Editing Cobia

{{Short description|Species of ray-finned fish}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Lemonfish|the New Zealand fish|Spotted estuary smooth-hound}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Rachycentron canadum Robertson.jpg
| image_caption = juvenile
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B.B. |author2=Curtis, M. |author3=Williams, J.T. |author4=Smith-Vaniz, W.F. |author5=Pina Amargos, F. |date=2015 |title=''Rachycentron canadum'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T190190A70036823 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190190A70036823.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Rachycentron
| species = canadum
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
| synonyms = *''Gasterosteus canadus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small> 
*''Elacate canada'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small>
*''Scomber niger'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1793)</small> 
*A''polectus niger'' <small>(Bloch, 1793)</small> 
*''Elacate nigra'' <small>(Bloch, 1793)</small> 
*''Naucrates niger'' <small>(Bloch, 1793)</small> 
*''Centronotus gardenii'' <small>([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1801)</small> 
*''Centronotus spinosus'' <small>([[Samuel L. Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1815)</small> 
*''Rachycentron typus'' <small>([[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]], 1826)</small> 
*''Elacate motta'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829)</small> 
*''Elacate bivittata'' <small>(Cuvier, 1832)</small> 
*''Elacate atlantica'' <small>(Cuvier, 1832)</small> 
*''Elacate malabarica'' <small>(Cuvier, 1832)</small> 
*''Elacate pondiceriana'' <small>(Cuvier, 1832)</small> 
*''Elacate nigerrima'' <small>([[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1839)</small> 
*''Meladerma nigerrima'' (Swainson, 1839) 
*''Elacate falcipinnis'' <small>([[Philip Henry Gosse|Gosse]], 1851)</small> 
*''Thynnus canadensis'' <small>([[Laurens Theodorus Gronovius|Gronow]], 1854)</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Rachycentron|canadum|month=August|year=2019}}</ref>
}}

The '''cobia''' ('''''Rachycentron canadum''''') ({{IPAc-en|'|k|oʊ|b|i|ə}}, {{Respell|KOH|bee|ə}}) is a species of [[Marine fish|marine]] [[Carangiformes|carangiform]] [[ray-finned fish]], the only extant representative of the genus ''[[Rachycentron]]'' and the family [[Rachycentridae]]. Its other common names include '''black kingfish''', '''black salmon''', '''ling''', '''lemonfish''', '''crabeater''', '''prodigal son''', '''codfish''', and '''black bonito'''.

==Description==
Attaining a maximum length of 2 m (78&nbsp;in) and maximum weight of {{Convert|79|kg|lb}}, the cobia has an elongated, fusiform (spindle-shaped) body and a broad, flattened head. The eyes are small and the lower jaw projects slightly past the upper. Fibrous villiform teeth line the jaws, the tongue, and the roof of the mouth. The body of the fish is smooth with small scales. It is dark brown in color, grading to white on the belly with two darker brown horizontal bands on the flanks. The stripes are more prominent during [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]], when they darken and the background color flashes.

The large pectoral fins are normally carried horizontally, perhaps helping the fish attain the profile of a [[shark]]. The first dorsal fin has six to nine independent, short, stout, sharp spines. The family name Rachycentridae, from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''rhachis'' ("spine") and ''kentron'' ("sting"), was inspired by these dorsal spines. The mature cobia has a forked, slightly lunated tail, which is usually dark brown. The fish lacks a [[swim bladder]]. The juvenile cobia is patterned with conspicuous bands of black and white and has a rounded tail. The previous largest cobia taken on rod and reel came from [[Shark Bay|Shark Bay, Australia]], and weighed 60&nbsp;kg (135&nbsp;lb). The new record for cobia certified by the IGFA weighed {{Convert|79.6|kg|lb}} and was caught near [[Rottnest Island|Rottnest Island, Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=New World Record Cobia Caught {{!}} Sport Fishing Mag |url=https://www.sportfishingmag.com/news/world-record-cobia/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Similar species==
The cobia resembles its close relatives, the [[remora]]s of the family Echeneidae. It lacks the remora's dorsal sucker and has a stouter body.

==Distribution and habitat==
{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | direction = vertical
 | width     = 220
 | image1    = cobia fingerlings.jpg
 | alt1      = 
 | caption1  = Cobia fingerlings in at the University of Miami
 | image2    = Rachycentron canadum.jpg
 | alt2      = 
 | caption2  = Female broodstock, about 8&nbsp;kg, prior to transport to broodstock holding tanks at the University of Miami
 | image3    = Cobia on ice.jpg
 | alt3      = 
 | caption3  = Cobia on ice at Open Blue Sea Farms
 | image4    =
 | alt4      = 
 | caption4  = Snack time
}}

The cobia is normally solitary except for annual spawning aggregations, and it sometimes congregates at [[reef]]s, wrecks, harbours, [[buoy]]s, and other structural oases. It is [[Pelagic zone|pelagic]], but it may enter [[estuary|estuaries]] and [[mangrove]]s in search of prey.

It is found in warm-temperate to tropical waters of the West and East [[Atlantic Ocean]], throughout the [[Caribbean]], and in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India, Australia, and the Pacific coast of Japan.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ditty, J. G.  |author2=Shaw, R. F. |year=1992|title= Larval development, distribution, and ecology of cobia ''Rachycentron canadum'' (Family: Rachycentridae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico|journal=Fishery Bulletin|volume=90|pages=668–677|url=http://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/1992/904/ditty.pdf}}</ref> The cobia has been reported in various locations<ref name = Nour2021>{{cite journal | author1 = Ola Mohamed Nour | author2 = Sara A.A. Al Mabruk | author3 = Bruno Zava | author4 = Alan Deidun6 | author5 = Maria Corsini-Foka | name-list-style = and | year = 2021 | title = Records of new and rare alien fish in North African waters: the burrowing goby ''Trypauchen vagina'' (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) and the bartail flathead ''Platycephalus indicus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) in Egypt and the cobia ''Rachycentron canadum'' (Linnaeus, 1766) in Libya | journal = BioInvasions Records | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 914–923 | doi = 10.3391/bir.2021.10.4.16| s2cid = 244109264 | doi-access = free }}</ref> of the eastern Mediterranean Sea since 1978, following either entry via the [[Suez Canal]] or escape from mariculture.<ref>Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (''Rachycentron canadum''). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Rachycentron_canadum.pdf</ref>

It is [[eurytherm]]al, tolerating a wide range of temperatures, from 1.6 to 32.2&nbsp;°C. It is also [[euryhaline]], living at [[salinity|salinities]] of 5.0 to 44.5 [[per mil|ppt]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Resley|first1=M.J.|last2=Webb|first2=K.A.|last3=Holt|first3=G.J.|year= 2006|title= Growth and survival of juvenile cobia ''Rachycentron canadum'' cultured at different salinities in recirculating aquaculture systems|journal= Aquaculture|volume=253|pages=398–407|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.029|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223180380}}</ref>

==Ecology==
The cobia feeds primarily on [[crab]]s, [[squid]], and fish. Like it's relatives the [[Remora|remoras]], it follows larger animals such as [[shark]]s, [[turtle]]s, and [[manta ray]]s to [[scavenger|scavenge]]. It is a very curious fish, showing little fear of boats.

The predators of the cobia are not well documented, but the [[mahi-mahi]] (''Coryphaena hippurus'') is known to feed on juveniles and the [[shortfin mako shark]] (''Isurus oxyrinchus'') eats the adults.

The cobia is frequently [[parasitism|parasitized]] by [[nematode]]s, [[trematode]]s, [[cestode]]s, [[copepod]]s, and [[acanthocephalan]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Margaret M. Smith|author2=Phillip C. Heemstra|title=Smiths' Sea Fishes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA662|year=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-82858-4}}</ref>

==Life history==
The cobia is a pelagic spawner, releasing many tiny (1.2&nbsp;mm), buoyant eggs into the water, where they become part of the [[plankton]]. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching. The larvae are also planktonic, being more or less helpless during their first week until the eyes and mouths develop. The male matures at two years and the female at three years. Both sexes lead moderately long lives of 15 years or more. Breeding activity takes place diurnally from April to September in large, offshore congregations, where the female is capable of spawning up to 30 times during the season.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brown-Peterson|first1=N.J.|last2=Overstreet|first2=R.M.|last3=Lotz|first3=J.M.|year=2001|title= Reproductive biology of cobia, ''Rachycentron canadum'', from coastal waters of the southern United States|journal=Fish. Bull.|volume= 99|pages=15–28|url=http://fishbull.noaa.gov/991/2.pdf}}</ref>

==Migration==
The cobia makes seasonal [[Fish migration|migrations]]. It winters in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], then moves north as far as [[Massachusetts]] for the summer, passing [[Florida]] around March.<ref>[http://www.onthewater.com/reader-report-cape-cod-cobia/ Reader Report: Cape Cod Cobia]. onthewater.com (20 July 2015)</ref>

==Culinary use==
The cobia is sold commercially and commands a relatively high price for its firm texture and excellent flavor, but no designated wild fishery exists because it is a solitary species. It has been farmed in [[aquaculture]]. The flesh is usually sold fresh. It is typically served in the form of grilled or poached fillets. Chefs [[Jamie Oliver]] and [[Mario Batali]] each cooked several dishes made with cobia in the "Battle Cobia" episode of the [[Food Network]] program ''[[Iron Chef America]]'', which first aired in January, 2008.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} [[Thomas Keller]]'s restaurant, [[The French Laundry]], has offered cobia on its [[tasting menu]].

==Aquaculture==
{{Main|Aquaculture of cobia}}
This fish is considered to be one of the most suitable candidates for warm, open-water marine fish aquaculture in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kaiser, J.B.  |author2=Holt, G.J.|year= 2004|title=Cobia: a new species for aquaculture in the US|journal=World Aquaculture|volume= 35|pages=12–14}}</ref><ref name="Liao" /> Its rapid growth rate and the high quality of the flesh could make it one of the most important marine fish for future aquaculture production.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nhfirst=V.C.|last2=Nguyen|first2=H.Q.|last3=Le|first3=T.L.|last4=Tran|first4=M.T.|last5=Sorgeloos|first5=P.|last6=Dierckens|first6=K.|last7=Reinertsen|first7=H.|last8=Kjorsvik|first8=E.|last9=Svennevig|first9=N.|year=2011|title= Cobia ''Rachycentron canadum'' aquaculture in Vietnam: recent developments and prospects|journal=Aquaculture|volume= 315|issue=1–2|pages=20–25|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.024|bibcode=2011Aquac.315...20N }}</ref>

Currently, the cobia is being [[Fish farming|cultured]] in nurseries and offshore grow-out cages in parts of Asia, the United States, [[Mexico]], and [[Panama]]. In [[Taiwan]], cobia of 100 to 600 g are cultured for 1.0 to 1.5 years until they reach 6 to 8&nbsp;kg. They are then exported to Japan, China, North America, and Europe. Around 80% of marine cages in Taiwan are devoted to cobia culture.<ref name="Liao">{{cite journal|last1=Liao|first1=I.C.|last2=Huang|first2=T.S.|last3=Tsai|first3=W.S.|last4=Hsueh|first4=C.M.|last5=Chang|first5=S.L.|last6=Leano|first6=E.M.|year=2004|title=Cobia culture in Taiwan: current status and problems|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.03.007|journal=Aquaculture|volume= 237|issue=1–4|pages=155–165|bibcode=2004Aquac.237..155L }}</ref> In 2004, the [[FAO]] reported that 80.6% of the world's cobia production was in China and Taiwan.<ref name=fao>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Rachycentron_canadum/en ''Rachycentron canadum'']. FAO.org</ref> [[Vietnam]] is the third-largest producer, yielding 1,500 tonnes in 2008.<ref name="Liao" /> Following the success of cobia aquaculture in Taiwan, emerging technology is being used to demonstrate the viability of [[fish hatchery|hatchery-reared]] cobia in collaboration with the private sector at exposed offshore sites in [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[Bahamas]], and the largest open ocean farm in the world is run by a company called Open Blue off the coast of Panama.<ref name="Benetti2007">{{cite book|author=Benetti, D. D.|year=2007|title=Aquaculture of cobia (''Rachycentron canadum'') in the Americas and the Caribbean|url=http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/assets/pdfs/aquaculture/Aquaculture-in-the-Americas-Benetti-etalCobia2007.pdf|publisher=Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science of the University of Miami|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111121725/http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/assets/pdfs/aquaculture/Aquaculture-in-the-Americas-Benetti-etalCobia2007.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Greater depths, stronger currents, and distance from shore all act to reduce environmental impacts often associated with finfish aquaculture. Offshore cage systems could become a more [[Sustainability|environmentally sustainable]] method for commercial marine fish aquaculture.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Benetti, D.D.|year= 2003|title= Advances in hatchery and growout technology of marine finfish candidate species for offshore aquaculture in the Caribbean|url=http://aquaticcommons.org/13580/1/gcfi_54-39.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute|volume= 54|pages=475–487|display-authors=etal}}</ref> However, some problems still exist in cobia culture, including high [[Mortality rate|mortality]] due to stress during transfer from nursery tanks or inshore cages to the offshore grow-out cages, as well as disease.<ref name="Liao" />

==Diseases==
The cobia are susceptible to multiple parasitic and bacterial infections such as ''[[Amyloodinium]]'' species, [[Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida|''Photobacterium damselae'' subsp.'' piscicida'']] and ''[[Lactococcus garvieae]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1111/tbed.14083|title = First report on genetic characterization, cell-surface properties and pathogenicity of Lactococcus garvieae , emerging pathogen isolated from cage-cultured cobia ( Rachycentron canadum )|year = 2021|last1 = Rao|first1 = Shreesha|last2 = Pham|first2 = Trung Hieu|last3 = Poudyal|first3 = Sayuj|last4 = Cheng|first4 = Li-Wu|last5 = Nazareth|first5 = Sandra Celenia|last6 = Wang|first6 = Pei-Chi|last7 = Chen|first7 = Shih-Chu|journal = Transboundary and Emerging Diseases| volume=69 | issue=3 | pages=1197–1211 |pmid = 33759359|s2cid = 232338928|doi-access = free}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==References==
'''Notes '''
{{Reflist}}

'''Further reading'''
{{Commons category|Rachycentron canadum}}
* {{ITIS |id=168566 |taxon=''Rachycentron canadum'' |accessdate=30 January 2006}}
* {{FishBase|genus=Rachycentron|species=canadum|year=2005|month=10}}
* {{FishBase_family|family=Rachycentridae|year=2005|month=May}}
* {{cite book |title= Guide to Corals & Fishes of Florida, the Bahamas and the Caribbean |last= Greenberg |first= Idaz |year= 1977 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/guidetocoralsfi000gree/page/2 2–3] |publisher= Seahawk Press |isbn= 0-913008-08-7 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/guidetocoralsfi000gree/page/2 }}
* {{cite book|title=Florida Inshore Angler |last= Applegarth |first= Allen |page= 36 |url=http://www.floridainshoreangler.com}}
* [http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/cobia/species_pages/cobia.htm Cobia] ''NOAA FishWatch''. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fieldandstream.com/blogs/lateral-line/2014/01/now-my-friends-serious-cobia?src=SOC&dom=fb|title=Now That, My Friends, Is A Serious Cobia|work=Field & Stream |date=24 March 2021 |last1=Cermele |first1=Joe }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q833940}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rachycentridae| ]]
[[Category:Pantropical fish]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Game fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1766]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Fish genera with one living species|Rachycentron]]
[[Category:Fish of the Gulf of Mexico]]