Editing Coasteering

{{Short description|Navigating along the intertidal zone}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Mordiro.jpg|thumb|Coasteering near [[Porthclais]], [[Pembrokeshire]]]]
'''Coasteering''' is movement along the [[intertidal zone]]<ref name="nationalwatersafety tombstoning">{{Cite web|url=https://nationalwatersafety.org.uk/advice-and-information/coasteering-and-tombstoning|title=Coasteering and Tombstoning|work=NWSF|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510214258/https://nationalwatersafety.org.uk/advice-and-information/coasteering-and-tombstoning/|archive-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> of a rocky coastline on foot or by swimming, without the aid of boats, surf boards or other craft.

Coasteering allows a person to move in the “impact zone” between a body of water and the coast where waves, tides, wind, rocks, cliffs, gullies, and caves come together.

The term was first used by Edward C Pyatt<ref>Some pioneers of coasteering Edward C Pyatt 191 Alpine Journal</ref> as the combination of the words "[[mountaineering]]" and "coast"<ref>Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 2011</ref> and was adopted by Andy Middleton in Wales in 1985, who then made it a business idea.<ref name=about-the-ncc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalcoasteeringcharter.org.uk/about-the-ncc/|title=NATIONAL COASTEERING CHARTER All About the NCC…|work=NATIONAL COASTEERING CHARTER|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626004146/https://www.nationalcoasteeringcharter.org.uk/about-the-ncc/|archive-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>

==History==
Although all aspects of coasteering have been informally practised by people for a very long time,<ref name="nationalwatersafety tombstoning"/> if only as a means of access to a cut-off cove beyond a headland, the term appears first to have been used in 1973. In the book ''Sea Cliff Climbing'', John Cleare and Robin Collomb said "A few enthusiasts believe that coasteering will become popular and has a big future".

In the late 1980s Andy Middleton of Twr-y-Felin Outdoor Centre developed it as a commercially guided recreational activity initially along the cliff coastline of St.Davids in [[Pembrokeshire]] in [[Wales]]. By the mid-1990s write-ups started appearing in the travel/recreational pages of the newspapers showing that several commercial companies were offering such activity. The activity then spread to all regions of the UK where there are suitable rocky coasts, including Cornwall, Pembrokeshire, Anglesey and the Highlands and Isles of Scotland.

The advisory organisation for coasteering in the UK is the National Coasteering Charter (NCC).<ref name=about-the-ncc/> In the UK the activity is recognized by the Adventure Activities Licensing Authority, which is a department of the [[Health and Safety Executive]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/aala/index.htm |title=Adventure activities licensing |publisher=Health and Safety Executive  |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref>

==Activities==
Coasteering may include all or some of the following activities:

*''Swimming or Adventure Swimming:'' These activities can occur in calm, rough or white water; and/or tidal currents. Dressing for swimming in the sea ([[wetsuit]]s, buoyancy aids, etc.) is often an integral part of coasteering, even on routes where it is possible to stay dry. A route, or activity, where the group start out with the intention of staying dry – whether through route choice or the use of ropes and harnesses – would not usually be considered as coasteering but sea level traversing,<ref>{{cite web |title=ABOUT |url=https://www.coasteeringsouthwest.co.uk/about-- |website=coasteeringsouthwest |accessdate=6 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> which is usually a dry pursuit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sea Level Traversing |url=https://www.angleseyadventures.com/sea-level-traversing/ |website=www.angleseyadventures.com |accessdate=6 October 2020}}</ref>
*''Climbing, scrambling:'' The very nature of the coastline that is needed for coasteering demands aspects of these activities. Ropes, as security on rock, are not used. Any climbing activity usually takes place above deep water, with safety spotters used where appropriate. There is a similarity to the sport of [[deep-water soloing]], but this would normally be carried out by experienced individuals not wearing equipment suitable for coasteering. Coasteering is not usually intended as an 'always dry', climbing activity.
*''Jumping into water:'' Coasteering "...often involves a series of jumps into deep water."<ref name="nationalwatersafety tombstoning"/><ref name="national coasterring charter2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalcoasteeringcharter.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Safety-Advice-for-Coasteering-Providers-V3-Nov-2015.pdf|title=Safety Advice for Coasteering Providers|pages=6, 12, 17–18, 19|date=November 2015|edition=third|work=National Coasteering Charter|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626003935/https://www.nationalcoasteeringcharter.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Safety-Advice-for-Coasteering-Providers-V3-Nov-2015.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Guided adventure experience==
The rocky cliff coasts of western Britain provide the world's principal location for organised guided coasteering, where it is available from over 100 activity centres.<ref name="&town=&county=&region=&Climbing=34&Watersports=&Trekking=&Caving=&Submit=Search List of AALA Recognized Providers for Combined Rock and Water Activities]</ref">[http://www.aals.org.uk/aals/provider_results.php?provider_name=&town=&county=&region=&Climbing=34&Watersports=&Trekking=&Caving=&Submit=Search List of AALA Recognized Providers for Combined Rock and Water Activities]</ref> Usually half-day or one-day trips are offered at a variety of levels catering for beginners, intermediates and advanced. Some trips are especially slanted towards study of [[coastal ecology]]. Some centres cater for parties of schoolchildren.

==Adventure races==
Coasteering may be included as one of the disciplines for a stage of an [[adventure racing|adventure race]]. This is especially common in New Zealand, but is also to be found in Australia, Canada, and the USA.

==Safety==
In 2015 in the UK a document giving safety advice for coasteering providers was published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalcoasteeringcharter.org.uk/docs/|title=Safety Advice for Coasteering Providers – V3 Nov 2015|date=November 2015|work=National Coasteering Charter|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220626010314/https://www.nationalcoasteeringcharter.org.uk/docs/|archive-date=26 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in the UK, the [[Health and Safety Executive|HSE]] has an information sheet of good practice for the Adventure Activities Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/etis13.pdf |title=HSE Information Sheet for Combined Water and Rock Activities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526133220/http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/etis13.pdf |archive-date=2005-05-26 |access-date=2005-07-06}}</ref>

===Basic safety equipment===
Safety equipment reflects the environment in which the sport is performed<ref name="equipment - coasterring charter2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalcoasteeringcharter.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Safety-Advice-for-Coasteering-Providers-V3-Nov-2015.pdf|title=Safety Advice for Coasteering Providers|pages=13, 14|date=2015|edition=third|work=National Coasteering Charter|access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> and often includes:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Wetsuit]] (for cooler waters outside the tropics)<ref name="equipment - coasterring charter2015"/>
* Protective clothing and gloves to prevent abrasions – may be provided by the wetsuit
* [[Buoyancy aid]]<ref name="equipment - coasterring charter2015"/>
* Helmet<ref name="equipment - coasterring charter2015"/>
* Shoes to provide grip on rocks
* Wetsuit boots, trainers or canyoning boots (closed toes)<ref name="equipment - coasterring charter2015"/>
* Throw line<ref name="equipment - coasterring charter2015"/>
* Communications – hand-held VHF and/or mobile telephone<ref name="equipment - coasterring charter2015"/>
* Knife<ref name="equipment - coasterring charter2015"/>
{{div col end}}

==Hazards==
{{Main article|Cliff jumping#Dangers}}
When jumping into water from height, water resistance increases with the speed of entry, so entering the water at high-velocity induces rapid and potentially dangerous decelleration.<ref name="8 June 1989"/><ref name="5 October 2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/outdoor-activities/water-sports/cliff-diving.htm|title=How Cliff Diving Works|last=Kolich |first=Heather|work=mapquest|date=5 October 2009 |access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524072549/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/outdoor-activities/water-sports/cliff-diving.htm|archive-date=24 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-37653354|title=Man dies after 'tombstoning' off Plymouth Hoe cliff|date=14 October 2016|work=BBC|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014145015/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-37653354|archive-date=14 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Jumping from a height of 20 feet (6.1 m) results in a person hitting the water at 25 mph (40 km/h).<ref name="5 October 2009"/>  Impacting with the water surface at this velocity is capable of giving a person [[Getting the wind knocked out of you|temporary paralysis of the diaphragm]],<ref name="8 June 1989" /> a [[vertebral compression fracture|compressed spine]], broken bones, or [[concussion]].<ref name="5 October 2009"/>

When diving and [[Flip (acrobatic)|flipping]] into water along the intertidal zone there is an increased risk of receiving an injury including a spinal injury.<ref name="national coasterring charter2015"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Height falling from
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Speed reached at water surface

|-
|5 feet (1.5 metres)
|12&nbsp;mph  (19 km/h)<ref name="8 June 1989">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deseret.com/1989/6/8/18810510/cliffs-plus-diving-danger-water-gravity-can-turn-thriller-into-a-killer|title=CLIFFS PLUS DIVING = DANGER: WATER, GRAVITY CAN TURN THRILLER INTO A KILLER|date=8 June 1989|work=Deseret News|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315093340/https://www.deseret.com/1989/6/8/18810510/cliffs-plus-diving-danger-water-gravity-can-turn-thriller-into-a-killer|archive-date=15 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|10 feet (3 metres)
|17&nbsp;mph (27 km/h)<ref name="5 October 2009"/>
|-
|20 feet (6.1 metres)
|25&nbsp;mph (40 km/h)<ref name="5 October 2009"/>
|-
|50 feet (15 metres)
|38&nbsp;mph (61 km/h)<ref name="5 October 2009"/>
|-
|85 feet (26 metres)
|53 to 62&nbsp;mph (85 to 100 km/h)<ref name="5 October 2009"/>
|}

===List of hazards===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Being swept away by currents<ref name="nationalwatersafety tombstoning"/><ref name="RoSPA Tombstoning">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rospa.com/leisure-water-safety/water/advice/tombstoning|title=Tombstoning – 'Don't jump into the unknown'|work=RoSPA|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107022152/https://www.rospa.com/leisure-water-safety/water/advice/tombstoning|archive-date=7 January 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Clothing or feet being caught in rocks or objects underneath the water surface
* [[Cold shock response|Cold water shock]]<ref name="national coasterring charter2015"/><ref name="RNLIcoldwatershock">{{Cite news|url=https://rnli.org/safety/know-the-risks/cold-water-shock#:~:text=The%20sudden%20cooling%20of%20the,increasing%20as%20much%20as%20tenfold.|title=Cold water shock|work=RNLI|access-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524064542/https://rnli.org/safety/know-the-risks/cold-water-shock|archive-date=24 May 2024}}</ref>
* [[Drowning]]<ref name="national coasterring charter2015"/>
* [[Hypothermia]]
* Jumping from height and impacting with water surface<ref name="5 October 2009"/>
* Jumping from height and impacting with submerged objects "...like rocks, fishing gear, mooring lines and other under water hazards [that] may not be visible"<ref name=2July2022tombstoning>{{Cite news|url=https://www.grampianonline.co.uk/buckie/tombstoning-warning-after-findochty-harbour-incident-204717/|title=Tombstoning warning after Findochty Harbour incident|last=Beresford|first=Alan|date=2 July 2020|work=Grampian online|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315105507/https://www.grampianonline.co.uk/buckie/tombstoning-warning-after-findochty-harbour-incident-204717/|archive-date=15 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="national coasterring charter2015"/>
* Jumping from height and impacting with rocks above the water surface
{{div col end}}

==Places known for coasteering==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Hong Kong]]
* [[Wales]]
* [[England]]
* [[Scotland]]
* [[Madeira]]
* [[Athens]]
* [[Goa]]
* [[New Zealand]]
* [[Big Sur]], California, USA
{{div col end}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winn |first=Mark |date=March 26, 2023 |title=Coasteering: An Exciting Adventure Sport to Explore the Seaside |url=https://thinkbestway.com/coasteering/ |access-date=April 10, 2023 |website=Think Bestway}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bouldering]]
* [[Caving]]
* [[Outdoor activity]]
* [[Rock fishing]]
* [[Scrambling]]
* [[Seatrekking]]
* [[Cliff jumping]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Coasteering}}

{{Extreme sports}}

[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Water sports]]