrounded vowel was {{angbr|[[Image:IPA Unicode 0x0264 baby gamma.svg]]}}, sometimes called "baby gamma", which has a flat top; this symbol was in turn derived from and replaced the inverted [[Small caps|small capital]] A, ⟨<span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">{{IPA|ᴀ}}</span>⟩, that represented the sound before the [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1928 revisions|1928 revision]] to the IPA.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinte00inteuoft|title=The principles of the International Phonetic Association|last=International Phonetic Association|date=1912|publisher=Paris, Association Phonétique Internationale|pages=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofinte00inteuoft/page/10 10]}}</ref> The symbol was ultimately revised to be {{angbr|[[Image:IPA Unicode 0x0264.svg]]}}, "ram's horn", with a rounded top, in order to better differentiate it from the [[Latin gamma]] {{IPAalink|ɣ}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nicholas|first=Nick|title=Greek-derived IPA symbols|url=http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_interloping.html#ipa|work=Greek Unicode Issues|location=University of California, Irvine|year=2003|access-date=2013-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219023133/http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_interloping.html#ipa|archive-date=2013-12-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Unicode]] provides {{unichar|0264|LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN|html=}}, but in some fonts this character may appear as a "baby gamma" instead. The [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|superscript IPA]] version is {{unichar|10791|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL RAMS HORN}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}</ref> As of Unicode {{Unicode version|version=16.0}}, there exists a capital ram's horn at {{Unichar|A7CB}} {{angbr|[[Image:Unicode 0xA7CB.svg]]}}.

==Features==
{{close-mid vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{unrounded vowel}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]]
| {{lang|akl|sa'''e'''amat}}
| {{IPA|[saɤamat]}}
| 'thanks'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
| {{lang|ba-Cyrl|[[Bashkir_language#Orthography|туғ'''ы'''ҙ]]}}/{{lang|ba-Latn|[[Bashkir_language#Orthography|tuğ'''ï'''ð]]}}
| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-туғыҙ.ogg|[tuˈʁɤð]}}
| 'nine'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Biak language|Biak]]{{sfn|van den Heuvel|2006|p=26}}
|'''''o'''res''
|{{IPA|[ɤres]}}
|'stand'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|''б'''ъ'''з''
|{{IPA|[bɤs]}}
|'elderflower'
|
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
| {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters| 餓]]}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|'''è''']]}}
| {{IPA|[ɤ˥˩]}}
| 'hungry'
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[English language|English]]
| [[Cape Flats English|Cape Flats]]{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}}
| rowspan="4" | [[English orthography|''f'''oo'''t'']]
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[fɤt]}}
| rowspan="4" | 'foot'
| Possible realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}}; may be {{IPAblink|u}} or {{IPAblink|ʉ}} instead.{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Mesthrie|2004|p=956}}
| Possible realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}}; may be a weakly rounded {{IPAblink|ʊ}} instead.{{sfnp|Mesthrie|2004|p=956}} See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| [[Geordie]]
| Usual realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}}. See [[Geordie|Geordie phonology]]
|-
| [[Brummie dialect|Birmingham]] and [[Black Country dialect|The Black Country]]
| Corresponds to {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in most other dialects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trudgill |first1=P |last2=Chambers |first2=J |title=Dialectology |date=1998 |page=110 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511805103 |isbn=978-0-521-59378-6 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dialectology/3B5DB46311E1C43A8B15003717350F58}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}}
| {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|k'''õ'''rv]]}}
| {{IPA|[kɤrv]}}
| 'ear'
| Can be close-mid central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} or close back {{IPAblink|ɯ}} instead, depending on the speaker.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}} See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Gayo language|Gayo]]{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}}
| {{lang|gay|kul'''e'''}}
| {{IPA|[kuˈlɤː]}}
| 'tiger'
| Close-mid or mid; one of the possible allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Iaai language|Iaai]]{{Sfnp|Maddieson|Anderson|1994|p=164}}
|''l'''öö'''''
| {{IPA|[lɤː]}}
| 'banana leaf'
|-
| [[Irish language|Irish]]
| [[Ulster Irish|Ulster]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ní Chasaide|1999|pp=114–115}}</ref>
| {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|'''U'''ladh]]}}
| {{IPA|[ɤl̪ˠu]}}
| 'Ulster'
| See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}}
| align="center" | mo
|{{IPA|[ˈᵐbɤ]}}
| 'tail'
| Varies between back {{IPA|[ɤ]}} and central {{IPAblink|ɘ}}{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 682}}
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [[Gyeongsang dialect]]
| {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|거기]]}}/{{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|g'''eo'''gi]]}}
| {{IPA|[ˈkɤ̘ɡɪ]}}
| 'there'
| See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|मत
|{{IPA|[mɤːt̪]}}
|'opinion'
|See [[Marathi phonology]]
|-

| [[Northern Tiwa]]
| [[Taos dialect]]
| align="center" | mânpəumán
|{{IPA|[ˌmã̀ˑˈpɤ̄u̯mã̄]}}
| 'it was squeezed'
| May be central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} instead. See [[Taos phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Samogitian dialect|Samogitian]]
| {{lang|sgs|'''õ'''lgs}}
| {{IPA|[ˈɤːl̪ˠgs]}}
| 'long'
| May be central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} instead.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic]]
| {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|d'''oi'''rbh]]}}
| {{IPA|[d̪̊ɤɾʲɤv]}}
| 'difficult'
| See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]] 
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
|[[Lemko language|Lemko variety]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Lang|rue|час'''ы'''}}
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|[t͡ɕaˈsɤ]}}
| rowspan="3" |'times'
| rowspan="3" |Used only in place of etymological praslavic sound ''*y''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-02 |title=Фонетика :: Русинська Вебкнига |url=http://www.ruwega.com/news/fonetika/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602001057/http://www.ruwega.com/news/fonetika/ |archive-date=2016-06-02 |url-status=usurped |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref>
|-
|Prešov variety
|-
|Subcarpathian variety
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Thai language|Thai]]{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=25}}
| {{lang|gd|[[Thai alphabet|'''เ'''ธ'''อ''']]}}/[[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|''th'''oe''''']]
| {{IPA|[tʰɤː]}}
| 'you'
|
|-
|colspan=2|[[Yaqay language|Yaqay]]
| {{lang|jaq|kh'''o'''r'''o'''}}
| {{IPA|[xɤrɤ]}}
| 'frog'
| Uncommon pronunciation of {{IPA|/o/}}.
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Asu |first1=Eva Liina |last2=Teras |first2=Pire |year=2009 |title=Estonian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=367–372 |doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Booij |first=Geert |title=The phonology of Dutch |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-823869-X}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Eades |first1=Domenyk |title=Gayo |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=107–115 |year=2006 |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002416 |last2=Hajek |first2=John |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Finn |first=Peter |title=A handbook of varieties of English |volume=1: Phonology |pages=934–984 |year=2004 |editor-last1=Schneider |editor-first1=Edgar W. |editor-last2=Burridge |editor-first2=Kate |editor-last3=Kortmann |editor-first3=Bernd |editor-last4=Mesthrie |editor-first4=Rajend |editor-last5=Upton |editor-first5=Clive |chapter=Cape Flats English: phonology |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017532-0}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=van den Heuvel |first=Wilco |title=Biak: Description of an Austronesian language of Papua |date=2006 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1871/10282 |hdl=1871/10282}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble |journal=Anais do SETA |volume=3 |pages=675–685 |year=2009 |url=http://www.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/seta/article/view/557/474 |place=Campinas |publisher=Editora do IEL-UNICAMP}}
* {{cite book |last=Mesthrie |first=Rajend |title=A handbook of varieties of English |volume=1: Phonology |pages=953–963 |year=2004 |editor-last=Schneider |editor-first=Edgar W. |editor-last2=Burridge |editor-first2=Kate |editor-last3=Kortmann |editor-first3=Bernd |editor-last4=Mesthrie |editor-first4=Rajend |editor-last5=Upton |editor-first5=Clive |chapter=Indian South African English: phonology |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017532-0}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Maddieson |first1=Ian |title=Phonemic Structures of Iaai |journal=UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics |volume=87: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II |pages=163–182 |year=1994 |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~vanderso/Iaai.pdf |place=Los Angeles |publisher=UCLA |last2=Anderson |first2=Victoria}}
* {{cite book |last=Ní Chasaide |first=Ailbhe |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association |pages=111–16 |year=1999 |chapter=Irish |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-63751-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Nowikow |first=Wieczysław |title=Fonetyka hiszpańska |year=2012 |edition=3rd |place=Warsaw |publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN |isbn=978-83-01-16856-8 |orig-year=First published 1992}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tingsabadh |first1=M. R. Kalaya |title=Thai |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=24–28 |year=1993 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004746 |last2=Abramson |first2=Arthur S.|s2cid=242001518 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɤ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Close-Mid Back Unrounded Vowel}}
[[Category:Close-mid vowels]]
[[Category:Back vowels]]
[[Category:Unrounded vowels]]