Editing Close back rounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨u⟩ in IPA}}
{{Redirect|/u/|users on Reddit|Reddit#Users and moderators{{!}}Reddit § Users and moderators}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=u
|ipa number=308
|decimal=117
|x-sampa=u
|braille=u
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0075.svg
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

The '''close back rounded vowel''', or '''high back rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[Vowel diagram|vowel]] sound used in many spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|u}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is&nbsp;<code>u</code>.

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with [[roundedness|protruded]] lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

{{IPA|[u]}} [[alternation (linguistics)|alternates]] with [[labio-velar approximant]] {{IPA|[w]}} in certain languages, such as [[French language|French]], and in the [[diphthong]]s of some languages, {{IPA|[u̯]}} with the [[non-syllabic]] diacritic and {{IPA|[w]}} are used in different [[phonetic transcription|transcription]] systems to represent the same sound.

==Close back protruded vowel==
The '''close back protruded vowel''' is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|u}} (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic]] for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;̫}}, can be used as an ad hoc symbol {{angbr IPA|u̫}}. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|uʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɯʷ}} (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

===Features===
{{close vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{protruded vowel}}
[[File:IPA u Sagittal Section.svg|thumb|left|upright|[[Sagittal plane|Sagittal section]] of a vocal tract pronouncing {{angbr IPA|u}}. Note that a wavy [[glottis]] in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.]]
{{Clear}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=2, 5}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|b'''oe'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[bu̜k]}} || 'book' || Only weakly rounded.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=5}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Standard]]{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=38}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|جنوب]]|rtl=yes}}/ǧanuub ||{{IPA|[d͡ʒaˈnuːb]}} || 'south' || See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|դուռ]]}}/dur ||{{IPA|[dur]}} || 'door' || 
|-
| [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] || [[Amstetten dialect]]<ref name="tm82">{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}</ref> || '''u'''nd || {{IPA|[und̥]}} || 'and' || Contrasts close {{IPA|[u]}}, near-close {{IPAblink|o̝}}, close-mid {{IPAblink|o}} and open-mid {{IPAblink|ɔ}} back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref name="tm82"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|л'''у'''д]]}}/lud ||{{IPA|[ɫut̪]}} || 'crazy' || See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|s'''u'''c]]}} || {{IPA|[s̺uk]}} || 'juice' || See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|pp=110–111}}{{sfnp|Duanmu|2007|pp=35–36}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|土]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|t'''ǔ''']]}} || {{IPA|[tʰu˨˩˦]}}|| 'earth' || See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
| [[Cantonese]]{{sfnp|Zee|1999|pp=59–60}} || {{lang|yue|[[Chinese characters|夫]]}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|f'''ū''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Yue-fu1.ogg|[fuː˥]|help=no}} || 'man' || See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
| [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|瓜]]}}/ku ||{{IPA|[ku˩]}} || 'melon' || Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
|[[Cyrillic script|'''у'''рам]]
|{{IPA|[uˈram]}}
|'street'
|
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=46}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish and Norwegian alphabet|d'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[tu]}} || 'you' || See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|v'''oe'''t]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nl-voet.ogg|[vut]|help=no}} || 'foot' || Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=344}}{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=65}} || rowspan="2" | ''[[English orthography|b'''oo'''k]]'' || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[buk]}} || rowspan="2" | 'book' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʊ}} in other accents. See [[Australian English phonology]]
|-
| [[Cape Flats English|Cape Flats]]{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} || May be advanced to {{IPAblink|ʉ}}, or lowered and unrounded to {{IPAblink|ɤ}}.{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| Cultivated [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} || rowspan="9" | ''[[English orthography|b'''oo'''t]]'' || rowspan="7" | {{IPA|[bu̟ut]}}|| rowspan="9" | 'boot' || rowspan="2" | Typically [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|more front]] than [[cardinal vowels|cardinal]] {{IPA|[uw]}}. See [[White South African English phonology]] and [[American English phonology]].
|-
| [[General American]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}}
|-
| [[Geordie]]{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}} || May be central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} instead.
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Irish]]<ref>{{cite book|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology|editor=Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider |author=Raymond Hickey |publisher=De Gruyter|year=2004|pages=91}}</ref> || Realized as central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} in [[Ulster English|Ulster]].
|-
| Some [[Multicultural London English|Multicultural London]] speakers{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=91}} || More commonly front {{IPAblink|yː}}.
|- 
| Conservative [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Roach|2004|p=242}} || Realized as central {{IPAblink|ʉ}} in modern RP.
|-
| [[Welsh English|Welsh]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=135}}
|-
| [[Pakistani English|Pakistani]]{{sfnp|Mahboob|Ahmar|2004|p=1007}} || {{IPA|[buːʈ]}}
|-
|[[New York City English|Greater New York City]]<ref>{{cite book|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology|editor=Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider |author=Raymond Hickey |publisher=De Gruyter|year=2004|pages=287}}</ref> || {{IPA|[buːt]}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|title=The Atlas of North American English|date=2006}} chpt. 17</ref>
|-
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]<ref name="victoriauniv">{{cite web|title=NZE Phonology|page=3|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington|url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/research/projects/grinze-archived/publications/NZE_PhonologyPW.pdf}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} || ''[[English orthography|treac'''le''']]'' || {{IPA|[ˈtɹ̝̊iːku]}} || 'treacle' || Possible realization of the unstressed vowel {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.<ref name="victoriauniv"/>{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} Corresponds to {{IPA|/əl/}} in other accents. See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|s'''u'''le]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsule̞]}} || 'feather' (gen. sg.) || See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=60, 66}}{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish orthography|k'''u'''kka]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkukːɑ]}}|| 'flower'|| See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Faroese language|Faroese]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 74}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|g'''u'''lur]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkuːlʊɹ]}} || 'yellow' || See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''où''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Où.ogg|[u]|help=no}} || 'where' || See [[French phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|pp=261–262}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian language#Writing system|გ'''უ'''და]]}}/guda ||{{IPA|[ɡudɑ]}}||'leather bag'||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=87, 107}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|F'''u'''ß]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-Fuß.ogg|[fuːs]|help=no}} || 'foot' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Many speakers{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|St'''u'''nde]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃtundə]}} || 'hour' || The usual realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Modern Greek|Modern]] Standard{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=28}}{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|π'''ου''']]}} / [[Romanization of Greek|''pou'']] || {{IPA|[pu]}} || 'where' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian alphabet|'''ú'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[uːt̪]}} || 'way' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=60}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Einarsson|1945|p=10}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Gussmann|2011|p=73}}</ref>|| {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|þ'''ú''']]}}|| {{IPA|[θ̠u]}}|| 'you' || See [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
|[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation|url=http://mylanguages.org/indonesian_alphabet.php|access-date=2021-05-17|website=mylanguages.org}}</ref>
|Standard Indonesian
|''[[Indonesian Spelling System|'''u'''nta]]''
|[unta]
|'camel'
|See [[Indonesian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|t'''u'''tto]]}}||{{IPA|[ˈt̪ut̪t̪o]}}|| 'all', 'everything' || See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} || {{IPA|}}|| [ˈndukːi] ||'in the belly'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || т'''у'''ған/''tuğan'' || {{IPA|[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪]}} || 'native' || Transcribed phonemically as {{angbr IPA|ʊw}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ភូមិ]]}} / {{Transliteration|km|ph'''u'''mĭ}} || {{IPA|[pʰuːm]}} || 'village' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|눈]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|n'''u'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[nuːn]}}|| 'snow'|| See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]{{sfnp|Thackston|2006a|p=1}}{{sfnp|Khan|Lescot|1970|pp=8-16}}<ref>Fattah describes the sound as being ''voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116)''.</ref>
|[[Kurmanji|Kurmanji (Northern)]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|ç'''û''']]}}
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|[tʃʰuː]}}
| rowspan="3" |'wood'
| rowspan="3" |See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
|[[Sorani|Sorani (Central)]]
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|چ'''وو''']]}}/ç'''û'''
|-
|[[Palewani|Palewani (Southern)]]
|-
| [[Latin]] || [[Classical Latin|Classical]]{{sfnp|Wheelock's Latin|1956}} || {{lang|la|[[Latin orthography|s'''u'''s]]}} || {{IPA|[suːs]}} || 'pig' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} || {{lang|li|sj'''oe'''n}} || {{IPA|[ʃu̟n]}} || 'beautiful' || Back{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} or near-back,{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} depending on the dialect. The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}} || {{lang|dsb|z'''u'''b}} || {{IPA|[z̪up]}} || 'tooth' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|L'''uu'''cht}} || {{IPA|[luːχt]}} || 'air' || See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]
|'''''u'''bat''
|{{IPA|[u.bät]}}
|'medicine'
|See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|{{Lang|ml|'''ഉ'''പ്പ്}}
|{{IPA|upːɨ̆}}
|'Salt'
|See [[Malayalam phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=62, 66–67}} || {{lang|mn-Cyrl|[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|'''үү'''р]]}}/üür ||{{IPA|[uːɾɘ̆]}}|| 'nest'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mpade language|Mpade]]{{sfnp|Allison|2006}} || {{lang|mpi|k'''u'''s'''u'''m'''u'''}} || {{IPA|[kusumu]}} || 'mouse' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nogai language|Nogai]] || {{lang|nog|с'''ув'''}} ||{{IPA|[suː]}}|| 'water'||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]]
|[[Persian orthography|د'''و'''ر]]/dur
|[duɾ]
|'far'
|See [[Persian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|b'''u'''k]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-buk.ogg|[buk]|help=no}} || 'beech tree' || Also represented orthographically by {{angbr|ó}}. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|t'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtu]}} || 'you'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]]{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=18}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''u'''n'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈun̪u]}} || 'one' || See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=67}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''у'''зкий]]}}/uzkiy/uzkij ||{{Audio-IPA|Ru-узкий.ogg|[ˈus̪kʲɪj]|help=no}} || 'narrow' || See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] || [[Scottish Gaelic orthography|'''''ù'''bhlan'']] || {{IPA|[ˈuːl̪ˠən]}} || 'apples' || Normal realisation of {{IPA|/uː/}} in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants; {{IPA|/uː/}} elsewhere fronted to {{IPAblink|ʉː}} or {{IPAblink|yː}}.<ref name="SGDS">{{Cite web|title=Aspiration|url=https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424000221/https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9 |archive-date=2021-04-24 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=75–76}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|д'''у'''га]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|d'''u'''ga]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪ǔːɡä]}} || 'rainbow' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Shiwiar language|Shiwiar]]{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}} || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|c'''u'''rable]]}} || {{IPA|[kuˈɾäβ̞le̞]}} || 'curable' || See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sotho language|Sotho]]{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} || {{lang|st|[[Sotho orthography|t'''u'''mo]]}} || {{IPA|[tʼumɔ]}} || 'fame' || Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} See [[Sotho phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Swahili language|Swahili]]
|{{lang|sw|'''u'''bongo}}
|[ubongo]
|'brain'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
|{{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|'''u'''tang]]}}
|[ˈʔutɐŋ]
|'debt'
|
|-
| [[Thai language|Thai]] || Standard{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=24}} || ชลบุรี/chonb'''u'''ri || style="text-align:center;" |{{Audio-IPA|th-chonburi.ogg|[tɕ͡ʰōn.bū.rīː]}} || '[[Chonburi Province|Chonburi]]' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=11}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''u'''zak]]}} || {{IPA|[uˈz̪äk]}} || 'far' || See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=64, 68}} || {{lang|udm-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''у'''рэтэ]]}}/urėtė ||{{IPA|[urete]}} || 'to divide' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} ||{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|р'''у'''х]]}}/rukh ||{{IPA|[rux]}}|| 'motion'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=20}} || {{lang|hsb|ž'''u'''k}} || {{IPA|[ʒuk]}} || 'beetle' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|| {{Lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|دُ'''و'''ر]]|rtl=yes}}/dur
|| {{IPA|[duɾ]}}
|| 'far'
|| See [[Urdu phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|m'''w'''g
|[muːɡ]
|'smoke'
|See [[Welsh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]
|j'''û'''n
|[juːn]
|'evening, tonight'
|See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}} || itọju || [itɔju]
|  ||
|-
| [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || ''gd'''u''''' || {{IPA|[ɡdu]}} || 'all' ||
|}

==Close back compressed vowel==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Close back compressed vowel
|ipa symbol = u͍
|ipa symbol2 = ɯᵝ
|ipa symbol3 = u̜
|ipa symbol4 = ɯ̹
}}
Some languages, such as [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], have a close back vowel that has a distinct [[roundedness#Types of rounding|type of rounding]], called ''compressed'' or ''exolabial''.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=295}} Only [[Shanghainese]] is known to contrast it with the more typical ''protruded'' (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}

There is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|ɯ͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɯ]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|ɯᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɯ]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;͍ }} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angbr IPA|u͍}} as an ''ad hoc'' symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

===Features===
{{close vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{compressed vowel}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|都]]}}/tub ||{{IPA|[tɯᵝ˩]}} || 'capital' || Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} || {{lang|ja|[[Japanese orthography|空気]]}} / {{Transliteration|ja|[[Romanization of Japanese|k'''ū'''ki]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|ja-kuuki.ogg|[kɯ̟ᵝːki]|help=no}} || 'air' || Near-back; may be realized as central {{IPAblink|ɨᵝ}} by younger speakers.{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lizu language|Lizu]]{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[<sup>F</sup>mɯ̟ᵝ]}}{{clarify|date=January 2019}} || 'feather' || Near-back.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}<ref>While {{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979}} does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Haugen|1974|p=40}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=16}}) state explicitly that it is compressed.</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|m'''o'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[mɯᵝːt]}} || 'courage' || The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]], in which the vowel can be diphthongized to {{IPA|[ɯᵝə̯]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''o'''r'''o''']]}} || {{IPA|[²ɯᵝːrɯᵝː]}} || 'unease' || Often realized as a sequence {{IPA|[ɯᵝβ̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɯᵝβ]}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} (hear the word: {{Audio-IPA|Sv-oro.ogg|[²ɯᵝβrɯᵝβ]|help=no}}). See [[Swedish phonology]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
* [[Close central compressed vowel]]
* [[Close front protruded vowel]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|25em}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
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