Editing Cluj-Napoca

{{short description|City and county seat of Cluj County, Romania}}
{{redirect-multi|3|Cluj|Clus|Klausenburg|the county|Cluj County|the Hasidic dynasty|Klausenburg (Hasidic dynasty)|other uses|Cluj (disambiguation)|and|Clus (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}{{Use British English|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Romania]]
| timezone           = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset         = +2
| timezone_DST       = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +3
| image_map          = Cluj jud Cluj.svg
| map_caption        = Location in Cluj County
| pushpin_map        = Romania
| pushpin_mapsize    = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Romania
| image_shield       = ROU CJ Cluj-Napoca CoA.png
| shield_size        = x95px
| nickname           = Treasure City<br/><!--
  -->({{langx|ro|Orașul Comoară}};<ref name="Clujeanul-2007">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2007 |title=Portretul unui oraș |url=http://old.clujeanul.ro/cotidian/nocache/articol/Time_out/Portretul_unui_oras.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824222158/http://old.clujeanul.ro/cotidian/nocache/articol/Time_out/Portretul_unui_oras.html |archive-date=24 August 2010 |access-date=2008-10-09 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref><br/><!--
  -->{{langx|hu|Kincses Város}})<ref name="UFI-2004">{{Cite web |date=December 2004 |title=A kincses város |url=http://www.ufi.hu/index.php?site=cikkr&c0id=167 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902050111/http://ufi.hu/index.php?site=cikkr&c0id=167 |archive-date=2 September 2008 |access-date=2008-10-09 |publisher=UFI |language=hu}}</ref>
| official_name      = Cluj-Napoca
| other_name         = 
| native_name        = 
| image_skyline      = {{Multiple image
  | align  = center
  | border = infobox
  | perrow = 1/2/2/1
  | total_width = 250px
  | image1 = Romania-2382 - View from Hotel (7794313314).jpg
  | caption1 = Cluj-Napoca panorama
  | image2 = 
  | caption2 = 
  | image3 = Sf.Mihail at night.jpg
  | caption3 = [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]]
  | image4 = Casa Matei.jpg
  | caption4 = [[Matthias Corvinus House]]
  | image5 = Opera romana si teatrul national cluj-napoca - 2019iunie -2.jpg
  | caption5 = [[Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca|Romanian National Opera]]
  | image6 = Cluj City Walls, Tailors Bastion 2012-020.JPG
  | caption6 = [[Cluj-Napoca Tailor's Bastion | Bethlen Bastion]]
  | image7 = Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai.jpg
  | caption7 = [[Babeș-Bolyai University]]
  }}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Counties of Romania|County]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Cluj County]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Subdivisions of Romania|Status]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[County seat]]
| settlement_type    = [[Municipiu|City]]
| leader_title       = Mayor {{no bold|(2024&ndash;2028)}}
| leader_name        = [[Emil Boc]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results of the 2020 local elections |url=https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009164915/https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021 |publisher=Central Electoral Bureau |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| leader_party       = [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|PNL]]
| established_title  = Attested
| established_date   = 1213 (first official record as ''Clus'')
| area_total_km2     = 179.5
| area_total_sq_mi   = 69.3
| area_metro_km2     = 1537.5
| elevation_m        = 340
| population_as_of   = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]]
| population_total   = 286,598
| population_footnotes = <ref name="INSSE-2023">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021 |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] |language=ro}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 1,597
| pop_est_as_of      = 
| population_est     = 
| population_metro_footnotes = (2011)
| population_metro   = 411,379<ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Rezultate definitive ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011 – analiza |url=http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/files%5Cdeclaratii%5CAnaliza_serii%20date_RPL2011.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504103421/http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/files%5Cdeclaratii%5CAnaliza_serii%20date_RPL2011.doc |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=2013-07-05 |publisher=Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate}}</ref>
| coordinates        = {{coord|46|46|N|23|35|E|region:RO|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type   = [[List of postal codes in Romania|Postal Code]]
| postal_code        = 400xyz{{efn-lr|x, y, and z are digits that indicate the street, part of the street, or even the building of the address}}
| area_code          = [[Romania telephone area codes|+40 x64]]{{efn-lr|x is a digit indicating the operator: 2 for the former national operator, [[Romtelecom]], and 3 for the other ground telephone networks}}
| blank_name         = [[Romanian car number plates|Car Plates]]
| blank_info         = CJ{{efn-lr|used just on the plates of vehicles that operate only within the city limits (such as [[trolley bus]]es, [[trams]], utility vehicles, [[All-terrain vehicle|ATVs]], etc.)}}
| footnotes          = {{notelist-lr}}
| website            = {{URL|primariaclujnapoca.ro}}
}}

'''Cluj-Napoca''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|uː|ʒ|n|æ|ˌ|p|oʊ|k|ə}} {{respell|KLOOZH-na-POH-kə}}; {{IPA|ro|ˈkluʒ naˈpoka|lang|Cluj-napoca.ogg}}), or simply '''Cluj''' ({{langx|hu|Kolozsvár}} {{IPAc-hu|AUD|Kolozsvár.ogg|ˈ|k|o|l|o|zs|v|á|r}}, {{langx|de|Klausenburg}}), is a city in northwestern [[Romania]]. It is the second-most populous city in the country<ref name="INSSE-2023" /> and the seat of [[Cluj County]]. Geographically, it is roughly equidistant from [[Bucharest]] ({{cvt|445|km|0|disp=semicolon}}), [[Budapest]] ({{cvt|461|km|0|disp=semicolon}}) and [[Belgrade]] ({{cvt|483|km|0|disp=semicolon}}). Located in the [[Someșul Mic]] river valley, the city is considered the unofficial capital of the [[Historical regions of Romania|historical province]] of [[Transylvania]]. For some decades prior to the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], it was the official capital of the [[Grand Principality of Transylvania]].

{{As of|2021}}, 286,598 inhabitants live in the city.<ref name="INSSE-2023" /> The [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]] had a population of 411,379 people,<ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="CJ Cluj">{{Cite web |title=Zona Metropolitana Urbana |url=http://www.cjcluj.ro/zona-metropolitana-urbana/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531014252/http://www.cjcluj.ro/zona-metropolitana-urbana/ |archive-date=31 May 2009 |access-date=25 May 2009 |publisher=CJ Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> while the population of the [[peri-urbanisation|peri-urban]] area is approximately 420,000.<ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="Cluj County Council">{{Cite web |title=Zona Metropolitană Urbană și Strategii de Dezvoltare a Zonei Metropolitane Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.cjcluj.ro/zona-metropolitana-urbana/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114084040/http://www.cjcluj.ro/zona-metropolitana-urbana/ |archive-date=14 November 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj County Council |language=ro}}</ref> According to a 2007 estimate, the city hosted an average population of over 20,000 students and other non-residents each year from 2004 to 2007.<ref name="Foaia Transilvană-2008">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2008 |title=Wanted: clujeanul verde |url=http://www.ftr.ro/wanted-clujeanul-verde-2898.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511000054/http://www.ftr.ro/wanted-clujeanul-verde-2898.php |archive-date=11 May 2008 |access-date=2008-05-12 |publisher=Foaia Transilvană |language=ro}}</ref> The city spreads out from [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]] in [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|Unirii Square]], built in the 14th century and named after [[Michael (archangel)|the Archangel Michael]], Cluj's [[patron saint]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catedrala "Sf. Mihail" |url=http://www.clujonline.com/ro/catedrala_sf_mihail.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322072926/http://www.clujonline.com/ro/catedrala_sf_mihail.htm |archive-date=22 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujonline.com |language=ro}}</ref> The municipality covers an area of {{convert|179.52|km2|sqmi}}.

Cluj experienced a decade of decline during the 1990s, its international reputation suffering from the policies of its mayor at the time, [[Gheorghe Funar]].<ref name="Financial Times-2008">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2008 |title=Cluj: Buzz grips university town |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/97363fb4-ea07-11dc-b3c9-0000779fd2ac.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/97363fb4-ea07-11dc-b3c9-0000779fd2ac.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=2008-03-13 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> In the early 21st century, the city is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, [[Babeș-Bolyai University]], with its [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden|botanical garden]], nationally renowned cultural institutions such as the [[Cluj-Napoca National Theatre|National Theatre]] and [[Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca|Opera]], as well as the largest Romanian-owned commercial bank.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=December 2007 |title=Five alive – New regions – Five territories to watch |url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/Five-alive--New-regions/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305075420/http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/Five-alive--New-regions/ |archive-date=2008-03-05 |access-date=2008-03-12 |magazine=Monocle |volume=1 |issue=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexandra Groza |date=8 January 2008 |title=Presa britanică: "Clujul, campion mondial la dezvoltare" |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/presa-britanica-clujul-campion-mondial-la-dezvoltare-2327155 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504173100/http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/presa-britanica-clujul-campion-mondial-la-dezvoltare-2327155 |archive-date=4 May 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref> Cluj-Napoca held the titles of [[European Youth Capital]] in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |title=cluj2015.eu |url=http://www.cluj2015.eu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217004901/http://www.cluj2015.eu/ |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |website=www.cluj2015.eu}}</ref> and European City of Sport in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raluca Sas |date=6 December 2017 |title=Cluj-Napoca a câștigat titlul de "Oraș European al Sportului 2018" |url=http://www.monitorulcj.ro/sport/61381-cluj-napoca-a-castigat-titlul-de-%E2%80%9Coras-european-al-sportului-2018%E2%80%9D#sthash.VPsNBXo6.dpbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102021/http://www.monitorulcj.ro/sport/61381-cluj-napoca-a-castigat-titlul-de-%E2%80%9Coras-european-al-sportului-2018%E2%80%9D#sthash.VPsNBXo6.dpbs |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=monitorulcj.ro |language=ro}}</ref> In 2021, the city joined the [[UNESCO]] [[Creative Cities Network]] and was named a UNESCO [[City of Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cluj-Napoca |url=https://citiesoffilm.org/cluj-napoca/ |access-date=2024-04-08}}</ref>

==Etymology==

===Napoca===
On the site of the city was a [[List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia|pre-Roman settlement]] named ''Napoca''. After the AD 106 [[Roman Dacia|Roman conquest of the area]], the place was known as ''Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca''. Possible etymologies for ''Napoca'' or ''Napuca'' include the names of some [[Dacian tribes]] such as the ''Naparis'' or ''Napaei'', the Greek term ''napos'' (νάπος), meaning "timbered valley" or the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European root]] ''*snā-p-'' ([[Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|Pokorny]] 971–972), "to flow, to swim, damp".<ref>Lukács 2005, p.14</ref>

===Cluj===
[[File:Tiperit en Klus.JPG|thumb|Romanian inscription of a religious book: "Printed in Klus in the year of our Lord 1703" (translated).]]

The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the [[Medieval Latin]] name ''Castrum Clus''.<ref name="Clujeanet-2">{{Cite web |title=O istorie inedită a Clujului – Cetatea coloniștilor sași |url=http://clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/03-colonistii_sasi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130171551/http://clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/03-colonistii_sasi.htm |archive-date=30 January 2008 |access-date=2008-03-16 |publisher=ClujNet.com |language=ro}}</ref> Despite the fact that ''Clus'' as a county name was recorded in the 1173 document ''Thomas comes Clusiensis'',<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.32 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> it is believed that the county's designation derives from the name of the ''[[castrum]]'', which might have existed prior to its first mention in 1213, and not vice versa.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> With respect to the name of this camp, there are several hypotheses about its origin. It may represent a derivation from the [[Latin]] term ''clausa&nbsp;–&nbsp;clusa'', meaning "closed place", "strait", "ravine".<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> Similar meanings are attributed to the [[Slavic languages|Slavic term]] ''kluč'', meaning "a [[Spring (hydrology)|key]]"<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> and the German ''Klause&nbsp;–&nbsp;Kluse'' (meaning "mountain pass" or "[[weir]]").<ref name="Gaal-2000">{{Cite web |last=Gaal |first=György |date=19 July 2000 |title=Kolozsvári kronológia – Kolozsvár kétezer esztendeje dátumokban |url=http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2000/0sep-19.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207090923/http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2000/0sep-19.htm |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Szabadság |language=hu}}</ref> The Latin and Slavic names have been attributed to the valley that narrows or closes between hills just to the west of [[Mănăștur|Cluj-Mănăștur]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> An alternative proposal relates the name of the city to its first magistrate, ''Miklus''&nbsp;–&nbsp;''Miklós'' / ''Kolos''.<ref name="Gaal-2000"/>

The [[Hungarian language|Hungarian form]] ''Kolozsvár'', first recorded in 1246 as ''Kulusuar'', underwent various [[phonetic change]]s over the years (''uar'' / ''vár'' means "castle" in Hungarian); the variant ''Koloswar'' first appears in a document from 1332.<ref name="Asztalos-2003">{{Cite web |last=Asztalos |first=Lajos |date=4 August 2003 |title=Kolozsvár neve |url=http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2003/08/3aug-04.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207090427/http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2003/08/3aug-04.htm |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Szabadság |language=hu}}</ref> Its [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxon]] name ''Clusenburg''/''Clusenbvrg'' appeared in 1348, but from 1408 the form ''Clausenburg'' was used.<ref name="Asztalos-2003"/> The [[Romanian language|Romanian name]] of the city used to be spelled alternately as ''Cluj'' or ''Cluș'',<ref name="Szabó-2007">{{Cite web |last=Szabó |first=Attila m. |title=Dicționar de localități din Transilvania |url=http://dictionar.referinte.transindex.ro/index.php3?action=betu&betu=k&kezd=60&co=nemet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822094410/http://dictionar.referinte.transindex.ro/index.php3?action=betu&betu=k&kezd=60&co=nemet |archive-date=22 August 2010 |access-date=2008-03-15 |language=ro}}</ref> the latter being the case in [[Mihai Eminescu]]'s ''Poesis''.

Other historical names for the city, all related to or derived from "Cluj" in different languages, include [[Latin language|Latin]] ''Claudiopolis'', [[Italian language|Italian]] ''Clausemburgo'',<ref>''Le Vie d'Italia'', vol. 46/1940, issues 7-12, p. 1172</ref> [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''Kaloşvar''<ref>Gönül Pultar, ''Kimlikler lütfen: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde kültürel kimlik arayışı ve temsili'', p. 62. Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık, 2009, {{ISBN|978-994-434478-4}}</ref> and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] קלויזנבורג ''Kloyznburg'' or קלאזין ''Klazin''.<ref name="Szabó-2007"/>

===Current official name===
Napoca, the pre-Roman and Roman name of ancient settlements in the area of the modern city, was added to the historical and modern name of Cluj during [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s national-communist dictatorship as part of his myth-making efforts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pippidi |first=Andrei |author-link=Andrei Pippidi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olpKYhgrS48C&pg=PA466 |title=Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe: Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |year=2006 |isbn=9781571816412 |editor-last=Jerzy W. Borejsza |page=466 |chapter=Historical Memory and Legislative Changes in Romania |access-date=14 October 2021 |editor-last2=Klaus Ziemer}}</ref> This happened in 1974, when the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist authorities]] made this nationalist gesture with the goal of emphasising the city's pre-Roman roots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=George W. White |title=Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1999 |isbn=0-8476-8467-9 |editor-last=Herb |editor-first=Guntram Henrik |page=275 |chapter=Transylvania: Hungarian, Romanian, or Neither? |access-date=2021-10-15 |editor-last2=David H. Kaplan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikVCJQIJsNoC&pg=PA275}}</ref><ref name="National Institute of Statistics">{{Cite web |title=Cluj-Napoca. Istoric |url=http://www.clujonline.com/ro/istoric.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219101645/http://www.clujonline.com/ro/istoric.htm |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Clujonline.com |language=ro}}</ref> The full name of "Cluj-Napoca" is rarely used outside of official contexts.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.xxi</ref>

===Nickname===
The nickname "treasure city" was acquired in the late 16th century, and refers to the wealth amassed by residents, including in the precious metals trade.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.39 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> The phrase is ''kincses város'' in Hungarian,<ref name="UFI-2004"/><ref>{{Citation |last=Bunta |first=Magda |title=A kolozsvári ötvöscég középkori pecsétje |work=Folia Archaeologica |pages=151–154 |year=1970 |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/07500/07523/07523.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016230902/http://mek.oszk.hu/07500/07523/07523.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-16 |url-status=live |language=hu}}</ref> given in Romanian as ''orașul comoară''.<ref name="Clujeanul-2007"/>

==History==
{{Main|History of Cluj-Napoca|Timeline of Cluj-Napoca}}

===Roman Empire===
[[File:Part of Tabula Peutingeriana centered around present day Transylvania.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Napoca on the [[Roman Dacia]] fragment of the 1st–4th century AD [[Tabula Peutingeriana]] (upper centre){{sfn|Bunbury|1879|p=516}}]]
The [[Roman Empire]] conquered [[Dacia]] in AD 101 and 106, during the rule of [[Trajan]], and the Roman settlement Napoca, established about 106, is first recorded on a [[Milliarium of Aiton|milestone]] discovered in 1758 in the vicinity of the city.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-10">Lazarovici ''et al.'' 1997, pp. 202–03 (6.2 Cluj in the Old and Ancient Epochs)</ref> Trajan's successor [[Hadrian]] granted Napoca the status of ''[[municipium]]'' as ''municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napocenses''. Later, in the second century AD,<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 17 (2.7 Napoca romană)</ref> the city gained the status of a ''[[colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'' as ''Colonia Aurelia Napoca''. Napoca became a provincial capital of [[Dacia Porolissensis]] and thus the seat of a [[promagistrate|procurator]]. The ''colonia'' was evacuated in 274 by the Romans.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-10"/> There are no references to urban settlement on the site for the better part of a millennium thereafter.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.89</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{Quote box
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| quote = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]] 1000–1526<br />{{flagicon image|Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg}} [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]] 1526–1570<br />{{flagicon image|Arms of Transylvania in Cod. icon. 391.svg}} [[Principality of Transylvania (disambiguation)|Principality of Transylvania]] 1570–1804<br />{{flag|Austrian Empire}} 1804–1867<br />{{flagicon|Hungary|1896}} [[Austria-Hungary]] 1867–1918 <small>(''de jure'' Hungary [[Treaty of Trianon|until 1920]])</small><br />{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} 1920–1940 <small>(''de facto'' [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|from 1918]] to 1940)</small><br />{{flag icon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] 1940–1945<br />{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} 1945–1947<br />{{flag|Romanian People's Republic}} 1947–1965<br />{{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}} 1965–1989<br />{{flag|Romania}} 1989–present}}
[[File:Cluj by Joris Hoefnagel, 1617 (v2).jpg|thumb|left|''"Claudiopolis, Coloswar vulgo Clausenburg, Transilvaniæ civitas primaria"''. Gravure{{ref label|a|a|none}} of Cluj by Georg Houfnagel (1617)]]
At the beginning of the [[Middle Ages]], two groups of buildings existed on the current site of the city: the wooden fortress at [[Mănăștur|Cluj-Mănăștur]] (''Kolozsmonostor'') and the civilian settlement developed around the current ''Piața Muzeului'' (Museum Place) in the city centre.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/><ref>Alicu 2003, p.9</ref> Although the precise date of the conquest of Transylvania by the [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] is not known, the earliest Hungarian artifacts found in the region are dated to the first half of the tenth century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |title=Românii în opera Notarului Anonim |publisher=Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundația Culturală Română |year=2001 |isbn=973-577-249-3 |location=Cluj-Napoca}}</ref> In any case, after that time, the city became part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] made the city the seat of the [[Counties of Hungary (1000–1920)#Royal counties (late tenth century – late 13th century)|castle county]] of Kolozs, and King Saint [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] founded the abbey of Cluj-Mănăștur (''Kolozsmonostor''), destroyed during the [[Tatars|Tatar]] invasions in 1241 and 1285.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> As for the civilian colony, a castle and a village were built to the northwest of the ancient Napoca no later than the late 12th century.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> This new village was settled by large groups of [[Transylvanian Saxons]], encouraged during the reign of Crown Prince [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen]], Duke of Transylvania.<ref name="Clujeanet-2"/> The first reliable mention of the settlement dates from 1275, in a document of King [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]], when the village (''Villa Kulusvar'') was granted to the Bishop of Transylvania.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-1997">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 204 (6.3 Medieval Cluj)</ref> On 19 August 1316, during the rule of the new king, [[Charles I of Hungary]], Cluj was granted the status of a city ([[Latin language|Latin]]: ''civitas''), as a reward for the Saxons' contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian [[voivode]], [[Ladislaus Kán]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-1997"/>

The couple buried together and known as the [[Lovers of Cluj-Napoca]] are believed to have lived between 1450 and 1550.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lugli |first=Federico |last2=Di Rocco |first2=Giulia |last3=Vazzana |first3=Antonino |last4=Genovese |first4=Filippo |last5=Pinetti |first5=Diego |last6=Cilli |first6=Elisabetta |last7=Carile |first7=Maria Cristina |last8=Silvestrini |first8=Sara |last9=Gabanini |first9=Gaia |last10=Arrighi |first10=Simona |last11=Buti |first11=Laura |date=2019-09-11 |title=Enamel peptides reveal the sex of the Late Antique 'Lovers of Modena' |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=13130 |bibcode=2019NatSR...913130L |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-49562-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6739468 |pmid=31511583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buried Couple Found Holding Hands - Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/819-130424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404045516/https://www.archaeology.org/news/819-130424 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=2019-11-28 |website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref>

Many craft guilds were established in the second half of the 13th century, and a patrician stratum based in commerce and craft production displaced the older landed elite in the town's leadership.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.89–90</ref> Through the privilege granted by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Luxembourg]] in 1405, the city opted out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtained the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-2">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.38 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> In 1488, King [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] (born in Kolozsvár in 1443) ordered that the centumvirate—the city council, consisting of one hundred men—be half composed from the ''homines bone conditiones'' (the wealthy people), with craftsmen supplying the other half; together they would elect the chief judge and the jury.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-2"/> Meanwhile, an agreement was reached providing that half of the representatives on this city council were to be drawn from the Hungarian, half from the Saxon population, and that judicial offices were to be held on a rotating basis.<ref name="Brubaker et al-2">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp. 90–1</ref> In 1541, Kolozsvár became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (that transformed to Principality of Transylvania in 1570) after the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] occupied the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary; a period of economic and cultural prosperity followed.<ref name="Brubaker et al-2"/> Although [[Alba Iulia]] (''Gyulafehérvár'') served as a political capital for the princes of Transylvania, [[Cluj]] (''Kolozsvár'') enjoyed the support of the princes to a greater extent, thus establishing connections with the most important centres of Eastern Europe at that time, along with [[Košice]] (''Kassa''), [[Kraków]], Prague and Vienna.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-2"/>

===16th–18th centuries===

[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg083.jpg|right|Clausenburg in the Grand Duchy of Transylvania maps, 1769–1773. Josephinische Landesaufnahme|300px|thumb]]

In terms of religion, [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant]] ideas first appeared in the middle of the 16th century. During [[Gáspár Heltai]]'s service as preacher, [[Lutheranism]] grew in importance, as did the Swiss doctrine of [[Calvinism]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 205 (6.3 Medieval Cluj)</ref> By 1571, the [[Turda]] (''Torda'') [[Transylvanian Diet|Diet]] had adopted a more radical religion, [[Ferenc Dávid]]'s [[Unitarianism]], characterised by the free interpretation of the Bible and denial of the dogma of the [[Trinity]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/> [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]] founded a Catholic [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] academy in the city in order to promote an anti-Reform movement; however, it did not have much success.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/> For a year, in 1600–1601, Cluj became part of the [[personal union]] of [[Michael the Brave]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martâniuc |first=Cristina |title=Probleme actuale ale calității de subiect de drept internațional public contemporan |url=http://www.cnaa.acad.md/files/theses/2007/5770/cristina_martiniuc_thesis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108120718/http://www.cnaa.acad.md/files/theses/2007/5770/cristina_martiniuc_thesis.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2007 |access-date=2008-03-17 |publisher=CNAA (Republic of Moldova) |language=ro |quote=În istoria poporului român, o uniune personală a fost creată în anul 1600 prin unirea politică a celor trei țări Românești – Transilvania, Moldova și Țara Românească – sub un singur domnitor: Mihai Vodă Viteazul (In the history of the Romanian people, a personal union was created in 1600 with the political union of the three Romanian countries – Transylvania, Moldova and Wallachia – under a single ruler: Michael the Brave)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ciorănescu |first=George |url=http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/pdf/52-4-102.pdf |title=Michael the Brave – Evaluations and Revaluations of the Walachian Prince |date=1 September 1976 |publisher=Radio Free Europe Research: RAD Background Report/191 |access-date=2008-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202135/http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/pdf/52-4-102.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Under the [[Treaty of Carlowitz]] in 1699, it became part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Treaty of Carlowitz |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020364/Treaty-of-Carlowitz |access-date=2008-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619174458/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020364/Treaty-of-Carlowitz |archive-date=19 June 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 17th century, Cluj suffered from great calamities, suffering from epidemics of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and devastating fires.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/> The end of this century brought the end of Turkish sovereignty, but found the city bereft of much of its wealth, municipal freedom, cultural centrality, political significance and even population.<ref name="Brubaker et al">Brubaker et al. 2006, p.91</ref> It gradually regained its important position within Transylvania as the headquarters of the Gubernium and the Diets between 1719 and 1732, and again from 1790 until the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|revolution of 1848]], when the Gubernium moved to Nagyszeben ([[Sibiu|Hermannstadt]]), present-day Sibiu).<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.42,44,68 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval; 4.1 Centru al mișcării naționale)</ref> In 1791, a group of [[Romanians|Romanian]] intellectuals drew up a petition, known as ''[[Supplex Libellus Valachorum]]'', which was sent to the Emperor in Vienna. The petition demanded the equality of the Romanian nation in Transylvania in respect to the other nations (Saxon, Szekler and Hungarian) governed by the ''[[Unio Trium Nationum]]'', but it was rejected by the Diet of Cluj.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/>

===19th century===
Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement within the principality.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-8">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.206 (6.4 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref> This erupted with the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]. The Austrian commander [[Karl von Urban]] took control of the city on 18 November 1848, following a battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=von Wurzbach |first=Constantin |title=Urban, Karl Freiherr. In: [[Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich]] (Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire) |publisher=Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei |year=1884 |volume=49 |location=Vienna |pages=118 |language=de}}</ref> Following this, the Hungarian army headed by the [[Polish people|Polish]] general [[Józef Bem]], launched an offensive into Transylvania, recapturing Klausenburg by Christmas 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bem's Campaign in Transylvania; Revolutionary Consolidation and Its Contradictions |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/370.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110194735/http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/370.html |archive-date=10 January 2009 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=MEK (Hungarian Electronic Library)}}</ref>

After the 1848 revolution, an [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutist]] regime was established, followed by a liberal regime that came to power in 1860. In this latter period, the government granted equal rights to the ethnic Romanians, but only briefly. In 1865, the Diet in Cluj abolished the laws voted in Sibiu (Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt), and proclaimed the 1848 Law concerning the Union of Transylvania with Hungary.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-8" /> [[Franz Joseph University|A modern university]] was founded in 1872, with the intention of promoting the integration of Transylvania into Hungary.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.92</ref> Before 1918, the city's only Romanian-language schools were two church-run elementary schools, and the first printed Romanian periodical did not appear until 1903.<ref name="Brubaker et al" />

After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Klausenburg and all of Transylvania were again integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary. During this time, Klausenburg was among the largest and most important cities of the kingdom and was the seat of [[Kolozs]] County. Ethnic Romanians in Transylvania suffered oppression and persecution.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-7">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.74–5 (6.4 Centru al mișcării naționale)</ref> Their grievances found expression in the [[Transylvanian Memorandum]], a petition sent in 1892 by the political leaders of Transylvania's Romanians to the Austro-Hungarian [[Kaiserlich und königlich|Emperor-King]] [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]]. It asked for equal rights with the Hungarians and demanded an end to persecutions and attempts at [[Magyarisation]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-7"/> The Emperor forwarded the memorandum to Budapest—the Hungarian capital. The authors, among them [[Ioan Rațiu]] and Iuliu Coroianu, were arrested, tried and sentenced to prison for "high treason" in Kolozsvár/Cluj in May 1894.<ref name="EDRC">{{Cite web |title=Relația dintre elite și popor în perioada memorandistă |url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/transilvania/198-254.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202136/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/transilvania/198-254.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-08 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală |language=ro |location=Cluj}}</ref> During the trial, approximately 20,000 people who had come to Cluj demonstrated on the streets of the city in support of the defendants.<ref name="EDRC"/> A year later, the King gave them pardon upon the advice of his Hungarian prime minister, [[Dezső Bánffy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ambrus Miskolczy |year=2001 |title=A modern román nemzet a "régi" Magyarországon |url=http://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/alcim_pdf2813.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720155223/http://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/alcim_pdf2813.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2010-07-29 |publisher=Rubicon |language=hu}}</ref> In 1897, the Hungarian government decided that only Hungarian place names should be used and prohibited the use of the German or Romanian versions of the city's name on official government documents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Georges Castellan |title=A history of the Romanians |publisher=Boulder: East European Monographs |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-88033-154-8 |page=148}}</ref>
[[File:Neolog synagogue Cluj.jpg|thumb|[[Cluj-Napoca Neolog Synagogue|Neolog Synagogue]] and Jewish school at the beginning of the 20th century]]
[[File:Tribunalul și Curtea de Apel.jpg|thumb|The [[Palace of Justice, Cluj-Napoca|Palace of Justice]]]]

===20th century===
[[File:1915 Kolozsvar 30filler paire Transylvania.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Pair of [[Postage stamps and postal history of Hungary|Hungarian postage stamps]] cancelled at Kolozsvár in 1915]]
[[File:Piața unirii Cluj Napoca.jpg|thumb|The New York Palace, nowadays the Continental Hotel]]
[[File:Cluj la 1930, Vedere Aeriana.jpg|thumb|Central Cluj in 1930]]
[[File:Casa Cluj.jpg|thumb|King Ferdinand Street]]
[[File:Kolozsvár.jpg|thumb|City plan of Kolozsvár, 1913]]
In the autumn of 1918, as World War I drew to a close, Cluj became a centre of revolutionary activity, headed by [[Amos Frâncu]]. On 28 October 1918, Frâncu made an appeal for the organisation of the "union of all Romanians".<ref name="Lazarovici et al-4">Lazarovici ''et al.'' 1997, p. 207 (6.4 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref> Thirty-nine delegates were elected from Cluj to attend the proclamation of the [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania]] in the [[Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia|Great National Assembly]] of [[Alba Iulia]] on 1 December 1918;<ref name="Lazarovici et al-4"/> the transfer of sovereignty was formalised by the [[Treaty of Trianon]] in June 1920.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.68</ref> The [[Interwar period|interwar years]] saw the new authorities embark on a "Romanianisation" campaign: a [[Capitoline Wolf Statue, Cluj-Napoca|Capitoline Wolf statue]] donated by Rome was set up in 1921; in 1932 a plaque written by historian [[Nicolae Iorga]] was placed on [[Matthias Corvinus]]'s statue, emphasising his Romanian paternal ancestry; and construction of an imposing [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] cathedral began, in a city where only about a tenth of the inhabitants belonged to the Orthodox state church.<ref name="Brubaker et al-3">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp. 100–1</ref> This endeavour had only mixed results: by 1939, Hungarians still dominated local economic and (to a certain extent) cultural life: for instance, Cluj had five Hungarian daily newspapers and just one in Romanian.<ref name="Brubaker et al-3"/>

In 1940, Cluj, along with the rest of [[Northern Transylvania]], became part of [[Miklós Horthy]]'s Hungary through the [[Second Vienna Award]] arbitrated by [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hupchick |first=Dennis P. |url=https://archive.org/details/conflictchaosine00hupc/page/91 |title=Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1995 |isbn=0-312-12116-4 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/conflictchaosine00hupc/page/91 91] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sulzberger |first=C.L. |date=12 July 1940 |title=Hungarians' Army Marches into Cluj; Receives a Frenzied Welcome from Magyars in Former Rumanian Territory, but Atmosphere is Tense; Officers of Occupying Troops Charge that 12 Were Slain by Retreating Force |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/09/12/archives/hungarians-army-marches-into-cluj-receives-a-frenzied-welcome-from.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133925/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/09/12/archives/hungarians-army-marches-into-cluj-receives-a-frenzied-welcome-from.html |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=2008-03-15 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> After the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 and installed a puppet government under [[Döme Sztójay]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Kenez |url=http://assets.cambridge.org/052185/766X/excerpt/052185766X_excerpt.htm |title=Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets – the establishment of the Communist regime in Hungary, 1944–1948 |date=May 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-85766-X |access-date=2008-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821073742/http://assets.cambridge.org/052185/766X/excerpt/052185766X_excerpt.htm |archive-date=21 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |url=https://archive.org/details/lyingabouthitler00evan |title=Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial |publisher=Basic Books |year=2001 |isbn=0-465-02153-0 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/lyingabouthitler00evan/page/95 95] |url-access=registration}}</ref> they forced large-scale [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] measures in the city. The headquarters of the local [[Gestapo]] were located in the New York Hotel. That May, the authorities began the relocation of the Jews to the [[Kolozsvár Ghetto|Iris ghetto]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp. 140–41 (5.2 Dictatul de la Viena – 30 August 1940)</ref> Liquidation of the 16,148 captured Jews occurred through six deportations to [[Auschwitz]] in May–June 1944.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/> Despite facing severe sanctions from the Hungarian administration, some Jews escaped across the border to Romania, with the assistance of intellectuals such as [[Emil Hațieganu]], [[Raoul Șorban]], Aurel Socol and [[Dezső Miskolczy]], as well as various peasants from Mănăștur.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/>

On 11 October 1944 the city was captured by [[Romanian Army|Romanian]] and [[Red Army|Soviet]] troops.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 1944 |title=Russians Smash on; Memel Reported Cut Off as New Drive Reaches German Frontier; Szeged, Cluj Seized; Soviet Tanks Cross Tisza, Menacing Budapest; Berlin Admits Russians Smash on Near East Prussia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/10/12/archives/russians-smash-on-memel-reported-cut-off-as-new-drive-reaches.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703081245/https://www.nytimes.com/1944/10/12/archives/russians-smash-on-memel-reported-cut-off-as-new-drive-reaches.html |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=2008-03-15 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> It was formally restored to the [[Kingdom of Romania]] by the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]] in 1947. On 24 January 6 March and 10 May 1946, the Romanian students, who had come back to Cluj after the restoration of northern Transylvania, rose against the claims of autonomy made by nostalgic Hungarians and the new way of life imposed by the Soviets, resulting in clashes and street fights.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 213 (6.5 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref>

The [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] produced a powerful echo within the city; there was a real possibility that demonstrations by students sympathising with their peers across the border could escalate into an uprising.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 153 (5.3 Perioada totalitarismului)</ref><ref>Johanna Granville, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/13734484/Romanian-Students-Reactions-to-the-Hungarian-Revolution-of-1956 "If Hope is Sin, Then We Are All Guilty: Romanian Students' Reactions to the Hungarian Revolution and Soviet Intervention, 1956–1958] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918132850/http://www.scribd.com/doc/13734484/Romanian-Students-Reactions-to-the-Hungarian-Revolution-of-1956 |date=18 September 2012}}", ''Carl Beck Paper'', no. 1905 (April 2008): 1–78.</ref> The protests provided the Romanian authorities with a pretext to speed up the process of "unification" of the local Babeș (Romanian) and Bolyai (Hungarian) universities,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ludanyi |first=Andrew |date=June 2006 |title=The Impact of 1956 on the Hungarians of Transylvania |journal=Hungarian Studies |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=93 |doi=10.1556/HStud.20.2006.1.9}}</ref> allegedly contemplated before the 1956 events.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kálmán |first=Aniszi |title=A Bolyai Tudományegyetem utolsó esztendeje: Beszélgetés dr. Sebestyén Kálmánnal |date=March 1999 |publisher=Hitel, XII, No. 3 |page=83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A romániai magyar fõiskolai oktatás: Múlt, jelen, jövõ |publisher=Jelenlét Alkotó Társaság |year=1990 |location=Cluj/Kolozsvár |page=21}}</ref> Hungarians remained the majority of the city's population until the 1960s. Then Romanians began to outnumber Hungarians,<ref name="Varga">{{Cite web |last=Varga |first=E. Árpád |title=Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája (1850–1992) |trans-title=Ethnic and denominational statistics of Transylvania (1850–1992) |url=http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/?pg=3&action=etnik&id=5290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128000722/http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/?pg=3&action=etnik&id=5290 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=2008-03-16 |language=hu}}</ref> due to the population increase as a result of the government's forced industrialisation of the city and new jobs.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-3">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp. 154,159 (5.3 Perioada totalitarismului)</ref> During the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist period]], the city recorded a high industrial development, as well as enforced construction expansion.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-3" /> On 16 October 1974, when the city celebrated 1850 years since its first mention as Napoca, the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist government]] changed the name of the city by adding "Napoca" to it.<ref name="National Institute of Statistics"/>

===1989 revolution and after===
During the [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989, Cluj-Napoca was one of the scenes of the rebellion: 26 were killed and approximately 170 injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 1996 |title=O mură în gura comisiei "Evenimentele din decembrie" |url=http://www.ceausescu.org/ceausescu_texts/revolution/catavencu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512020046/http://www.ceausescu.org/ceausescu_texts/revolution/catavencu.htm |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=2008-03-21 |publisher=[[Academia Cațavencu]] |language=ro}}</ref> After the end of totalitarian rule, the nationalist politician [[Gheorghe Funar]] became mayor and governed for the next 12&nbsp;years. His tenure was marked by strong Romanian nationalism and acts of [[ethnic]] provocation against the Hungarian-speaking minority. This deterred foreign investment;<ref name="Financial Times-2008"/> however, in [[Politics of Cluj-Napoca|June 2004]], Gheorghe Funar was voted out of office, and the city entered a period of rapid economic growth.<ref name="Financial Times-2008"/> From 2004 to 2009, the mayor was [[Emil Boc]], concurrently president of the [[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|Democratic Liberal Party]]. He went on to be elected as [[Prime Minister of Romania|prime minister]], returning as mayor in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2008 |title=Guvernul Boc a fost învestit de Parlament |url=http://www.cotidianul.ro/guvernul_boc_a_fost_investit_de_parlament-68423.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111041522/http://www.cotidianul.ro/guvernul_boc_a_fost_investit_de_parlament-68423.html |archive-date=11 January 2009 |access-date=2009-07-22 |work=Cotidianul |language=ro}}</ref><ref name="Bianca Preda-2012">{{Cite news |last=Bianca Preda |date=22 June 2012 |title=Emil Boc a depus jurământul de primar |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/Emil_Boc_a_depus_juramantul_de_primar_0_723527938.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626054139/http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/Emil_Boc_a_depus_juramantul_de_primar_0_723527938.html |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=2012-06-22 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Cluj-Napoca by Sentinel-2, 2020-07-02.jpg|left|thumb|Satellite image of Cluj-Napoca]]
[[File:Kaszinó 04.JPG|thumb|left|Old casino in the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]]]]
[[File:Banks Somes Cluj 1.jpg|thumb|The banks of the [[Someșul Mic]]]]
[[File:Cluj - Botanic Garden (22201474100).jpg|thumb|The Japanese garden within the [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden|local botanical garden]]]]
Cluj-Napoca, located in the central part of [[Transylvania]], has a surface area of {{convert|179.5|km2|sqmi}}. The city lies at the confluence of the [[Apuseni Mountains]], the Someș plateau and the Transylvanian plain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geografia județului Cluj |url=http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/rw/pages/geogr.ro.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129204044/http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/rw/pages/geogr.ro.do |archive-date=29 November 2007 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=INSSE – Direcția Regională de Statistică Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> It sprawls over the valleys of [[Someșul Mic]] and [[Nadăș River (Someș)|Nadăș]], and, to some extent over the secondary valleys of the Popești, Chintău, Borhanci and Popii rivers.<ref name="Lukács-2005"/><ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall">{{Cite web |title=Amenajarea teritoriului, urbanism, infrastructură |trans-title=Spatial planning, urbanism, infrastructure |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/docs/propiecte%20dezbateri/strategie/Anexa%2010%20-%20INFRASTRUCTURA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202135/http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/docs/propiecte%20dezbateri/strategie/Anexa%2010%20-%20INFRASTRUCTURA.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-08 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=ro}}</ref> The southern part of the city occupies the upper terrace of the northern slope of [[Feleacu|Feleac]] Hill, and is surrounded on three sides by hills or mountains with heights between {{convert|500|m|ft}} and {{convert|700|m|ft}}.<ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall"/> The Someș plateau is situated to the east, while the northern part of town includes ''Dealurile Clujului'' ("the Hills of Cluj"), with the peaks, Lombului ({{Convert|684|m|abbr=on}}), Dealul Melcului ({{Convert|617|m|abbr=on}}), Techintău ({{Convert|633|m|abbr=on}}), Hoia ({{Convert|506|m|abbr=on}}) and Gârbău ({{Convert|570|m|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Lukács-2005"/> Other hills are located in the western districts, and the hills of Calvaria and [[Cetățuia, Cluj-Napoca|Cetățuia]] (''Belvedere'') are located near the centre of city.

Built on the banks of the river Someșul Mic, the city is also crossed over by brooks or streams such as ''Pârâul Țiganilor'', ''Pârâul Popești'', ''Pârâul Nădășel'', ''Pârâul Chintenilor'', ''Pârâul Becaș'', ''Pârâul Murătorii''; ''[[Canalul Morilor, Cluj-Napoca|Canalul Morilor]]'' runs through the centre of town.<ref name="Lukács-2005">Lukács 2005, pp.9–11</ref>

A wide variety of flora grow in the [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden]]; some animals have also found refuge there. The city has a number of other parks, of which the largest is the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]]. This park was founded during the 19th century and includes an artificial lake with an island, as well as the largest casino in the city, ''Chios''. Other notable parks in the city are the [[Iuliu Hațieganu]] Park of the [[Babeș-Bolyai University]], which features some sport facilities, the [[Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu|Hașdeu]] Park, within the eponymous student housing district, the high-elevation Cetățuia, and the Opera Park, behind the building of the [[Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca|Cluj-Napoca Romanian Opera]].

===Surroundings===
[[File:View of the Turda gorge from the eastern approach, Romania, 2017.jpg|left|thumb|[[Turda Gorges]] (south-east of Cluj) seen from the west end]]
[[File:Anexa castelul Banffy.JPG|thumb|left|[[Bonțida Bánffy Castle|Bánffy Castle]] (north-east of Cluj) is currently being restored.]]
[[File:Magyargyerőmonostori utcarészlet.jpg|thumb|right|Typical rural houses in [[Mănăstireni]], west of Cluj.]]

The city is surrounded by forests and grasslands. Rare species of plants, such as [[Calypso orchid|Venus's slipper]] and [[Iris (plant)|iris]], are found in the two botanical reservations of Cluj-Napoca, ''[[Rezervația Fânațele Clujului|Fânațele Clujului]]'' and ''Rezervația Valea Morii'' ("Mill Valley Reservation").<ref>Anton et al. 1973, pp.40–1</ref> Animals such as boars, badgers, foxes, rabbits and squirrels live in nearby forest areas such as Făget and Hoia. The latter forest hosts the Romulus Vuia ethnographical park, with exhibits dating back to 1678.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Tourist Attractions |url=http://www.cjnet.ro/t/obiectur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010105124600/http://www.cjnet.ro/t/obiectur.html |archive-date=5 January 2001 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=DNT Cluj}}</ref> Various people report alien encounters in the [[Hoia Forest|Hoia-Baciu forest]], large networks of [[catacomb]]s that connect the old churches of the city, or the presence of a monster in the nearby lake of [[Lake Tarnița|Tarnița]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatar |first=Florentina |date=8 January 2008 |title=Clujul subteran |url=http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/clujul_subteran_30348.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032706/http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/clujul_subteran_30348.html |archive-date=11 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Monitorul de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Câmpan |first=Letiția |date=11 March 2008 |title=Miturile Clujului |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/miturile-clujului-2445452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426030932/http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/miturile-clujului-2445452 |archive-date=26 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref>
[[File:Salina Turda (panorama), Cluj, RO.jpg|thumb|Main gallery of [[Salina Turda]]]]
A modern, {{convert|750|m|yd|adj=on}}-long [[ski resort]] sits on Feleac Hill, with an altitude difference of {{convert|98|m|yd}} between its highest and lowest points. This ski resort offers outdoor lighting, [[artificial snow]] and a [[ski tow]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2007 |title=Pârtia Feleac, de lângă Cluj, a fost inaugurată sâmbătă |url=http://www.realitatea.net/partia-feleac-de-langa-cluj-a-fost-inaugurata-sambata_127626.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122182341/http://www.realitatea.net/partia-feleac-de-langa-cluj-a-fost-inaugurata-sambata_127626.html |archive-date=22 November 2010 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Realitatea.net |language=ro}}</ref> [[Băișoara]] [[winter resort]] is located approximately {{convert|50|km|mi}} from the city of Cluj-Napoca, and includes two ski trails, for beginner and advanced skiers, respectively: ''Zidul Mic'' and ''Zidul Mare''.<ref>András et al. 2003, p.81</ref> Two other summer resorts/spas are included in the metropolitan area, namely [[Cojocna]] and [[Someșeni]] Baths.<ref>András et al. 2003, p.131</ref>

There are a large number of castles in the countryside surroundings, constructed by wealthy medieval families living in the city. The most notable of them is the [[Bonțida Bánffy Castle]]—once known as "the [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] of Transylvania"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural tourism |url=http://www.heritagetraining-banffycastle.org/index.php?p=21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529044309/http://www.heritagetraining-banffycastle.org/index.php?p=21 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Transilvania Trust |quote=Formerly known as the Transylvanian Versailles, Bánffy castle, Bontida is one of the most beautiful historic buildings in the Carpathian basin.}}</ref>—in the nearby village of [[Bonțida]], {{convert|32|km|mi}} from the city centre. In 1963, the castle was used as a set for [[Liviu Ciulei]]'s film ''[[Forest of the Hanged]]'', which won an award at [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enache |first=Cornel |title=Castelele Romaniei (II) |url=http://www.cronicaromana.ro/index.php?art=78552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719131629/http://www.cronicaromana.ro/index.php?art=78552 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=2008-03-16 |publisher=Cronica Română |language=ro}}</ref> There are other castles located in the vicinity of the city; indeed, the castle at Bonțida is not even the only one constructed by the Bánffy family. The commune of [[Gilău, Cluj|Gilău]] features the Wass-Bánffy Castle,<ref>András et al. 2003, p.153</ref> while another Bánffy Castle is located in the [[Răscruci, Cluj|Răscruci]] area.<ref>András et al. 2003, p.92</ref> In addition, [[Nicula Monastery]], erected during the 18th century, is an important pilgrimage site in northern Transylvania. This monastery houses the renowned wonder-working [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] of Nicula.<ref name="András et al">András et al. 2003, p.142</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Românii sărbătoresc Adormirea Maicii Domnului și Ziua Marinei |url=http://www.gardianul.ro/2007/08/15/actualitate-c24/romanii_sarbatoresc_adormirea_maicii_domnului_si_ziua_marinei-s99513.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222092950/http://www.gardianul.ro/2007/08/15/actualitate-c24/romanii_sarbatoresc_adormirea_maicii_domnului_si_ziua_marinei-s99513.html |archive-date=22 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Gardianul |language=ro}}</ref> The [[icon]] is said to have wept between 15 February and 12 March 1669.<ref name="ICI">{{Cite web |title=A monastery attracts thousands of Christians |url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/turism/m_nicula.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307154643/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/turism/m_nicula.html |archive-date=7 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics}}</ref> During this time, nobles, officers, laity and clergy came to see it. At first they were sceptical, looking at it on both sides, but then humbly crossed themselves and returned home petrified by the wonder they had seen.<ref name="ICI"/> During the feast of the [[Dormition of the Theotokos]] (commemorating the death of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]]) on 15 August, more than 150,000 people from all over the country come to visit the monastery.<ref name="András et al"/>

===Climate===
Cluj-Napoca has a [[humid continental climate|warm-summer humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb''). The climate is influenced by the city's proximity to the [[Apuseni Mountains]], as well as by urbanisation. Some West-Atlantic influences are present during winter and autumn. Winter temperatures are often below {{convert|0|C|F|0}}, even though they rarely drop below {{convert|-10|C|F|0}}. On average, snow covers the ground for 65 days each winter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mediu: Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/proiecte-dezbateri/Politici_comunitare_de_mediu.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125155551/http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/proiecte-dezbateri/Politici_comunitare_de_mediu.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2007 |access-date=2008-03-21 |publisher=Primăria Cluj-Napoca |language=ro}}</ref> In summer, the average temperature is approximately {{convert|20|C|F|0}}, despite the fact that temperatures sometimes reach {{convert|35|C|F|0}} in mid-summer in the city centre. There are infrequent yet heavy and often violent storms in summer. During spring and autumn, temperatures vary between {{convert|0|C|F|0}} to {{convert|22|C|F|0}}, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.

The city has the best air quality in the European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2014 |title=Cluj-Napoca tops the list of cities with best air quality in Europe |url=http://business-review.eu/featured/cluj-napoca-tops-the-list-of-cities-with-best-air-quality-in-europe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140608124156/http://business-review.eu/featured/cluj-napoca-tops-the-list-of-cities-with-best-air-quality-in-europe/ |archive-date=8 June 2014 |website=Business-Review}}</ref> according to research published in 2014 by a French magazine and air-quality organisation that studied the EU's hundred largest cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2014 |title=Dans quelle ville européenne respire-t-on le mieux? |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2014/06/05/dans-quelle-ville-en-europe-respire-t-on-le-mieux_4433073_3244.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608155802/http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2014/06/05/dans-quelle-ville-en-europe-respire-t-on-le-mieux_4433073_3244.html |archive-date=8 June 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |work=[[Le Monde]] |language=fr}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Cluj-Napoca, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 14.1
|Feb record high C = 19.6
|Mar record high C = 26.7
|Apr record high C = 30.2
|May record high C = 32.5
|Jun record high C = 36.0
|Jul record high C = 38.0
|Aug record high C = 38.5
|Sep record high C = 34.4
|Oct record high C = 32.6
|Nov record high C = 26.0
|Dec record high C = 18.7
|year record high C = 38.5
 | Jan high C = 0.9
 | Feb high C = 4.1
 | Mar high C = 10.2
 | Apr high C = 16.6
 | May high C = 21.4
 | Jun high C = 24.9
 | Jul high C = 26.7
 | Aug high C = 27.0
 | Sep high C = 21.5
 | Oct high C = 15.6
 | Nov high C = 8.4
 | Dec high C = 1.9
 | year high C = 14.9

 | Jan mean C = -2.5
 | Feb mean C = -0.4
 | Mar mean C = 4.3
 | Apr mean C = 10.1
 | May mean C = 14.9
 | Jun mean C = 18.5
 | Jul mean C = 20.1
 | Aug mean C = 19.8
 | Sep mean C = 14.7
 | Oct mean C = 9.4
 | Nov mean C = 3.9
 | Dec mean C = -1.1
 | year mean C = 9.3

 | Jan low C = -5.2
 | Feb low C = -3.8
 | Mar low C = -0.1
 | Apr low C = 4.7
 | May low C = 9.1
 | Jun low C = 12.7
 | Jul low C = 14.2
 | Aug low C = 13.9
 | Sep low C = 9.6
 | Oct low C = 4.9
 | Nov low C = 0.6
 | Dec low C = -3.6
 | year low C = 4.8

|Jan record low C = -34.2
|Feb record low C = -32.5
|Mar record low C = -22.0
|Apr record low C = -8.4
|May record low C = -3.5
|Jun record low C = 0.4
|Jul record low C = 5.2
|Aug record low C = 0.5
|Sep record low C = -8.8
|Oct record low C = -16.8
|Nov record low C = -22.3
|Dec record low C = -27.9
|year record low C = -34.2
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 27.3
 | Feb precipitation mm = 24.8
 | Mar precipitation mm = 34.6
 | Apr precipitation mm = 51.0
 | May precipitation mm = 71.2
 | Jun precipitation mm = 91.0
 | Jul precipitation mm = 87.2
 | Aug precipitation mm = 64.7
 | Sep precipitation mm = 55.5
 | Oct precipitation mm = 45.3
 | Nov precipitation mm = 33.8
 | Dec precipitation mm = 34.0
 | year precipitation mm = 620.4

 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 6.7
 | Feb precipitation days = 6.8
 | Mar precipitation days = 7.0
 | Apr precipitation days = 8.5
 | May precipitation days = 10.1
 | Jun precipitation days = 10.6
 | Jul precipitation days = 10.0
 | Aug precipitation days = 7.1
 | Sep precipitation days = 7.6
 | Oct precipitation days = 7.0
 | Nov precipitation days = 6.5
 | Dec precipitation days = 6.9
 | year precipitation days = 94.8

|Jan snow cm = 6.0
|Feb snow cm = 11.5
|Mar snow cm = 5.8
|Apr snow cm = 1.3
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.5
|Nov snow cm = 2.6
|Dec snow cm = 5.8
|year snow cm = 33.5
| Jan snow days  =13.6
| Feb snow days  =10.3
| Mar snow days  =5.5
| Apr snow days  =1.4
| May snow days  =0
| Jun snow days  =0
| Jul snow days  =0
| Aug snow days  =0
| Sep snow days  =0.2
| Oct snow days  =0.2
| Nov snow days  =4.5
| Dec snow days  =11
| year snow days =

|Jan humidity = 87
|Feb humidity = 82
|Mar humidity = 74
|Apr humidity = 72
|May humidity = 74
|Jun humidity = 77
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 76
|Sep humidity = 78
|Oct humidity = 81
|Nov humidity = 86
|Dec humidity = 88
|year humidity = 79
| Jan dew point C =-4.3
| Feb dew point C =-4.7
| Mar dew point C =-0.3
| Apr dew point C =3.8
| May dew point C =9.1
| Jun dew point C =11.9
| Jul dew point C =12.8
| Aug dew point C =12.9
| Sep dew point C =10.2
| Oct dew point C =5.5
| Nov dew point C =0.6
| Dec dew point C =2.9

 | Jan sun = 70.2
 | Feb sun = 100.9
 | Mar sun = 159.2
 | Apr sun = 188.7
 | May sun = 230.1
 | Jun sun = 253.1
 | Jul sun = 265.7
 | Aug sun = 260.7
 | Sep sun = 190.2
 | Oct sun = 153.5
 | Nov sun = 89.4
 | Dec sun = 54.6
 | year sun = 2016.3
 | Jan light = 9 
 | Feb light = 10.3
 | Mar light = 11.9
 | Apr light = 13.6
 | May light = 15.1
 | Jun light = 15.8
 | Jul light = 15.4
 | Aug light = 14.2
 | Sep light = 12.5
 | Oct light = 10.9
 | Nov light = 9.4
 | Dec light = 8.6
 | year light= 
| Jan uv  =1
| Feb uv  =2
| Mar uv  =3
| Apr uv  =5
| May uv  =7
| Jun uv  =8
| Jul uv  =8
| Aug uv  =7
| Sep uv  =5
| Oct uv  =3
| Nov uv  =1
| Dec uv  =1
| year uv =
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (snow and Dew Point 1961–1990)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Cluj-Napoca |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/ClujNapoca_15120.csv |access-date=January 11, 2024 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite FTP |title=Cluj Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/RO/15120.TXT |server=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref> Romanian National Statistic Institute,<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Air Temperature (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum) |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210503/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=27 November 2012 |website=[[Romanian Statistical Yearbook]]: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment |publisher=Romanian National Statistic Institute}}</ref>
|source 2 =  [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity, 1973–1993),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimatafel von Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca), Siebenbürgen / Rumänien |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_151200_kt.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329153503/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_151200_kt.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-29 |access-date=23 November 2016 |website=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de}}</ref> Weather Atlas (Daylight-UV),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yearly & Monthly Weather - Cluj-Napoca, Romania |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/romania/cluj-napoca-climate |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=weather atlas |publisher=Weather Atlas}}</ref> Meteomanz (snow days 2000-2023, extremes since 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cluj-Napoca - Weather data by months |url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6240&ind=15120&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=07&y2=2024 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=meteomanz}}</ref>
|date = August 2010
}}

== Law and government ==

=== Administration ===

{{Main|Politics of Cluj-Napoca}}

{{See also|Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area}}
[[File:Emil Boc 2011-06-23.jpg|thumb|[[Emil Boc]], mayor since 2012|191x191px]]
The city government is headed by a [[List of mayors of Cluj-Napoca|mayor]].<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2">{{Cite web |title=Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321151128/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123 |archive-date=21 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Parliament of Romania |language=ro}}</ref> Since 2012, the office is held by [[Emil Boc]], who was returned at that year's [[2012 Romanian local election|local election]] for a third term, having resigned in 2008 to become [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Bianca Preda-2012" /> Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (''consiliu local'') made up of 27 elected councillors.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2" /> The city is divided into 15 districts (''cartiere'') laid out radially. City hall intends to develop local administrative branches for most of the districts.

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#ccc" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
! style="background:#ccc" | Party
! style="background:#ccc" | Seats
! colspan="16" style="background:#ccc" | Current Local Council<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=ALEGERI LOCALE 2016 Cine intră în Consiliul Local Cluj-Napoca – REZULTATE FINALE |url=http://www.monitorulcj.ro/politica-administratie/52719-alegeri-locale-2016-cine-intra-in-consiliul-local-cluj-napoca-%E2%80%93-rezultate-finale |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608132041/http://www.monitorulcj.ro/politica-administratie/52719-alegeri-locale-2016-cine-intra-in-consiliul-local-cluj-napoca-%E2%80%93-rezultate-finale |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=monitorulcj.ro}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (PNL)
| style="text-align: right" | '''16'''
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|USR PLUS}} &nbsp;
| [[Save Romania Union]] (USR)
| style="text-align: right" | '''5'''
| {{party color cell|USR PLUS}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|USR PLUS}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|USR PLUS}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|USR PLUS}} &nbsp;
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| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| [[Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians]] (UDMR/RMDSZ)
| style="text-align: right" | '''4'''
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
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| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD)
| style="text-align: right" | '''2'''
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
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{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Andrei Mureșanu, Cluj-Napoca|Andrei Mureșanu]]
* [[Bulgaria, Cluj-Napoca|Bulgaria]]
* [[Bună Ziua, Cluj-Napoca|Bună Ziua]]
* [[Centru, Cluj-Napoca|Centru]]
* [[Dâmbul Rotund]]
* [[Gheorgheni, Cluj-Napoca|Gheorgheni]]
* [[Grădinile Mănăștur]]
* [[Grigorescu, Cluj-Napoca|Grigorescu]]
* [[Gruia, Cluj-Napoca|Gruia]]
* [[Iris, Cluj-Napoca|Iris]]
* [[Între Lacuri]]
* [[Mănăștur]]
* [[Mărăști, Cluj-Napoca|Mărăști]]
* [[Someșeni]]
* [[Zorilor]]
{{div col end}}

[[File:CaleaMotilorNr1-3.JPG|thumb|[[Cluj-Napoca City Hall]]]]
Because of the last years' massive urban development, in 2005 some areas of Cluj were named as districts (Sopor, Borhanci, Becaș, Făget, Zorilor South), but most of them are still construction sites.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Hotărâre privind propuneri de atribuire denumiri strazi si cartiere in municipiul Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/phcl/7-10-2005/27.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302004936/http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/phcl/7-10-2005/27.aspx |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=ro}}</ref> Beside these, there are some other building areas like ''Tineretului'', ''Lombului'' or ''Oser'', which are likely to become districts in the following years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2007 |title=Emil Boc îl sfidează pe Tăriceanu |url=http://www.ftr.ro/emil-boc-il-sfideaza-pe-tariceanu-892.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729013944/http://www.ftr.ro/emil-boc-il-sfideaza-pe-tariceanu-892.php |archive-date=29 July 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Foaia Transilvană |language=ro}}</ref>

Additionally, as Cluj-Napoca is the capital of [[Cluj County]], the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the [[county council]] (''consiliu județean'') and the [[Prefect (Romania)|prefect]], who is appointed by Romania's central government.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2" /> The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as a liaison and facilitating the implementation of National Development Plans and governing programmes at the local level.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2" /> Like all other local councils in Romania, the Cluj-Napoca local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2" />[[File:Cluj-Napoca Districts.jpg|thumb|Map of Cluj-Napoca's districts (2007)]]

Cluj-Napoca is also the capital of the historical region of [[Transylvania]], a status that resonates to this day. Currently, the city is the largest in the [[Nord-Vest (development region)|Nord-Vest development region]], which is equivalent to [[NUTS-II]] regions in the [[European Union]] and is used by the European Union and the Romanian Government for statistical analysis and regional development. The Nord-Vest development region is not, however, an administrative entity.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2"/> The [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]] became operational in December 2008,<ref name="Ziua de Cluj-2009">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2009 |title=Asociația Metropolitană e "la cheie". Mai trebuie banii |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=20381 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209060817/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=20381 |archive-date=9 December 2012 |access-date=2009-02-11 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> and comprises a population of 411,379.<ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="Cluj County Council"/> Besides Cluj-Napoca, it includes seventeen [[Communes of Romania|communes]]: [[Aiton, Cluj|Aiton]], [[Apahida]], [[Baciu]], [[Bonțida]], [[Borșa, Cluj|Borșa]], [[Căianu]], [[Chinteni]], [[Ciurila]], [[Cojocna]], [[Feleacu]], [[Florești, Cluj|Florești]], [[Gârbău, Cluj|Gârbău]], [[Gilău, Cluj|Gilău]], [[Jucu]], [[Petreștii de Jos]], [[Tureni]] and [[Vultureni, Cluj|Vultureni]].

The executive presidium of the [[Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania]] (UDMR) and all its departments are headquartered in Cluj,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statute of the UDMR |url=http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/aboutus.php?lang=hu&menuoption=0&aboutusID=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030529084824/http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/aboutus.php?lang=hu&menuoption=0&aboutusID=2 |archive-date=29 May 2003 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania]] |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contacts of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania |url=http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/contact.php?lang=ro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514132630/http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/contact.php?lang=ro |archive-date=14 May 2003 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania |language=ro}}</ref> as are local and regional organisations of most Romanian political parties. In order to counterbalance the political influence of Transylvania's Hungarian minority, nationalist Romanians in Transylvania founded the [[Party of Romanian National Unity]] (PUNR) at the beginnings of the 1990s; the party was present in the Romanian Parliament during the 1992–1996 legislature.<ref name="PUNR">{{Cite web |title=History of PUNR |url=http://www.punr.ro/istoric.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014191152/http://www.punr.ro/istoric.htm |archive-date=14 October 2004 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Partidul Unității Națiunii Române |language=ro}}</ref> The party eventually moved its main offices to Bucharest and fell into decline as its leadership joined the ideologically similar [[Greater Romania Party|PRM]].<ref name="PUNR"/> In 2008, the ''Institute for Research on National Minorities'', subordinated to the [[Romanian Government]], opened its official headquarters in Cluj-Napoca.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2007 |title=Institutul minorităților se înființează la Cluj |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=1760 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321123616/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=1760 |archive-date=21 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref>

Eleven hospitals function in the city, nine of which are run by the county and two (for oncology and cardiology) by the [[Ministry of Public Health (Romania)|health ministry]]. Additionally, there are well over a hundred private medical cabinets and dentists' offices each.<ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall"/> In 2022, work began on an emergency hospital for the entire [[Nord-Vest (development region)|North-West region]]; the cost is estimated at over 500 million euros.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Romania's Govt. approves EUR 305 mln EIB loan for Cluj regional hospital |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/govt-approves-eib-loan-cluj-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930072632/https://www.romania-insider.com/govt-approves-eib-loan-cluj-hospital |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=romania-insider.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=A început proiectarea spitalului regional din Cluj |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-sanatate-25545510-ministerul-sanatatii-anunta-inceput-proiectarea-spitalului-regional-din-cluj-care-dura-12-luni-constructia-efectiva-dura-4-ani-semnarea-contractului-executie.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928091503/https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-sanatate-25545510-ministerul-sanatatii-anunta-inceput-proiectarea-spitalului-regional-din-cluj-care-dura-12-luni-constructia-efectiva-dura-4-ani-semnarea-contractului-executie.htm |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=hotnews.ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=A quick trip to the hospital |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/romania-regional-hospitals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930073511/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/romania-regional-hospitals |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]]}}</ref>

===Justice system===
Cluj-Napoca has a complex judicial organisation, as a consequence of its status of [[Cluj County|county]] capital. The Cluj-Napoca Court of Justice is the local judicial institution and is under the purview of the Cluj County Tribunal, which also exerts its jurisdiction over the courts of [[Dej]], [[Gherla]], [[Turda]], and [[Huedin]].<ref name="Parliament of Romania">{{Cite web |title=Law no. 92 / 4 August 1992 for the judicial organisation |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=13169 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208230505/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=13169 |archive-date=8 February 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Parliament of Romania |language=ro}}</ref> Appeals from these tribunals' verdicts, and more serious cases, are directed to the Cluj Court of Appeals. The city also hosts the county's commercial and military tribunals.<ref name="Parliament of Romania"/>

Cluj-Napoca has its own municipal police force, ''Poliția Municipiului Cluj-Napoca'', which is responsible for policing of crime within the whole city, and operates a number of special divisions. The Cluj-Napoca Police are headquartered on Decebal Street in the city centre (with a number of precincts throughout the city) and it is subordinated to the [[Romanian Police|County's Police Inspectorate]] on Traian Street.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law no. 218 / 23 April 2002: Law on the organisation and work of the Romanian Police |url=http://www.politiaromana.ro/legea_politiei.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224033407/http://www.politiaromana.ro/legea_politiei.htm |archive-date=24 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Parliament of Romania |language=ro}}</ref> City Hall has its own community police force, ''Poliția Primăriei'', dealing with local community issues. Cluj-Napoca also houses the [[Gendarmerie (Romania)|County's Gendarmerie Inspectorate]].

=== Crime ===

{{See also|Crime in Romania}}
[[File:Biserica Mihail.JPG|thumb|250px|Part of the old city centre, as viewed from Cetățuia]]

Cluj-Napoca and the surrounding area ([[Cluj County]]) had a rate of 268 criminal convictions per 100,000 inhabitants during 2006, just above the national average.<ref name="INSSE">{{Cite web |title=JUS107A – Rata criminalității (persoane condamnate definitiv la 100000 locuitori), pe regiuni de dezvoltare și județe |url=https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=JUS107A |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623153727/https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=JUS107A |archive-date=2007-06-23 |access-date=2008-05-09 |publisher=INSSE}}</ref> After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|revolution in 1989]], the criminal conviction rate in the county entered a phase of sustained growth, reaching a historic high of 429 in 1998, when it began to fall.<ref name="INSSE"/> Although the overall crime rate is reassuringly low, petty crime can be an irritant for foreigners, as in other large cities of Romania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Profile Romania 2006 |url=http://store.eiu.com/product/30000203KM-sample.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111003156/http://store.eiu.com/product/30000203KM-sample.html |archive-date=11 January 2009 |access-date=2008-05-09 |publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]}}</ref> During the 1990s, two large financial institutions, Banca Dacia Felix and [[Caritas (Ponzi scheme)|Caritas]], went bankrupt due to large-scale fraud and embezzlement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dăianu |first=Daniel |title=Strain and Economic Adjustment. Romania' Travails and Pains |url=http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002193/01/strain_and_economic_adjustment.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529105317/http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002193/01/strain_and_economic_adjustment.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-29 |access-date=2008-05-09 |publisher=Romanian Center for Economic Policies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |date=13 November 1993 |title=Pyramid Scheme a Trap for Many Romanians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/13/business/pyramid-scheme-a-trap-for-many-romanians.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614122107/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/13/business/pyramid-scheme-a-trap-for-many-romanians.html |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=2008-05-09 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Also notorious was the case of serial killer [[Romulus Vereș]], "the man with the hammer"; during the 1970s, he was charged with five murders and several [[attempted murder]]s, but never imprisoned on [[Insanity defense|grounds of insanity]]: he had [[schizophrenia]], blaming the [[Devil]] for his actions. Instead, he was institutionalised in the Ștei psychiatric facility in 1976, following a three-year [[forensic]] investigation during which four thousand people were questioned. [[Urban myth]]s brought the number of victims up to two hundred women, though the actual number was much smaller. This confusion is probably explained by the lack of attention this case received, despite its magnitude, in the Communist press of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2008 |title=Citește povestea celui mai temut criminal al Clujului: "Omul cu ciocanul" |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/citeste-povestea-celui-mai-temut-criminal-al-clujului-omul-cu-ciocanul-2394295 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301111548/http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/citeste-povestea-celui-mai-temut-criminal-al-clujului-omul-cu-ciocanul-2394295 |archive-date=1 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref>

A 2006 poll shows a high degree of satisfaction with the work of the local police department. More than half the people surveyed during a 2005–2006 poll declared themselves satisfied (62.3%) or very satisfied (3.3%) with the activity of the county police department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll organised by the Cluj Police Department |url=http://cj.politiaromana.ro/vot/poll.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015120522/http://cj.politiaromana.ro/vot/poll.php |archive-date=15 October 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj Police Department |language=ro}}</ref> The study found the highest satisfaction with car traffic supervision, the presence of officers in the street, and road education; on the negative side, corruption and public transport safety remain concerns.

Efforts made by local authorities in the Cluj-Napoca district at the end of the 1990s to reform the protection of [[children's rights]] and assistance for [[street children]] proved insufficient due to lack of funding, incoherent policies and the absence of any real collaboration between the actors involved (Child Rights Protection Directorate, Social Assistance Service within the District Directorate for Labour and Social Protection, Minors Receiving Centre, Guardian Authority within the City Hall, Police). In 2007, it was reported that there were still high numbers of street children, whose poverty and lack of documented identity brought them into constant conflict with local law enforcement.<ref name="ASIS">{{Cite web |title=Street Children and Juvenile Justice in Romania |url=http://www.streetchildren.org.uk/reports/Romania%20JJ%20report%20-%20FINAL%204.04.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627181914/http://www.streetchildren.org.uk/reports/Romania%20JJ%20report%20-%20FINAL%204.04.doc |archive-date=27 June 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher="Asociația pentru Sprijinirea Integrării Sociale" (ASIS) in partnership with "The Consortium for Street Children" |format=DOC}}</ref>

Following cooperation between the local governmental council and the [[Prison Fellowship]] Romania Foundation, [[homeless]] people, street children and [[beggar]]s are taken, identified and accommodated within the Christian Centres for Street Children and Homeless People, respectively, and the Ruhama centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acte necesare – Persoane fără adăpost |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte69.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317231110/http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte69.aspx |archive-date=17 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Primăria Municipiului Cluj-Napoca |language=ro}}</ref> The latter features a marshaling centre for beggars and street children, as well as a [[flophouse]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acte necesare – Azilul de noapte |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte70.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013081853/http://primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte70.aspx |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=ro}}</ref> As a consequence, the fluctuating movement of children, beggars and homeless people in and out of the centre has been considerably reduced, with most of the initial beneficiaries successfully integrated into the programme rather than returning to the streets.<ref name="ASIS"/>

From 2000 onwards, Cluj-Napoca has seen an increase in illegal [[streetracing|road races]], which occur mainly at night on the city's outskirts or on industrial sites and occasionally produce victims. There have been attempts to organise legal races as a solution to this problem.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Călina Berceanu |date=7 April 2005 |title=Cursele de mașini pe timp de noapte intră în legalitate |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/cursele-de-masini-pe-timp-de-noapte-intra-in-legalitate/123606 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302091609/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/cursele-de-masini-pe-timp-de-noapte-intra-in-legalitate/123606 |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:93%; width:310px; height:16px; border:0; text-align:left; line-height:120%; margin-left:10px; margin-bottom:10px"
|-
|colspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4;" height=24px|'''Historical population of Cluj-Napoca'''
|-
! Year
! Population
! %±
! Romanians
! Hungarians
|-
|1453 est.
|6,000<ref>Pascu 1974, p.102</ref>
|—
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1703
|7,500<ref name="Pascu-1974">Pascu 1974, pp.222–3</ref>
|25%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1714
|5,000<ref>Pascu et al. 1957, p.60</ref>
|−33.3%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1770
|10,500<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trócsányi |first=Zsolt |title=History of Transylvania |url=http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/286.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319212414/http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/286.html |archive-date=19 March 2011 |access-date=5 April 2012 |publisher=Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
|110%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1785
|9,703<ref name="Pascu-1974"/><ref name="Elek-1888">Jakab Elek, ''Kolozsvar Tortenete'', II, Okleveltar, Budapesta, 1888, p.750</ref>
|−7.6%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1787
|10,476<ref name="Pascu-1974"/><ref name="Elek-1888"/>
|7.9%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1835
|14,000<ref name="Pascu-1974"/><ref>Katona Lajos, ''Kolozsvar terulete es nepessege'', in "Kolozsvari Szemle", 1943, no.4, p.294</ref>
| 33.6%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1850
|19,612
|40%
|21.0%
|62.8%
|-
|1880
|32,831
|67.4%
|17.1%
|72.1%
|-
|1890
|37,184
|13.2%
|15.2%
|79.1%
|-
|1900
|50,908
|36.9%
|14.1%
|81.1%
|-
|1910 census{{ref label|b|b|none}}
|62,733
|23.2%
|14.2%
|81.6%
|-
|1920
|85,509
|36.3%
|34.7%
|49.3%
|-
|1930 census
|100,844<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brubaker |first=Rogers |date=24 September 2008 |title=Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town |url=http://www.excelentnauniverzita.sk/material/temac/brubaker/handout-Nationalist-Politics-and-Everyday-Ethnicity.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5zKdmQm3m?url=http://www.excelentnauniverzita.sk/material/temac/brubaker/handout-Nationalist-Politics-and-Everyday-Ethnicity.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2011 |access-date=2011-04-09 |publisher=National Program Excellent University}}</ref>
|17.9%
|34.6%
|47.3%
|-
|1941{{ref label|c|c|none}}{{ref label|d|d|none}}
|114,984
|14%
|9.8%
|85.7%
|-
|1948 census
|117,915
|2.5%
|40%
|57%
|-
|1956 census{{ref label|e|e|none}}
|154,723
|31.2%
|47.8%
|47.9%
|-
|1966 census
|185,663
|20%
|56.5%
|41.4%
|-
|1977 census
|262,858
|41.5%
|65.8%
|32.8%
|-
|1992 census
|328,602
|25%
|76.6%
|22.7%
|-
|2002 census
|317,953<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipiul Cluj-Napoca (data based on the 2002 census) |url=http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=819 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307114551/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=819 |archive-date=7 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Fundația Jakabffy Elemér |language=ro}}</ref>
|−3.2%
|79.4%
|19.0%
|-
|[[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]]{{ref label|f|f|none}}
|324,576<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele finale ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011 |url=http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/files%5Cdeclaratii%5CComunicat_definitive_Cluj.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504103241/http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/files%5Cdeclaratii%5CComunicat_definitive_Cluj.doc |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=2013-07-05 |publisher=Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate}}</ref><ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="INS-2013">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118131243/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=2013-07-22 |publisher=National Institute of Statistics}}</ref>
|2.1%
|81.5%
|16.4%
|-
|[[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]]
|286,598<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rezultate definitive: Caracteristici etno-culturale demografice |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-rpl-2021/rezultate-definitive-caracteristici-etno-culturale-demografice/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Recensamantromania.ro}}</ref>
|−11.7%
|84.6%
|13.9%
|-
|colspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4;" height=24px|
Source (if not otherwise specified):<br />Varga E. Árpád<ref name="Varga"/>
|}
The city's population, at the [[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]], was 286,598 inhabitants,<ref name="INSSE-2023" /> marking a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census (324,576 inhabitants). The population of the [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]] was estimated at 411,379 (2011).<ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="CJ Cluj"/> As defined by [[Eurostat]], the Cluj-Napoca [[functional urban area]] has a population of 379,733 residents ({{as of|2015|lc=y}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/data/database |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123090649/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/data/database |archive-date=23 January 2015 |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> Finally, the population of the peri-urban area numbers over 420,000 residents.<ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="Cluj County Council"/> The new [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area|metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca]] became operational in December 2008.<ref name="Ziua de Cluj-2009"/> According to the 2007 data provided by the County Population Register Service, the total population of the city is as high as 392,276 people.<ref name="Foaia Transilvană-2008"/> The variation between this number and the census data is partially explained by the real growth of the population residing in Cluj-Napoca, as well as by different counting methods: "In reality, more people live in Cluj than those who are officially registered", Traian Rotariu, director of the Centre for Population Studies, told ''Foaia Transilvană''.<ref name="Foaia Transilvană-2008"/> Moreover, this number does not include the floating population—an average of over 20 thousand people each year during 2004–2007, according to the same source.<ref name="Foaia Transilvană-2008"/>

<div style="float:left">
{{Pie chart
|thumb=left
|caption=Ethnic composition of Cluj-Napoca (2021)
|label1=[[Romanians]]|value1=84.57|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]]|value2=13.91|color2=#80ff80
|label3=[[Romani people in Romania|Romani]]|value3=0.73|color3=#80ffff
|label4=[[Germans of Romania|Germans]] <small>([[Transylvanian Saxons]])</small>|value4=0.18|color4=#ff80ff
|label5=[[Minorities of Romania|Others]]|value5=0.61|color5=#9f9f9f}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Religious composition of Cluj-Napoca (2021)
|label1=[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]]|value1=68.82|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Reformed Church in Romania|Reformed]]|value2=9.45|color2=#80ff80
|label3=[[Catholic Church in Romania|Roman Catholics]]|value3=4.69|color3=#ffff80
|label4=[[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholics]]|value4=4.61|color4=#ff80ff
|label5=[[Pentecostal Union of Romania|Pentecostals]]|value5=2.97|color5=#3fc03f
|label6=[[Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania|Baptists]]|value6=1.55|color6=#80ffff
|label7=[[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarians]]|value7=0.91|color7=#3fc0c0
|label8=[[Jehovah's Witnesses Association of Romania|Jehovah's Witnesses]]|value8=0.68|color8=#3f3fc0
|label9=Others|value9=1.35|color9=#9f9f9f
|label10=[[Irreligion|Irreligious]], [[Atheism|atheist]], and [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]|value10=4.96|color10=#555555}}
</div>

In the modern era, Cluj's population experienced two phases of rapid growth, the first in the late 19th century, when the city grew in importance and size, and the second during the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist period]], when a massive urbanisation campaign was launched and many people [[Urbanization|migrated from rural areas]] and from beyond the Carpathians to the county's capital.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.112</ref> About two-thirds of the population growth during this era was based on [[Net migration rate|net migration]] inflows; after 1966, the date of Ceaușescu's ban on abortion and contraception, [[natural increase]] was also significant, being responsible for the remaining third.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-3" />

From the [[Middle Ages]] onwards, the city of Cluj has been a multicultural city with a diverse cultural and religious life. In 1930, the city was 26.7% Reformed, 22.6% Greek Catholic, 20.1% Roman Catholic, 13.4% Jewish, 11.8% Orthodox, 2.4% Lutheran and 2.1% Unitarian.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Cluj_religie_1930.jpg |title=Populația Statornică în 1930 După Religie |publisher=Institutul Central de Statistică |volume=2, Part 2 |page=588 |language=ro |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625131120/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Cluj_religie_1930.jpg |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Contributing factors for demographic shifts were the extermination<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2006 |title=Cluj Children Survivors |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0127_Cluj-survivors.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223124826/http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/holocaust/0127_Cluj-survivors.html |archive-date=23 December 2007 |access-date=2008-04-05 |publisher=JewishGen}}</ref> and emigration<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2007 |title=Background Note: Romania |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604191232/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=2008-04-05 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> of the city's Jews, the outlawing of the Greek-Catholic Church (1948–89)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boia, Lucian |url=https://archive.org/details/romaniareaktionb00boia |title=Romania: Borderland of Europe |last2=Christian, James |publisher=Reaktion |year=2001 |isbn=1-86189-103-2 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/romaniareaktionb00boia/page/n151 150] |url-access=limited |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> and the gradual decline in the Hungarian population.

On a more historical note, the Jewish community has figured centrally in the history of Transylvania, and in that of the wider region.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.17–8</ref> They were a substantial and increasingly vibrant presence in Cluj in the modern era, contributing significantly to the town's economic dynamism and cultural flourishing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/> Although the community comprised a significant share of the town's population during the interwar era—between 13 and 15 percent<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolfgang Mueller |url=http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa500d_0x0013e44a |title=Osteuropa vom Weltkrieg zur Wende |last2=Michael Portmann |publisher=[[Austrian Academy of Sciences|ÖAW]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-7001-3791-7 |page=39 |access-date=2008-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820104915/http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa500d_0x0013e44a |archive-date=20 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>—this figure plummeted as a consequence of the [[Holocaust]] and emigration; by the 1990s only a few hundred Jews remained in Cluj-Napoca.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/>
[[File:Biserica romano-catolica sf. Mihai.jpg|thumb|left|[[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]], the city's largest [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-style]] church|225x225px]]
In the 14th century, most of the town's inhabitants and the local elite were [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxons]],<ref name="Brubaker et al-2"/> largely descended from settlers brought in by the [[King of Hungary|Kings of Hungary]] in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries<ref name="Niessen-2006">{{Cite web |last=James P. Niessen |year=2006 |title=Museums, Nationality, and Public Research Libraries in Nineteenth-Century Transylvania |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/libraries_and_culture/v041/41.3niessen.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904095224/http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/libraries_and_culture/v041/41.3niessen.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-04 |access-date=2008-05-27 |website=[[University of Texas Press]] |publisher=[[Project MUSE]] |pages=304}}</ref> to develop and defend the southern borders of the province.<ref name="Niessen-2006" /> By the middle of the next century roughly half the population had Hungarian names. In Transylvania as a whole, the Reformation sharpened ethnic divisions: Saxons became Lutheran while Hungarians either remained Catholic or became Calvinist or Unitarian. In Kolozsvár, however, the religious lines were blurred. Isolated both geographically from the main areas of German settlement in southern Transylvania<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/> and institutionally because of their distinctive religious trajectory, many Saxons eventually assimilated to the Hungarian majority over several generations. New settlers to the town largely spoke Hungarian, a language that many Saxons gradually adopted.<ref name="Brubaker et al-2"/> (In the seventeenth century, out of more than thirty royal free towns, only seven had a Hungarian majority, with Kolozsvár/Klausenburg being one of them;<ref name="Szelényi-2004">{{Cite journal |last=Szelényi |first=Balázs |date=April 2004 |title=The Dynamics of Urban Development: Towns in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Hungary |url=http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/journals/ahr/109.2/szelenyi.html#FOOT31 |url-status=dead |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |page=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913010218/http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/journals/ahr/109.2/szelenyi.html#FOOT31 |archive-date=2006-09-13 |access-date=2008-05-27}}</ref> the rest were largely German-dominated.<ref name="Szelényi-2004"/>) In this manner Kolozsvár became largely Hungarian speaking and would remain so through the mid-20th century, though 4.8% of its residents identified as German as late as 1880.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.93</ref>

The [[Romani people in Romania|Roma]] form a sizable minority in contemporary Romania, and a small but visible presence in Cluj-Napoca: self-identifying Roma in the city comprise only 1 percent of the population; yet they are a familiar presence in and around the central market, selling flowers, used clothes, and tinware.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/> They are an important object of public discourse and media representation at the national level; however, Cluj-Napoca, with its small Roma population, has not been a major focus of Roma ethno-political activity.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/> The presence of Roma in Cluj is attested at least from the 16th century. Roma who had arrived from elsewhere built huts that were considered a fire hazard; in 1585, the town council voted for their demolition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achim, Viorel |url=https://books.openedition.org/ceup/1549 |title=The Roma in Romanian History |publisher=Central European University Press |year=1998 |chapter=Chapter I. The Arrival of the Gypsies on the Territory of Romania|isbn=978-963-9241-84-8 |location=Budapest}}</ref>

===Hungarian community===
[[File:Casa Matei Corvin Cluj Napoca.JPG|thumb|[[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] Alley, facing the birthplace of the eponymous [[King of Hungary]]]]
Almost 50,000 [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] live in Cluj-Napoca. The city is home to the second-largest urban Hungarian community in Romania, after [[Târgu Mureș]],<ref name="INS-2013"/> with an active cultural and academic life: the city features a [[Hungarian Theatre of Cluj|Hungarian state theatre]] and [[Cluj-Napoca Hungarian Opera|opera]], as well as Hungarian research institutions, such as ''Erdélyi Múzeumi Egyesület'' (EME), ''Erdélyi Magyar Műszaki Tudományos Társaság'' and ''Bolyai Társaság''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiss |first=Dénes |title=Romániai magyar kulturális intézmények adatbázisa |url=http://kulturalis.adatbank.transindex.ro/?a=keres&telepules=146 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327152448/http://kulturalis.adatbank.transindex.ro/?a=keres&telepules=146 |archive-date=27 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-18 |language=hu}}</ref> With respect to religious affairs, the city houses central offices for the [[Reformed Church in Romania|Reformed]] Diocese of Transylvania, the [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarian]] Diocese and an Evangelical Lutheran Church Diocese (all of which train their clergy at the [[Protestant Theological Institute of Cluj]]). Several newspapers and magazines are published in the [[Hungarian language]], yet the community also receives public and private television and radio broadcasts (see [[Cluj-Napoca#Culture and media|Culture and media]]). {{As of|2007}}, 7,000 students attended courses in the 55 Hungarian-language specialisations at the [[Babeș-Bolyai University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Babeș-Bolyai University today |url=http://www.ubbcluj.ro/ro/publice/files/statistica.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627181915/http://www.ubbcluj.ro/ro/publice/files/statistica.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=UBB |language=ro}}</ref> [[Gheorghe Funar]], mayor of Cluj-Napoca from 1992 to 2004, was notorious for acts of ethnic provocation, bedecking the city's streets in the colours of the Romanian flag and arranging pickets outside the city's Hungarian consulate; however, tensions have subsided since.<ref name="Financial Times-2008"/> Since 2010, the [[Hungarian Cultural Days of Cluj]] festival takes place each summer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zilele Culturale Maghiare din Cluj |url=http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/zilele-culturale-maghiare-cluj-500-evenimente-concerte-plimbari-copie-barci-medievale-dezbateri-puteti-parcul-central-1_598b02e75ab6550cb8dd6f18/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328232601/http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/zilele-culturale-maghiare-cluj-500-evenimente-concerte-plimbari-copie-barci-medievale-dezbateri-puteti-parcul-central-1_598b02e75ab6550cb8dd6f18/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-28 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Cluj-Eroilor01.jpg|left|thumb|[[Eroilor Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Eroilor Avenue]], the largest and most expensive commercial street{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}]]
[[File:Ursus brewery.jpg|thumb|The [[Ursus (beer)|Ursus Brewery]], where a popular Romanian beer is produced]]
[[File:Diese Cafe Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|Promenade area in [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|Unirii Square]], where [[Scalping (trading)|scalpers]] once plied their trade]]
[[File:Cluj-Napoca King Ferdinand Bvd.jpg|thumb|[[Regele Ferdinand Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Regele Ferdinand Avenue]], another large commercial street]]

Cluj-Napoca is an important economic centre in Romania. Local brands that have become well known at a national, and to some extent even international level, include: [[Banca Transilvania]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2007 |title=Banca Transilvania se extinde în afara României |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=2193 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113163552/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=2193 |archive-date=13 January 2013 |access-date=2008-03-18 |language=ro}}</ref> [[Terapia Ranbaxy]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2013 |title=Cel mai mare producător de generice, Terapia Ranbaxy, investeşte în cercetare |url=http://adevarul.ro/sanatate/politici-bani/cel-mai-mare-producator-generice-terapia-ranbaxy--investeste-cercetare-1_5124d44200f5182b858210a3/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104072358/http://adevarul.ro/sanatate/politici-bani/cel-mai-mare-producator-generice-terapia-ranbaxy--investeste-cercetare-1_5124d44200f5182b858210a3/index.html |archive-date=4 January 2015 |access-date=2014-12-12 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref> [[Farmec]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2008 |title=Farmec clujean |url=http://www.ftr.ro/index.php?cmd=d&id=2537 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322232243/http://www.ftr.ro/index.php?cmd=d&id=2537 |archive-date=22 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-18 |publisher=Foaia Transilvană |language=ro}}</ref> [[Jolidon]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2008 |title=Jolidon: International business outperforms local one |url=http://www.zf.ro/articol_160829/jolidon__international_business_outperforms_local_one.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418082049/http://www.zf.ro/articol_160829/jolidon__international_business_outperforms_local_one.html |archive-date=18 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-18 |publisher=Ziarul Financiar}}</ref> and [[Ursus (beer)|Ursus]] [[Brewery|breweries]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2007 |title=Dieter Schulze, Ursus: Seceta scumpeste berea si majoreaza importurile de materie prima |url=http://www.zf.ro/articol_133108/dieter_schulze__ursus__seceta_scumpeste_berea_si_majoreaza_importurile_de_materie_prima.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221010109/http://www.zf.ro/articol_133108/dieter_schulze__ursus__seceta_scumpeste_berea_si_majoreaza_importurile_de_materie_prima.html |archive-date=21 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-18 |publisher=Ziarul Financiar}}</ref>

The American online magazine ''[[InformationWeek]]'' reports that much of the software/[[Information technology|IT]] activity in Romania is taking place in Cluj-Napoca, which is quickly becoming Romania's [[Science park|technopolis]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 February 2008 |title=Romania Proving Popular As Software Outsourcing Destination |url=http://www.informationweek.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=WRL0GCTCWCB2AQSNDLPCKHSCJUNN2JVN?articleID=206103523&queryText=cluj |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305134713/http://www.informationweek.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=WRL0GCTCWCB2AQSNDLPCKHSCJUNN2JVN?articleID=206103523&queryText=cluj |archive-date=5 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |magazine=InformationWeek}}</ref> [[Nokia]] invested 200&nbsp;million euros in a mobile telephone factory near Cluj-Napoca;<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2007 |title=Nokia to set up a new mobile device factory in Romania |url=http://www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1114420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121003732/http://www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1114420 |archive-date=21 January 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> this began production in February 2008 and closed in December 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2011 |title=Nokia va inchide fabrica de la Jucu |url=http://www.zf.ro/eveniment/nokia-va-inchide-fabrica-de-la-jucu-peste-2-200-de-oameni-isi-vor-pierde-locurile-de-munca-exclusiv-compania-si-a-luat-adio-de-la-angajatii-romani-cu-o-scrisoare-in-limba-engleza-8815421 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213023709/http://www.zf.ro/eveniment/nokia-va-inchide-fabrica-de-la-jucu-peste-2-200-de-oameni-isi-vor-pierde-locurile-de-munca-exclusiv-compania-si-a-luat-adio-de-la-angajatii-romani-cu-o-scrisoare-in-limba-engleza-8815421 |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=2014-12-12 |publisher=Ziarul Financiar |language=ro}}</ref> It also opened a research centre in the city<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2007 |title=Birouri Nokia, inaugurate la Cluj |url=http://www2.hotnews.ro/pp_articol_20415-Birouri-Nokia-inaugurate-la-Cluj.htm |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Hotnews.ro |language=ro}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> that was shut down in April 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2011 |title=Nokia pleacă din Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/ULTIMA_ORA_Nokia_pleaca_din_Cluj-Napoca_0_470353214.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916155857/http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/ULTIMA_ORA_Nokia_pleaca_din_Cluj-Napoca_0_470353214.html |archive-date=16 September 2011 |access-date=2011-09-29 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref> The former Nokia factory was purchased by Italian appliance manufacturer [[De'Longhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2012 |title=Italienii de la De' Longhi cumpără fabrica Nokia din România |url=http://www.evz.ro/de-longhi-cumpara-fabrica-nokia-din-romania-963205.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219051221/http://www.evz.ro/de-longhi-cumpara-fabrica-nokia-din-romania-963205.html |archive-date=19 December 2014 |access-date=2014-12-12 |work=Evenimentul Zilei |language=ro}}</ref> The city houses regional or national headquarters of [[MOL Group|MOL]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contacts |url=http://www.molromania.ro/ro/contact/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909045600/http://www.molromania.ro/ro/contact/ |archive-date=9 September 2012 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=MOL Romania |language=ro}}</ref> [[Aegon N.V.|Aegon]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contacts |url=http://www.aegon.ro/ro/contact |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824084341/http://www.aegon.ro/ro/contact |archive-date=24 August 2009 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Aegon |language=ro}}</ref> [[Emerson Electric|Emerson]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerson |url=http://www.emerson.ro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010705/http://www.emerson.ro/ |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=2013-09-24 |publisher=Emerson Romania |language=ro}}</ref> [[De'Longhi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact |url=http://www.delonghi.com/ro_ro/contact-form/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215043155/http://www.delonghi.com/ro_ro/contact-form/ |archive-date=15 February 2013 |access-date=2013-09-24 |publisher=DeLonghi Romania |language=ro}}</ref> [[Bechtel]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2007 |title=Giganții americani își deschid sedii la Cluj |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=2366 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325135034/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=2366 |archive-date=25 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> [[FrieslandCampina]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2008 |title=Campina și Friesland se mută la Cluj |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=22636 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919080221/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=22636 |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=2008-03-18 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj}}</ref> [[Office Depot]], [[Genpact]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2008 |title=Genpact și Office Depot ocupã Iulius Business Center |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8559 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212051039/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8559 |archive-date=12 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> and [[New Yorker (clothing)|New Yorker]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2008 |title=New Yorker își stabilește la Cluj sediul din România |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=11827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506081852/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=11827 |archive-date=6 May 2008 |access-date=2008-04-22 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] has also built a factory near Cluj-Napoca, in the same industrial park as De'Longhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2014 |title=Bosch deschide pe 9 mai noua fabrică din Cluj |url=http://www.zf.ro/auto/bosch-deschide-pe-9-mai-noua-fabrica-din-cluj-12151155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213023706/http://www.zf.ro/auto/bosch-deschide-pe-9-mai-noua-fabrica-din-cluj-12151155 |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=2014-12-12 |language=ro |newspaper=[[Ziarul Financiar]]}}</ref>

Cluj-Napoca is also an important regional commercial centre, with many street [[esplanade|malls]] and [[hypermarket]]s. [[Eroilor Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Eroilor Avenue]] and Napoca and Memorandumului streets are the most expensive venues, with a yearly rent price of 720 euro/m<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2007 |title=România – pe locul 30 in lume la cele mai scumpe artere comerciale |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-imobiliar-2002035-romania-locul-30-lume-cele-mai-scumpe-artere-comerciale.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610174632/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-imobiliar-2002035-romania-locul-30-lume-cele-mai-scumpe-artere-comerciale.htm |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Hotnews.ro |language=ro}}</ref> but [[Regele Ferdinand Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Regele Ferdinand]] and 21 Decembrie 1989 avenues also feature high rental costs. There are two large malls: [[Polus Center Cluj|VIVO!]] (including a [[Carrefour]] hypermarket) and [[Iulius Mall Cluj|Iulius Mall]] (including an [[Auchan]] hypermarket). Other large stores include branches of various international hypermarket chains, like [[Cora (hypermarket)|Cora]], [[Metro AG|Metro]], [[Selgros]] and do-it-yourself stores such as [[Baumax]] and [[Praktiker]].

Among the retailers found in the city's shopping centres are H&M, Zara, Guess, Camaïeu, Bigotti, Orsay, Jolidon, Kenvelo, Triumph, Tommy Hilfiger, Sephora, Yves Rocher, Swarovski, Ecco, Bata, Adidas, Converse, and Nike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Vara reducerilor la Iulius Mall Cluj |url=http://www.stiridecluj.ro/economic/vara-reducerilor-la-iulius-mall-cluj-vezi-ce-promotii-sunt-in-aceasta-vara-p |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813035617/http://www.stiridecluj.ro/economic/vara-reducerilor-la-iulius-mall-cluj-vezi-ce-promotii-sunt-in-aceasta-vara-p |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=2014-08-21 |publisher=Știri de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref>

In 2021, the city's general budget was 2.117 billion [[Romanian leu|lei]], the equivalent of over 433 million [[Euro]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=Bugetul municipiului Cluj-Napoca pe anul 2021 a fost aprobat |url=https://primariaclujnapoca.ro/informatii-publice/comunicate/bugetul-municipiului-cluj-napoca-pe-anul-2021-a-fost-aprobat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518054219/https://primariaclujnapoca.ro/informatii-publice/comunicate/bugetul-municipiului-cluj-napoca-pe-anul-2021-a-fost-aprobat/ |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=2021-07-30 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=ro}}</ref> This marks a 114% increase over the 2008 level of 990 million lei<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iancu |first=Ciprian |date=31 January 2008 |title=Cluj-Napoca are un buget record |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/cluj-napoca-are-buget-record-2358373 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201101218/http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/cluj-napoca-are-buget-record-2358373 |archive-date=1 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-18 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref> or 266 million [[Euro]]s.

===Tourism===
In 2007, the hotel industry in the county of Cluj offered total accommodations of 6,472 beds, of which 3,677 were in hotels, 1,294 in guesthouses and the rest in chalets, campgrounds, or hostels.<ref name="Ziua de Cluj-2008">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2008 |title=Turiștii au dublat populația Clujului |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8905 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218082206/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8905 |archive-date=18 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> A total of 700,000 visitors, 140,000 of whom were foreigners, stayed overnight.<ref name="Ziua de Cluj-2008"/> However, a considerable share of visits is made by those who visit Cluj-Napoca for a single day, and their exact number is not known. The largest numbers of foreign visitors come from Hungary, Italy, Germany, the United States, France, and Austria.<ref name="Ziua de Cluj-2008"/> Moreover, the city's 140 or so travel agencies help organise domestic and foreign trips; car rentals are also available.<ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall-2006">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Strategia de dezvoltare a turismului în municipiul Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/proiecte-dezbateri/04-05-06/Material%20modificat%20in%20urma%20dezbaterii%20publice%20(3).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015011156/http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/proiecte-dezbateri/04-05-06/Material%20modificat%20in%20urma%20dezbaterii%20publice%20%283%29.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=2008-08-02 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=ro}}</ref>

==Arts and culture==
{{wide image|Cluj, Iulius - panoramio (1).jpg|800px|align-cap=center|View of Gheorgheni Lake and Iulius Park}}
Cluj-Napoca has a diverse and growing cultural scene, with cultural life exhibited in a number of fields, including the [[visual arts]], [[performing arts]] and [[Nightlife (activity)|nightlife]]. The city's cultural scene spans its history, dating back to Roman times: the city started to be built in that period, which has left its mark on the urban layout (centred on today's Piața Muzeului) as well as surviving ruins. However, the medieval town saw a shift in its centre towards new civil and religious structures, notably [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Băldescu |first=Irina |title=Transilvania Medievale: Le Citta Fondate Di Sibiu, Bistrița, Brașov, Cluj |publisher=Bonsignori |year=2005 |isbn=88-7597-371-7 |language=it}}</ref>
During the 16th century the city became the chief cultural and religious centre of Transylvania;<ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Entry on Cluj-Napoca in Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/ClujNapo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606100529/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/ClujNapo |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=2008-05-13 |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> in the 1820s and the first half of the 1830s, Kolozsvár was the most important centre for Hungarian theatre and opera,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schneider |first=David E. |date=December 2003 |title=Batori Maria: Opera ket felvonasban (review) |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/notes/v060/60.2schneider.html |url-status=live |journal=Notes |publisher=Music Library Association |volume=60 |issue=2 |page=529 |doi=10.1353/not.2003.0170 |s2cid=191462246 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206182955/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/notes/v060/60.2schneider.html |archive-date=6 December 2008 |access-date=13 May 2008 |quote=In the 1820s and first half of the 1830s, Kolozsvár was the most important centre for Hungarian theatre and opera}}</ref> while at the beginning of the 20th century, still a Hungarian city, it became the chief alternative to the cinematography of Budapest.<ref name="Balogh">{{Cite web |last=Gyöngyi Balogh |title=History of the Hungarian Film, from the beginning until 1945 |url=http://www.filmkultura.iif.hu:8080/2000/articles/essays/balogh.en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112200250/http://www.filmkultura.iif.hu/2000/articles/essays/balogh.en.html |archive-date=12 January 2005 |access-date=2008-05-13 |publisher=National Filmarchive of Hungary}}</ref> After its incorporation into the [[Kingdom of Romania]] at the end of World War I, the renamed Cluj saw a resurgence of its Romanian culture, most conspicuous in the completion of the monumental Orthodox cathedral in 1933 across from the (newly nationalised) [[Cluj-Napoca National Theatre|Romanian National Theatre]].<ref name="Brubaker et al-5">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.100–101</ref> This marked an unambiguously "Romanian" centre, a few blocks to the east of the old Hungarian centre;<ref name="Brubaker et al-5"/> however, the Romanian-ness of the town—like the Romanian hold on Transylvania—was by no means securely established even by the end of the interwar period.<ref name="Brubaker et al-5"/> The late 1960s brought a revival of nationalist discourse, concomitant with the urbanisation and industrialisation of the city that gradually advanced the [[Romanianisation]] of the city.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.111–113</ref> Nowadays, the city is home to people of different cultures, with corresponding cultural institutions such as the Hungarian State Theatre, as well as the [[British Council]] and various other centres for the promotion of foreign cultures. These institutions hold eclectic manifestations in honour of their cultures, including [[Bessarabia]]n,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiorean |first=Narcisa |date=26 March 2008 |title=Compact, Gândul Mâței și Cătălin Josan cântă la Festivalul "Basarabia" |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cultura-timp-liber/compact-gandul-matei-si-catalin-josan-canta-la-festivalul-basarabia-2488740 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615050709/http://www.clujeanul.ro/cultura-timp-liber/compact-gandul-matei-si-catalin-josan-canta-la-festivalul-basarabia-2488740 |archive-date=15 June 2008 |access-date=2008-05-13 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref> [[Hungarians|Hungarian]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Charles |date=22 March 2008 |title=Misguided youth using an ethnic excuse |url=http://www.seventimes.ro/features__analyses/misguided_youth_using_an_ethnic_excuse.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522011930/http://www.seventimes.ro/features__analyses/misguided_youth_using_an_ethnic_excuse.html |archive-date=22 May 2008 |access-date=2008-05-13 |website=Seven Times}}</ref> [[Tunisian people|Tunisian]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2007 |title=Manifestări de cultură tunisiană |url=http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/manifestari_de_cultura_tunisiana_la_cluj_napoca_11056.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107053240/http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/manifestari_de_cultura_tunisiana_la_cluj_napoca_11056.html |archive-date=7 January 2009 |access-date=2008-05-13 |publisher=Monitorul de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> and Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meseșan |first=Luiza |date=17 April 2008 |title=Cultura japoneză a captat atenția clujenilor |url=http://www.ftr.ro/cultura-japoneza-a-captat-atentia-clujenilor-3220.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421175018/http://www.ftr.ro/cultura-japoneza-a-captat-atentia-clujenilor-3220.php |archive-date=21 April 2008 |access-date=2008-05-13 |publisher=Foaia Transilvană |language=ro}}</ref> Nevertheless, contemporary cultural manifestations cross ethnic boundaries, being aimed at students, cinephiles, and arts and science lovers, among others.

===Landmarks===
[[File:Ansamblul monumental Matia Corvin.JPG|thumb|[[Matthias Corvinus Monument|Statue of Matthias Corvinus]] in front of [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]]]]
[[File:Cluj-Napoca Central Park-statue 01.jpg|thumb|Fountain in the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]]]]
Cluj-Napoca has a number of landmark buildings and monuments. One of those is the [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|Saint Michael's Church]] in [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|''Unirii'' Square]], built at the end of the 14th century in the [[gothic art|Gothic style]] of that period. It was only in the 19th century that the [[Neo-Gothic]] tower of the church was erected; it remains the tallest church tower in Romania to this day.<ref name="Lukács 2005-2">Lukács 2005</ref>

In front of the church is the [[Matthias Corvinus Monument|equestrian statue of Matthias Corvinus]], erected in honour of the locally born [[Kingdom of Hungary|King of Hungary]]. The [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]]'s equivalent to St. Michael's Church is the [[Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral, Cluj-Napoca|Orthodox Cathedral]] on [[Avram Iancu Square, Cluj-Napoca|''Avram Iancu'' Square]], built in the [[interwar]] era. The [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Romanian Greek-Catholic Church]] also has a cathedral in Cluj-Napoca, [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Cluj-Napoca|Transfiguration Cathedral]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Another landmark of Cluj-Napoca is the [[Palace of Justice, Cluj-Napoca|Palace of Justice]], built between 1898 and 1902, and designed by architect Gyula Wagner in an [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] style.<ref name="Cluj Tribunal">{{Cite web |title=Prezentare instanță |url=http://portal.just.ro/InstantaPrezentare.aspx?idInstitutie=117 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408092230/http://portal.just.ro/InstantaPrezentare.aspx?idInstitutie=117 |archive-date=8 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj Tribunal |language=ro}}</ref> This building is part of an ensemble erected in Avram Iancu Square that also includes the National Theatre, the Palace of [[Căile Ferate Române]], the Palace of the Prefecture, the Palace of Finance and the Palace of the Orthodox Metropolis. An important eclectic ensemble is [[Iuliu Maniu Street, Cluj-Napoca|Iuliu Maniu Street]], featuring symmetrical buildings on either side, after the urbanistic trend of [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-5">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.93 (4.2 Monumente de arhitectură din epoca modernă)</ref> A highlight of the city is the [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden|botanical garden]], situated in the vicinity of the centre. Beside this garden, Cluj-Napoca is also home to some large parks, the most notable being the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]] with the Chios Casino and a large statuary ensemble. Many of the city's notable figures are buried in Hajongard Cemetery, which covers {{convert|14|ha|acre}}.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

As an important cultural centre, Cluj-Napoca has many theatres and museums. The latter include the [[National Museum of Transylvanian History]], the [[Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania|Ethnographic Museum]], the [[Cluj-Napoca Bánffy Palace|Cluj-Napoca Art Museum]], the Pharmacy Museum, the Water Museum and the museums of [[Babeș-Bolyai University]]—the University Museum, the Museum of Mineralogy, the Museum of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, the Museum of Speleology, the Botanical Museum and the Zoological Museum.

===Visual arts===

In terms of [[visual arts]], the city contains a number of galleries featuring both classical and contemporary Romanian art, as well as selected international works.

The [[Bánffy Palace|National Museum of Art]] is located in the former palace of the count György Bánffy, the most representative secular construction built in the [[Baroque]] style in [[Transylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palatul Bánffy |url=http://www.cluj4all.com/adrese/istorie,18/obiective-istorice,60/palatul-banffy-sec.-xviii,711/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106061512/http://www.cluj4all.com/adrese/istorie,18/obiective-istorice,60/palatul-banffy-sec.-xviii,711/ |archive-date=2007-11-06 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj4all.com |language=ro}}</ref><ref>Lukács 2005, pp.83–5</ref><ref>Pascu 1957, p.63</ref> The museum features extensive collections of Romanian art, including works of artists like [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], [[Ștefan Luchian]] and [[Dimitrie Paciurea]], as well as some works of foreign artists like [[Károly Lotz]], [[Luca Giordano]], [[Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin]], [[Herri met de Bles]] and [[Claude Michel]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official website of the National Museum of Art |url=http://www.macluj.ro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118054156/http://www.macluj.ro/ |archive-date=18 January 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=National Museum of Art |language=ro}}</ref> and was nominated to be European Museum of the Year in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muzeul Național de Artă din Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.cimec.ro/Muzee/Cluj/cluj.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302155406/http://www.cimec.ro/Muzee/Cluj/Cluj.htm |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=CIMEC (Institutul de Cultură Morală) |language=ro}}</ref>

The most notable of the city's other galleries is the ''Gallery of the Union of Plastic Artists''. Situated in the city centre, this gallery presents collections drawn from the contemporary arts scene. The Gallery of Folk Art includes traditional Romanian interior decoration artworks.

Historically, the city was one of the most important cultural and artistic centres in 16th-century Transylvania. The Renaissance workshop, formed in 1530 and strongly supported by the Transylvanian princes, served local and wider requirements: from the middle of the century onwards, when the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] had [[Battle of Mohács|conquered]] central Hungary, it extended its activity throughout the new principality. Its style, the "Flower Renaissance", used a variety of plant ornament enriched with coats of arms, figures and inscriptions. It continued to be of great importance into the 18th century, and traces of it are still apparent in 20th-century vernacular art; Klausenburg was central to the long, anachronistic survival of the style, particularly among Hungarians.<ref name="Oxford University Press-2008"/>

===Performing arts===
[[File:Teatrul National din Cluj cu afise.JPG|thumb|[[Lucian Blaga National Theatre]]]]

The city has a number of renowned facilities and institutions involving [[performing arts]]. The most prominent is the [[Baroque Revival architecture|Neo-baroque]] theatre at the [[Avram Iancu Square, Cluj-Napoca|Avram Iancu Square]].<ref name="Clujonline">{{Cite web |title=Teatrul și Opera Națională "Lucian Blaga" |url=http://www.clujonline.com/ro/teatrul_opera_nationala.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216121606/http://www.clujonline.com/ro/teatrul_opera_nationala.htm |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujonline.com |language=ro}}</ref> Built at the beginning of the 20th century by the [[Vienna|Viennese]] company [[Ferdinand Fellner|Helmer and Fellner]], this structure is inscribed in [[UNESCO]]'s list of specially protected monuments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Website of the Romanian National Opera in Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.operacluj.ro/cladirea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304101358/http://www.operacluj.ro/cladirea.html |archive-date=4 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Romanian National Opera |language=ro}}</ref> Since 1919, shortly after the union of Transylvania with Romania, the building has hosted the [[Lucian Blaga National Theatre]] and the [[Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca|Romanian National Opera]]. The Transylvania Philharmonic, founded in 1955, gives classical music concerts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philharmonics current situation |url=http://www.filacluj.ro/now.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505223253/http://www.filacluj.ro/now.htm |archive-date=5 May 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher="Transylvania" State Philharmonic}}</ref> The multiculturalism in the city is once again attested by the [[Cluj-Napoca Hungarian Theatre|Hungarian Theatre and Opera]], home for four professional groups of performers. There is also a number of smaller independent theatres, including the Puck Theatre, where puppet shows are performed.

===Music and nightlife===
Cluj-Napoca is the residence of some well-known Romanian musicians. Examples of homegrown bands include the Romanian alternative rock band [[Kumm (band)|Kumm]], the rock band [[Compact (band)|Compact]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Compact revine la Cluj-Napoca |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/compact-revine-cluj-napoca-1_50aead977c42d5a6639f0227/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729223905/https://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/compact-revine-cluj-napoca-1_50aead977c42d5a6639f0227/index.html |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=2019-07-30 |work=Adevărul}}</ref> the [[rhythm and blues]] band [[Nightlosers]],<ref>{{Cite news |year=2010 |title=Nightlosers colindă de Bobotează în SUA și Canada |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/Nightlosers_colinda_de_Boboteaza_in_SUA_si_Canada_0_183582103.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707022113/http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/Nightlosers_colinda_de_Boboteaza_in_SUA_si_Canada_0_183582103.html |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=2010-06-08 |work=Adevărul}}</ref> the [[Alternative rock|alternative]] band [[Luna Amară]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of "Luna Amară" on the website of their record label |url=http://www.roton.ro/artist/18/luna-amara/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112125255/http://www.roton.ro/artist/18/luna-amara/index.html |archive-date=12 November 2007 |access-date=2008-05-12 |publisher=Roton |language=ro}}</ref> [[Grimus (band)|Grimus]]—the winners of the 2007 National Finals of [[Global Battle of the Bands]],<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Finala GBOB – Grimus merge la Londra |url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/articole/105049/finala-gbob-grimus-merge-la-londra |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011040121/http://www.jurnalul.ro/articole/105049/finala-gbob-grimus-merge-la-londra |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=2007-10-10 |website=Jurnalul Național}}</ref> the modern pop band [[Sistem]]—which finished third in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romania: Eurovision Song Contest 2005 |url=http://www.esctoday.com/annual/2005/page/33 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516050926/http://www.esctoday.com/annual/2005/page/33 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=2008-05-12 |publisher=ESC Today}}</ref> as well as a large assortment of electronic music producers. [[The Cheeky Girls]] also grew up in the city, where they studied at the High School of Choreography and Dramatic Art.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2003 |title=The Cheeky Girls: A cheeky night out |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-cheeky-girls-a-cheeky-night-out-575381.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424013700/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-cheeky-girls-a-cheeky-night-out-575381.html |archive-date=24 April 2008 |access-date=2008-05-12 |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref> While many [[discothèque|discos]] play commercial [[house music]], the city has an increasing [[minimal techno]] scene, and, to an extent [[jazz]]/[[blues]] and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]/[[punk music|punk]]. The city's nightlife, particularly its [[nightclub|club]] scene, grew significantly in the 1990s, and continues to increase. Most entertainment venues are dispersed throughout the city centre, spreading from the oldest one of all, ''Diesel Club'',<ref name="România liberă-2007">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2007 |title=Top 10 Cluburi din Transilvania și Banat |url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a111598/top-10-cluburi-din-transilvani-a-si-banat.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118024409/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a111598/top-10-cluburi-din-transilvani-a-si-banat.html |archive-date=18 November 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=România liberă |language=ro}}</ref> on [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|Unirii Square]]. The list of large and fancy clubs continues with ''Obsession The Club'' and ''Midi'', the latter being a venue for the new minimal techno music genre. These three clubs are classified as the top three clubs in the Transylvania-Banat region in a chart published by the national daily ''[[România Liberă]]''.<ref name="România liberă-2007"/> Numerous restaurants, pizzerias and coffee shops provide regional as well as international cuisine; many of these offer cultural activities like music and fashion shows or art exhibitions.<ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall-2006"/>

The city also includes [[Strada Piezișă]] (''slanted street''), a central nightlife strip located in the Hașdeu student area, where a large number of bars and terraces are situated. Cluj-Napoca is not limited to these international music genres, as there are also a number of [[discothèque|discos]] where local "[[Lăutari]]" play [[manele]], a local strain of [[Music of Turkey|Turkish]]-influenced music.

===Traditional culture===
In spite of the influences of modern culture, traditional Romanian culture continues to influence various domains of art.

[[File:Transylvanian History Museum 1.JPG|right|thumb|The [[National Museum of Transylvanian History]]]]

Cluj-Napoca hosts an [[ethnography|ethnographic]] museum, the Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania, which features a large indoor collection of traditional cultural objects, as well as an open-air park, the oldest of this kind in Romania, dating back to 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History – Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania |url=http://www.muzeul-etnografic.ro/Site/english/istoric.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022090552/http://muzeul-etnografic.ro/Site/english/istoric.htm |archive-date=22 October 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History – National Ethnographic Park Romulus Vuia |url=http://www.muzeul-etnografic.ro/Site/english/parculRV-istoric.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022090712/http://muzeul-etnografic.ro/Site/english/parculRV-istoric.htm |archive-date=22 October 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania}}</ref>

The [[National Museum of Transylvanian History]] is another important museum in Cluj-Napoca, containing a collection of artefacts detailing Romanian history and culture from prehistoric times, the [[Dacia]]n era, medieval times and the modern era.<ref name="MNIT">{{Cite web |title=Official website of the National Museum of Transylvanian History |url=http://www.museum.utcluj.ro/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826173639/http://www.museum.utcluj.ro/index.php |archive-date=26 August 2006 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=MNIT |language=ro}}</ref> Moreover, the city also preserves a Historic Collection of the Pharmacy, in the building of its first pharmacy (16th century), the [[Cluj-Napoca Hintz House|Hintz House]].<ref name="MNIT"/>

===Cultural events and festivals===
Cluj-Napoca hosts a number of cultural festivals of various types. These occur throughout the year, though are more frequent in the summer months. "Sărbătoarea Muzicii" ([[Fête de la Musique]]) is a music festival taking place yearly on 21 June in a number of Romanian cities, Cluj-Napoca included, organised under the aegis of the French Cultural Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian Secan |date=18 June 2008 |title=Sărbătoarea muzicii în Gazette și Obsession |url=http://clujeanul.gandul.info/cultura-timp-liber/sarbatoarea-muzicii-in-gazette-si-obsession-2718396 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504090915/http://clujeanul.gandul.info/cultura-timp-liber/sarbatoarea-muzicii-in-gazette-si-obsession-2718396 |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=2013-02-11 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref> Additionally, Splaiul Independenței, on the banks of Someșul Mic, hosts a number of beer festivals throughout the summer, among them the "[[Septemberfest]]", modelled after the German [[Oktoberfest]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture and Entertainment |url=http://www.cci.ubbcluj.ro/index.php?pagina=cultural&sidecol=col7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709084408/http://www.cci.ubbcluj.ro/index.php?pagina=cultural&sidecol=col7 |archive-date=9 July 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Babeș Bolyai University – Center for International Cooperation}}</ref> In 2015, the city will be the [[European Youth Capital]], an event with a budget of 5.7 million euros that is projected to boost tourism by about a fifth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Claudiu Pădurean |date=26 November 2012 |title=Clujul devine Capitală Europeană a Tineretului |url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/locale/clujul-devine-capitala-europeana-a-tineretului-285179.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416132922/http://www.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/locale/clujul-devine-capitala-europeana-a-tineretului-285179.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=2012-11-26 |publisher=Romania Liberă |language=ro}}</ref>

The city has seen a number of important music events, including the [[MTV România]] Music Award ceremony which was held at the [[Sala Sporturilor Horia Demian]] in 2006 with the [[Sugababes]], [[Pachanga]] and [[Uniting Nations]] as special international guests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trupa britanică Sugababes va cânta pe scena Premiilor Muzicale Românești MTV |url=http://muzica.rol.ro/content/view/2131/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821004355/http://muzica.rol.ro/content/view/2131/2/ |archive-date=21 August 2010 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Romania Online |language=ro}}</ref> In 2007, [[Beyoncé]] also performed in Cluj-Napoca, at the [[Stadionul Ion Moina|Ion Moina Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2007 |title=Beyonce cântă pe 'Ion Moina' |url=http://ziuadecj.realitatea.net/eveniment/beyonce-canta-pe-ion-moina--44275.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021928/http://ziuadecj.realitatea.net/eveniment/beyonce-canta-pe-ion-moina--44275.html |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=2013-02-14 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> In 2010, [[Iron Maiden]] included the city in their [[The Final Frontier World Tour|Final Frontier World Tour]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2010 |title=Iron Maiden a cutremurat Ardealul |url=http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/foto-video-iron-maiden-cutremurat-ardealul-vezi-imagini-concert-1_50ae2e097c42d5a6639a6af5/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212517/http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/foto-video-iron-maiden-cutremurat-ardealul-vezi-imagini-concert-1_50ae2e097c42d5a6639a6af5/index.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=2013-02-14 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref> The [[Cluj Arena]] was inaugurated in 2011 with concerts by [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]] and [[Smokie (band)|Smokie]], the main event drawing over 40,000 people;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Monika Krajnik |date=9 October 2011 |title=Trupa Scorpions a inaugurat Cluj Arena |url=http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/trupa-scorpions-inaugurat-cluj-arena-vezi-imagini-timpul-concertului-1_50aec7db7c42d5a663a052d6/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212416/http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/trupa-scorpions-inaugurat-cluj-arena-vezi-imagini-timpul-concertului-1_50aec7db7c42d5a663a052d6/index.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=2013-02-14 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref> other events followed, for instance [[Roxette]] in 2012<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasile Măgrădean |date=18 July 2012 |title=Peste 20.000 de spectatori, așteptați la concertul Roxette de pe Cluj Arena |url=http://www.gandul.info/magazin/peste-20-000-de-spectatori-asteptati-la-concertul-roxette-de-pe-cluj-arena-9885601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721072148/http://www.gandul.info/magazin/peste-20-000-de-spectatori-asteptati-la-concertul-roxette-de-pe-cluj-arena-9885601 |archive-date=21 July 2012 |access-date=2013-02-14 |work=Gândul |language=ro}}</ref> and [[Deep Purple]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Florina Pop |date=8 June 2013 |title=Deep Purple a făcut show la Cluj |url=http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/foto-video-deep-purple-facut-show-cluj-suntetifantastici-magnifici-iubim-1_51b25871c7b855ff566cbc4a/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212323/http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/foto-video-deep-purple-facut-show-cluj-suntetifantastici-magnifici-iubim-1_51b25871c7b855ff566cbc4a/index.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=2013-10-31 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref> Smaller events occur regularly at the [[Sala Polivalentă (Cluj-Napoca)|Polyvalent Hall]], the Opera and the Students' House of Culture. Moreover, the local clubs regularly organise events featuring international artists, usually foreign disc jockeys, like [[ATB (DJ)|André Tanneberger]], [[Sasha (DJ)|Sasha]], [[Timo Maas]], [[Tania Vulcano]], [[Satoshi Tomiie]], [[Yves Larock]], [[Dave Seaman]], [[Plump DJs]], [[Stephane K]] or [[Andrew Fletcher (musician)|Andy Fletcher]].

[[File:Electric Castle 2017 - Castle view.jpg|thumb|Electric Castle Festival]]
The [[Transilvania International Film Festival]] (TIFF), held in the city since 2001 and organised by the Association for the Promotion of the Romanian Film, is the first Romanian film festival for international features.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=About the festival |url=http://www.tiff.ro/en/aboutfestival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210002920/http://www.tiff.ro/en/aboutfestival |archive-date=10 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-16 |publisher=Transilvania International Film Festival}}</ref> The festival jury awards the Transilvania Trophy for the best film in competition, as well as prizes for best director, best performance and best photography. With the support of [[Home Box Office]], TIFF also organises a national script contest. [[Comedy Cluj]], which debuted in 2009, is the newest annual film festival organised in Cluj-Napoca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cristina Pîrvu |date=9 June 2009 |title=Nu știm dacă trăiți bine, nu știm dacă ați ales bine, dar vă promitem că o să râdeți bine! |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=25867 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822202404/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=25867 |archive-date=22 August 2009 |access-date=2010-07-11 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref>

[[Toamna Muzicală Clujeană]], Romania's most important classical music event after the [[George Enescu Festival]], has taken place annually since 1965, and is run by the [[Transylvania State Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan Vămanu |date=1 October 2012 |title=Începe Toamna Muzicală Clujeană! |url=http://www.monitorulcj.ro/timp-liber/14942-incepe-toamna-muzicala-clujeana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531185241/http://www.monitorulcj.ro/timp-liber/14942-incepe-toamna-muzicala-clujeana |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=2013-02-11 |publisher=Monitorul de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> A Mozart Festival has taken place annually since 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Virgil Mihaiu |date=20 January 1999 |title=Cluj – Festivalul Mozart! |url=http://www.romlit.ro/cluj_-_festivalul_mozart |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306014218/http://www.romlit.ro/cluj_-_festivalul_mozart |archive-date=6 March 2013 |access-date=2013-02-11 |publisher=România Literară |language=ro}}</ref> Another annual event, taking place at the Romanian National Opera, is the Opera Ball, established in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2012 |title=Ediție aniversară a Balului Operei, cu specific austriac și recital de excepție |url=http://ziuadecj.realitatea.net/life--and--style/editie-aniversara-a-balului-operei-cu-specific-austriac-si-recital-de-exceptie--83216.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309145926/http://ziuadecj.realitatea.net/life--and--style/editie-aniversara-a-balului-operei-cu-specific-austriac-si-recital-de-exceptie--83216.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=2013-02-11 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> Additionally, in 2012, a Festival of National Operas was introduced, which aside from the hometown troupe, also features opera companies from [[Romanian National Opera, Bucharest|Bucharest]], [[Iași Romanian National Opera|Iași]] and [[Timișoara Romanian National Opera|Timișoara]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radu Constantinescu |date=25 May 2012 |title=Operele Naționale se întâlnesc la Cluj |url=http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/operele-nationale-se-intalnesc-la-cluj-de-radu-constantinescu-9666804 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617090558/http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/operele-nationale-se-intalnesc-la-cluj-de-radu-constantinescu-9666804 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=2013-02-11 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> The Interferences International Theatre Festival, started in 2007, takes place at the Hungarian Theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2012 |title=Omul zilei – Tompa Gábor |url=http://jurnalul.ro/calendar/omul-zilei-tompa-gabor-629893.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129061054/http://jurnalul.ro/calendar/omul-zilei-tompa-gabor-629893.html |archive-date=29 November 2012 |access-date=2013-02-11 |work=Jurnalul Național |language=ro}}</ref>

Also held in the city is Delahoya, Romania's oldest [[electronic music]] festival, established in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2012 |title='Love Parade' de Cluj, Festivalul de Muzică Electronică Delahoya, începe în acest weekend |url=http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/love-parade-cluj-festivalul-muzica-electronica-delahoya-incepe-weekend-1_50aeade17c42d5a6639f05c3/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212513/http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/love-parade-cluj-festivalul-muzica-electronica-delahoya-incepe-weekend-1_50aeade17c42d5a6639f05c3/index.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=2013-02-11 |publisher=Monitorul de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> [[Electric Castle Festival]], which takes place at [[Bonțida Bánffy Castle|Bánffy Castle]] in nearby [[Bonțida]], had an audience of over 30,000 people for its first edition in 2013 and was nominated by [[European Festivals Awards]] for the Best New Festival and Best Medium Size Festival awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Electric Castle, nominalizat la European Festival Awards |url=http://www.ziardecluj.ro/electric-castle-nominalizat-la-european-festival-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106033237/http://www.ziardecluj.ro/electric-castle-nominalizat-la-european-festival-awards/ |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=Ziar de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> By 2016, over 120,000 were in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Peste 120.000 de oameni au participat la Electric Castle, în cele patru zile de festival, în pofida ploii și a noroiului |url=http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Arte+si+divertisment/Peste+120+000+de+oameni+au+participat+la+Electric+Castle+in+cele |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725070324/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Arte+si+divertisment/Peste+120+000+de+oameni+au+participat+la+Electric+Castle+in+cele |archive-date=25 July 2016 |access-date=2016-08-20 |publisher=Digi24 |language=ro}}</ref> [[Untold Festival]], which began in 2015, is Romania's largest music festival. Held mainly in the [[Cluj Arena]], and also at the [[Polyvalent Hall (Cluj-Napoca)|Polyvalent Hall]], it drew over 300,000 in its second edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2016 |title=Peste 300.000 de participanți, așteptați la Untold Festival de la Cluj, unde vor fi zece scene |url=http://www.mediafax.ro/life-inedit/peste-300-000-de-participanti-asteptati-la-untold-festival-de-la-cluj-unde-vor-fi-zece-scene-13937306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821055742/http://www.mediafax.ro/life-inedit/peste-300-000-de-participanti-asteptati-la-untold-festival-de-la-cluj-unde-vor-fi-zece-scene-13937306 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=2016-08-20 |publisher=Mediafax |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Peste 300.000 de participanți la Untold 2016 |url=http://ziuadecj.realitatea.net/cultura/peste-300000-de-participanti-la-untold-2016-foto--149698.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821123431/http://ziuadecj.realitatea.net/cultura/peste-300000-de-participanti-la-untold-2016-foto--149698.html |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=2016-08-20 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref>

==Architecture==
Cluj-Napoca's salient architecture is primarily [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]], [[Baroque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]. The modern era has also produced a remarkable set of buildings from the [[Mid-century modern|mid-century style]]. The mostly utilitarian Communist-era architecture is also present, although only to a certain extent, as Cluj-Napoca never faced a large [[systematization (Romania)|systematisation]] programme. Of late, the city has seen significant growth in contemporary structures such as skyscrapers and office buildings, mainly constructed after 2000.<ref name="Ion Mincu">{{Cite web |title=Arhitectura perioadei moderne pe teritoriul României |url=http://www.iaim.ro/catedre/istorie_teorie_restaurare/note/APA/2-2-1-arh-mod-rom.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202135/http://www.iaim.ro/catedre/istorie_teorie_restaurare/note/APA/2-2-1-arh-mod-rom.doc |archive-date=8 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher="Ion Mincu" Architecture University |language=ro |format=DOC}}</ref>

===Historical architecture===
[[File:Palatul Banffy, azi Muzeul de Artă 20180321 121552 07.jpg|thumb|[[Bánffy Palace]]]]
[[File:Cluj Napoca - Palatul Szeki (2023) - img 01.jpg|thumb|[[Széki Palace, Cluj-Napoca|Széki Palace]]]]
The nucleus of the old city, an important cultural and commercial centre, used to be a military camp, attested in documents with the name "castrum Clus".

[[File:CatedralaSfMihail (32).JPG|thumb|left|[[Iuliu Maniu Street, Cluj-Napoca|Iuliu Maniu Street]]: construction of this symmetrical street was undertaken during the 19th century.]]

The oldest residence in Cluj-Napoca is the [[Matthias Corvinus House, Cluj-Napoca|Matthias Corvinus House]], originally a Gothic structure that bears Transylvanian [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] characteristics due to a later renovation.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.56 (3.2 Monumente medievale)</ref> Such changes feature on other Hungarian townspeople's residences, built from the mid-15th century mostly of stone and wood with a cellar, ground floor and upper storey, in the Late Gothic and Renaissance styles; although the late medieval houses have often been considerably altered, the street façades of the old town are mostly preserved.<ref name="Oxford University Press-2008">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T018268 |access-date=2008-10-10 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> [[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]], the oldest and most representative Gothic-style building in the country, dates back to the 14th century. The oldest of its sections is the altar, dedicated in 1390, while the newest part is the clock tower, which was built in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style (1860).<ref name="Lukács 2005-2"/>

As Renaissance styles survived late in the city, the appearance of Baroque art was also delayed, but from the mid-18th century Klausenburg was once again at the centre of the development and spread of art in Transylvania, as it had been two centuries earlier. The first enthusiasts for Baroque were the Catholic Church and the landed aristocracy. Artists came initially from south Germany and Austria, but by the end of the century most of the work was by local craftsmen. The earliest signs of the new style appear in the furnishings of St. Michael's church: the altarpieces and pulpit, which date to the 1740s, are carved, painted and richly decorated with figures. An altarpiece depicting the ''[[Adoration of the Magi in art|Adoration of the Magi]]'' (1748–50) is the work of [[Franz Anton Maulbertsch]]. The [[Cluj-Napoca Piarists' Church|earliest two-towered Baroque church]] was built by the Jesuits from 1718 to 1724 on the pattern of [[Košice]] and was later handed over to the Piarists. During the century more simply designed Baroque churches were built for the mendicant orders, Lutherans, Unitarians and the Orthodox Church. The noble families built houses and even palaces in the old town.<ref name="Oxford University Press-2008"/> The Baroque [[Bánffy Palace]] (1774–1785), constructed around a rectangular yard, is the masterpiece of Eberhardt Blaumann. Its peculiarity lies in the appearance of the principal façade.<ref name="Ion Mincu"/>

Both [[Avram Iancu Square, Cluj-Napoca|Avram Iancu]] and [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|Unrii Squares]] feature ensembles of [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] and [[baroque]]–[[rococo]] architecture, including the [[Palace of Justice, Cluj-Napoca|Palace of Justice]],<ref name="Cluj Tribunal"/> the [[Cluj-Napoca National Theatre|Theatre]],<ref name="Clujonline"/> the [[Iuliu Maniu Street, Cluj-Napoca|Iuliu Maniu symmetrical street]],<ref name="Lazarovici et al-5"/> and the New York Palace, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2008 |title=Cum va arăta viitorul "Conti" |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=9446 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113214106/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=9446 |archive-date=13 January 2013 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> In the 19th century many houses were built in the Neo-classical, Romantic and Eclectic styles. Also dating to that period are the [[Church with the Two Towers|two-towered Neo-classical Calvinist church]] (1829–50), its new college building of 1801, and the City Hall (1843–46) in the marketplace, by [[Antal Kagerbauer]].<ref name="Oxford University Press-2008"/>

The banks of the Someșul Mic also feature a wide variety of such old buildings. The end of the 19th century brought a building ensemble that fastens the corners of the oldest bridge over the river, at the north end of the [[Regele Ferdinand Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Regele Ferdinand Avenue]]. The Berde, Babos, Elian, Urania, and [[Széki Palace, Cluj-Napoca|Széki]] palaces consist of a mixture of Baroque, Renaissance and Gothic styles, following the [[Art Nouveau]]/Secession and Revival specifics.<ref>Alicu et al. 1995, p.30</ref>
[[File:Canalul Morilor, Cluj-Napoca.JPG|thumb|right|The 17th century Canalul Morii]]
In the 2000s, the old city centre underwent extensive restoration works, meant to convert much of it into a pedestrian area, including [[Eroilor Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Bulevardul Eroilor]], [[Unirii Square, Cluj-Napoca|Unirii Square]] and other smaller streets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2007 |title=Schimbarea la față a centrului Clujului |url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a98147/schimbarea-la-fata-a-centrului-clujului.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228061239/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a98147/schimbarea-la-fata-a-centrului-clujului.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=2008-03-12 |work=România Liberă |language=ro}}</ref> In some residential areas of the city, particularly the high-income southern areas, like ''Andrei Mureșanu'' or ''Strada Republicii'', there are many [[fin-de-siecle|turn-of-the-century]] villas.

===Modern and Communist architecture===
[[File:Teatrul Maghiar Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cluj-Napoca Hungarian Theatre|Hungarian State Theatre and Opera]]]]
[[File:Blocks Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|Blocks of flats in central Cluj-Napoca]]

Part of Cluj-Napoca's architecture is made up of buildings constructed during the [[Communist Romania|Communist era]], when historical architecture was replaced with "more efficient" high-density apartment blocks. Nicolae Ceaușescu's project of [[Systematization (Romania)|systematisation]] did not really affect the historical [[old town]], instead reaching the marginal, shoddily built districts surrounding it.<ref name="Ion Mincu"/>

Still, the centre hosts some examples of modern architecture dating back to the Communist era. The Hungarian Theatre building was erected at the beginning of the 20th century, but underwent an avant-garde renovation in 1961, when it acquired a [[modernist architecture|modernist style of architecture]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detailed technical description |url=http://www.huntheater.ro/oldal.php?soid=9&mm=11&sl=7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115093329/http://www.huntheater.ro/oldal.php?soid=9&mm=11&sl=7 |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[Hungarian Theatre of Cluj]]}}</ref> Another example of modernist architectural art is ''Palatul Telefoanelor'', situated in the vicinity of [[Michael the Brave|Mihai Viteazul]] Square, an area that also features a complex of large apartment buildings.

Some outer districts, especially [[Mănăștur]], and to a certain extent [[Gheorgheni, Cluj-Napoca|Gheorgheni]] and [[Grigorescu, Cluj-Napoca|Grigorescu]], consist mainly of such large apartment ensembles.<ref name="Ion Mincu"/>

===Contemporary architecture===
{{Main|Contemporary architecture in Cluj-Napoca}}
[[File:Cladirea biscuite Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|City Business Center, dubbed the "biscuit building", is an office building in central Cluj-Napoca.]]
[[File:Plopilor Vest.jpg|thumb|Modern residential building in Plopilor Vest]]

Since 1989, modern skyscrapers and glass-fronted buildings have altered the skyline of Cluj-Napoca. Buildings from this time are mostly made out of glass and steel, and are usually high-rise. Examples include shopping malls (particularly the [[Iulius Mall Cluj|Iulius Mall]]), office buildings and bank headquarters. Of this last, regional headquarters of the [[Banca Română pentru Dezvoltare]] is the tallest office building in Cluj-Napoca, with {{convert|50|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tallest High-rise Buildings in Countries: Europe: Romania |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/tp/co/?id=100136 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218051431/http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/tp/co/?id=100136 |archive-date=18 February 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Emporis}}</ref> Its twelve storeys were completed in 1997 after 4&nbsp;years of work and house offices for the bank and for divisions of several other companies, including insurance and oil companies.

Another [[Architecture|architecturally]] interesting building is the so-called "Clădirea biscuite" (''the biscuit building''). This building was supposed to house the local headquarters of the Banca Agricolă (Agricultural Bank), but entered in the custody of the city due to the failure of that bank in the 1990s and its subsequent purchase by the [[Raiffeisen Romania|Raiffeisen Bank]], to be eventually converted in an office building.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2006 |title=Emil Boc inventeaza "tivul la Biscuit" |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-presa_regionala_arhiva-1711762-emil-boc-inventeaza-tivul-biscuit-city-business-center-plateste-primariei-cluj-napoca-parcare-care-nu-are.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521110834/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-presa_regionala_arhiva-1711762-emil-boc-inventeaza-tivul-biscuit-city-business-center-plateste-primariei-cluj-napoca-parcare-care-nu-are.htm |archive-date=21 May 2009 |access-date=2008-03-17 |publisher=Romania liberă. Ediția Transilvania-Banat |language=ro}}</ref>

The headquarters of [[Banca Transilvania]], at the intersection of [[Regele Ferdinand Avenue, Cluj-Napoca|Regele Ferdinand Avenue]] and Barițiu Street, is also a large contemporary building and was originally constructed to host the regional offices of [[Romtelecom]], the public phone company, but was later sold to the bank.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pop |first=Doru |date=26 April 2007 |title=BT spends another 7&nbsp;m euros on headquarters in Cluj |url=http://www.zf.ro/articol_121977/bt_spends_another_7m_euros_on_headquarters_in_cluj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429032807/http://www.zf.ro/articol_121977/bt_spends_another_7m_euros_on_headquarters_in_cluj.html |archive-date=29 April 2007 |access-date=2008-03-17 |newspaper=[[Ziarul Financiar]]}}</ref>

Cluj-Napoca is undergoing a period of architectural revitalisation that is set to bring the manner of expansion to the vertical. A [[financial centre]], containing a tower of 15 storeys, is slated for completion in 2010 on Ploiești Street.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2008 |title=Centrul financiar-bancar din Cluj a primit aviz pentru un turn cu 15 etaje |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/centrul-financiar-bancar-din-cluj-a-primit-aviz-pentru-un-turn-cu-15-etaje-2347757 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301234803/http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/centrul-financiar-bancar-din-cluj-a-primit-aviz-pentru-un-turn-cu-15-etaje-2347757 |archive-date=1 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref> Two 35-storey [[Sigma Towers|twin towers]] are projected to be constructed in the Sigma area in Zorilor,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2008 |title=Clujeanul.ro vă prezintă filmul și detaliile zgârie-norilor de la Sigma |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/clujeanul-ro-va-prezinta-filmul-si-detaliile-zgarie-norilor-de-la-sigma-2434696 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309232959/http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/clujeanul-ro-va-prezinta-filmul-si-detaliile-zgarie-norilor-de-la-sigma-2434696 |archive-date=9 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Aviz pentru turnurile de 35 de etaje |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=9480 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302111710/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=9480 |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> while the [[Florești, Cluj|Florești]] area will host a complex of three towers with 32 levels each.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2008 |title=Turnuri de Dubai construite în Florești |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8558 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211102226/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=8558 |archive-date=11 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> As of February 2020, the aforementioned projects were never completed or were postponed indefinitely.

==Transport==
Cluj-Napoca has a complex system of regional transportation, providing road, air and rail connections to major cities in Romania and Europe. It also features a public transportation system consisting of bus, trolleybus and tram lines.

===Road===
Cluj-Napoca is an important node in the [[International E-road network|European road network]], being on three different European routes ([[European route E60|E60]], [[European route E81|E81]] and [[European route E576|E576]]). At a [[Roads in Romania|national level]], Cluj-Napoca is located on three different main national roads: [[DN1]], DN1C and DN1F. The [[Transylvania motorway (Romania)|Romanian Motorway A3]], also known as ''Transylvania Motorway'' (''Autostrada Transilvania''), currently under construction, will link the city with [[Bucharest]] and Romania's western border.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Data |url=http://www.autostradatransilvania.ro/www/index.html/articles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120091947/http://www.autostradatransilvania.ro/www/index.html/articles |archive-date=20 January 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Bechtel}}</ref> The 2B section between [[Câmpia Turzii]] and Cluj Vest ([[Gilău, Cluj|Gilău]]) opened in late 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2008 |title=O jumătate de miliard de euro pentru autostradă |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=7150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218070133/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=7150 |archive-date=18 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Denis Barabaș |last2=Adrian Popa |date=13 November 2010 |title=Autostrada "șchioapătă" mai departe |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/S-au_inaugurat_cei_10_km_de_autostrada_dintre_Campia_Turzii_si_Turda_0_371363058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116132357/http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/S-au_inaugurat_cei_10_km_de_autostrada_dintre_Campia_Turzii_si_Turda_0_371363058.html |archive-date=16 November 2010 |access-date=2011-04-13 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref> The Cluj-Napoca Coach Station (''Autogara'') is used by several private transport companies to provide [[Coach (vehicle)|coach]] connections from Cluj-Napoca to a large number of locations from all over the country.

[[File:A3 (Romania).jpg|thumb|left|[[A3 (Romania)|A3 motorway]] near Cluj-Napoca]]
The number of automobiles licensed in Cluj-Napoca is estimated at 175,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexandra Groza |date=14 January 2008 |title=Ce mașini conduc clujenii? |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/saptamanal/ce-masini-conduc-clujenii-2333338 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223002943/http://www.clujeanul.ro/saptamanal/ce-masini-conduc-clujenii-2333338 |archive-date=23 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref> {{As of|2007}}, [[Cluj County]] ranks sixth nationwide according to the cars sold during that year, with 12,679 units, corresponding to a four percent share. One tenth of these cars were limousines or SUVs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alexandra Păcurar |date=29 January 2008 |title=Dacia trece în viteză pe lângă liderii mondiali ai pieței auto |publisher=Informația Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> Some 3,300 taxis are also licensed to operate in Cluj-Napoca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adrian Popa |date=28 November 2007 |title=Consilierii locali au decis limitarea numărului de taxiuri din Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/consilierii_locali_au_decis_limitarea_numarului_de_taxiuri_din_cluj_napoca_28292.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522171935/http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/consilierii_locali_au_decis_limitarea_numarului_de_taxiuri_din_cluj_napoca_28292.html |archive-date=22 May 2008 |access-date=2008-08-01 |publisher=Monitorul de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref>

===Air===
The [[Cluj-Napoca International Airport]] (CLJ), located {{convert|9|km|mi}} to the east of the city centre, is the second busiest airport in Romania,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florina Pop |date=3 September 2014 |title=Trafic aerian record înregistrat pe Aeroportul Internaţional Cluj, al doilea aeroport al ţării după numărul de pasageri din primele 6 luni |url=http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/trafic-aerian-recordinregistrat--aeroportul-international-cluj-doilea-aeroport-altarii-numarul-pasageri-primele-6-luni-1_5406af470d133766a8d0c3e3/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816003439/http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/trafic-aerian-recordinregistrat--aeroportul-international-cluj-doilea-aeroport-altarii-numarul-pasageri-primele-6-luni-1_5406af470d133766a8d0c3e3/index.html |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=Adevărul}}</ref> after Bucharest's [[Henri Coandă International Airport|OTP]], handling over 1.4 million passengers in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 pax |url=http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326185002/http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls |archive-date=26 March 2017 |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=Anna Aero}}</ref> Situated on the [[European route E576]] (Cluj-Napoca–[[Dej]]), the airport is connected to the city centre by the local public transport company, CTP, bus number 8 and trolley number 5. The airport serves various direct international destinations across Europe. In 2016, a 42 m-high control tower will be inaugurated on the site of the old tower, built in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=Turnul de control al aeroportului din Cluj, finalizat în 2016. Unde va fi construit |url=http://citynews.ro/eveniment/turn-nou-de-control-la-aeroport-2016-1263001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808203602/http://citynews.ro/eveniment/turn-nou-de-control-la-aeroport-2016-1263001 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=CityNews.ro}}</ref> The new control tower will be one of the most modern in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=Futurist: Noul turn de control de la Aeroportul din Cluj-Napoca va fi unul dintre cele mai moderne din ţară |url=http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Stiri/Futurist+FOTO+Turn+control+Aeroportul+International+Cluj+Napoca |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813215247/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Stiri/Futurist%20FOTO%20Turn%20control%20Aeroportul%20International%20Cluj%20Napoca |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=Digi24}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[Cluj-Napoca railway station|Cluj-Napoca Rail Station]], located about {{convert|2|km|mi}} north of the city centre, is situated on the [[Căile Ferate Române|CFR-Romanian Railways]] Main Line 300 ([[Bucharest]] – [[Oradea]] – Romanian Western Border) and on Line 401 (Cluj-Napoca – [[Dej]]). CFR provides direct rail connections to all the major Romanian cities and to [[Budapest]]. The rail station is very well connected to all parts of the city by the trams, [[trolleybus]]es and buses of the local public transport company, CTP.

[[File:Cluj-Napoca, PESA 82, 2012.06.09 (2).jpg|thumb|A [[Pesa 120Na|PESA Swing]] tram on Splaiul Independenței]]
The city is also served by two other secondary rail stations, the ''Little Station'' (''Gara Mică''), which is technically part of and situated immediately near the main station, and ''Cluj-Napoca East'' (''Est''). There is also a cargo station, ''Halta "Clujana"''.

===Public transport===
[[Compania de Transport Public Cluj-Napoca|CTP]], the local public transport company, runs an extensive {{convert|321|km|mi}} public transport network within the city using 5 tram lines, 12 [[trolleybus]] lines and 51 bus routes.<ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Linii urbane|url= https://ctpcj.ro/index.php/ro/orare-linii/linii-urbane |access-date=2025-04-29 |publisher= CTP Cluj-Napoca |language=ro}}</ref> Transport in the Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area is also covered by a number of private bus companies, such as Fany and MV Trans 2007, providing connections to neighboring towns and villages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasile Racovițan |date=1 July 2008 |title=Curse private, prețuri ca la stat |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=14080 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113132707/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=14080 |archive-date=13 January 2013 |access-date=2009-07-03 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref>

====Trams====
The local transportation company, CTP, manages a tram line that runs through the city. Planned modernisation will involve the installation of new rail tracks and the separation of the tram route from road traffic. This will bring a number of advantages, including vibration and shock reduction, a substantial noise decrease, long use expectancy and higher [[Mass transit|transit]] speed – {{convert|60|to|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2007 |title=Tramvaiul clujean circulă expirat |url=http://www.ftr.ro/index.php?cmd=d&id=1589 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212002628/http://www.ftr.ro/index.php?cmd=d&id=1589 |archive-date=12 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Foaia Transilvană |language=ro}}</ref> The route will undergo major alteration on Horea Street, between the [[Chamber of Commerce]] and the central rail station, a rather problematic area. This dilemma should be solved either with the relocation of the track next to the sidewalk, or through the construction of a suspended tunnel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2007 |title=Vor tunel suspendat pe strada Horea |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=5568 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203124534/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=5568 |archive-date=3 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> Another area that will benefit from large-scale changes is "Splaiul Independenței", where the tracks will be pulled back to the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]], so that the roadway can host two lanes. In the Mănăștur area, under the bridge, the tracks will be brought closer, while other major works will executed on the traffic circle on Primăverii Street. Given the development of the [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area|metropolitan area]], further plans feature the creation of a [[light rail]] track between [[Gilău, Cluj|Gilău]] and [[Jucu]] that will use these modernised tracks in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2007 |title=Aviz pentru tramvai nou în Cluj |url=http://old.clujeanul.ro/cotidian/nocache/articol/Cluj/Aviz_pentru_tramvai_nou_in_Cluj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214162106/http://old.clujeanul.ro/cotidian/nocache/articol/Cluj/Aviz_pentru_tramvai_nou_in_Cluj.html |archive-date=14 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref>

====Metro====
In late 2018, studies began for a proposed [[Cluj-Napoca Metro]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title=A Second Romanian City Starts Tenders For Subway |url=https://www.romaniajournal.ro/society-people/a-second-romanian-city-starts-tenders-for-subway/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811224333/https://www.romaniajournal.ro/society-people/a-second-romanian-city-starts-tenders-for-subway/ |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=Romanian Journal}}</ref> continuing into 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2020 |title=Cluj-Napoca studies metro options |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/projects-and-planning/cluj-napoca-studies-metro-options/56385.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814061825/https://www.railwaygazette.com/projects-and-planning/cluj-napoca-studies-metro-options/56385.article |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=Railway Gazette International}}</ref> In February 2023, the design and execution works for Line I of the metro were awarded to the [[Gülermak]] – [[Alstom Transport]] – Arcada Company. The total duration of the contract is estimated at 96 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=Metroul din Cluj-Napoca va fi construit de o asociere din Turcia |url=https://monitorizari.hotnews.ro/stiri-infrastructura_proiecte-26113098-metroul-din-cluj-napoca-construit-asociere-din-turcia.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301141451/https://monitorizari.hotnews.ro/stiri-infrastructura_proiecte-26113098-metroul-din-cluj-napoca-construit-asociere-din-turcia.htm |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=hotnews.ro}}</ref>

==Culture and media==
Cluj-Napoca is an important centre for [[Transylvania]]n mass media, since it is the headquarters of all regional television networks, newspapers and radio stations. The largest daily newspapers published in [[Bucharest]] are usually reissued from Cluj-Napoca in a regional version, covering Transylvanian issues. Such newspapers include ''[[România Liberă]]'', ''[[Gardianul]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2008 |title=Cotidianul național Gardianul își lansează ediție regională |url=http://www.realitateacluj.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=642:GARDIANUL-REGIONAL---Cotidianul-național-Gardianul-își-lansează-ediție-regioanală_2008-04-15-03-19-55&catid=12:social&Itemid=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080503031822/http://www.realitateacluj.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=642:GARDIANUL-REGIONAL---Cotidianul-na%C5%A3ional-Gardianul-%C3%AE%C5%9Fi-lanseaz%C4%83-edi%C5%A3ie-regioanal%C4%83_2008-04-15-03-19-55&catid=12:social&Itemid=13 |archive-date=3 May 2008 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Realitatea Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> ''[[Ziarul Financiar]]'', ''[[ProSport]]'' and ''[[Gazeta Sporturilor]]''. [[Ringier]] edited a regional version of ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'' in Cluj-Napoca until 2008, when it decided to close this enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2008 |title=Ringier închide edițiile regionale ale cotidianului Evenimentul Zilei |url=http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Marketing-PR/36954/Ringier-inchide-editiile-regionale-ale-cotidianului-Evenimentul-Zilei.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119063917/http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Marketing-PR/36954/Ringier-inchide-editiile-regionale-ale-cotidianului-Evenimentul-Zilei.html |archive-date=19 January 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Wall-Street.ro |language=ro}}</ref>

[[File:Chiosc ziare Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|A newspaper [[kiosk]] in the central area]]
[[File:Presa clujeana.JPG|thumb|right|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]- and [[Romanian language|Romanian]]-language newspapers published in Cluj-Napoca]]

Apart from the regional editions, which are distributed throughout [[Transylvania]], the national newspaper ''[[Ziua]]'' also runs a local franchise, ''Ziua de Cluj'', that acts as a local daily, available only within city limits. Cluj-Napoca also boasts other newspapers of local interest, like ''[[Făclia]]'' and ''[[Monitorul de Cluj]]'', as well as two free dailies, ''[[Informația Cluj]]'' and ''Cluj Expres''. ''[[Clujeanul]]'', the first of a series of local weeklies edited by the media trust [[Central European Media Enterprises|CME]], is one of the largest newspapers in Transylvania, with an audience of 53,000 readers per edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2007 |title=Clujeanul își schimbă înfățișarea |url=http://old.clujeanul.ro/cotidian/nocache/articol/Cluj/CLUJEANUL_isi_schimba_infatisarea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080127170826/http://old.clujeanul.ro/cotidian/nocache/articol/Cluj/CLUJEANUL_isi_schimba_infatisarea.html |archive-date=27 January 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref> This weekly has a daily online version, entitled ''Clujeanul, ediție online'', updated on a real-time basis. Cluj-Napoca is also the centre of the Romanian [[Hungarian language]] press. The city hosts the editorial offices of the two largest newspapers of this kind, ''[[Krónika]]'' and ''[[Szabadság]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media statistics for newspapers in Romania |url=http://www.mediaromania.ro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313214129/http://www.mediaromania.ro/ |archive-date=13 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-13 |publisher=Mediaromania.ro |language=ro}}</ref> as well as those of the magazines ''[[Erdélyi Napló]]'' and ''[[Korunk]]''. ''[[Săptămâna Clujeană]]'' is an economic weekly published in the city, that also issues two magazines on successful local people and companies (''Oameni de Succes'' and ''Companii de Succes'') every year, while ''[[Piața A-Z]]'' is a newspaper for announcements and advertisements distributed throughout Transylvania. Cluj had an active press in the interwar period as well: publications included the [[Zionism|Zionist]] newspaper ''[[Új Kelet]]'', the official party organs ''Keleti Újság'' (for the [[Magyar Party (Romania)|Magyar Party]]) and ''Patria'' (for the [[National Peasants' Party]]);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forter |first=Norman |url=https://archive.org/details/roumanianhandboo00norm/page/29 |title=The Roumanian Handbook |last2=Rostovsky, Demeter |publisher=Ayer Publishing |year=1971 |isbn=0-405-02747-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roumanianhandboo00norm/page/29 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> and the nationalist ''Conștiința Românească'' and ''Țara Noastră'', the latter a magazine directed by [[Octavian Goga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blinkhorn |first=Martin |title=Fascists and Conservatives |publisher=Routledge |year=1990 |isbn=0-04-940087-8 |page=230}}</ref> Under Communism, publications included the socio-political and literary magazines ''Tribuna'', ''Steaua'', ''Utunk'', ''Korunk'', ''Napsugár'' and ''Előre'' as well as the regional Communist party daily organs ''Făclia'' and ''Igazság'' and the trilingual student magazine ''Echinox''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Romanian Academy |title=Dicționar enciclopedic român |publisher=Academia Republicii Populare Române |year=1962–66 |volume=1 |page=673}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reviste literare |url=http://www.revistatribuna.ro/arhiva/tribuna104.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029030611/http://revistatribuna.ro/arhiva/tribuna104.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2007 |access-date=2008-09-11 |website=Tribuna |language=ro}}</ref>

Among the local television stations in the city, ''[[TVR Cluj]]'' (public) and ''[[One TV (Romania)|One TV]]'' (private) broadcast regionally, while the others are restricted to the metropolitan area. ''Napoca Cable Network'' is available through cable, and broadcasts local content throughout the day. Other stations work as affiliates of national TV stations, only providing the audience with local reports in addition to the national programming. This situation is mirrored in the radio broadcasting companies: except for ''[[Radio Cluj]]'', ''[[Radio Impuls]]'' and the Hungarian-language ''[[Paprika Rádió]]'', all other stations are local affiliates of the national broadcasters. ''Casa Radio'', situated on Donath Street, is one of the modern landmarks of the media and communications industry; it is, however, not the only one: [[Palatul Telefoanelor, Cluj-Napoca|Palatul Telefoanelor]] ("the telephone palace") is also a major modernist symbol of communications in the city centre.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

Magazines published in Cluj-Napoca include ''HR Journal'', a publication discussing human resources issues, ''[[J'Adore (magazine)|J'Adore]]'', a local shopping magazine that is also franchised in Bucharest, ''Maximum Rock Magazine'', dealing with the rock music industry, ''RDV'', a national hunting publication and ''Cluj-Napoca WWW'', an English-language magazine designed for tourists. Cultural and social events as well as all other entertainment sources are the leading subjects of such magazines as ''[[Șapte Seri]]'' and ''CJ24FUN''.

In the early 20th century, film production in Kolozsvár, led by [[Jenő Janovics]], was the chief alternative to Budapest.<ref name="Balogh"/> The first film made in the city, in association with the Parisian producer [[Pathé]], was ''Sárga csikó'' ("Yellow Foal", 1912), based on a popular "peasant drama". ''Yellow Foal'' became the first worldwide Hungarian success, distributed abroad under the title ''The Secret of the Blind Man'': 137 prints were sold internationally and the movie was even screened in Japan.<ref name="Balogh"/>

The first artistically prestigious film in the annals of Hungarian cinematography was also produced on this site, based on a national classic, ''[[Bánk bán]]'' (1914), a tragedy written by [[József Katona]].<ref name="Balogh"/>

Later, the city was the production site of the 1991 Romanian drama ''Undeva în Est'' ("Somewhere in the East"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undeva în Est (1991) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103165/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816143531/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103165/ |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=2008-05-13 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> and the 1995 Hungarian language film ''[[The Outpost (1995 film)|A Részleg]]'' ("Outpost").<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Részleg (1995) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114313/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228231743/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114313/ |archive-date=28 December 2018 |access-date=2008-05-13 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> Moreover, the Romanian-language film ''Cartier'' ("Neighbourhood", 2001) and its sequel ''Înapoi în cartier'' ("Back to the Neighbourhood", 2006) both feature a story replete with violence and rude language, behind the blocks in the city's [[Mănăștur]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enache |first=Cornel |title=Official website of the movie |url=http://www.filmulcartier.ro/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205192325/http://www.filmulcartier.ro/ |archive-date=5 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-16 |publisher=Page Cinema |language=ro}}</ref> This district is also mentioned in the lyrics to the song ''Înapoi în cartier'' by [[La Familia (rap group)|La Familia]] member Puya, featured on the soundtrack of the motion picture.

Documentary and mockumentary productions set in the city include [[Irshad Ashraf]]'s ''St. Richard of Austin'', a tribute to the American film director [[Richard Linklater]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Richard of Austin (2004) (TV) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0809945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624121233/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0809945/ |archive-date=24 June 2017 |access-date=2008-05-13 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> and ''Cluj-Napocolonia'', a mockumentary imagining a fabulous city of the future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cluj – Napocolonia (2006) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0918505/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209070031/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0918505/ |archive-date=9 February 2017 |access-date=2008-05-13 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:BCU Cluj-Napoca.jpg|thumb|The [[Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca|Central University Library]]]]
[[File:Cluj-Napoca University of Babes-Bolyai.JPG|thumb|The main building of [[Babeș-Bolyai University]]]]
Higher education has a long tradition in Cluj-Napoca. The [[Babeș-Bolyai University]] (UBB) is the largest in the country, with approximately 50,000 students<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Babeș-Bolyai University today |url=http://www.ubbcluj.ro/ro/publice/files/statistica.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202135/http://www.ubbcluj.ro/ro/publice/files/statistica.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=UBB |language=ro}}</ref> attending various specialisations in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], German and English. Its name commemorates two important [[Transylvania]]n figures, the Romanian physician [[Victor Babeș]] and the Hungarian mathematician [[János Bolyai]]. The university claims roots as far back as 1581, when a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] college opened in Cluj, but it was in 1872 that emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] founded the University of Cluj, later renamed the ''Franz Joseph University'' (József Ferenc Tudományegyetem).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Învățământul universitar în Transilvania |url=http://www.cs.ubbcluj.ro/www/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=72&MMN_position=243:243 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011094242/http://cs.ubbcluj.ro/www/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=72&MMN_position=243:243 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Babeș-Bolyai University – The Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science |language=ro}}</ref> During 1919, immediately after the end of World War I, the university was moved to [[Budapest]], where it stayed until 1921, after which it was moved to the Hungarian city of [[Szeged]]. Briefly, it returned to Cluj in the first half of the 1940s, when the city came back under Hungarian administration, but it was again relocated in Szeged, following the reincorporation of Cluj into Romanian territory. The Romanian branch acquired the name ''Babeș''; a Hungarian university, ''Bolyai'', was established in 1945, and the two were merged in 1959. The city also hosts nine other universities, among them the [[Technical University of Cluj-Napoca|Technical University]], the [[Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy]], the [[University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca]] (USAMV), the [[Art and Design University of Cluj-Napoca|University of Arts and Design]], the [[Gheorghe Dima Music Academy]] and other private universities and educational institutes.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

The first mention of public education provided in the city dates back to 1409, namely the caption "Caspar notarius et rector scholarum" ("Caspar secretary and director of schools").<ref name="Clujeanet-1">{{Cite web |title=Istoria Clujului – Primele școli |url=http://www.clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/06-primele_scoli.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130171606/http://www.clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/06-primele_scoli.htm |archive-date=30 January 2008 |access-date=2008-05-14 |publisher=Clujnet.com |language=ro}}</ref> Concomitantly, a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] school founded during the 14th century also functioned in the city.<ref name="Clujeanet-1"/>
Today close to 150 pre-university educational institutions operate in Cluj-Napoca, including 62 kindergartens, 30 primary schools and 45 high schools.<ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall"/> Their activity is supervised by the County Board for Education. Most schools are taught in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]; nonetheless, there are some [[Hungarian language|Hungarian-language]] schools (Báthory István, Apáczai Csere János and Brassai Sámuel high schools), as well as mixed schools—e.g., George Coșbuc and Onisifor Ghibu high schools with Romanian/German classes and Romanian/Hungarian classes, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clujul multicultural. Strategia de dezvoltare a municipiului Cluj |url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Strategia%20Cluj.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529112358/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Strategia%20Cluj.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=2008-05-15 |publisher=Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală |language=ro}}</ref> Statistics show that 18,208 students were enrolled in the city's secondary school system during the 1993–94 school year, while a further 7,660 attended one of the 18 professional schools.<ref name="Veres-1995">{{Cite journal |last=Veres |first=Enikö |date=1995 |title=Educational Function of Cluj-Napoca City |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=219513 |url-status=live |journal=Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai |volume=44 |issue=1–2 |pages=79–82 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041057/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=219513 |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=2008-05-15}}</ref> In the same year, another 37,111 pupils and 9,711 children were registered for primary and [[pre-school]], respectively.<ref name="Veres-1995"/>

== Sports ==

[[File:Stadionul Dr. Constantin Rădulescu.jpg|thumb|CFR Cluj vs. [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]], in the Round of 32 of the [[2019–20 UEFA Europa League|2019–20]] [[UEFA Europa League]] in February 2020 at Stadionul Dr. Constantin Rădulescu]]

[[Association football|Football]] in the city features four clubs playing in the leagues organised by the [[Romanian Football Federation]], in [[Liga I|Liga 1]]—formerly Divizia A<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2006 |title=Divizia A devine Liga I |url=http://www.realitatearomaneasca.ro/content.php?c=articole&id_categorie=7&articol_id=6581&article=divizia+a+devine+liga+i |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212020325/http://www.realitatearomaneasca.ro/content.php?c=articole&id_categorie=7&articol_id=6581&article=divizia+a+devine+liga+i |archive-date=12 December 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Realitatea Românească |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2010 |title=Revine Liga I – Programul primei etape a sezonului 2010–2011 |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/revine-liga-i-programul-primei-etape-a-sezonului-2010-2011-900511.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716195337/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/revine-liga-i-programul-primei-etape-a-sezonului-2010-2011-900511.html |archive-date=16 July 2010 |access-date=2011-03-21 |work=Evenimentul Zilei |language=ro}}</ref>—the top division in the Romanian football association, [[liga II]] and [[liga III]].

[[CFR Cluj|CFR 1907 Cluj-Napoca]] (founded in 1907) is one of the oldest established teams in the Romanian Championship. It has eight Romanian championship titles [[2007–08 Liga I|2008]], [[2009–10 Liga I|2010]], [[2011–12 Liga I|2012]], [[2017–18 Liga I|2018]], [[2018–19 Liga I|2019]], [[2019-20 Liga I|2020]], [[2020-21 Liga I|2021]], [[2021-22 Liga I|2022]] and four Romanian Cups [[2015–16 Cupa României|2008]], [[2015–16 Cupa României|2009]], [[2015–16 Cupa României|2010]], and [[2015–16 Cupa României|2016]] as well as four Supercupa Romaniei in [[2009 Supercupa României|2009]], [[2010 Supercupa României|2010]], [[2018 Supercupa României|2018]], and [[2020 Supercupa României|2020]]. It succeeded in winning a league and cup [[Double (association football)|double]] first time in its history during [[Liga I 2007–08|2007–2008 season]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaharia |first=Paul-Daniel |date=10 May 2008 |title=Cluj cup success caps remarkable season |url=http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/kind=2/newsid=694207.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513143920/http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/kind=2/newsid=694207.html |archive-date=13 May 2008 |access-date=2008-05-12 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> and again in the [[Liga I 2009–10|2009–2010 season]].

The [[FC Universitatea Cluj]] football team was founded in 1919, and its greatest success ever was the 1965 [[Romanian Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istorie |url=http://www.ucluj.ro/fotbal-u-cluj/istorie.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307032943/http://www.ucluj.ro/fotbal-u-cluj/istorie.php |archive-date=7 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Universitatea Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> They were also the runner-ups in liga I in the [[1932-33 Divizia A|1932-1933]] season and in Cupa Ligii in [[1998 Cupa Ligii|1998]].

The city is also represented in the [[Liga III|third league]], through [[CS Sănătatea Cluj-Napoca]], founded in 1986. This team, which has the [[Victoria Someșeni Stadium]] as its home ground, reached the quarter-finals of the Romanian Cup during the 2007–2008 season, its best performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2007 |title=Dinamo a spulberat visul "virușilor" |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=6175 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref>

[[FCU Olimpia Cluj]] is the local women's soccer team, established in 2010 by [[Babeș-Bolyai University]]. The team won the Liga I 10 times, and Romanian Cup 6 times.
[[File:Cluj-Napoca Cluj Arena 5.jpg|thumb|[[Cluj Arena]], opened in 2011]]
[[Cluj Arena]], home ground of "U" Cluj, is the largest stadium in Cluj-Napoca (capacity 30,201), and is ranked as an UEFA Elite stadium. The next largest stadium (23,500 seats) is the [[Stadionul Dr. Constantin Rădulescu|Dr. Constantin Rădulescu Stadium]], home field of the [[CFR Cluj]] football team, located in Gruia. This stadium has undergone major refurbishment, featuring up-to-date lighting for [[night game]]s and automated lawn irrigation, and is due to undergo still further modernisation with the construction of new seating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2008 |title=Stadion de 5 stele la Cluj! |url=http://www.sport.ro/stiri/24354/Fotbal-Extern/Liga-campionilor/Stadion-de-5-stele-la-Cluj-Ultimele-imagini-cu-arena-CFR-ului.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117093224/http://www.sport.ro/stiri/24354/Fotbal-Extern/Liga-campionilor/Stadion-de-5-stele-la-Cluj-Ultimele-imagini-cu-arena-CFR-ului.html |archive-date=17 January 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=ro}}</ref>
[[File:Cluj_Polyvalent_Hall_2.jpg|thumb|[[BT Arena]]]]
"Universitatea" club also incorporates teams in sports such as [[rugby union]], basketball (with the successful men's basketball team, [[U-BT Cluj-Napoca|U-BT]]), [[team handball|handball]] and volleyball. The city also features three [[water polo]] teams, as recognised by the Romanian Water Polo Federation: CSS Viitorul, CS Voința and Poli CSM.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teams |url=http://www.frpolo.ro/echipe.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617153959/http://www.frpolo.ro/echipe.asp |archive-date=17 June 2008 |access-date=2008-05-12 |publisher=Federația Română de Polo}}</ref> Facilities for such sports are located in the vicinity of the stadium, including [[BT Arena]] sports hall opened in 2014 with a capacity of 9300 seats (10000 during concerts), the [[Sala Sporturilor Horia Demian]], a multi-functional hall designed for sports like [[team handball|handball]], basketball or volleyball, the Politehnica Swimming Complex, which includes indoor and open-air swimming pools, as well as the [[Iuliu Hațieganu]] Park – with tennis and track facilities and a new swimming pool under construction. Cluj-Napoca regularly organises national championships in different sports because of this large concentration of facilities.

In the automotive field, Cluj-Napoca hosts two stages in the National Rally Championship. ''Raliul Clujului'' is held in June;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=http://www.raliulclujului.ro/istoric.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111021046/http://www.raliulclujului.ro/istoric.php |archive-date=11 January 2010 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Raliul Clujului Mobil1 |language=ro}}</ref> the ''Avram Iancu'' Rally, held in September, has been officially organised since 1975, though there were several years when it was not held.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istoricul Raliului Avram Iancu |url=http://www.raliulavramiancu.ro/informatii_generale.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920134213/http://www.raliulavramiancu.ro/informatii_generale.php |archive-date=20 September 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Raliul Avram Iancu |language=ro}}</ref> The latter rally begins in Cipariu Square and runs across the surroundings of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raliul Avram Iancu – Plan orar |url=http://www.raliulavramiancu.ro/plan_orar.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920023408/http://www.raliulavramiancu.ro/plan_orar.php |archive-date=20 September 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Motorhome Napoca Rally Team}}</ref>

Amateur athletes are also active in Cluj-Napoca, with swimming pools, [[miniature golf]] courses, tennis courts, [[paintball]] arenas and [[bikeway]]s available,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strategia de Dezvoltare a Județului Cluj 2007–2013 |url=http://www.cjcluj.ro/UserUploadedFiles/File/strategia%20judetului/Strategie%20Cluj_v_finalaII.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531205218/http://www.cjcluj.ro/UserUploadedFiles/File/strategia%20judetului/Strategie%20Cluj_v_finalaII.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=2012-01-21 |publisher=Cluj County Council |page=143 |language=ro}}</ref> as well as skiing, [[bobsledding]], skating, [[caving]], hiking, hunting, fishing and [[extreme sport]]s in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pentru o dezvoltare durabilă: viziunea, prioritățile strategice și industriile motoare ale ZMC |url=http://primariacj.ro/docs/propiecte%20dezbateri/zona%20metropolitana/PIDU.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227073456/http://www.primariacj.ro/docs/propiecte%20dezbateri/zona%20metropolitana/PIDU.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=2012-01-21 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=ro}}</ref> April 2011 saw the first annual edition of the ''Cluj International Marathon'', a competition that takes place in the city centre's streets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Race Info – Cluj International Marathon |url=http://www.maraton-cluj.ro/en/race-info.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320233413/http://www.maraton-cluj.ro/en/race-info.html |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=2012-01-21 |publisher=Runners Club Sports Association}}</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania}}
Cluj-Napoca is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orașe infrățite |url=https://primariaclujnapoca.ro/cultura/orase-infratite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219121217/https://primariaclujnapoca.ro/cultura/orase-infratite/ |archive-date=19 February 2021 |access-date=2022-10-17 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dijon]], France (1965)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nantes]], France (1990)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia (1976)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cologne]], Germany (1976)
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Pécs]], Hungary (1990)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Beersheba]], Israel (1991)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]], United States (1991)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhengzhou]], China (1994)
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Makati]], Philippines (1996)
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Suwon]], South Korea (1999)
*{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Chacao Municipality|Chacao (Caracas)]], Venezuela (1999)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil (2000)
*{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Korçë]], Albania (2001)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Province of Parma]], Italy (2005)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rockford, Illinois|Rockford]], United States (2005)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[East Lansing, Michigan|East Lansing]], United States (2005)
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rotherham]], England, United Kingdom (2006)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Viterbo]], Italy (2009)
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Namur, Belgium|Namur]], Belgium (2010)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ningbo]], China (2014)
*{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Ungheni]], Moldova (2016)
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Karaganda]], Kazakhstan (2017)
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Braga]], Portugal (2018)
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Eskişehir]], Turkey (2020)
{{div col end}}

==Footnotes==
a.{{note label|a|a|none}} The engraving, dating back to 1617, was executed by Georg Houfnagel after the painting of Egidius van der Rye (the original was done in the workshop of Braun and Hagenberg).

b.{{note label|b|b|none}} After the declaration of the union between the 1918–1920 period an exodus of Hungarian inhabitants occurred. Also, the city grew and many people moved in from the surrounding area and Cluj County as a whole, populated largely by Romanians.

c.{{note label|c|c|none}} In August 1940, as the second Vienna Award transferred the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary, many Hungarians and Romanians chose to leave or were exiled. After some ethnic Hungarians groups considered unreliable or insecure were sacked/expelled from Southern-Transylvania, the Hungarian officials also regularly expelled some Romanian groups from Northern-Transylvania.<ref>A történelem tanúi – Erdély – bevonulás 1940 p 56. - The witnesses of history – Transylvania – Entry 1940 p. 56. - {{ISBN|978-963-251-473-4}}</ref>

d.{{note label|d|d|none}} The 1941 Hungarian census is considered unreliable by most historians. In 1941, Cluj had 16,763 Jews. They were forced into ghettos in 1944 by the Hungarian authorities and deported to Auschwitz in May–June 1944.

e.{{note label|e|e|none}} In the 1960s a determined policy of industrialisation was initiated. Many people from the surrounding rural areas (largely Romanian) moved into the city, giving Cluj a Romanian majority.

f.{{note label|f|f|none}} Data refer to those for whom ethnicity is available, and do not include the 23,165 individuals (7.1% of the city's population) for whom such data are unavailable.

==See also==
*[[List of people from Cluj-Napoca]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |last=Gh. Lazarovici |title=Cluj-Napoca – Inima Transilvaniei |last2=D. Alicu |last3=C. Pop |last4=I. Hica |last5=P. Iambor |last6=Șt. Matei |last7=E. Glodaru |last8=I. Ciupea |last9=Gh. Bodea |publisher=Editura Studia |year=1997 |isbn=973-97555-0-X |location=Cluj-Napoca}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gheorghe Bodea |title=Clujul vechi și nou |publisher=ProfImage |year=2002 |isbn=973-0-02539-8 |location=Cluj-Napoca}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rogers Brubaker |author-link=Rogers Brubaker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgg6eqKKkbcC&q=Brubaker+Baia |title=Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town |last2=Margit Feischmidt |last3=Jon Fox |last4=Liana Grancea |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-691-12834-0 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8312.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610075608/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8312.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-10 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bunbury |first=Edward Herbert |author-link=Edward Herbert Bunbury |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IGcDAAAAQAAJ |title=A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans |publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street |year=1879 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lukács József |title=Povestea orașului-comoară. Scurtă istorie a Clujului și monumentelor sale |publisher=Apostrof |year=2005 |isbn=973-9279-74-0 |location=Cluj-Napoca}}
* {{Cite book |last=Raoul Șorban |title=Invazie de stafii. Însemnări și mărturisiri despre o altă parte a vieții |publisher=Meridiane |year=2003 |isbn=973-33-0477-8 |location=Bucharest}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dorin Alicu |title=Județul Cluj – trecut și prezent |publisher=ProfImage |year=2003 |isbn=973-555-090-3 |location=Cluj-Napoca}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dorin Alicu |title=Cluj-Napoca, de la începuturi până azi |last2=Ion Ciupea |last3=Mihai Cojocneanu |last4=Eugenia Glodariu |last5=Ioana Hica |last6=Petre Iambor |last7=Gheorghe Lazărov |publisher=Clusium |year=1995 |isbn=973-7924-05-3 |location=Cluj-Napoca}}
* {{Cite book |title=Cluj-Napoca=Claudiopolis |publisher=Noi Media Print |year=2004 |location=Bucharest}}
* {{Cite book |title=Cluj-Napoca – Ghid |publisher=Sedona |year=2002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ștefan Pascu |title=Clujul |last2=Iosif Pataki |last3=Vasile Popa |year=1957}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ștefan Pascu |title=Clujul medieval |last2=Viorica Marica |publisher=Meridiane |year=1969 |location=Bucharest}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ștefan Pascu |title=Istoria Clujului |publisher=Consiliul Popular al Municipiului |year=1974 |location=Bucharest}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aurel Anton |title=Cluj. Ghid turistic al județului |last2=Iuliua Cosma |last3=Vasile Popa |last4=Gheorghe Voișanu |publisher=Editura pentru Turism |year=1973 |location=Bucharest}}
* {{Cite book |last=Simon András |title=Atlasul localităților județului Cluj |last2=Gáll Enikõ |last3=Tonk Sandor |last4=Laszlo Tamas |last5=Maxim Aurelian |last6=Jancsik Peter |last7=Coroiu Teodora |publisher=Suncart |year=2003 |location=Cluj-Napoca}}
* {{Cite web |title=Cluj-Napoca, orașul comoară al Transilvaniei, România |url=http://www.clujonline.com/ro/istoric.htm |access-date=2007-03-11 |publisher=CLUJonline.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=O istorie inedită a Clujului |url=http://clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203032336/http://www.clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie.html |archive-date=3 February 2007 |access-date=2007-03-11 |publisher=ReMARK ltd}}
* {{Cite web |title=Anuarul Institutului de Istorie "George Bariț" din Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.history-cluj.ro/Istorie/anuare/2001/C%20U%20P%20R%20I%20N%20S.htm |access-date=2007-03-11 |publisher="George Bariț" History Institute, Cluj-Napoca / [[Romanian Academy]]}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Cluj-Napoca}}
{{Wikivoyage|Cluj-Napoca}}
{{Wiktionary|Cluj-Napoca}}
{{EB1911 poster|Kolozsvár}}
'''Official websites'''
* [http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/ Cluj-Napoca: Official administration site] {{in lang|ro}}
* [https://visitcluj.ro/ Cluj-Napoca : Official tourism site] {{in lang|en|ro}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717124552/http://www.prefecturacluj.ro/ Cluj County Prefecture] {{in lang|ro}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228225954/http://www.clc-cluj.org/ Cluj-Napoca Local Civic Council] {{in lang|ro}}
* {{Official website|http://www.ctpcj.ro/|CTP (Public Transport Company) official website}} {{in lang|ro}}
* [http://www.airportcluj.ro/ Cluj-Napoca International Airport] {{in lang|en|ro}}

'''City guides'''
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080313104221/http://www.cluj4all.com/ Interactive map, directory and various connected to the city]}} {{in lang|en|ro|hu|ar|de|es|he|fr|it|nl|ru|tr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517082724/http://encarta.msn.com/map_701510572/cluj-napoca.html Road map of the access points to Cluj-Napoca]

'''Photos'''
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/clujnapoca/clusters/ Flickr – Cluj-Napoca]

[[File:Cluj-Napoca panorama.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Panorama over western districts, taken from "Tăietura Turcului"]]

'''Other'''
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|1156174|Cluj-Napoca, Romania}}

{{Cluj County}}
{{PlacesCluj}}
{{Companies in Cluj-Napoca}}
{{Cities in Romania}}
{{RoJudCapitals}}
{{European Youth Capital}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cluj-Napoca| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Romania]]
[[Category:Capitals of Romanian counties]]
[[Category:Populated places in Cluj County]]
[[Category:Localities in Transylvania]]
[[Category:Capitals of the Principality of Transylvania]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Romania]]